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/ I 

HUMAN SCIENCE: 

OR, 

PHRENOLOGY; 

ITS 
PRINCIPLES, PROOFS, FACULTIES, ORGANS, TEMPERAMENTS, COMBINA- 
TIONS, CONDITIONS, TEACHINGS, PHILOSOPHIES, ETC., ETC., 
AS APPLIED TO 

HEALTH, 

ITS 

VALUE, LAWS, FUNCTIONS, ORGANS, MEANS, PRESERVATION, 

RESTORATION, ETC. I 

MENTAL PHILOSOPHY, 

HUMAN AND SELF IMPROVEMENT, CIVILIZATION, HOME, r- * ; :;y } 
COMMERCE, RIGHTS, DUTIES, ETHICS, ETC 

GOD, 

HIS 
EXISTENCE, ATTRIBUTES, LAWS, WORSHIP, NATURAL THEOLOGY, JL»CV.! 

IMMORTALITY, 

ITS 

EVIDENCES, CONDITIONS, RELATIONS TO TIME, REWARDS, PUNISHMENTS, 

SIN, FAITH, PRAYER, ETC. : 

INTELLECT, 

MEMORY, JUVENILE AND SELF EDUCATION, LITERATURE, MENTAL 

DISCIPLINE, THE SENSES, SCIENCES, ARTS, AVOCATIONS, 

A PERFECT LIFE, ETC., ETC, ETC. 

BY PROF. O. S. FOWLER, 

practical phrenologist and lecturer; former editor of "the american phrenological journal;" 

author of "fowler on phrenology;" "fowler on phtsiology ;" " self-culture ;" " memory ;" 

"religion;" "matrimony;" "hereditary descent;" "love and parentage;" 

"maternity;" "the self-instructor," etc., etc. 

WHAT IS LIFE? 
To be Young when Old, be Old while Young, 

Issued by subscription only, and not for sale in the book stores. Residents of any State desiring a copy 
should address the Publishers, and an Agent will call upon them. See page 1213. 

NATIONAL PUBLISHING COMPANY, 

PHILADELPHIA, Pa. ;. CHICAGO, III. ; CINCINNATI, Ohio ; ST. LOUIS, Mo. 
A. L. BANCROFT & CO., SAN FRANCISCO, Cal. 



*$ 



Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1873, by 
0. S. FOWLER, 
In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C. 



CONTENTS 



INTRODUCTION. 

PA08 

1. Life must be investigated as one Great Whole. . 11 

2. New and True Health Prescriptions and Practices. . . . 12. 

3. The Natural Philosophy of each Mental Faculty is alone given here 20 

4. The Phrenological Faculties analyze all Nature, and likewise her 

Author 23 

5. Definition, Location, Classification, Names, and Numbers of the 

Faculties 25 

6. It enables all to read and manage Men 31 

7. The Combinations of the Faculties. ....... 34 

8. The different Temperamental and Organic Conditions. . . .36 

9. Description of the Faculties in five Degrees of Power. ... 38 

10. Its Application of Phrenology to Self -Culture and Perfecting Chil- 

dren 40 

11. A right Theology the Basis of all Civilization, and Human Institu- 

tions 42 

12. Intellect, Memory, and their Culture ; Education, etc. ... 56 

13. The Science of Human Life and Progress 58 



PART I. ORGANISM. 

CHAPTER I. 

THE FUNDAMENTAL PEINCIPLES OF LIFE. 

Section I. 

VALUE AND IMPROVEMENT OF LIFE. 

14. Apostrophe to Life, and the Yalue of its Functions. ... 61 

15. The Enjoyments of Life admeasure its Value 64 

16. Improving Life our paramount Duty and Self-interest . . . 70 

17. Enjoying all we can as we go along 72 

18. Life inheres in the Mentality. . ^7.6, 

iii 



IV CONTENTS. 



Section II. 

NATURAL LAW, ITS PHILOSOPHY, EXISTENCE, REWARDS, 
PUNISHMENTS, ETC. 

PAGE. 

19. Natural Laws govern Life throughout : their Rationale. . .80 

20. They embody the Divine Will and Mandates 82 

21. All Pain is consequent on their Violation. ...... 83 

22. Every Law is Self-rewarding and Self -punishing 87 

23. All physical Pain a curative Process . . . .89 

24. Importance of studying these Laws 94 



Section III. 

ORGANISM AND ITS CONDITIONS, AS MANIFESTING AND INFLUENCING 

LIFE. 

25. All Functions manifested only by Organs 96 

26. All Organs and Functions in mutual Rapport 96 

27. All pleasurable Action improves, all painful impairs, the Life Entity. 100 

28. Abnormal Physical Conditions create Sinful Proclivities. . . 102 

29. Its materialistic Objection answered 104 

30. Normal Action always pleasurable and right; Abnormal painful 

and wrong 106 

31. Harmonious Action the Law, Antagonism its Breach. . . 109 



CHAPTER II. 
PHRENOLOGY: ITS PRINCIPLES, PROOFS, FACTS, ETC. 

Section I. 

THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE HUMAN MIND. 

32. Definition and Explanation of Phrenology 115 

33. The Structure and Elements of the Mind 118 

34. Definition and Description of a Mental Faculty, and of Conscious- 

ness. ._ 124 

Section II. 

THE BRAIN : ITS OFFICES, STRUCTURE, ETC, 

35. The Brain the Organ of the Mind . .128 

36. The Brain is the Organ of the Body 136 

37. The Anatomy of the Brain proves that it is the Organ of the Mind 

and Body .... 138 



CONTENTS. V 

PACK. 

38. Sympathy between Body, Brain, and Mind, and Yalue of Cerebral 

Energy 152 

39. The Brain is composed of as many distinct Organs as the Mind is of 

Faculties 158 

40. Size is a Measure of Power 164 

41. Size of Brain as influencing Power of Mind. .... 169 



Section III. 

COMPARATIVE ANATOMY AND INJURIES OF THE BRAIN AS PROVING 
THE TRUTH OF PHRENOLOGY. 

42. Comparative Anatomy proves Phrenology. 172 

43. Pathological Facts establish Phrenology 192 

44. Magnetizing the Phrenological Organs, and their natural Language. 204 

45. All Shape indicates Character. 206 

46. Phrenology is proved by the History of its Discovery. . . . 208 

47. The Author's own Experience and Testimony 213 



Section IV. 

OBJECTIONS : CONFORMITY OF THE SKULL TO THE BRAIN, SINUSES, ETC. 

48. The Shape of the Brain can be determined from that of the Skull. 218 

49. Drs. Sewall, Horner, and Hamilton, and their Objections. . . 222 

CHAPTER III. 

ORGANIC CONDITIONS, TEMPERAMENTS, SELF-CULTURE, 

ETC. 

Section I. 

THE MENTALITY PRE-DETERMINES THE ORGANISM, FORM, ETC. 

50. The Spirit Principle controls the Organic Structure throughout. . 227 

51. Exercise and Transmission augment Organs perpetually. . . 233 

52. Organic Quality the primal Index of Character. .... 234 

Section II. 

THE TEMPERAMENTS AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON CHARACTER. 

53. Homogeneousness an Ordinance of Nature 237 

54. Form the true Basis for temperamental Classification. . . 242 

55. The Vital Temperament : its Description and Combinations. . . 245 

56. The Motive, prominent, or powerful Temperament. . . . 251 

57. The Mental Temperament 260 

58. A well-balanced Organism by far the best. ..... 272 



VI CONTENTS. 



Section III. 

GENERAL INDICES OF CHARACTER. 

PAGE. 

59. Complexions, and what Traits of Character they indicate. . . 277 

60. Beauty, Plainness, Forms, the Eyes, Intonations, Natural Language, 

Modes, of Walking, Speaking, Laughing, Sneezing, Acting, etc., 
as signifying corresponding Specialties of Character. . . 282 



Section IV. 

PROPORTIONATE ACTION A LAW OF NATURE, AND ITS PROMOTION. 

61. A well-balanced Organism the best 2P2 

62. Strengthening weak Functions by their Exercise. , . . 299 

63. Proportion a Law of the mental Faculties. 302 

64. Strengthening Faculties by Culture 307 

65. Does exercising Faculties enlarge their Organs ? 309 

66. Value of this self and juvenile improving Capacity. . . . 323 

67. Self-knowledge, as taught by Phrenology, the first Step towards 

Self -culture 326 

68. How to stimulate each Faculty to self -developing Action. . . 329 



PART II. HEALTH. 

CHAPTER I. 

ITS VALUE, FUNCTIONS, AND PKOMOTION. 

Section I. 

ITS VALUE, ATTAINABILITY, AND GOVERNMENT BY LAW. 

69. Value of Good, Sound Constitutional Health 335 

70. Health Attainable : and its Amount Possible 339 

71. Diseases Curable : Hygiene better than Medicines 343 

72. Sickness and Death governed by Law, not Providence . . 348 

73. Health a Duty : Sickness and premature Death sinful. . . . 352 

Section II. 

VITALITY : ITS NECESSITY, ORGANS, AND PROMOTION. 

74. Vitality the first Prerequisite of Life. 355 

75. Each vital Function has its mental Faculty, cerebral Organ, and 

facial Polarity. 357 



CONTENTS. VU 

I. VlTATIVENESS. 
ITS NECESSITY, ADAPTATION, OFFICE, ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION. 

PAGE, 

76. Love of Life a Primary Prerequisite of Existence 358 

77. Descriptions, Combinations, Discovery of Vitativeness. . . 360 

78. The Will Cure, and the Let- Alone Cure 364 

Section III. 

RESPIRATION, ITS LAWS, ORGANS, AND PROMOTION. 

79. Breathing a paramount Life Necessity 367 

80. The Lungs, their Structure, Location, etc 371 

81. Means by which the Lungs are inflated 373 

82. How Oxygen is introduced into the Circulation 375 

83. The Circulation of the Blood effected mainly by Breathing, instead 

of by. the Heart 376 

84. Increasing Kespiration by Diaphragm Breathing. . . . 381 

85. The Breathing Cure 383 

t 

Section IV. 

CONSUMPTION I ITS CAUSES PREVENTION, AND CURE. 

86. How to stave off a Tendency to Consumption 385 

87. The Cure of Consumption. . 388 

Section Y. 

VENTILATION, ITS NECESSITY, MEANS, ETC. 

88. Requisition for fresh Air. » 390 

89. The Ventilation of Dwellings, Dormitories, Churches, and Lecture 

Rooms ; Blue Veins ; Posture, etc 395 

CHAPTER II. 

FOOD: ITS NECESSITY, SELECTION, MASTICATION, DIGES- 
TION, APPROPRIATION, AND EXCRETION. 

Section I. 
appetite: its analysis, adaptation, office, and description. 

90. Necessity for organic Material 399 

II. Appetite, or " Alimentiveness." 

91. Its Description, Combinations, Discovery, etc 401 

92. The natural Food of each Species feeds its own Specialties. . 409 



Vlll CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

93. Normal Appetite and Smell the ultimate Arbiters of whatever 

appertains to Aliment 410 

94. The Discipline, or Culture and Kestraint of Appetite. . . 412 

95. How often should we eat ?— Luncheons, etc 416 



Section II. 

IS MAN NATURALLY GRAMINIVOROUS, OR OMNIVOROUS ? 

96. Human Teeth not Carnivorous 418 

97 A mixed Diet can feed the greatest number. .... 422 

98. Fruits and Grains more palatable than Meat 423 

99. Animal Food promotes the Animal Propensities. . . . 426 

100. Animal Slaughter blunts the moral Sentiments 431 

101. Vegetables contain all the nutritious Elements required to sustain 

Life ! 433 

102. Facts, and the Experiences of the Author and others 436 

103. Summary of this flesh-eating Argument 438 

t 
Section III. 

THE PREPARATION OF FOOD BY COOKING, ETC. 

104. Desiccation absolutely necessary. 439 

105. Flour and Bread, their Materials, Manufacture, etc. ... 440 

106. Leavened and unleavened Bread 442 

107. Pastry, Eggs, and Spices 445 

108. Fruits 448 

109. Sweets, Milk, Butter, Cheese, etc 451 

110. Peas, Beans, Potatoes, Onions, Beets, Carrots, Turnips, Squashes, 

etc 453 



Section IY. 
how to eat ; or, mastication, quantity, time, etc. 

111. The Mastication and Salivation of Food . 455 

112. The right Quantity of Food determined by Appetite. ... 459 

113. Over-eating and Excess of Carbon a prolific Cause of Disease. . 464 

Section Y. 
the digestive process, its organs, promotion, etc. 

114. Structure and Office of the Stomach. 466 

115. The Liver and Pancreas ; their Structure and Functions. . . 471 

116. Dyspepsia : its Evils, causes, and CureT 7' . . 7 . . 475 



1 



CONTENTS. IX 

PAGE. 

117. Constipation and Looseness ; their Evils and Remedies. . . 479 

118. Bowel Prolapsus, Abdominal Supporters, Diarrhoea, Opiates, etc. . 482 

119. The Drink of Dyspeptics— its Kind, Time, and Quantity. . . 485 



CHAPTER III. 
FLUIDS ; THEIR NECESSITY, OFFICE, SUPPLY, AND EXITS. 

Section I. 

BIBATION ; ITS PHILOSOPHY, DESCRIPTION, CULTURE, RESTRAINT, ETC. 

120. Need and Uses of Liquids in the Life Process 488 

121. Soft Water vs. Hard ; Country vs. City, and Spring vs. Well. . 489 

III. BlBATION, OR "AQUATIVENESS." 

122. Its Description, Location, Cultivation, Restraint, etc. . . . 491 

Section II. 

ALCOHOLIC STIMULANTS AND NARCOTICS, MALT LIQUORS, WINE, TEA, 
COFFEE, AND TOBACCO. 

123. Stimulating Drinks, and their Constitutional Effects on Body and 

Mind 493 

124. Analysis of this alcoholic Hankering ; and how to quench it. . 502 

125. Cases in which Alcohol benefits 505 

126. Tea, Coffee, and Tobacco 508 

Section III. 

FLUID EXCRETIONS. 

127. The Kidneys and Bladder ; their Structure, Office, etc. . . .512 

128. The Glands and Absorbents ; their Structure, and Sympathy with 

the mind. 514 

Section IV. 

THE BLOOD AND ITS CIRCULATION *, THE HEART AND ITS STRUCTURE. 

129. Office, Ingredients, and Circulation of the Blood 515 

130. The Heart ; its Structure and Workings 517 



yks- 



X CONTENTS. 

CHAPTER IV. 

ANIMAL WARMTH, SKIN ACTION, AND SLEEP. 

Section I. 

ANIMAL HEAT ; ITS USES, MANUFACTURE, AND DIFFUSION. 

PAGE. 

131. Its Necessity and Amount 522 

133. Carbonic Acid Gas ; its Formation and Expulsion. . . . 525 

134. The Regulation of Animal Heat by Eood 527 

135. Regulation of Animal Heat by Fire . 528 

136. Clothes as regulating Warmth ; their Necessity, Quantity, Kinds, 

etc 530 

137. Attire for the Head, Neck, Hands, and Feet 532 

Section II. 

THE SKIN, PERSPIRATION, ETC 

138. The Structure and Offices of the Skin £#_^ . 535 

139. Importance of keeping the Pores of the Skin open. . . • 538 

140. Colds cause most Diseases 542 

141. Baths, and their Modes of Application. . . . . . 545 

142. The cure of Colds by Perspiration ; Glassblowers 548 

Section III. 

SLEEP ; ITS NECESSITY, OFFICE, AMOUNT, TIME, PROMOTION, ETC 

143. Indispensability, Universality, and Office of Sleep 551 

144. Its Amount, Duration, Time, Promotion, Beds, etc. . . . 553 

CHAPTER V. 
THE MOTIVE AND NERYOUS APPARATUS, AND FUNCTIONS. 

Section I. 

THE OSSEOUS AND MUSCULAR SYSTEMS. 

145. The Human Skeleton 559 

146. The Muscles, their Necessity, Structure, and Mode of Action., . 563 

147. The power of the Muscular System 566 

Section II. 

EXERCISE ; ITS VALUE, BEST MODES, AND THE LIFTING CURE. 

148. Its Benefits, Pleasures, Cures, etc 569 

149. The Exercise Cure, its amount and kinds, Walking, Dancing, Lift- 

ing, Rowing, Playing, etc. ....... 575 



CONTENTS. XI 

Section III. 

POSITION, FUNCTION, AND STRUCTURE OF THE NERVES. 

PAGE. 

150. Description and Functions of the Nervous System. . . . 581 

151. How Healthy and diseased Nerves affect the Mind. . . . 583 

152. The Cure for Nervousness and Neuralgia. 589 

153. Preventives and Cures of Insanity .592 

CHAPTER VI. 
THE CURES OP DISEASES. 
Section L 

THE VARIOUS PATHIES. 

154. Homoeopathy ; Hydropathy, and Coldpathy 596 

155. The Electric, Magnetic, Sun, and Earth Cures 599 

156. Palpitation of the Heart, Rheumatism, Catarrh, and Asthma, their 

Causes and Cures .... 602 

Section II. 

ACUTE DISEASES, WOUNDS, CONVALESCENCE, ETC. 

157. Treatment of Acute Typhoid, and Contagious Diseases, Convales- 

cence, etc. 605 

158. Tumors, Eruptions, Warts, Moles, Scalds, Burns, Wounds, Boils, 

Sores, Ether, etc 609 

159. Female Weakliness ; its Cause and Obviation 611 

160. The Author's Personal Health Experiences 615 

161. Rules for preserving and regaining Health 619 



PART III. THE SELF-CARING FACULTIES. 

CHAPTER I. 

THE ANIMAL PROPENSITIES. 

IV. Acquisition : its Analysis, Culture, etc. 

162. Self-interest the paramount Instinct of all that lives. . . . 627 

Y. Acquisition, or " Acquisitiveness.' » 

163. Its Definition, Location, Discovery, and Philosophy. . . .631 

164. History, Description, Cultivation, and Restraint of Acquisition. 639 



Xll CONTENTS. 



V. (bis). Secretion, or "Secretiveness." 



PAGE 



165. Its Definition, Discovery, and Rationale. 648 

166. Description, Combinations, Culture, and Restraint of Secrecy. . 652 

VI. Destruction, or "Destructiveness." 

167. Its Location, Discovery, Philosophy, etc. 655 

168. Discovery, Description, Culture, and Restraint of Destruction. 663 



VII. Force, or "Combativeness." 

169. Its Definition, Location, Philosophy, etc 667 

170. Analysis, Description, Cultivation, and Restraint of Force. . 670 



CHAPTER II. 
THE SOCIAL GROUP. 

171. Its Location and Office 678 

VIII. Love, or "Amativeness." 

172. Its Definition, Location, Philosophy, and History 679 

173. Description, Culture, and Restraint of Love 682 

IX. Constancy, or "Union for Life." 

174. Its Definition, Location, History, and Rationale 687 

175. Description, Cultivation, and Restraint of Constancy. . . 690 



X. Parental Love, or "Philoprogenitiveness." 



• 



176. Its Definition, Location, Discovery, and Adaptation. . . . 691 

177. Description, Cultivation, and Restraint of Parental Love. . 697 



XI. Friendship, or "Adhesiveness." 

178. Its Definition, Location, Discovery, and Adaptation. . . .699 

179. Description, Cultivation, and Restraint of Friendship. . . 703 



XII. Inhabitiveness. 

180. Its Definition, Location, Discovery, and Office 708 

181. Description and Cultivation of Inhabitiveness. Our Country : 

"Republicanism." 711 



CONTENTS. . X11I 



XIIL Continuity, or "Concentratiyeness." 



PAGE. 



182. Its Definition, Location, Adaptation, etc .715 

183. Description and Cultivation of Continuity 720 

The Aspiring Sentiments. 

184. Their Necessity, Adaptation, etc 722 

XIV. Caution, or " Cautiousness." 

185. Its Definition, Location, Adaptation, etc. ...... 724 

186. Description, Cultivation, and Kestraint of Caution. . . . 729 

XV. Ambition, or "Approbativeness." 

187. Its Definition, Location, History, and Philosophy 733 

188. Description, Cultivation, and Restraint of Ambition. . . 743 

XVI. Dignity, or "Self-Esteem." 

189. Its Definition, Location, Adaptation, etc 748 

190. Description, Cultivation, and Restraint of Dignity. ... 755 

XVII. Firmness. 

191. Its Definition, Location, Discovery, and Adaptation. . . . 761 

192. Description, Cultivation, and Restraint of Firmness. . . . 764 



PART IV. MAN'S MORAL NATURE AND RELATIONS. 

CHAPTER I. 

THE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF RELIGION. 

193. Man moral, and religious, by Constitution 767 

194. Religion a natural and demonstrable Science. . . . . 771 

195. All their own Priests and Prophets. 775 

196. Man's moral Organs Highest, and Faculties Supreme. . . 778 

XVIII. "Worship, or "Veneration." 

197. Its Definition, Location, and Adaptation 780 

198. Analysis and Combinations of Worship 789 

1 99. Worship adores a God; therefore a God exists, . . . . .792 



XIV CONTENTS. 

PAGE. 

200. This Demonstration of the Divine Existence timely. ... 799 

201. Duty and Pleasures of divine Worship paramount 802 

202. Religion as a Restraint of the Passions, and Preventive and Cure 

of Disease. . 807 

809 
. 813 

814 
. 821 

828 
. 837 

838 
. 840 

844 
. 849 

852 



203. Prayer ; its Duty, and Benefits, and how answered. 

204. Men become like the God they love and "Worship. 

205. Natural Theology as promoting Religion among Men. 

206. Sectarianism accounted for : the true Sect. 

207. The Attributes of the Diety 

208. Personality of the Divine Existence : Pantheism. . 

209. The true Way to augment Divine Worship. . 

210. Religious Sects, Creeds, Ceremonies, Revivals, etc. . 

211. Times for Religious Worship ; the Sabbath, etc. . 

212. A new Natural Laws Sect propounded. 

213. How to make Children love and practise Religion. 



CHAPTER II. 

IMMORTALITY : ITS PROOFS, AND RELATIONS TO TIME. 

XIX. Spirituality, "Marvellousness," "Wonder." 

214. Its Definition, Discovery, and Adaptation. . . «» . . . 862 

215. Description and Cultivation of Spirituality. .... 871 

216. Immortality, and its Proofs : Are Brutes Immortal ? 877 

217. The Conditions and Surroundings of Life Everlasting. . . 887 

218. Spiritual Prayer, Special Providences, Communing with departed 

Friends, Visions, etc. . . 891 

XX. Hope. 

219. Its Definition, Location, Discovery, Adaptation. .... 894 

220. Description, Cultivation, and Restraint of Hope. . . . 895 

XXI. Conscience, or "Conscientiousness." 

221. Its Definition, Location, Adaptation and Office 900 

222. Description, Cultivation, and Restraint of Conscience. . . 909 

223. Punishment Here, and Hereafter. . 916 

224. Penitence, Pardon, and Salvation from Punishment. . . . 920 

225. Christianity and Phrenology in perfect Harmony. . . . 925 

226. Death as affecting the Soul, and Futurity 926 

XXII. Kindness, or "Benevolence." 

227. Its Definition, Location, Discovery, Adaptation, etc. . . . 931 

228. Description, Cultivation, and Restraint of Kindness. . . 933 



CONTENTS. 

CHAPTER ill. 
THE SELF-PERFECTING GROUP. 
XXIII. Construction, or "constructiveness." 



PAGE. 



229. Its Definition, Location, Discovery, and Philosophy. . . . 943 

230. Description, Combinations, Culture, etc., of Construction. . 947 

XXIY. Beauty, or "Ideality." 

231. Its Definition, Location, Discovery, Rationale, etc. . . . ,950 

232. Description, Cultivation, and Restraint of Beauty. . . . 953 

XXY. Sublimity. 

233. Its Location, Analysis, Cultivation, and Restraint. . . .957 

XXVI. Imitation. 

234. Its Definition, Position, Adaptation, etc 959 

235. Description, Cultivation, and Restraint of Imitation. . . 963 

XXVIT. Mirth, or u MroTHFULNESS." 

236. Its Definition, Location, Adaptation, etc 967 

237. Description, Cultivation, etc., of Mirth 971 



PART V. THE INTELLECTUAL FACULTIES. 

CHAPTER I. 

THE PERCEPTIVE FACULTIES AND THEIR IMPROVEMENT. 

238. Intellect Man's Natural Guide and Governor 975 

239. Memory : its Phrenological Analysis and Promotion. . . . 982 

240. The Perceptive Faculties : their Appearance, Description, etc. . 987 

241. The Senses ; or, Touch, Sight, Hearing, Taste, and Smell. . 991 

XXVIII. Observation, or " Individuality. " 

242. Its Analysis, Location, and Adaptation. ...... 992 

243. Description and Cultivation of Observation 994 

XXIX. Form. 

244. Its Location, Discovery, and Adaptation. ..... 998 

Description and Cultivation of Form. • . . • . 1000 



XVI CONTENTS. 

XXX. Size. 

PACK 

245. Its Location, Analysis, Description, Cultivation, etc. . . . 1002 

246. Description and Cultivation of Size 1003 

XXXI. Weight. 

247. Its Location and Adaptation, and the true Theory of Astronomi- 

cal Motion 1005 

248. Description, Cultivation, etc., of Weight 1010 

XXXII. Color. 

249. Its Location, Philosophy, Description, and Cultivation. . . 1012 

250. Description and Cultivation of Color. ....... 1015 

XXXIII. Order. 

251. Its Definition, Location, Discovery, Philosophy, etc. . . . 1016 

252. Description, Cultivation, and Kestraint of Order. . . . 1019 

XXXIV. Computation, or "Calculation." 

253. Its Location, Adaptation, Description, Cultivation, etc. . . 1022 

254. The Octal System of Arithmetic far surpasses the Decimal. . 1030 

XXXY. Locality. 

255. Its Location, Analysis, Discovery, Adaptation, etc. . . . 1032 

256. Description and Cultivation of Locality 1035 

CHAPTER II. 

257. The Literary or Knowing Faculties 1041 

XXXVI. Eventuality. 

258. Its Location, Analysis, and Adaptation 1044 

259. Its Description, Illimitability, and Cultivation. . . . 1047 

XXXVII. Time. 

260. Its Definition, Location, Discovery, and Adaptation. . . . 1060 

261. Description, Cultivation, and Improvement of Time, etc. . 1063 

XXXVIII. Tune. 

262. Its Definition, Location, Discovery, and Philosophy. . . . 1072 

263. Description, Influence, and Cultivation of Music. . . . 1074 

XXXIX. Expression, or "Language." 

264. Its Definition, Location, Discovery, and Adaptation. . . . 1083 

265. Description, Utility, Cultivation, etc., of Expression. . . 1089 

266. Eloquence, Languages, etc 1092 



CONTENTS. XVII 

CHAPTER III, 
THE KEFLECTiVE FACULTIES. 

PAGE. 

'267. Reason : its Definition, Location, Analysis, and Supremacy. . 1107 

XL. Causality. 

268. Its Definition, Location, History, Adaptation, etc. . . . 1110 

269. Description, Deficiency, Uses, and Culture of Causality. . . 1113 

XLI. Comparison. 

270. Its Definition, Location, History, Philosophy, etc. . . . . 1123 

271. Description, Cultivation, etc. , of Comparison 1127 

XLII. Intuition, or "Human Nature." 

272. Its Location, Adaptation, Description, Culture, Physiognomy, etc. 1132 

273. Description, Cultivation, etc., of Intuition. . . . . 1136 

XLIII. Urbanity, or " Agreeableness. " 

274. Its Definition, Description, Location, Adaptation, and Culture. . 1139 



PART VI. PHRENOLOGY APPLIED. 

Section I. 

THE TRUE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM. 

275. Defects of existing Scholastic Methods 1141 

276. The J?rue Educational System. - . . 1143 

277. Speech vs. Text Books as an Educator* . < . • . - . . 1154 

Section II. 

CHEAP AND GOOD HOMES, AND CISTERNS ; AND THE GRAVEL WALL 
MATERIAL, AND OCTAGON FORM OF HOUSES. 

278. Gravel and Lime vs. Wood -and Brick. -. . . . . . 1160 

279. How to make good Kain Water Cisterns cheap 1168 

280. The Octagon Form of Houses,- Barns, etc., preferable. . . . 1173 

.Section III. .... 

SUCCESS IN LIFE : ITS EXTENT, CONDITIONS, ETC. 

281. In what Ends to invest our. Life Entity 1180 

282. What Developments are necessary for special Vocations. . . 1181 

2 



XV111 CONTENTS. 

PAOB. 

283. What Conditions guarantee Success, and cause Failure. . . 1192 

284. The Phrenology of Mangas Colorado, or Red Sleeve. . . 1195 

285. "Human Science," and its Author 1197 



APPENDIX. 

Water Cure and Other Prescriptions for Curing Diseases. . . 1201 

§ 1. Cold Pack 1201 

I 2. Hot Pack. . 1201 

§ 3. Wet Girdle 1202 

§ 4. A Cold Compress 1202 

\ 5. Hot Compress 1202 

1 6. Head Bath 1202 

\ 7. Cold Foot-Bath . . 1203 

2 8. Hot Foot-Bath 1203 

§ 9. Salt Foot-Bath. . ....;... 1203 

1 10. Sitting-Bath 1203 

\ 11. Rubbing Sheet . 1203 

2 12. Douche Bath 1203 

3 13. Plunge Bath 1203 



The Head. 

Headache 1204 

Weak Eyes 1204 

Earache, or Sores in or on the Head 1204 

Inflammation of the Brain. ......... 1205 

Hypochondria. 1205 

Tooth-ache. . 1205 

Catarrh 1205 



Fevers 1206 

Small Pox and other Eruptive Fevers. . . . . . . . 1206 

Burns. ... . .' 1207 

Broken Bones. , • 1207 

Corns 1207 

Cold in the Head 1207 

Inflammatory Rheumatism 1207 

Erysipelas • 1207 

Hives. . 1208 

Croup. . *. . 1208 

Tic Doloreux, or Neuralgia. ••••••••• 1208 

Infantile treatment. ..." 1210 



PREFACE. 



" Man, know thyself," is the motto for the race ! Anthro- 
pology is universal Philosophy and natural Theology ; and as 
far surpasses all other studies as its subject-matter, man, 
eclipses all else terrestrial. In practical value and inherent 
interest it has no equal. 

Mental Philosophy has justly engrossed the master minds 
of the entire race, because all human interests converge in 
this their focal centre ; so that its study as far transcends all 
others as mind — that alone which enjoys, suffers, lives for- 
ever, constitutes life, is the summary of Man and Nature, 
and Jehovah's crowning work — does beast and thing. 
Mentality is the ultimate end and goal of man, and of all 
things terrestrial ; so that mental science constitutes the 
embodied summary of all science. To study it, is to study 
all things, besides being our only way to learn how to live 
aright. It is the philosopher's crucial test of all doctrines, 
all practices, ethical, moral, religious, social, educational, 
commercial, and governmental, and the summary of uni- 
versal humanity in all conditions, climes, and centuries. 

The scientific analysis of everything reveals its nature, 
uses, ways, means, ends, laws, functions, right and wrong 
action, and whatever appertains thereto ; thereby becoming 
of paramount practical importance in its investigation. Pre- 
eminently is this true of the analysis of the human mind, 
from which all laws, customs, governments, literature, song, 
desires, feelings, religions, thoughts, and whatever any and 
all human beings do and are, flow forth. 

1 



2 PREFACE. 

Every previous system of mental philosophy has signally 
failed in this analysis. Each successive metaphysician 
shows how imperfect is that of all his predecessors, and his 
successors how faulty is his own : nor can intelligent readers 
obtain any definite idea of the mind from the perusal of 
them all, because none correctly expound its component 
Faculties. 

Phrenology, however, certainly does furnish a definite and 
a perfect analysis of both the mind as a whole, and of each 
of its component parts in detail; indeed, is the natural sci- 
ence of the mind, and whatever appertains thereto, and there- 
fore constitutes man's true mental text-book and teacher. It 
alone enables us to identify, analyze, and ramify each of the 
constituent Faculties of this mind, together with all their 
outworkings, by demonstration, by sight and touch, by ad- 
measurement — that absolute test of truth. As a system of 
mental philosophy, it alone is at all worthy of that exalted 
name. Its discovery was by far the greatest, the most pro- 
found and useful, ever made ; casting those of the railroad 
and steam engine, telegraph and circulation of the blood, 
and even the Copernican system of astronomy, completely 
into the shade ; because it unfolds creation's sublimest de- 
partment, the mind, in which existence alone inheres ; 
thereby seizing this problem of life at its very centre, and 
ramifying it throughout all its elements, and their out- 
workings ! 

A right life, incomparably the most exalted attainment 
and achievement possible to men and angels, is taught by 
this analysis. Just how to live is the master problem, as yet 
unsolved, of all individuals, all communities, throughout all 
climes and ages ; so that its scientific solution and application 
to all the relations of life, immeasurably exceeds all other 
studies and acquisitions, because it embraces all knowledge, 
all virtue, all enjoyment. What is right, and what wrong ? 
what we should do here, and not do there ? and how to guide 
our steps aright throughout all the e very-day affairs of life ? 



PREFACE. 3 

are perpetually-recurring questions, demanding specific 
answers in action every hour of life. All subjects whatever 
have their right side, and their wrong; and an infallible 
tribunal as to what is right, and what wrong, is infinitely im- 
portant ;. because all virtue and enjoyment on the one hand, 
and all vice and misery on the other, emanate therefrom. 
How to derive from our life-powers all possible enjoyments, 
and avoid all possible sufferings, is the highest aspiration of 
self-love, and the very first instinct of all that lives ; and 
should constitute the one great personal inquiry of every 
intelligent being, all through life. Hence that scientific 
exposition of the natural laws and facts of human existence 
taught by mental science, and their application to the hap- 
piness and virtue of individuals and communities, here pro- 
posed, ranks all other subjects in practical importance. 

This volume expounds this science of the mind, analyzes 
each of its Faculties, gives their right and wrong, and 
thereby virtuous and vicious modes of action, and applies 
its teachings to all the great and little problems and inter- 
ests of humanity. Phrenology, by analyzing these mental 
fountains of all things human, reveals all those streams which 
do and should flow therefrom ; besides also disclosing the 
model man, and thereby showing all persons, all communities, 
just wherein, and how far, they conform to and depart 
from this perfect type ; that is, wherein each lives a life per- 
fect or imperfect. A science which achieves all this, must 
soon become the great study of the whole race, and so re- 
main " till time shall be no longer." 

A standard work, therefore, on this science of the mind, 
which unfolds its principles, classifies its facts, gives its his- 
tory, and recent discoveries and improvements, embodies the 
gist of its previous writings, and is a repository of whatever 
is known concerning it, thus becomes a great, an unequalled 
public benefaction ! 

Such a work is here proffered. Gall discovered the great 
fact that each mental capacity manifests itself through its 



4 PKEFACE. 

cerebral organ, the size of which indicates its power of 
function, along with the location of most of the organs, yet 
did little by way of developing its science as such; and 
Spurzheim, a close observer and deep thinker, added to 
Gall's discoveries, and made valuable applications of them to 
"Education," "Insanity," &c. ; while George Combe, a truly 
great man, and one of the profoundest reasoners of his own 
age, or any other, superadded to those of both, besides 
applying them to "Jurisprudence," "Moral Philosophy," 
"Gradual Development,"* &c. ; to all of which the Author 
has contributed his mite, in his works on " Phrenology/' 
"Matrimony," " Self- Culture," "Memory," &c. Yet these, 
and all its other applications, have been only fragmentary ; 
whereas the best interests of mankind demand a comprehen- 
sive exposition of this science itself, along with its applica- 
tions and teachings to all departments of humanity. Further- 
more, — 

A unitarian aspect of man alone deserves much study. All 
fragments are nearly useless. Completeness is an ordinance 
of Nature, and should be of all her investigations. All iso- 
lated views of man's individual parts, as of his anatomy, 
physiology, mental philosophy, government, morals, religion, 
education, &c, presented independently of co-working parts, 
are of little practical account ; because all parts are inter- 
woven and co-operate with all in manifesting life. 

A complete work on all the departments of both man's mind 
and body is here furnished. This is the first attempt ever 
made to embody all branches of Anthropology into one col- 
lective whole. It, with " Sexual Science," embraces all the 
works, reflections, recollections, observations, writings, &c, of 
its Author, revised, enlarged, systematized, condensed, and 
embodied into one comprehensive work, presenting the re- 
sults of almost half a century of his professional consultations 
with four generations, and all nations, specifically calculated to 

* He wrote " The Vestiges of Creation," of which the " Darwinian Theory " is 
only the amplification. Ask Lucretia Mott, who knows personally. 



PREFACE. 5 

import a perfect knowledge of the facts, teachings, and 
principles of Anthropology. 

Eye-teaching engravings amply illustrate all its points, and 
so simplify and popularize this study as to bring it within 
the comprehension of all ; thereby promoting its utility and 
dissemination, and enabling amateurs to begin and prosecute 
its study ivithout further aid; and yet connoisseurs will here 
find its more elaborate philosophies, together with a resume 
of all its former writings. No labor, no expense, have been 
spared to render it a standard work on Phrenology, present- 
ing in one complete volume all the excellences of all its 
predecessors, and applying all to self-culture and a perfect 
human life — ends how infinitely exalted ! It naturally 
subdivides itself into six parts, as follows : — 

PART I. THE ORGANISM discusses" man's organic 
relations generally, including the fundamental principles of 
life ; the structure of the mind ; the principles, proofs, facts, 
and history of Phrenology ; the Temperaments, &c. ; and 
applies all to Self-Improvement. 

PART II. HEALTH, its Value, Laws, Organs, Functions, 
Means, Preservation, and Restoration, shows all how to get 
and keep themselves and families well, without doctors or medi- 
cines ; and analyzes and illustrates all the physical functions. 

PART III. THE ANIMAL PROPENSITIES AND SELF- 
ISH SENTIMENTS, analyzes those self-caring instincts which 
supply personal wants, look out well for self, and create man's 
affcctional, governmental, aspiring, and other sentiments, 
which it describes in five degrees of power — Large, Full, Av- 
erage, Moderate, and Small, along with the different effects on 
character and conduct of their combinations with the other 
Faculties in their different degrees of power. This feature, 
which appertains to this entire work, yet is found nowhere else, 
is especially interesting and instructive, as causing and dis- 
closing the endless shadings and diversities of human char- 
acter and conduct. 

PART IV. MAN'S MORAL NATURE, analyzes those 
Moral Faculties which both render him a religious bein^, 



6 PREFACE. 

place him in relation with all the theological, ethical, 
and spiritual truths of the whole universe, and unfold all their 
relations and dependencies, including all those ranges of 
religious doctrines and practices they involve ; thereby de- 
veloping an entirely new system of Natural Theology, solving 
all moral problems with scientific authority, and furnishing an 
exhaustless storehouse of religious truth. Eeligion is just as 
much an exact natural science as mathematics, because both 
are equally governed by those natural laws which render all 
they regulate " exact ; " and Part III. demonstrates religious 
science. Does not such an exposition of such a subject, from 
the standpoint of 'the moral constitution of man, merit attention 
from all Christians, infidels, and savans f 

PART V. INTELLECT, MEMORY, AND REASON, 
analyzes and shows how to cultivate all the intellectual 
Faculties, which it describes in five degrees of power, and 
shows how to prosecute intellectual and juvenile education, 
and develop scholarship and memory, eloquence and reason 
— man's highest gifts ! 

PART VI. A RIGHT LIFE, individual and communi- 
tarian, applies these principles and teachings to progress 
and reform, private and public, by showing wherein this, that, 
and the other custom and institution harmonize and conflict 
with human Nature, and from what to what they require to 
be changed, added to, and amended. 

Its new theories merit careful thought and inquiry. It 
propounds a new theory of organic formation, which shows 
why and how this vegetable and animal takes on this form 
and structure, and that animal that form ; why kangaroos 
grow larger behind than before, but lions largest before ; 
why and how each bone, muscle, and part is fashioned just 
as it is ; why all are alike in their great outline, yet differ in 
detail ; that is, it gives the true theory of all organic formation. 

Its new views of pain and punishment deserve special atten- 
tion. Its view of pain as a remedial process deserves investi- 
gation from medical men, and all who suffer from pain ; 



PREFACE. 7 

whilst its ideas that the punishments attached to all legal 
infractions are directly calculated both to prevent the 
sinner and sufferer from sinning and therefore suffering still 
farther, and also as a restorative process, a mental hygiene, a 
balm, a salve, a " healing medium," a direct agent in pro- 
ducing virtue and goodness, is a nut for theologians to 
crack, and, for some, a file to gnaiv. 

A new motive power, which propels and regulates the 
blood, the motions of the heavenly bodies, tides, &c, is also 
here propounded and proved, substituting electricity in place 
of Newton's centripetal and centrifugal forces. 

Its new building materials and plans deserve notice, as do 
several of its other original ideas on a great variety of other 
subjects. 

Its octal arithmetical system is both obviously the true 
natural one, and incalculably better than the present 
bungling decimal, especially as regards fractions and multi- 
plication. 

Its vast range of subjects and its great number of truths 
of the utmost practical import, capable of being taken right 
home to the inner life itself, and incorporated into the daily 
habits of all, which leap right out upon every page, yet are 
taught nowhere else, entitle it to the profound appreciation 
of all Phrenologists, philosophers, philanthropists, parents, 
and all others who desire to improve themselves or fellow- 
men. 

Pain often precedes and causes pleasure. Probing and 
dressing wounds sometimes cause temporary agony, only to 
alleviate future sufferings, and promote ultimate enjoyment. 
This work will often probe and excoriate the faults of indi- 
viduals and communities, never to torment those reproved, 
but only to obviate the faults exposed, together with the 
miseries they cause, and substitute those human virtues 
and excellences which create pleasure. 

Objectors to Phrenology are generally treated with that 
" dignified silence " justly due to their ignorance and mis- 



8 PREFACE. 

representations ; because proving its truth, which we abso- 
lutely demonstrate, effectually refutes them all, besides 
bringing them face to face with their Maker, where we 
leave them to settle their cavils ; as well as to that lasting 
disgrace which must soon follow their short-lived triumph. 
Would Galileo, would the discoverers or expounders of any 
great truth, advance it by wasting on its bigoted opponents 
those precious energies required for its promulgation ? 

PsEUDO-discoveries antagonistic to those of Gall, are ig- 
nored, because his are substantially correct. The Author 
has practised on other theories enough to know that they 
are unreliable ; whereas, a minute inspection of the phren- 
ological " developments " of a quarter of a million, of all ages 
and of both sexes, warrants this most positive declaration, 
derived from all his experimental observations, that Gall's 
locations and descriptions are substantially correct ; so that 
all in conflict with his are wrong. 

The subject-matter of this volume was announced for 
three volumes — Phrenology, Religion, and Intellect; but 
their preparation required so many references from each to 
all, that each has been greatly improved by amalgamating 
all three together. This deserves the more appreciation, 
because all previous phrenological writings have been 
fragmentary. Gall, Spurzheim, and Combe each made five 
or six volumes out of matter which could and should have 
been embraced in one work, with manifest improvement to 
all; and the Author marred his own earlier productions by 
a like division, which he now corrects by embodying six of 
them — " Phrenology," " Physiology," " Self-Culture," « Reli- 
gion," "Memory," and "Home for All" — into this work, 
and his other five — "Matrimony," "Hereditary Descent," 
" Love and Parentage," " Maternity," and " Amativeness " — 
into " Sexual Science." 

To our infinite theme, of course, no finite mind can do full 
justice. One might well feel abashed in making such an 
attempt, — in entering where angels should hardly dare to 



PREFACE. 9 

tread ; but some one must at least try ; for the entire race, in 
its every individual, if not making a complete wreck of this 
most precious entity existence, is falling almost infinitely 
below its inherent enjoyments and attainments, just for 
want of that collective knowledge of its elements, laws, and 
right management here propounded. 

A subject thus vast and momentous deserves & presentation 
more labored ; yet successors — of predecessors there are 
none — may supply omissions, and make needed improve- 
ments. Philosophical authorship — that highest kind, be- 
cause its mission is to mould public opinion, not to beguile a 
passing hour — should select the precise words required, yet 
not be florid. Striving mainly to render this work thor- 
oughly scientific, a transcript from Nature, and an epitome 
of her human laws and facts, the Author has treated each 
subject concisely, and adopted a style mainly Saxon ; more 
perspicuous than ornamental, laconic than diffuse, and direct 
than figurative ; aiming mainly to convey the most thought 
possible in the fewest words, and laboring chiefly on its 
subject-matter, for which thank Phrenology. To make his 
ideas easily understood, and then to brand them right into the 
innermost consciousness of every reader, hie labor, hoc opus 
est. Every single page and paragraph was written to do 
good, and render every observant reader ever afterwards the 
better and happier, more successful, talented, and virtuous. 
Philanthropy, not personality, human weal, not paltry pelf 
or sordid ambition, dictated and inspired them all. 

The Science of Phrenology and of humanity is here pre- 
sented. 

God speed it on its mission of benefiting His creatures, by 
teaching them how to obtain the uttermost enjoyment possible 
out of life and its powers. May it enable and inspire many 
fellow-mortals to so study and obey the laws of that one 
life entity conferred upon them as to redouble, many fold, 
all the powers and pleasures of their entire beings, through- 
out the infinite cycle of their terrestrial and celestial 
existence ! 



10 PREFACE. 



EXPLANATION. 

The Author refers readers from all parts of each volume to any 
part of both volumes, without repetition, by giving each specific sub- 
ject, topic, principle, thought, and idea presented a numbered heading, 
to which he refers by those raised figures called superiors, found 
throughout both. Thus the idea that " the phrenological faculties ana- 
lyze all Nature, and her Author," is numbered 4, and referred to by 
placing 4 thus : 4 . Though each volume, section, and topic is complete 
in itselfj and can be fully understood without making these references, 
yet each will be re-enforced by making them; which can be done easily 
by keeping the left hand on the " Contents." 

The first words, in small caps, of its paragraphs, will generally give 
the staminatc idea of each, thus enabling those in haste to "run while 
they read," or "thumb" its main points and their mutual bearings, and 
also facilitating its review. 



INTRODUCTION, 



An inalienable right of every reader, on first opening any 
book, is to know its subject matter, and proposed manner of 
treating it ; the proper place for stating which is in its Intro- 
duction ; in which the Author of this work states its " points," 
less to blow its and his own trumpet than that its readers 
may start out with a succinct summary of its specialties. 

1. — Life must be investigated as one Great Whole. 

Life consists in a great variety of Faculties, functions, and 
organs, all interwoven together, and each, as in a compli- 
cated machine, dependent upon all the others, therefore 
studying its individual departments, — anatomy, physiology, 
mentality, &c, — furnishes but partial and sometimes errone- 
ous views of it as a whole. To obtain anything like a com- 
plete knowledge of man, it becomes indispensable that his 
constitution be studied in its collective capacity. He must 
be known, not by sections, but as a unit ; for in no other way 
can the reciprocal bearings and complex inter-relations of the 
multifarious laws of his being be understood. How useless, 
how imperfect is a knowledge of anatomy, unless accompa- 
nied by that of both the physiology and the mentality ! And 
the latter two without the former ! And of either without 
both the others ! As in the body the lungs cannot be under- 
stood without studying the muscles, nor either independently 
of the brain, heart, viscera, &c. ; so all the mental powers 
must be investigated, as they are ordained to act in concert 
with all the others. Thus how could reason be investigated 
independently of those functions it was created to guide and 
govern ? or any Faculty by itself alone ? The very attempt 
is preposterous, and must prove futile. 

11 



12 INTRODUCTION. 

Heretofore man has been studied only by piecemeal. The 
anatomist has studied him structurally merely ; the physi- 
ologist functionally simply ; the metaphysician only pyscho 
logically ; the theologian solely ethically. This existing 
sectional mode of studying man deserves severe rebuke ; 
while that unitarian method proposed in this volume merits 
public attention. All past and present fractional attempts to 
expound and improve humanity have signally failed, because 
devoted one to one and others to other sets of bodily organs 
or functions, or one to one and another to some other doc- 
trinal aspect of theology, or politics, or marriage, or educa- 
tion, or diet, &c. It is as if a fly, in one obscure part of 
this great temple of life, were discussing its narrow corner of 
some one room among all of the thousands of the apartments 
which comprise this magnificent structure of humanity, yet 
none even attempting to present its outline as one great 
totality. 

Mind can be studied only through its Organs. — Man is 
compounded of both mind and body, each acting only in 
and by means of the other. Beyond all question, Organism 
is Nature's sole medium for both exercising the mind, and 
manifesting that action j 26 and its organic relations constitute 
the controlling conditions of its action, as well as the only 
means of all life. 

Mind and body should, therefore, be studied together, and 
in view of their mutual inter-relations. If they acted inde- 
pendently, they might be studied separately ; but Nature, by 
establishing perfect co-operation between them, compels 
their conjoint investigation. Hence, the mind can be stud- 
ied scientifically and practically only from the stand-point of 
its organism, as subservient to mentality, and as manifesting 
and modifying its action. 

This embodied aspect of human life throughout all its mul- 
tifarious aspects and inter-relations, is the august object here 
attempted. How sublime a conception ! and how infinitely 
desirable to every human being its execution ! 

2. — New and True Health Prescriptions and Practices. 

The physical man is the natural starting-point of this under- 
taking. The exposition of life should obviously begin where 
life itself begins with its material organs ; with the sci- 



THE TRUE HEALTH PRINCIPLES. 13 



ence of physical life. Though the body, with its physical 
organs and functions, is not the man, as will yet be shown, 18 
it is, nevertheless, the only medium for the terrestrial manifes- 
tation of life, and thereby becomes its neglected " chief corner- 
stone." We shall soon see how important this base of life 
and all its functions is. 

Health is man's highest good ; disease, his greatest curse ! 
In sickness, what can we accomplish or enjoy ? Yet what 
palsy and agony do we suffer ! Those who pray, work, 
study, or desire at all, should pray and study to preserve 
health — that first prerequisite of all workmen, money-makers, 
scholars, Christians, philanthropists, even voluptuaries, and 
all in all conditions. 

All scientific expositions of life must needs begin, where 
this work begins, with the " ways and means," of obtaining 
and maintaining perfect health, including man's organic rela- 
tions generally ; because physical vigor is to all his powers 
and functions what motive power is to machinery, its sine qua 
non ; so that impairing or improving it promotes or impedes 
every single end and pleasure of life. 

Science, and therefore certainty, govern health equally with 
all other natural results ; so that all who fulfil its laws will 
enjoy it in proportion, and are thereby guaranteed perfect 
health down to a green old age ; while breaking them impairs 
it. This work unfolds these health laws ; hence those who 
follow its directions will retain what constitutional vigor they 
possess, and perpetually augment it. Keeping well, that great 
art of life, is here expounded, and applied to preserving the 
lives and constitutions of children. 

Even hereditary diseases can be cured, or kept at bay ; and 
this work shows how to do both. There is no need of being 
sick ; it is even a positive disgrace, to say nothing of its self- 
denials, expense, pain, &c, and this work teaches all how to 
avoid it. 

Kestoring invalids is still more important, but difficult; yet 
possible wherever the organism has not been fundamentally 
impaired ; for Nature's recuperative powers are indeed most 
marvellous. 70 

Self, those who are to live or die, are chiefly concerned, 
and should mainly direct. Home treatment of disease is the 
true treatment. All should become their own doctors early in 



14 INTRODUCTION. 

life, and learn right sick-bed management beforehand ; while 
every mother should become her own family physician, and 
health preserver and restorer, whose chief skill centres in 
keeping herself and darlings well ; on the principle that " an 
ounce of prevention is worth pounds of cure." Yet, when 
this has been neglected, and " treatment " becomes necessary, 
it should begin with the first symptoms of disease, before the 
patient " takes to bed," and long before a doctor is thought 
at all necessary ; and one of the chief objects of this work is 
to show all, in all conditions, how to keep themselves and fami- 
lies well, and then how to cure sickness. 

Medicines, however, do not constitute its chief restorative. 
Nature is the great physician, the best " healing medium." 
Give her every facility, and she will restore those who are 
restorable. Medicines may sometimes help her expel disease, 
supply antidotes, alteratives, or some required material to 
effect chemical changes, &c, but she alone gives them the 
required efficacy ; and most of the cures attributed to them 
are in reality effected by her in spite of them. And her 
cures fortify instead of undermining the constitution. All 
take too much " doctor's stuff" while many are literally medi- 
cine crazy. After outraging every health law till Nature brings 
them to account by sickness, they pour down medicines lit- 
erally by the gallon ; often making an apothecary shop of 
their stomachs, and sometimes almost turning an apothecary's 
shop into their stomachs ; whereas a little timely precaution 
would have kept them well. Many over-anxious mothers 
summon " the doctor " for every trilling ache and ailment, 
often imaginary ; or, fearful lest they or theirs might be 
sick, swallow, almost eat his nauseating and often poisonous 
doses ; frequently ruining their own and children's naturally 
excellent constitutions by calomel, quinine, morphine, arsenic, 
opiates, vermifuges, " soothing syrups," and all that. How 
many invalids keep on growing worse the more they doctor, 
till, from sheer despair or poverty, they finally stop taking 
medicines, and wait to die ; when to their astonishment they 
recover, slowly, but surely, and live on many years. Ameri- 
cans spend annually seven hundred million dollars on doctors, 
and about as much more for medicines and nurses, only to 
break down millions of constitutions, besides causing millions 
of premature deaths, whereas most of both this money and 



THE TKUE HEALTH PRINCIPLES. 15 

^hese lives might be saved by a right hygienic home self- 
treatment, which this work points out. It shows invalids how 
to restore themselves less by " doctoring " than by right health 
habits. All works on health omfl the true principles and chief 
means of both preserving and regaining it, which this work 
points out. Following its directions will banish sickness, 
medicines, and doctors from all families — " special occasions " 
excepted, which it will "multiply" — and benefit females 
immeasurably more than " the ballot." Its prescriptions will 
often have a beneficial effect almost magical. Mr. Espy, of 
Espy ville, Pa., said before a phrenological audience, — 

" My father, mother, two grandparents, and every one of ray broth- 
ers, sisters, uncles, aunts, and cousins, died of consumption, and I was 
struck with it, and given up to die by several physicians, who said noth- 
ing could save me; but in 1860 I read and followed O. S. Fowler's pre- 
scriptions to consumptives in his Physiology ; began gradually to recover, 
was able in 1861 to 'enlist,' served three years in the army and fought 
in many battles, studied law, was admitted to practice, elected to the 
Pennsylvania senate, and have been perfectly well for six years — ■ all due 
wholly to my following the prescriptions embodied in that work." 

A Phrenological Faculty superintends and executes every 
physical function. Phrenology renders it demonstrably cer- 
tain that Alimentation, including selecting, eating, digest- 
ing, and appropriating our food, is all carried forward by the 
phrenological Faculty and organ of Appetite. Now dyspep- 
sia, a digestive derangement, is consequent on wrong eat- 
ing, or a violation of the laws of Appetite, and, of course, 
should be discussed under the general head of Appetite. It 
can be treated scientifically nowhere else. To present it 
fully by itself is not possible, 1 for it comes in with the alimen- 
tary process. We have heretofore handled it by itself, but 
with self-dissatisfaction, because it belongs under Appetite. 

In this work we group this whole alimentary department 
under its natural head, Appetite. Let analytical readers see 
how marked the advantages of treating it under this head of 
its mental Faculty. 

The faculty of love originates whatever appertains to 
males and females as such ; in fact creates their male and 
female nature, feelings, and anatomy. Of course, whatever 
concerns the sexes as such, including love, selection, marriage, 
and reproduction, should, of right, be grouped around this 
mental Faculty, 1 and we so treat it ; except that this sub- 



16 INTRODUCTION. 

ject is so vast and ramified that embodying it in with 
this volume would make it too large ; and as this is, as it were, 
an appendix to humanity, a postscript having its cerebral 
organ in the little brain, separated from the brain proper by 
the tentorium, just as the sexual organism of both sexes is 
in the male literally an anatomical appendix, in the female 
an interpolation, we have appropriately thrown its treatment 
into a virtual appendix to this volume, which is entitled 
" Sexual Science." 

Each of the other bodily, organs, equally with the digestive 
and sexual, of course, has its mental Faculty, and therefore 
cerebral organ. Would Nature create a Faculty for exe- 
cuting these two bodily functions, and not also all the others ! 
She does nothing by patchwork. Her creating mental Facul- 
ties for the digestive and reproductive apparatus, proves that 
she has also created a mental Faculty for the heart, the 
lungs, the muscles, diaphragm, liver, bowels, kidneys, and 
all of her other physical functions. Indeed, the liver has 
its cerebal organ already discovered, and located Justin front 
of Appetite ; while the muscles have theirs in the cerebellum, 
and between the two lobes of Amativeness. This base of the 
brain, yet to be analyzed, was not furnished with all its nerves 
for nought. 37 Each nerve has its cerebral organ in that 
murine in which it originates, where its Faculty resides and 
presides. Each of the other senses has its cerebral organ 
where its Faculty lives and rules. This appropriation of 
organs and Faculties to functions is a law, not an accident ; 
universal, not partial ; and governs every physical function 
whatsoever, all the excretions included. And there must also 
be one for animal heat, sleep, &c. 

The base of the brain, where those discovered are located, 
is the proper place for the location also of those yet undis- 
covered, as we shall in due time see; 75 and we commend 
searching for them to those Phrenologists anxious to dis- 
tinguish themselves in this exploration ; for a good deal of 
terra incognita yet remains in this base of the brain, and along 
its entire falciform process. But the special point we now 
urge is that : — 

Since digestion, and of course indigestion, should obviously 
be discussed under Appetite, and can be thoroughly and 
scientifically presented nowhere else, and never bv, itself 



THE TRUE HEALTH PRINCIPLES. 17 

apart from its Faculty ; therefore, each of the other physical 
functions, having also its own mental Faculty and cerebral 
organ, should also be discussed among the mental Faculties, not 
isolated in a separate treatise on Physiology. 

This intermingling the physical with the mental functions 
may seem incongruous at first sight, especially to those old 
medical professor " stagers ; " but Nature thus intercommin- 
gles them, and we are content to be a " radical " in following 
her august commands. The body was made for the mind ; 
then why not consider the two together, not apart ? We too, 
followed this physiological divorcing " crowd " till this law 
taught us " a better way," into which we boldly " strike 
right out " alone ; by interspersing Physiology with Phrenol- 
ogy, just as Nature has interspersed^ them ; and treating such 
physical function under the head of its mental Faculty — 
dyspepsia under the head of Appetite, consumption, asthma, 
&c, under that of the Faculty of respiration, &c. ; leav- 
ing the superior efficacy of this course to be its own justi- 
fication. 

This principle greatly enforces our next point. As some 
merchants have their leading article on which they " run," and 
pride themselves on selling it at or below cost, so as thereby 
to bait other customers ; so the physiological department of 
this book has its specialty, its heroic cure-all, its panacea. It 
makes : — 

Curing the body through the mind its specialty. The pow- 
er wielded by mind over body is all-potential. The men- 
tality is the imperious lord, even tyrant, over the physi- 
ology. 38 Most bodily ailments originate in the mind, and are 
perpetuated by it ; and curable only by mental restoratives. 
" A wounded spirit " slowly but surely withers constitutions 
by millions I Any and all medicines always aggravate such 
ailments. Those " sick at heart " can be cured only by men- 
tal tonics appropriate to each case. The states of the mind 
especially control fche stomach. Dyspepsia generally origi- 
nates in a dejected state of feeling, or in some heart trouble, 
or an overworked, and therefore fevered nervous system, or 
in business worriments, &c. 116 Broken hearts break constitu- 
tions in untold numbers ; for whom only a Phrenologist can 
prescribe appropriate cures : bat he can, as is here shown. 

The intellect and morals also depend largely on physical 



18 INTRODUCTION. 

states. Increasing health improves the talents, memory, 
and morals. Dyspepsia and irritability are twins ; as are 
also drunkenness and depravity ; C3 and a large proportion of 
the vices of mankind have a purely physical origin, and 
therefore cure. Yet most physiologists and moralists ignore 
this cardinal truth, and stop just where they should begin to 
apply health improvements to purifying the feelings, exalt- 
ing the morals, enhancing the virtues, and developing the 
memory, reason, talents, &c. 

The Author had not prosecuted those phrenological in- 
vestigations which constitute his passion as well as profes- 
sion long, before perceiving that the physical conditions 
modify and even control human conduct and the entire 
character quite as effectually as the phrenological. This led 
him to trace out the laws which govern these mutual inter- 
relations, and this volume presents the results of his investi- 
gations in this almost wholly unexplored field of research. 
•' Knowledge is power," but no other knowledge gives equal 
power to enhance our moral virtues and intellectual capabilities, as 
well as to avoid temptations to sin. No charioteer can man- 
age his well-trained steed as easily or effectually as a full 
knowledge of these physico-mental relations will enable us 
to control, augment, restrain, and direct our states of mind 
and feeling. By its application we can enhance cerebral 
efficiency, and therefore mental power, many hundred per 
cent. ; or proportionably augment the action of particular 
cerebral organs, and therefore of any required talent or vir- 
tue. Yet who understands this subject ? What writers, 
even on Physiology, to whom it rightly belongs, even at- 
tempt its elucidation ? All overlook or ignore the influences 
wielded by the bodily conditions over the mental, and the 
mental over the physical. They write and lecture as if no 
such natural laws existed. The mind has indeed been elab- 
orately discussed per se, as if it were some vague, detached, 
ethereal entity, but, excepting by Phrenologists, it has never 
been treated as if it were affected by any organic conditions 
whatever ; while physicians have constantly studied bodily 
ailments as if unaffected by mental states. Does Carpenter, 
do other physiological authors or lecturers, tell us what 
bodily conditions induce given mental ? or how to produce 
desirable intellectual or moral states by superinducing their 



THE TRUE HEALTH PRINCIPLES. 19 

corresponding organic conditions ? And yet to unfold and 
enforce this subject should be the main object of all physio- 
logical works ; because this embodies their great utility. A 
knowledge of this reciprocal action is about the only practi- 
cal advantage to be derived from this class of studies. Thus 
diet, breathing, exercise, the Temperaments, health, disease, 
and all the other physical conditions, are far less important 
in themselves, than in their effects on our virtues, vices, talents, 
and morals. Its comparative neglect thus far is amazing ! 
Every human and life motive points to it as the one great 
practical question of life. Other kinds of learning, com- 
pared with this kind, are almost useless. Astronomers 
spend much time and intellect in scanning the transit of 
Venus ; yet as a practical lesson for improving life and its 
ends, it bears no more comparison to this than a drop of 
rain to a shower. Anabaptists and Pedobaptists spend 
much time, breath, and labor in convincing mankind that 
baptism by immersion is better than by sprinkling, or the 
converse ; yet what mental states produce what physical, has 
a million times more to do with human sickness and health, 
virtues and vices, talents and capacities, enjoyments and suf- 
ferings, and all there is of existence, than either or both. 

Mind and body can never be scientifically treated separate- 
ly, as attempted in all other works on either, but only to- 
gether, as here. 

This fatal omission of all other works Phrenology alone 
supplies, and this book alone presents. To the exposition and 
application of a principle thus vast in its range and vital in 
its character, this volume is dedicated. The momentous 
questions, What physical conditions induce given mental 
manifestations ? into what states shall we throw the body in 
order thereby to promote particular moral emotions and ten- 
dencies, or enhance special intellectual powers and manifes- 
tations ? it answers, and thereby puts readers in possession 
of the keys of personal happiness, and the great lever for 
moving the mind, (rod grant to the Author a full conception 
and faithful delineation of these momentous practical truths 
unfolded by this principle, and to his readers the power to 
understand, and will to apply them. 

The health experiences of the Author seem to him wor- 
thy a place in this volume, especially since they have been 



20 INTRODUCTION. 

varied and peculiar, and their lessons carefully studied. 
"All he knows" about health from forty years of experience 
and professional observation, he here tells, not in Greek, but 
in plain, understandable English ; not from egotism, but 
partly as a guide, yet somewhat as a warning, to others. 
Some of the vi to-chemical discoveries of the great Liebig, 
the father of animal chemistry, are here made to supply an 
important health desideratum. 

Sufficient anatomy is introduced to furnish a good idea of 
our wonderfully ingenious and efficient bodily structure, 
and enforce the practical health lessons here taught. It 
begins, where life itself begins, with the manufacture of vital 
force, which it follows along out into its various expendi- 
tures. Its health prescriptions alone render it well worth 
a hundred fold its entire cost. 

3. — The Natural Philosophy of each Mental Faculty is 
alone given here. 

The mental faculties originate all functions, desires, emo- 
tions, actions, instincts, passions, &c., 34 along with most dis- 
eases ; create all human institutions and histories, as well as 
all individual characteristics ; and constitute the very quin- 
tessence of being itself, and whatever appertains to univer- 
sal life, animal and human, now and forever ! 

Each Faculty originates a specific class of functions and 
fulfils an end indispensable to existence, and is a sine qua non 
of life. Pointing out this great end attained by each Faculty, 
including the human necessity it supplies, furnishes by far 
the most complete idea possible of its manifestations. This 
work, unlike any other, states these adaptations of each Fac- 
ulty, its object and natural history, or the part it plays 
in the living economies. For example : — 

Men must conform to some common standards of dress, 
writing, speech, manners, everything ; else how could any 
ever talk, write, or do anything so as to be understood by 
any others ; for in what does learning to talk or write con- 
sist but in imitating those sounds and characters by means of 
which others understand and express like ideas and feelings? 
In short, conformity to one another, and to established stan- 
dards, is a human necessity, which the Faculty of Imitation 
executes ; so that stating this rationale of this Faculty, and 



THE TRUE HEALTH PRINCIPLES. 21 

the human want it supplies, furnishes the best possible expo- 
sition of its exact function ; which no description can equal. 

Some great institute of Nature is also expressed and 
embodied in each Faculty. Thus man, beast, fish, fowl, 
insect, worm, tree, vegetable, all that lives, must feed, or die. 
In other words Nature has her feeding department, over 
which the primal Faculty of Appetite presides, governing 
whatever appertains to nutrition. Here is a functional insti- 
tute which must needs have its president ; that which impe- 
riously compels all to eat ; selects the kind, quality, amount, 
&c, of the aliment adapted to each ; tells each when to eat, 
and when not ; how and how much ; and prompts and rules 
whatever appertains to the alimentation of all that grows. 
Behold this great feeding arrangement of Nature, and then 
behold in Appetite its Congress and President, its Supreme 
Court and Chief Justice, its Law-giver and Law-executor ! 
Now Phrenology, in analyzing Appetite, expounds whatever 
concerns the nutrition of all that lives. 

Pointing out this adaptation and the end attained by 
Appetite, furnishes the most complete description of the func- 
tion of this Faculty possible to be conveyed ; besides also 
incidentally embracing the various kinds of stomachs for 
digesting the different kinds of food ; the different qualities, 
and relative excellences of this edible and that, medicines, 
poisons, &c, included. 

Sight, another of these mental Faculties, creates, and gov- 
erns whatever appertains to seeing, and thereby puts man in 
relation with the eyes and their adaptation to seeing, with 
light, its laws and facts, and all optical principles and exper- 
iments, and whatever appertains to vision. Similar remarks 
apply equally to Sensation, Taste, Audition, and Smell. 

Parental love is adapted, and adapts man, to that infantile 
state, through which all forms of terrestrial, and thereby celes- 
tial beings are ushered upon the plane of endless existence ! 
Of course its complete exposition teaches whatever apper- 
tains to parents and children as such ; thus covering the whole 
ground of infantile and juvenile management, rearing, and 
education from birth to maturity, in fact, as long as they 
exist I 

Pointing out this office of Parental Love, and the means by 
which it executes its office, therefore sets its function, and 



22 INTRODUCTION. 

whatever appertains to it before the mind, in the clearest and 
fullest light possible. 

Love, likewise, in being adapted to this " male and female " 
ordinance of Nature, unfolds all man's sexual laws and rela- 
tions ; teaches all the mutual duties, feelings, and manners due 
between boys and girls, men and women, young folks and 
lovers, the married and single, fathers and daughters, moth- 
ers and sons, husbands and wives, and all males and females 
as such towards each other ; of course involving and evolv- 
ing that whole subject of reproduction for which this entire 
sexual department of Nature, including all the family rela- 
tions, was created. In short, Nature has her sexual or repro- 
ductive department, over which she has installed the primal 
element of Love as its supreme executive. 

This adaptation and office of Love completely reveals 
whatever appertains to this whole sexual, affectional, family, 
and reproductive department of Nature. What description 
of it could give an idea of it equally full or clear ? 

Causes and effects constitute another institute of Nature, 19 
with which man must somehow be put into relation ; else how 
could he ever perceive causes, or apply them so as to produce 
desired results, or know or do any one thing involving either 
causes and effects, or ways and means. Yet without this gift 
how could he, or any thing else, exist ! And how infinitely 
useful such relation ; that is, Causality ! And how vast its 
range ! Whatever appertains to all reasonings, of all kinds, 
on all subjects; to the perception and application of all 
truth ; to learning by experience, that great truth teacher of the 
universe ; to the adaptation of all ways and means to ends, all 
inventions, tool and machine-making and using, as well as 
the things made ; including all philosophy and all thought 
and forethought ; originate in this primal element. Think of 
its sweep and power, its utility and necessity ! Now Phre- 
nology, in its analysis of this primal Faculty, unfolds whatever 
appertains to it. Is this element of any account ! Then is 
not its exposition of equal ? 

Now merely stating this adaptation of this Faculty describes 
it, and gives a more perfect idea of its functions and effects 
on character than the most elaborate description could pos- 
sibly furnish. 

These adaptations and uses of each and all the mental 



THE TRUE HEALTH PRINCIPLES. 23 

Faculties, here given, convey at first sight, a clear, intelligi- 
ble, and actually perfect description of the nature, outwork- 
ings, and effects on character of each; thus relieving the 
student from wading through pages of description in order to 
obtain a confused idea of this same function. This adapta- 
tion is both fully understood, and easily remembered ; and 
the entire workings of each Faculty are thereby completely 
comprehended, and always retained. 

These samples illustrate a feature of this work, found in no 
previous writings, phrenological included. Will the reader 
try to grasp this idea in the start, and note its evolution 
throughout this work. But this is by no means all. 

4. — The Phrenological Faculties analyze all Nature, and 
likewise her author ! 

Natural Philosophy claims to point out all the primal 
elements of matter. Configuration is one of them. Mark 
how perfectly the Phrenological analysis of Form puts man 
into relationship with this natural institute, and teaches him 
all about it: and thus of " magnitude " (Size), "ponderosity " 
(Weight), and every one of its other elements. Yet: — 

Its exponents omit by far the largest number of these pri- 
mal elements of matter. Thus, is not place as inherent an 
element of all things as is configuration ? Can anything be 
without being somewhere ? And in its own place at that ? 
Thus sun, moon, and stars are each and all in their own indi- 
vidual places. So is even every stone, whether on the earth's 
surface or in its bowels, not in mid-air ; and so every particle 
of matter of which each is composed. So every single part 
and parcel of any single vegetable, animal, and thing com- 
posed of parts, is always found in its own individual place. 
Thus roots, bark, trunk, limbs, leaves, fruits, each bone, mus- 
cle, and organ of the entire body of whatever has a body, is 
invariably found in its own particular spot; eyes always in the 
fore part of the head, never in its back, or in the soles of the 
feet. Now is not " a place for every thing, and every thing 
always in its own place " as universal an element of Nature 
as is gravity, or bulk ? And yet authors on Natural Philos- 
ophy forget to mention both Place and Order, as also Color 
and Number: for nothing is or can be uncolored, inside and 
out, or numbered, whether standing alone as number one, or 



24 INTRODUCTION. 

as one among others — omissions which the analysis of Jiese 
Phrenological Faculties supplies. Like remarks apply to 
other inherent elements of things, such as their ages (Time), 
changes or operations (Eventuality), &c, all of which Phre- 
nology analyzes. Yet these omissions do not end even 
here. Look in one direction more. 

Firmness is another element of things and ordinance of 
Nature, as seen in the stability of her hills, the permanency 
of her rivers, the regularity of her seasons, the unchangeable- 
ness of her natural laws, &c. In short, immobility, this 
identical element is the primal status of matter, except when 
the forces of Nature cause its change. 

Protection (Caution) is another element, effected by ten 
thousand means, and appertaining to everything in Nature. 
Power, or Force, is another, and Destruction, of which 
death and dissolution are fractions, and Beauty, and Infinity, 
and Consociation (Friendship), and even-handed Justice, 
Kindness, &c, furnish other illustrations. All these are 
as inherent, fundamental and primal constituent ele- 
ments and institutes of Nature, as is Magnitude, and as 
such should have been noted, yet are omitted in all works 
on Natural Philosophy ; but are analyzed ry Phrenology. 
Behold, thinking reader, that sublime unfolding of univer- 
sal Nature, as well as of man, effected by Phrenology ! In 
short : — 

The primal elements of every man, every animal, every ve- 
getable, everything extant, are identically the same in all, 
which these Phrenological Faculties express. Or thus : Every 
Phrenological Faculty ramifies itself throughout universal Nature, 
and everything in it, while every attribute of Nature has its 
counterpart in one or another of these Phrenological Facul- 
ties. What higher proof is needed, is possible, that Phre- 
nology is true — is a part and parcel of that Nature it thus 
analyzes ! Look again, finally : — 

Phrenology analyzes God, and His Attributes. It first 
demonstrates the Divine existence, and then reveals every 
one of His Divine Attributes by means of this principle:' — 

God makes all things in accord with His own nature. He 
impresses his own qualities upon all His works. Surely, He 
can impress no others. He puts his own private mark, sig- 
net, seal, upon all. " In His oivn image, and after His own 



THE TEUE HEALTH PRINCIPLES. 25 

likeness, created He " man, and all else. Nature is like man, 3 
man is like God : 4 therefore, Nature, man, and God, are each 
like both the others ; and Phrenology in analyzing man, ana- 
lyzes God, and all His works ! — doctrines fully expounded in 
our Fourth Part. Not all these phrenological Faculties, and, 
therefore, not all of these Divine Attributes have yet been 
discovered, but the analysis of them all analyzes all that "is, 
in the heavens above, in the earth beneath, and in the waters 
under the earth," and likewise the Great God and Father of 
all! 

Reader, this subject of Phrenology we thus approach is no 
trifle. Angels may npt be able to survey all its ramifica- 
tions, but the Author proposes to give his readers a deeper 
yet clearer insight into it than can be obtained elsewhere. 
Fear not lest its abstruseness precludes its comprehension ; 
for all truth is simple, and easily understood, and we propose 
to make both this science itself, and these, its sublime phi- 
losophies, just as easily perceived as daylight, so~ that a child 
can fully understand all contained in this book. 

5. — Definition, Location, Classification, Names, and Numbers 

of the Faculties. 

An early definition of all the Faculties collectively, is ren- 
dered necessary by our often being obliged, especially in giv- 
ing their combinations, to refer to many of them before we 
reach them in their order. 

We have changed some of their old names for those more 
expressive of their precise functions. True, after the public 
have once associated certain names and things together, 
changes confuse; yet this should not forestall all genuine 
improvements. The Author has long thought that most 
sciences might be popularized, and their study greatly pro- 
moted, by Anglicizing their terms. Thus, how much better 
to use the English word One-seed-lobed than Monocotyledo- 
nous, to signify the same thing ; and Lower Jaw than Inferior 
Maxillary! 

Parental love is much shorter and better than Philopro- 
genitiveness, yet designates the same element. Why not 
use Friendship rather than Adhesiveness ? Especially since 
" sticking to " does not, while Friendship does, exactly express 
the identical element intended. Approbativeness and Self- 
4 



26 INTRODUCTION. 

Esteem do not, while Dignity and Ambition do, convey a 
distinctive idea of the true functions of each ; while Kind- 
ness is much shorter and more expressive of its true function 
than Benevolence, as is Observation than Individuality. We 
have made no changes not obvious improvements. 

Amativeness is not as good a word to designate the senti- 
ment it christens as Love. Though the two mean precisely 
the same thing, yet the interpretation generally put upon Ama- 
tiveness conveys a wrong impression of its true function. 
The real normal primal office of this Faculty is that pure, 
holy p lot onic love which eventuates in conjugal affection; yet 
the meaning now generally attached to it is lust, a gross 
perversion and debasement of this exalted sentiment. We, 
therefore, rebaptize it Love, and shall use Amativeness to 
signify its mere physical aspect. 

The precise function of each Faculty is what its name should 
signify, and what we here attempt to give by using the Eng- 
lish noun most expressive of its office, giving the old name 
in its definition, yet in no instance varying from the func- 
tion heretofore ascribed to any Faculty. Short words are best, 
when they express the same thing. Force is shorter, and 
expresses the precise function of Combativeness, better than 
the latter term ; while Worship conveys a much more cor- 
rect idea of the religious sentiment than Spurzheim's Vene- 
ration, or Gall's "sense of God and Religion ;" yet Adoration 
is equally appropriate. What is gained by these old -iveness 
and -iousness endings, which we have mostly omitted ? Hope, 
Order, Time, Firmness, and many others are right now, and 
retained : and we have made no changes not easily and 
instantly understood by all. 

These numberings differ from Combe's, as did his from Gall's 
and Spurzheim's, yet coincide with my own previous ones, ex- 
cept in numbering Faculties heretofore marked doubtful, and 
in my starting-point. In 1835 I adopted this principle of 
numbering : Beginning with the organ lowest down and far- 
thest back, I numbered them in the order of their location 
upward and forivard in the head ; from which I have since seen 
no occasion to deviate, except that I now begin at the ears 
or top of the spinal marrow, where Nature begins, namely : 
with Vitality and Appetite, those functions with which life 
starts, following with the functions of animal life and passing 



THE TRUE HEALTH PRINCIPLES. 



27 



to the back of the head and over in front ; yet since Wor- 
ship is the central organ and function of the moral group, 
and Spirituality next, I place them before, instead of after, 
Hope and Conscience. 

The natural grouping of the Faculties furnishes our only 
classifying principle, and is enough for all practical purposes. 
That is : Nature has classified them 
by placing all those together which 
perform one general range of func- 
tion, or accomplish one great result. 
Thus, all those which carry forward 
any of the social and family feelings 
are located in a social group by them- 
selves, in the back and lower part of 
the head, all those which carry for- 
ward any of the moral functions are 
located by themselves on the top of 
the head, ' while all the Intellectuals 
are located in the forehead, the Perceptives in its lower, the 
Keflectives in its upper portion, as seen in the accompanying 
diagram. 




No. 1.— Groups of Organs. 



Location, Number, and Definition of the Organs. 




No. 2. 

All the Faculties are subdivided into nine groups : the Animal, Domestic, 
Moral, Self-perfecting, Senses, Perceptives, Literar)', Rerlectives, and Aspiring. 
Class i. The Feelings, located in that part of the head covered by hair. 
I. The Animal Propensities, which supply bodily wants by the instincts. 

1. Vitativeness — The Doctor ; longevity; love and tenacity of life; re- 
sisting disease ; clinging to existence ; toughness ; constitution. 

2. Appetite — The Feeder; "alimentiveness ; " hunger; relish; greed. 

3. Bibation — The Drinker ; love of liquids ; fondness for water, washing, 
bathing, swimming, sailing, stimulants, water scenery, &c. 

4. Acquisition — The Economist; thrift; industry; frugality; the acquir- 
ing, saving, and laying up instinct ; desire to own, possess, trade, and amass 
property ; the claiming, mine-and-thine feeling. 

5. Secrecy — The Concealer ; self-restraint ; reserve ; policy ; tact ; cun- 
ning ; management ; evasion ; double-dealing ; art ; trickery ; finesse. 

6. Destruction — The Exterminator ; executiveness ; severity ; sternness ; 
harshness ; love of tearing down, destroying, causing pain, teasing, &c. ; hardi- 
hood ; endurance of pain ; revenge. 

7. Force — The Defender ; " combativeness ; " courage ; snap ; efficiency ; 
boldness ; defiance ; determination ; love of opposition, encounter, &c. 



LOCATION OF THE PHKENOLOGICAL ORGANS. 29 

II. The Social Group, which creates the family ties, and domestic affections. 

8. Love — The Creator; " amativeness ; " sexuality; gender; desire to love, 
be loved, and fondled ; sexual admiration, courtesy, and blending ; passion. 

9. Constancy — Fidelity ; conjugality ; mating ; one love ; marriage. 

10. Parental Love — The Nurse; philoprogenitiveness ; attachment to 
own offspring ; love of children, young pets, &c. ; that which cuddles, and babies. 

11. Friendship — The Confider; fondness; sociability; love of sjociety ; 
desire to congregate, associate, visit, make and entertain friends, &c. 

12.' Inhabitiveness — The Patriot; love of home, domicile, country, the 
place where one lives, or has lived ; patriotism, &c. 

13. Continuity — The Finisher; consecutiveness ; connectedness; poring 
over one thing till it is done ; prolixity ; unity ; finishing as we go. 

III. The Aspiring Sentiments, which dignify, elevate, and ennoble man. 

14. Caution — The Sentinel; fear; making sure; carefulness; prudence; 
solicitude ; anxiety ; watchfulness ; apprehension ; security ; protection ; provis- 
ion against want and danger ; foreseeing and avoiding prospective evils ; dis- 
cretion ; care ; vigilance. -* 

15. Ambition — The Aristocrat; approbativeness ; pride of character; love 
of publicity, praise, display, fame, a good name, esteem, fashion, social posi- 
tion, and popularity ; sense of honor. 

16. Dignity — The Ruler; "self-esteem;" self-respect, reliance, apprecia- 
tion, satisfaction, and complacency ; independence ; nobleness ; love of liberty 
and power ; the self-elevating, commanding instinct ; manliness ; authority ; 
domination. 

17. Firmness — Stability ; decision ; perseverance ; pertinacity ; fixedness of 
purpose ; aversion to change ; indomitability ; will-power ; obstinacy. 

IV. The Moral Sentiments, which render men moral and religious. 

18. Devotion — The Worshipper ; veneration ; piety ; churchism ; adoration 
of God ; reverence for religion and things sacred ; love of prayer, religious 
observances, &c. ; obedience ; respect ; conservatism. 

19. Spirituality — The Prophet; intuition; prescience; prophetic guid- 
ance ; the "light within ; " forewarning of what is to be ; second sight. 

20. Hope — The Expectant ; anticipation of future success and happiness ; 
that which looks on the bright side, builds fairy castles, magnifies prospects, 
and speculates ; buoyancy ; light-heartedness. 

21. \Tonscience — The Jurist ; integrity ; moral rectitude and principle ; love 
of right and truth ; regard for duty, moral purity, promises, and obligations ; 
penitence ; contrition ; approval of right ; condemnation of wrong ; obedience 
to laws, rules, &c. 

22. Kindness — The Good Samaritan; "benevolence;" sympathy; good- 
ness ; humanity ; philanthrophy ; generosity ; the neighborly, accommodating, 
humane, self-sacrificing, missionary spirit. 

**~V. The Perfecting Group, which refines man, and creates the arts. 

23. Construction — The Mechanic; ingenuity; sleight-of-hand in using 
tools ; invention ; love of machinery ; manual skill ; dexterity ; mechanism. 

24. Beauty — The Poet ; " ideality ;" taste ; refinement ; imagination; love 
of perfection, purity, poetry, flowers, beauty, elegance, propriety, gentility, the 
fine arts, &c. ; personal neatness ; finish ; style. 

25. Sublimity — Perception and love of grandeur, infinity, vastness, il- 
limitability, omnipotence, eternity, boundlessness, and endlessness. 



30 LOCATION OF THE PHRENOLOGICAL ORGANS. 

26. Imitation — The Mimic ; conformity ; ability and desire to copy, take 
pattern, imitate, do, make, and become like, mock, act out, &c. 

27. Mirth — The Laugher ; wit ; facetiousness ; ridicule ; sarcasm ; love of 
fun ; disposition to joke, and laugh at what is improper, ill-timed, or unbecom- 
ing ; perception of the absurd and ridiculous, &c. 

Class 2. The Intellectual Faculties, located in the forehead. 

VI. The Senses, or Hearing, Seeing, Feeling, Tasting, and Smelling. 

VI I. The Perceptives, which relate man to the material properties of things. 

28. Observation — The Looker; cognizance of individual objects; desire 
to see and examine ; minuteness ; scrutiny ; looking ; gazing. / 

29. Form — The Speller; configuration; cognizance and memory of forms, 
shapes, faces, countenances, and looks ; perception of likenesses. 

30. Size — Measurement by eye ; cognizance and memory of magnitude, 
quantity, bulk, distance, proportion, weight by size, height, &c. 

31. Weight — The Sailor; balancing capacity; marksmanship; intuitive 
perception and application of the laws of gravity, motion, &c. ; ability to keep 
one's balance in walking aloft, riding, climbing, sailing, &c. 

32. Color — The Painter ; perception, love, and recollection of colors. 

^. Order — The Arranger ; method ; system ; having places for things, and 
things in their places ; observing business and other rules, laws, canons, &c. 

34. Computation — The Mental Arithmetician ; numerical calculation ; 
ability to reckon figures in the head ; memory of numbers, &c. 

35. Location — The Traveller ; cognizance and recollection of places, roads, 
scenery, position ; desire to see places, and ability to find them ; the geographi- 
cal faculty ; keeping the points of compass, &c. 

VIII. The Literary, or knowing Faculties, which learn and remember. 

36. Eventuality — The Historian ; memory of facts ; recollection of cir- 
cumstances, news, occurrences, events, and what one has seen, done, heard, 
said, and known ; love of history knowledge ; smartness ; practicality, &c. 

37. Time — The Innate Time-keeper; periodicity; punctuality; ability to 
guess what time it is, keep time in music, tell when, how long since, dates, &c. 

38. Tune — The Natural Musician ; tone ; ability to learn tunes by ear, and re- 
peat them by rote ; the musical inspiration, knack, and genius ; memory of sounds. 

39. Expression — The Talker ; " language ; " communicating by natural lan- 
guage, looks, gestures, actions, written or spoken words, intonations, signs, &c. 

IX. The Reflective Faculties, which reason, think, plan, and understand. 

40. Causality — The Thinker and Planner ; reason ; sense ; causation ; 
deduction; originality; thought; forethought; depth and comprehensiveness 
of mind ; adapting ways and means to ends ; invention ; creating resources ; 
reasoning from causes to effects ; profundity ; judgment. 

41. Comparison — The Critic; analysis; induction; classification; abiiity 
and desire to compare, draw inferences, illustrate, use figures, &c. 

42. Intuition — The Physiognomist; perception of truth; discernment of 
character and motives ; intuitive reading of men by minor signs. 

43. Urbanity — " Agreeableness ; " blandness ; persuasiveness ; pleasant- 
ness ; complaisance; suavity; palaver; that which compliments; politeness, &c. 

Their relative power can be indicated by numbers, in a scale of 1 to 5, by 
letting 5 signify Large; 4, Full; 3, Average; 2, Moderate; and 1, Small. 



PHRENOLOGY ENABLES ALL TO READ AND MANAGE MEN. 31 
6. IT ENABLES ALL TO READ AND MANAGE MEN. 

Reading character is by far the most delightful and prof- 
itable reading; in the world. Nothing; else bears anv 
comparison with it in either inherent stirring interest, or 
practical value. The study of human nature, by common 
consent, surpasses all other studies in all respects. And well 
it may : for its subject, man, excels all others. Is the study 
of the natural history of birds, fish, and animals interesting, 
and is not that of man superlatively more so ? 

Ability to read men ! What other ability bears any com- 
parison with this ! Animal functions are restricted to their 
narrow range of instincts, whilst man exhibits the utmost 
conceivable variety and range of character and talents. To 
see beavers build their dams and robins their nests interests 
us ; then how much more to see men build steam machi- 
nery and floating palaces ! Each animal can usually do but 
a few things right well ; but behold how vast the number of 
things human beings can execute, especially in their col- 
lective capacity ! All studies are interesting, and teach use- 
ful lessons ; but the study of man almost infinitely surpasses 
them all, in both ! All science captivates all deep minds ; 
but the science of human life as far outstrips them all as 
mind exceeds matter. 

Human nature is as scientific as any other study ; has its 
specific laws as much ; and they are as cognizable, though 
more numerous. Indeed, all laws culminate in those which 
evolve and govern humanity. In studying man we are but 
studying the quintessence of Nature. 3 

Ability to read this man and that in a picnic and party, 
on change and in church, at concert and lecture, by the 
wayside and fireside, in public and private, anywhere and 
everywhere, is a greater personal luxury, and an art more 
practically useful, than any other whatever. To see the 
workings of this Faculty in this man, woman, child, and 
of that or those in others is an art, a gift, a talent, a 
possession, an acquisition, a personal comfort, without a 
peer. 

This identical gift, Phrenology imparts, and this work 
teaches. Indeed, this is its specific object. And it teaches 
it as nothing else can teach it. It begins at the tap-root of 



32 INTRODUCTION. 

its subject, and follows it out throughout all its rootlets. 
No one, after reading it, can ever go anywhere among 
men without thinking, " That man has this organ large, 
and that small, which will make him do this and shun 
that." " I can touch this man thus, and that one thus, but 
no otherwise. This man did thus and so from this motive, 
while that woman said that from that motive. Such a 
look sprang from such a Faculty thus strong or weak ; 
while that other man or woman made that remark be- 
cause of this, that, or the other fundamental Faculty." As 
a detector of motives a knowledge of Phrenology excels 
all else as a thousand to one ! 

To operate successfully on men's minds and actions often 
becomes desirable. What is as much so ? This is what gives 
the neighbor popularity at home, the business man bargains, 
the politician votes and offices, the minister moral influence 
to do good and promote virtue, the speaker hearers, writers 
readers, and all who persuade men in any direction their 
persuasive powers. What is it worth to be able to apply 
that power as you will ! Give me that, though you deny me 
what else you may. Its practical value far exceeds that of 
rubies and diamonds ! 

Motives govern men just as much as gravity governs 
matter. And they are just as sure in their action. Men 
will feel and act thus and so from these motives, and that 
way from those, just as surely as water will run this way or 
that according to descents ; nor can men be made to feel or 
act contrary to the laws of their mental constitution any 
more than water can be made to run up hill. And as water, 
forced up, will run down the first instant possible ; so men, 
if driven by stress out of their natural course, will seize the 
first available moment to rush back, and to the opposite ex- 
treme. The laws of matter do not govern it any more abso- 
lutely or uniformly than the laws of mind govern human 
feelings and conduct. And as, in order to operate on mat- 
ter, you must first understand its laws, so ye who would 
influence your fellows, for your own good or theirs, must 
first understand those mental laws and motives by which all 
men are controlled. 

Success in life is about the all of life. This success de- 
pends mainly upon influencing men to do as you desire ; and 



PHRENOLOGY ENABLES ALL TO READ AND MANAGE MEN. 33 

this upon your touching the mainspring of human motives 
just right, and this upon your first knowing them. Self-knowl- 
edge is the most important knowledge on earth, and a 
knowledge of human nature in general the next; and Phre- 
nology reveals them both ; while this book unfolds both in 
and by teaching this " science of man." Then can any at all 
afford to ignore it ? Where stands reading that love story, 
which titillates your love-feelings for the moment, in com- 
parison with that life-long power over men conferred by read- 
ing this book ! for, in analyzing the principles, the primary 
Faculties, the actutaing motives, which sway men, you learn 
the chords and notes of the human soul in general, and of par- 
ticular persons ; and thereby how, by touching these chords 
or those, to play on humanity any tune you may desire ; 
thus making them your willing servants in doing just as 
you desire. 

The fountains of humanity are here dug out, .disclosing its 
outgushing waters, which you can now follow down and 
out in action ad libitum, while physiognomy, and all other 
branches of human study, are but fragmentary expressions 
of fundamental powers, not the analysis of the powers 
themselves. As those who would understand a tree must 
begin at its tap-root and run down its various roots to its 
rootlets, and up its trunk, and out its branches to its twigs, 
leaves, and fruits ; so those who would know anything of 
man scientifically or tangibly must begin where the life 
entity inheres, namely, in its mental Facidties. What one 
of these does physiognomy disclose ? On what does it rest ? 
What and where are its corner stones ! It may aid Phre- 
nology, but is to it what starlight is to sunlight. 

This book, reader, teaches you Phrenology better by far 
than any other ; and in doing so, teaches you human nature 
in general, and the specific nature of all you meet in par- 
ticular, and above all your own self. It teaches you whom to 
trust, and whom not ; whom to seek, and whom to shun ; 
who can do this, and who that best, and who neither; 
whom to select for a business or a conjugal partner, and 
whom to discard ; in short, who is whom, and who is not, in 
everything. 

This knowledge will be worth more to you than all the 
money and all other possessions you can ever obtain. Judge 
5 



34 INTRODUCTION. 

wisely, then, whether it is worth your purchase, perusal, and 
life-long study. We propose to tell you more about your 
fellow-men than you ever dreamed it possible to find out, 
and thus to give you an advantage over those who have not 
read it, worth many thousand times its cost ! 

7. — The Combinations of the Faculties. 

Variety is an ordinance of Nature. Scarcely any two 
things are precisely alike throughout. Every leaf, blade of 
grass, apple, fruit, twig, &c, though from the same tree, 
differs from all others in form, size, color, taste, or some other 
quality. All animals differ from all others, even of the same 
variety, in some of their minute diversities. This is still 
greater among men than among any of Nature's other 
works. No two faces, or foreheads, or tones of voice, or 
tastes, or talents, or characteristics, are precisely alike 
throughout. If they were, how could we know them apart ? 
" What is one's meat, is another's poison." 

Men differ mentally from each other even more than 
physically. Though every person can be readily designated 
from all others by some peculiarity of face, form, voice, color 
of some part, &c, yet the mental dissimilarities of men are 
still greater ; and every person differs from himself every min- 
ute of his life, as compared with every other minute ! If 
anything is infinite, surely this diversity of human character, 
thought, feeling, everything, is indeed infinite. Of course 
whatever analyzes the human mind must make provision and 
account for this infinite variety. 

Phrenology provides and accounts for it; yet no other 
system of mental philosophy does or can do either. Does 
Locke. Stewart, or Brown ? They have but few Faculties, 
and no variegating conditions, modifying each, while Phre- 
nology has over forty Faculties, and each one capable of 
almost infinite diversification. The twenty-six letters of the 
alphabet can be made to spell a number of words, each dif- 
fering from all the others, which it would take forty-one fig- 
ures to express ! — a number infinitely beyond all human 
conception ! Then how many more could forty-three be made 
to spell ! for every additional number adds to the sum total 
more than man can possibly conceive ! And each of these is still 
further diversified by innumerable organic conditions, sur- 



THE COMBINATION OF THE FACULTIES. 35 

rounding circumstances, diverse educations, climates, diets, 
avocations, and other diversifying influences without num- 
ber. What proof that Phrenology is true, is or could be 
stronger than these two conjoint facts — this infinite diver- 
sity in human character, and that Phrenology makes ample 
provision for all that is, ever has been, or ever can be, among 
all mankind forever ! Let these few samples illustrate. 

Force defends, resists, opposes, combats, 169 &c, yet no two 
have precisely the same amount and kind of antagonism. 
One man resists more or less than others, and also shows 
powerful resistance in some things, along with tameness in 
others ; while another resists stoutly wherein the first resists 
little, yet but little wherein the first resists powerfully. One 
man shows a thousand fold more Force than another, while 
no two out of millions evince it as to precisely the same 
things. One will defend wife or husband lustily, but not 
child ; a second, child, but not conjugal partner ; a third, 
own child, but not the children of others, or each one dif- 
ferent children ■ a fourth purse, but neither child nor part- 
ner ; a fifth, character, but neither purse nor family ; a sixth, 
the right ; a seventh, home ; an eighth, the oppressed ; a ninth, 
his religion, yet none of the former objects, &c, ad infinitum. 
Besides accounting for these differences, 

Phrenology tells what each defends. It shows who has 
the most general resistance, and also what particular things 
each combats and protects the most vigorously. Large 
Force in A. defends this woman he loves, yet fights that one 
he hates, but does not defend his church, or the right, or his 
character ; because Love is strong, and has fastened on this 
woman, but become prejudiced against that; yet having 
weak Acquisition, Worship, Kindness, and Conscience, 
he defends neither his church, nor the right, nor his prop- 
erty ; whilst B., with the same amount of Force, but with 
Love weak, does not defend loved ones, but having Acqui- 
sition strong with Ambition weak, defends purse, yet not 
reputation ; while C, with Ambition strong and Acquisition 
weak, defends his good name, but does not resent cheatery ; 
yet one with Force weak defends neither, but tamely allows 
all to impose on him with impunity in all things. Keader, 
have you never been surprised to see the same man let 
himself be put upon so tamely in this respect, yet contend 



36 INTRODUCTION. 

so lustily when the least wronged in that ? Why should he 
be so " spunky " in this, yet so tame in that ? His Phrenol- 
ogy answers, and tells just how much each person will resent, 
and in what respects, and in what not. 

Conscience furnishes another example. A. is just as scru- 
pulous as he can be to pay every farthing to all, precisely as 
he agreed to pay, and would no more wrong any one out of 
a dime than cut off his finger; and yet, mirabile dictu, he 
does not scruple to ruin a virgin, nor dishonor his confiding 
friend's wife. That is, though pecuniarily just, he is a most 
outrageous sexual sinner. C.'s conscience torments him if 
he fails to attend church, yet he has no compunctions for 
not paying his washerwoman who is suffering for want of 
her hard-earned pittance ; >and yet all have large Con- 
science, which works with some organs large in one, but 
small in another. 

These combinations determine and disclose all character ; 
and yet no former Phrenologist has any more than barely 
mentioned them, and none described the effects of the dif- 
ferent Temperaments on the different combinations, or shown 
what organs and combinations go with what Temperaments. 

These combinations constitute a specialty of this w r ork ; 
yet without it, any and all works on Phrenology must needs 
be fundamentally defective. Why should a subject thus im- 
portant and apparent have been almost ignored till now ? 
This book gives sufficient combinations from which to deci- 
pher enough more for all practical life purposes, and will 
enable all to study out others. 

8. — The different Temperamental and Organic Conditions. 

Different tools work out very different results. No func- 
tions can ever be put forth except by means of organs, and 
by their own specific organs at that. 25 Coarse, strong organs 
are naturally adapted to manifest coarse, strong functions, 
and delicate functions are executed by delicate organs. Of 
course, by knowing just what kind of organisms put forth 
what qualities of functions, we can predicate the functionism 
from the organism. 

Gall took little account of temperamental conditions, and 
Spurzheim but little ; while Combe took more, yet gave only 
a meagre and unsatisfactory description of the effects of dif- 



THE TEMPERAMENTS. 37 

ferent physiological conditions upon the mental manifesta- 
tions. Opposition to Phrenology has grown more out of 
this temperamental omission than out of any other thing. 
For example: A leading doctrine of Phrenology is that 
size, " other things being equal," is the great measure of 
power ; and therefore that great brains must needs accom- 
pany and indicate great minds. And yet the fact is noto- 
rious that smart, brilliant, poetic, efficient, learned, eloquent 
men often have moderate-sized heads, and such men, often 
piqued because they think this science snubs them, pay it 
back by ridicule ; whereas, these " other organic conditions," 
duly understood, would show them that, and why they are thus 
brilliant, and that Phrenology is specifically true in their 
individual cases. For example : 

66 The Autocrat of the Breakfast-table," doubtless think- 
ing his diminutive head and sloping forehead " hit " by 
Phrenology, ridiculed it in sheer self-defence ; whereas, in 
point of fact, it highly compliments him in ascribing to him 
one of the very best of writing Temperaments to be found, 57 
and an organism most fine-grained and exquisite in quality, 
along with really prodigious Perceptives, Beauty, Imitation, 
and all kinds of Memory, with sufficient Comparison and 
Intuition to put together the workings of his Faculties in 
the best manner possible to render him a perfect " ready 
writer." No better illustration need or could be had than 
this same Autocrat himself furnishes. Now if he had only 
understood these qualifying conditions, he would not thus 
have disparaged himself by hitting a science which thus 
compliments him. 

This work gives the first full description of these tem- 
peramental and organic states in their five degrees of devel- 
opment. Though it may not be perfect, yet it far exceeds 
any of its predecessors in this respect. Let a comparison of 
it with anything and everything else ever written on the 
Temperaments attest its relative merits in this direction. 
The Author has observed and studied this point more rela- 
tively than any other. It is the second most important 
thing to be scanned in reading character, the location of the 
organs alone exceeding it; and the two together giving a 
comparatively complete diagnosis of individual character; 
whereas all prognostications founded on the mere size of the 



38 INTRODUCTION. 

organs must fall far short of completeness. The Author 
makes this point a specialty in this work. 

Its new theory of organic formation comes under this 
general head. That theory, coupled with its fundamental 
doctrine, that the essence and personality of all things in- 
heres in their mentalities, explains why and how every individual 
thing takes on its special physical form and peculiarities of 
structure. Its theory is, that the spirit nature of everything 
is to it what the chit of all seeds is to the product of that 
seed ; namely, the grand predeterminer of its form ; thus : 
When this spirit nature needs claws, as in cats to catch mice, 
this spirit, or mental feline nature forms for itself those claws 
it will need when grown up, to carry out its rat-seizing in- 
stinct. But our present purpose is to call attention to this 
theory here, rather than to expound it, which' is done under 
the Temperaments. 50 

9. — Description of the Faculties in five Degrees of Power. 

The excess of Faculties generally led to their discovery. 
This directed the attention of Gall, Spurzheim, and Combe 
mainly to isolated cases of excessive development, instead 
of to the effects of their normal and usual action on the 
general character. Hence they predicated chiefly upon 
one or two organs only, when extremely large or small ; yet 
none of them ever pretended to predicate the general char- 
acteristics of the persons examined in other respects. 

The Author was the first to describe the influences of 
their different degrees of manifestion on character. In his 
chart, published in 1834, he described them in three degrees, 
and in his " Phrenology Proved," composed wholly by him- 
self, and published in 1836, he described them in six de- 
grees ; while in this work he describes them in five : — aver- 
age, and full and large above, and moderate and small be- 
low, dropping the very small as virtually embodied in small, 
and very large, in large. 

The practical value of these degree descriptions can 
scarcely be overrated. Without its aid, no correct estimate 
of any person's general character can be formed. To be 
able, as did Gall and Spurzhein, to say, " This person is a 
natural mechanic, and that a natural thief," is indeed some- 
thing, yet how much more to be able to say, " This man's 



DESCRIPTION OF THE FACULTIES. 39 

mechanical genius is in this proportion to his other talents, 
and takes this direction, and that man's that : besides being 
added to by these strong Faculties, and detracted from by 
those weak ones ; which collectively gives him these me- 
chanical abilities thus and so in the aggregate ; " or " this child 
has so much Fear, with so much or so little Force, as an 
offset." Predicating character as one great whole is infinitely 
more useful than confining observations to one or two ex- 
cessive or defective traits. So much or little of this, with so 
much or little of that, and thus much of the other, taken 
together, create such and such results and capacities, alone 
can give any just estimate of character, or lead to really use- 
ful results ; and when arrived at, are of the highest practical 
value. 

These degree descriptions of the Faculties and Tempera- 
ments constitute a distinctive feature of this work. Stu- 
dents of Phrenology will some day appreciate its practical 
importance, which they have not thus far done. With this 
mere mention of it, we shall let it speak for itself, after giv- 
ing this illustration of its practical workings and uses. 

The absolute power of each Faculty, instead of the mere 
size of its organ, is here described. Thus, when any organ 
is only average in actual size, yet if its activity, conjoined 
with the existing Temperament, renders its practical work- 
ings full, it is described as full, and should be marked 4 in 
that person, so that those marks may designate the specific 
degree of power in each Faculty, as manifested in each person. 
That is ; the use of figures is to signify the degrees of the 
manifestations, and should express the results or effects on 
character of each Faculty, instead of the mere size of its 
organs, which is otherwise useless. 

The accompanying table, when correctly marked, in accord- 
ance with the power of any person's Faculties, will enable 
him to read his own mentalities throughout the book ; that is, 
select those particular passages in it which specifically de- 
scribe himself. Its plan for designating the character is seen 
at a glance by referring to the table, with its explanation, 
which follows the title-page. No person, no family can have 
any piece of property of more permanent practical value 
than this book thus correctly marked. 



40 introduction. 

10. — Its Application of Phrenology to Self-Culture and 
Perfecting Children. 

Improvement is the watchword of nature. Every animal, 
tree, vegetable, and thing struggles perpetually to grow 
larger, taller, and better. Good wines improve with age, 
and every year adds to human knowledge. 

Excelsior is one of the strongest sentiments of the race. 
Every child swells with desire to become a full-grown man 
or woman, and all adults to perfect themselves in what they 
attempt. Reader, is not " I would better myself" " a ruling 
passion " iiv your oivn soul ? Whatever can contribute to it 
thereby becomes proportionally valuable. What could you 
afford to give, rather what not afford, in order to be able to 
improve yourself or darling children only one per cent, per 
year during this life ! Yet this work will tell you how to 
improve yourself and them ten or more per cent, per an- 
num forever ! 

Utility is the end of all things, and measures the value, 
absolute and relative, of all. Some good is accomplished 
by the creation of every natural production. Even Philoso- 
phy has its goal in the utilitarian ends it achieves. The 
only rationale of the eye as a whole, and of each of its in- 
dividual parts, is to promote that useful end, sight. The 
only adaptation and end of every bone, muscle, and organ of 
the body, and of every part of every vegetable and flower, 
and even of wind, tide, air, and sun, centre in the good they 
accomplish. Will the reader please analyze anything and 
everything he can think of, in view of this utilitarian princi- 
ple, if only to convince himself both that it is true, and the 
ultimate of all philosophy, of all facts, of all functions, of all that 
is ! Practical utility is the ultimate goal of universal Nature ! 

All investigations of all things, all works and writings, all 
inventions and labors whatsoever, all we do, say, and are, 
should, therefore, conform to this fundamental ordinance of 
Nature. In short, God has utility, in other words happiness™ 
for His sole ultimate object, and His creatures, in all they 
say and do, should pattern after this His august example. 
To do good should be the mainspring, the motor principle, 
of our entire lives, public and private. 

The success of all things impinges upon this identical utili- 



APPLICATION OF PHRENOLOGY TO SELF-CULTURE, ETC. 41 

tarian condition. That invention, that book, that enterprise, 
that everything, will be the more triumphantly successful 
in the exact ratio of its practical utility. Self-good is man's 
mainspring: 162 therefore that interests men which benefits them ; 
while whatever does not benefit, no matter how ingenious 
or curious, remains unnoticed. 

A politician who wishes the votes of constituents, must 
promote or promise to further their cause. A purely selfish 
politician will soon lack votes, and a selfish neighbor will 
soon be " let severely alone," and left to fall. The true way 
to secure one's own personal success consists in forgetting self, 
and laboring pro bono publico. This great, this eternal truth, 
appertains to all things and all ends whatsoever. 

This work claims to be conceived and prosecuted solely in 
view of this fundamental principle. As far as the Author 
knows his own heart, his interior motive in penning every 
single chapter, section, and paragraph is to benefit, make hap- 
pier and better, every single one of all his readers and their 
acquaintances, not for to-day merely, nor for this short life 
only, but as long as they exist. And the best way to do this 
consists in showing them how to improve themselves. 

Self-development is incomparably life's greatest work, and 
most " paying " investment. 66 God has done all He could do 
to render human life great and glorious, beyond our utmost 
conceptions ! H Yet all this is but the raw materials of exist- 
ence, the silk cocoons, which each one must wind, color, 
weave, finish, cut, fashion, make up, and then wear forever > 
with all its qualities always redoubling. Our own individual 
tastes and skill must be put in commission to select these 
colors and those, thus blended to our liking, and variegated 
and fashioned as we ourselves may prefer ; thereby making 
it our own garment, so that we may prize and love it. 

Personal self-interest requires that we make ourselves 
and children just as perfect as possible. Every motive of 
existence prompts and inspires us to do this. Desire and 
effort to become, and render our children, perfect human 
beings, without fault or blemish, with every human excellence 
carried out and up to the highest point attainable, is the 
most glorious goal and prize within our reach, and glorious 
enough for angelic ambition. " A perfect man's the noblest 
work of God ! " Yet this requires the united efforts of God 
6 



42 INTRODUCTION. 

and man — demands superior original capacities with which to 
begin, perfected by self -culture. As good soil requires good 
husbandry to bring a great crop ; so, be our natural gifts 
what they may, they must be cultivated. No office, not 
even " the Presidency," no fortune, not even Rothschild's 
millions, nor all other earthly goods and possessions combined, 
are a tithe as valuable as is self-perfection ! 

Knowing its constituents is the first step in its attainment. 
In what does it inhere ? 

In developing our primal nature. God has made man just 
as perfect as He knew how to ; but leaves each to evolve by 
culture the powers He confers by Nature. To know those 
powers is the first prerequisite in their evolution. We need 
to begin all self-improving efforts with a distinct knowledge 
of the elements of human life themselves, and then of their 
right proportions and modes of action. All self and child- 
improving efforts not based in these fundamental principles, 
like working in the dark, must needs be futile. Human per- 
fection consists in evolving the human functions, knowing 
which is a prior and a paramount sine qua non. 

This analysis of primeval humanity Phrenology furnishes. 
It reveals the human mind, and its material organism, and there- 
by unfurls a standard of perfection as a model after which 
to pattern. We need to know first just what to become, 
and then how to mould ourselves into the image required. 
All this, and much more like it, Phrenology discloses. And 
one leading object of this volume is to apply this glorious 
science to self-culture, and the improvement of children. 
What human objects are or ever can be equally important ! 
How effectively this subject is handled, let individual readers 
attest by its beneficial influence in inspiring and guarding 
their own self-and-family-perfecting efforts ! 

11. — Aright Theology the Basis of all Civilization, and 
Human Institutions. 

Eeligion, with love, or gallantry, have constituted the two 
predominant sentiments of our race all the way up from its 
first dawnings until now ; and this bids fair to continue till 
the end of time. Civilization itself, with all its blessings and 
errors, originated mainly from these its two chief agencies. 
All heathen society, customs, opinions, &c, are cast almost 



PHRENOLOGY DISCLOSES THE TRUE RELIGION. 43 

wholly in the mould of their respective religions ; and Chris- 
tian civilization grows mainly out of the Christain religion ; 
while all future society and history will be almost entirely 
what the future religious doctrines and practices of com- 
munities make them; so that a rigid Theology becomes of 
paramount practical importance to the whole family of man ! 

This august problem this volume grapples, and attempts 
to expound. Such an attempt would seem ill-advised, even 
rash, but that it propounds 

A new departure from all previous modes of investigating 
this whole subject of religion, by planting itself upon this 
original and only true standpoint — that of the primal moral 
constitution of man, as taught by Phrenology, by showing what 
religious doctrines and practices this constitution teaches. 

Polemical and sectarian theology it entirely ignores. In 
that arena it might find superiors, in this, it stands " solitary 
and alone." Having no religious " denomination " to please 
or avoid displeasing, it treats its subjects wholly irrespective 
of all predecessors, contemporaries, and successors ; neither 
propounding, defending, nor opposing any isms or dogmas, 
but having an " eye single " to religious truth, and nothing 
but the truth, though not the whole truth; which as far 
surpasses all human comprehension as its infinite Author 
transcends all finite researches. 

Though religious truth, like astronomical, chemical, and 
every other, is tt the same from everlasting ' to everlasting/' 
yet in this, as in them,, man's knowledge and discoveries in all 
are progressive. Those who would enter upon an entirely 
new region of religious exploration will here find new 
premises and new inferences. It proposes to add to all exist- 
ing religious ideas, rather than to defend or contend for or 
against any. It discusses its subject de novo, and with a bold, 
free hand ; hoping both to promote, rectify, and improve the 
religious doctrines and practices of mankind. Let those who 
are unwilling to investigate any new religious problems, hug 
their present cloak ; yet those who have any independent 
religious thought or desire, will here find materials for reflec- 
tion and progress. It simply expounds the moral and 
religious doctrines taught by the analysis of man's moral 
Faculties ; leaving each reader to compare them with his 
special views of biblical and sectarian doctrines. 



44 INTRODUCTION. 

Two basilar principles, God and immortality, constitute 
the two nuclei around which all other religious truths and 
doctrines naturally group themselves ; so that this subject 
naturally subdivides itself into chapters, the first treating 
of theology, or the existence, attributes, and worship pf 
God, including natural theology; the second, immortality, 
and the relations of this life to that to come, &c. Truths 
analogous to either will be grouped accordingly. 

A right theology is that chit and tap-root from which 
whatever appertains to religion emanates, and its grand 
determiner. All heathenisms grow out of heathenish the- 
ologies. Supersede over night, in every heathen mind, the 
true theology for his wrong, and in the morning every 
heathenish custom would vanish like the morning dew. 
Causality governs man as effectually as it does natural phe- 
nomena. Men are what their doctrines make them in every 
respect, religion included. Their beliefs control their con- 
duct. They act much as they feel, and feel about as they 
think. Those who believe in paganism or in Christianity, 
act, worship, and are accordingly. 

By the sacredness, and the practical importance, there- 
fore, of a right religious life and practice over a wrong, is 
the commensurate importance of a right theology over a 
wrong. On no other subject but love are right doctrines a 
tithe as important to every man, woman, and child who now 
is or ever will be, as on this. 

Personal self-interest, therefore, imperiously commands 
every human being to ascertain with absolute certainty 
whether or no a Supreme Being really does exist, or whether 
all this divine belief and worship is a myth, a scarecrow, a 
nursery melody. Religious teachers are morally bound, by 
a law of mind, to demonstrate the truths they teach, such as 
the existence and attributes of God, immortality, &c, as a 
condition precedent to all their other teachings, as much as 
an architect is bound to lay a good foundation before rearing 
his superstructure. And you and I, reader, are placed, by 
the very tenor of our being, under creative bonds, to settle 
these great problems definitely and finally, each for our own 
selves ; and settle them aright — not on single corner-stones, 
but on all Each member of the whole human family is 
under obligations the most sacred, w T ith whatever capacities 



PHRENOLOGY DISCLOSES THE TRUE RELIGION. 45 

he may possess, to ascertain whether a God really does or 
does not exist ; and if ay, to inquire what are His attributes 
and requirements, and everything concerning Him, as well 
as what are our relations to Him. None should eat or sleep 
till they have built up a right theology r , unless in aid of it ; 
for this concerns our well-being here, as well^ as salvation 
hereafter; because its results must needs permeate our en- 
tire being from its very rootlets, all along up through its 
trunk and all its branches, clear out to the very tip of 
every life twig, leaf, and fruit, forever. 

Part IV. of this volume demonstrates the being and the 
attributes of God, together with all that range of doctrines 
and requirements which cluster around this fundamental 
tap-root, truth ; such as the supreme importance of worship ; 
its duty, effects, times, the Sabbath. &c. ; the true religious 
doctrines and practices, sectarianism, &c. ; natural theology, 
or the study and worship of God in Nature ; and obeying 
Him by learning and fulfilling His natural laws ; prayer, its 
benefits, how it is answered, &c. 

The constitution of the human mind certainly does unfold 
many new and most important ranges of truths touching 
these and kindred subjects, which this Part discusses, 
thoroughly and fearlessly. Keader, does not such a work 
challenge investigation ? 

Immortality, with its cognate doctrines, is barely second 
in point of stirring practical importance and interest. 

Exists our spirit principle, after we " drop this mortal 
coil " ? Do we live after we die ? Is the " resurrection " a 
myth, or a veritable reality ? Is death our last ? or, is it the 
vestibule of life immortal? Does eternal existence inhere 
in humanity? 

If ay, then it concerns us to ascertain whether or no this 
life is any way related to the life to come; whether that is 
affected by this ; for if not, then, " whilst we live, let us 
live," by enjoying the most possible as we go along. Or, 

Are these states antagonistic, so that the enjoyments of 
either prevent those of the other? Must we do penance 
in this life by denying and torturing ourselves here, as a 
means of promoting the joys of that ; just as we swallow 
nauseating medicines to-day in order to feel the better after- 
wards ? If they are antagonistic, is it true human policy to 



46 INTRODUCTION. 

sacrifice the best interests of this life on the altar of happi- 
ness hereafter ; or to offer up eternal joys at the shrine of 
terrestrial pleasures? Or, 

Is that life but A continuation of this ? Are the two mu- 
tually so interrelated that whatever promotes our best inter- 
ests in this, therefore also promotes those of that ; and what- 
ever impairs this, thereby likewise impairs that ? And if 
so, then ivhat feelings and actions in this are best for both ? 
What kind of life here will promote, and what compromise, 
our virtues and enjoyments in both states ? That is, how 
shall we so live here as to be the happiest 15 and best here 
and hereafter ? Are the virtues of this life rewarded, and 
its vices punished, in that ? What conduct here will pro- 
duce what results there? Will our good deeds here be 
passed to our credit there, or will they go for nought ? be 
stricken out ? for, if accredited and discredited, mortals should 
pause and ask what deeds here will yield the best " premiums " 
there, because this may proffer a more "paying investment " 
than any terrestrial ; as well as what will damage our future 
prospects ? and how much ? for some may be unconsciously 
u treasuring up " " vials of wrath " here, against some " great 
day of wrath " there. 

Does a heavenly state exist hereafter ? Is this universal 
human belief in it a fairy-castle myth ? an Arabian Night's 
fancy picture ? or is it a veritable reality ! a constituent part 
of the economies of Nature ! Part IV. answers Yes ! 

In what does it consist ? In luxurious Turkish harems ? 
in game-stocked Indian hunting-grounds? in Christian sing- 
ing and shouting hosannas? or in what other things? 
Whose views of its sacred surroundings are erroneous, and 
whose right, or nearest correct ? 

Do base lines of religious truth exist still unsurveyed, yet 
cognizable to mortals, from which we can correctly calculate 
the latitudes, longitudes, altitudes, and surroundings of futu- 
rity ? Or must we forever remain in blissful conjecture ; so 
that the imaginations of each may tickle their deluded fancies 
with just such prospective joys as the individual taste of 
each may prefer ? 

Surely, something tangible and definite concerning this 
magnificent divine legacy in reserve for man should be 
mercifully allowed. And if heavenly mansions and enjoy- 



PHRENOLOGY DISCLOSES THE TRUE RELIGION. 47 

ments really are provided, and in waiting for mortals, are 
they thrust upon all, indiscriminately, " without money and 
without price," or conditionally ? Or are they proffered to 
only a favored few, and then on only certain stringent con- 
ditions ? 

And on what conditions, if conditionally, that, knowing 
them, we may provide ourselves with the requisite moral 
passports and habiliments, lest at the last we fail to gain 
admission. 

Exists there a hell of eternal horrors ? And if so, has it 
any " lake of fire and brimstone " ? any " wailings and gnash- 
ings of teeth " ? any cursings and blasphemies ? Or consists 
it in our own states, our characters and feelings ? in what we 
are, or in where we are ? 

Who are doomed to it ? and who not ? Or is any salvation 
possible ? or any means of escape permitted to its victims ? 
Shall we be punished forever there for deeds done here ? or 
will our conduct here be allowed to alleviate or aggravate 
its horrors ? Among all the conflicting human opinions on 
this subject, whose are nearest right, Christian or Pagan, 
Orthodox or Universalist, Materialists or Spiritualists ? 
Great God ! what hast Thou ordained touching all these 
infinitely momentous problems ? Hast Thou revealed them ? 
or hast Thou mercifully hidden them from us, lest dread of 
impending horrors should mar the pleasures of this life ! 

In what book are these time and eternity records kept ? 
and what are their vouchers ? What deeds are entered ? 
What credits accompany these, and what charges those ? for 
we may be unconsciously running up accounts here we 
might not wish to be obliged to " settle up " there. Let us 
at least make our entries under standingly . To doom us to 
mystified uncertainty, or to mere faith, would seem really 
cruel. We should be allowed to know something sure about 
our future conditions and surroundings — whether we shall 
eat or fast ; and if eat, feed on what ? whether we shall walk, 
fly, ride, &c, be passive or active, and, if active, do what ? 
Or whether we shall love and marry, or be unsexed alto- 
gether ? know there our children and friends here, or be 
oblivious of all terrestrial ties and associations ? have any 
flowers, any poetry, any literature, any public speaking ? 
anything like property, mechanism, &c. ? 



48 INTRODUCTION. 

These and kindred problems concern us all somewhat more 
than " prices current," the rise and fall of stocks, &c. So 
much more so, that it becomes us to ascertain on what prin- 
ciples these eternity relations are conducted ? What " royal- 
ty " is paid on these actions, and what " tariff" rates are es- 
tablished between these two states ? It concerns us to study 
out their a political economies ; " for we may perhaps be care- 
lessly sauntering on the edge of a yawning precipice. 

Is u original sin," is " total depravity," a fact or a fiction ? 
And if a terrible, a burning fact, staring us all full in the 
face forever, it becomes us to inquire whether it has any 
mitigating conditions, any palliatives, aggravations, or pro- 
visional antidotes? or any retributions? 

What is right, and what wrong, and why is right, right, 
and wrong, wrong? And what rewards and penalties at- 
tach to each ? 

What duties do we owe to our fellow-men ? What of the 
" other cheek," and of like doctrines and practices ? 

What of penitence and pardon, of conversion and " salva- 
tion from the wrath to come ? " 

Is u partial evil universal good ? " or what part does pain 
play in the divine economies? 

These questions, and a thousand like them, man, are 
among the most eventfully important which can ever engross 
human attention ; because there impinge upon them eventu- 
alities farther reaching and more potential upon human weal 
and woe than upon all other issues whatsoever — eventuali- 
ties so momentous that it becomes us to ascertain for certain 
all about these and kindred subjects. We cannot afford to 
mislead, or be misled, or mistaken. We want no " trump of 
uncertain sound." We require absolutely certain knowledge, 
by which we can both live and die ; such answers as would 
satisfy men of science. In short, we require the naked 

TRUTH. 

Although religion has engrossed human attention ever 
since long before Confucius, Moses, the Parsees, Brahmins, 
Druids, Christ, Mohammed, Luther, &c, until now, yet there 
is less and still less prospect of any reliable or generally 
conceded doctrines or practices. How much has been writ- 
ten, preached, printed, said, thought, and felt respecting 
mythology, the Bible, Koran, sectarianism, infidelity, &c. ? 



PHRENOLOGY DISCLOSES THE TRUE RELIGION. 49 

Yet all is chaotic uncertainty throughout this whole field 
of religious dogmatism. Men are rushing to and fro, half 
delirious, with these and kindred inquiries. 

Then, is man indeed doomed to religious uncertainty for- 
ever ? By no means. Exist there any natural moral for- 
mula, or fundamental principles, by which to test religious 
doctrines, creeds, and conduct ? Aye, most assuredly. 

Where can we find scientific religious truth ? positive, ex- 
act knowledge ? May we expect to find it at all ? or must 
we, like our " illustrious predecessors," grope in the dark our- 
selves, and mislead all who follow us ? And in matters thus 
infinitely important ! 

ft God forbid." This cannot consist with His universal 
goodness to all His creatures. He would not leave us be- 
nighted in our honest inquiries concerning Himself and His 
human requirements. Has He made ample provision for 
supplying all the wants of all His creatures, down even to 
insect life ; and yet neglected to provide for this greatest 
human w&ntl Does He feed the bodies of all He creates, 
and not feed man's natural yearnings after religious truth ? 
No ! Never ! This would be more cruel than omitting to> 
provide food. We have only to search aright to find as 
ample a supply of this religious need as of any other. We 
may then expect to be able to find religious knowledge, and 
that in abundance, perfect, and close at hand. And it is so 
furnished. 

But where may we expect to find answers to questions 
like these ? What department of Nature will be likely to 
furnish us with scientific formulas for the demonstrative 
solution of these and like problems ? 

The Constitution of the Human Mind. — Man is the epitome 
of this entire universe. His bodily constitution embraces, 
and is expressly adapted to, every single law and fact of the 
physical universe ; while his mental constitution must needs 
be adapted to all the intellectual and moral laws and facts 
of* universal Nature. The laws of gravity, light, heat, elec- 
tricity, magnitude, mechanics, &c, govern man physically in 
common with universal Nature ; whilst he is specifically 
adapted to each, and each to him. As each bone, muscle, 
and part of the body of every animal, fowl, and fish is ex- 
pressly fitted to all its other parts, so that, when any one 
7 



50 INTRODUCTION. 

part is adapted to walk, or swim, or fly, all its correlative 
parts are exactly adapted to that same end ; so Nature her- 
self is one great zvkole, not fragmentary. Each and all her 
parts are expressly adapted to all other parts. As air, earth, 
water, &c, are specifically adapted both to each other and 
each to man ; so every single thing in Nature is dove-tailed 
in with every other. Everything in man finds its counter- 
part in Nature, and everything in Nature has its counterpart 
in him. 3 His moral constitution must therefore of necessity 
be in as perfect rapport with universal moral truth, as his 
physical is with natural. All truth accords with all. Man 
is created in concord with all that is. His moral nature 
tallies with all the moral laws and facts of the universe. 
Those have no sense who do not see and admit this basillar 
principle. It will stand the test of ages. All moral and 
religious truth is founded on, and grows out of it. Some 
day men will build mainly upon it. This volume is the first 
philosophical attempt at such philosophico-moral architec- 
ture. Its basis is this. Since man is the epitome of all that 
is, the grand summary of the universe, and since the human 
mind is the ultimate end of all things, 18 and hence adapted 
to everything else in nature ; therefore, if there is a God, and 
if man is immortal, the mind of man will be adapted to 
both. And if it is thus adapted, they of course exist. 

Man's moral constitution thus becomes our absolutely re- 
liable exponent of universal moral and religious truth. 

It is that chit, from which emanate the tap-root and root- 
lets, the trunk, bark, branches, twigs, leaves, and fruit of all 
religious emotions, actions, and doctrines. Whatever it 
teaches is divine truth, and infinitely obligatory on all, 
because it thus becomes a fundamental part of our very 
being ; whilst all other teachings are so strongly tinctured 
with the errors and prejudices of their individual authors as 
to be unreliable. 

Where can we find, then, any reliable and demonstrative 
exponent of this constitution ? for without it we are still in 
moral darkness. 

Phrenology unfolds Man's moral Constiution. — This science 
of minds analyzes those primary mental Faculties from which 
everything moral proceeds. Every one of these Faculties is 
as specifically adapted to its whole range of moral truth as 



PHRENOLOGY DISCLOSES THE TRUE RELIGION. 51 

the eye is to the whole range of optical principles and 
facts. 2 A Faculty of the mind is no minor affair, but is 
interwoven with its entire department of Nature. 3 As the 
Faculty of vision is adapted to both the structure of the eye 
and sight, together with all their laws and facts ; as Appetite 
is so adapted to the tongue, mouth, teeth, and natural food 
of its possessor as to tell just what to eat, when, how much, 
how, and whatever appertains to its specific alimentation ; 
so each moral Faculty is expressly adapted to its whole de- 
partment of natural truth. Thus, presupposing that Wor- 
ship is adapted to adore God, of course it puts man in 
relation with the Supreme Being, just as his eyes put him 
in relation with light. And as his eyes tell him all about 
the laws, facts, and whatever appertains to seeing ■ so Wor- 
ship tells him all about the existence, attributes, government, 
works, and worship of the Almighty. Suppose Spirituality 
is found to adapt man to a spiritual state of existence after 
death, of course its full analysis tells him all about this future 
life, what he will do and love there, its general and specific 
arrangements, and all its incidentals. 

Some specific instrumentality must teach this knowledge. 
As each theological sect has its text-book to teach its students 
all about its biblical theology ; so this natural theology must 
have its exponents, as well as medium for learning its teach- 
ings. Through what medium, then, can*we learn what this 
moral constitution of man teaches respecting religious 
truths ? 

Each mental faculty expounds, and enables its possessor 
to learn, that whole range of moral truth appertaining to its 
specific department. Thus as the Faculty of Audition, aided 
by the ears, alone can teach us whatever appertains to 
hearing; so a worshipping element alone can teach us God, 
and whatever appertains to Him. Without such a Faculty, 
we could form no more ideas of God than one born blind 
could of colors. As one without Computation could have no 
conception of numbers, or the laws and facts of arithmetic, 
but with it learns them by instinct and without a teacher ; 
so large and normal Worship alone can teach us by intuition 
all about theology. As a natural born musician needs no 
musical books or teachers, but learns by inborn inspiration ; 
so large and normal Conscience intuitively teaches what is 



52 INTRODUCTION. 

right and what wrong. All the laws of nations, as well as 
all national laws, and especially all their highest final 
" courts of appeal," are based in this natural fact of eternal 
right inculcated by Conscience. Blind Tom is a veritable 
fool in every thing but music, in which he is rendered a 
veritable genius by his powerful musical Faculty. He has 
only weak Faculties for learning to read, cipher, plan, &c, 
and hence could not learn them if he would, and would not 
if he could. He lacks those mental entities which learn 
them ; but so great, so active is his musical capacity that he 
can learn the most difficult and complicated pieces of its 
greatest masters by hearing them only once, and ever after 
repeat them in the minutest perfection. A drivelling idiot 
in all else, because all his other intellectual Faculties are 
weak, yet in music, negro and fool though he is, he sur- 
passes all other modern musicians in the real soul and inspi- 
ration of the highest phases of music, — not in culture, but in 
native musical genius. Jennie Lind, Nilsson, &c, are no- 
where in comparison with him. All this is effected by his 
active musical capacity. 

Each moral faculty, in like manner, teaches man its specific 
department of moral truth completely and instinctively, with- 
out books or teachers, and all of them, collectively, cover the 
entire horizon and sphere of all moral truth. Whatever apper- 
tains to morals, religion, theology, rights, duties, worship, faith, 
prayer, depravity, and all religious doctrines and practices, &c, 
man's moral Nature discloses. All it teaches has not yet been 
deciphered, any more than all appertaining to astronomy by 
his astronomical Faculties, yet his moral Nature is capable of 
teaching, and stands ready to teach all. Ages will be required 
to ferret out ail its truths. Some may be dull scholars, and 
others busied about other things, yet there it is, just as Cali- 
fornia gold was there, a hundred years ago, and will not 
all be mined for thousands of ages to come ; but there it 
was, and will be, ready for mining. 

The moral constitution of man thus becomes our final 
test and touchstone, arbiter and ultimate court of appeal, 
as to all moral and religious dogmas, practices, and truths 
whatsoever. Is it not a little singular — a little ? — is it not 
amazing and astounding — that this text-book of moral truth 
has been completely ignored, despite all that has ever been 



PHRENOLOGY UNFOLDS MAN'S MORAL CONSTITUTION. 53 

written and said concerning religion ? Paul expressed if, 
but his commentators and followers seem not to have under- 
stood or heeded him, when he said, — 

"Because that which may be known of God, is manifest in them." 
" For the invisible things of Him, from the creation of the world, are 
clearly seen, being understood by the things that are made, even His 
eternal power and Godhead: so that they are without excuse." "For 
as many as have sinned without law, shall also perish without law; and 
as many as have sinned in the law, shall be judged by the law." " For 
when the Gentiles, which have not the law, do by nature the things 
contained in the law, these having not' the law, are a law unto them- 
selves." " Which shew the work of the law written in their hearts, 
their conscience also bearing witness, and their thoughts the meanwhile 
accusing, or else excusing one another."' 

Paley and the " Bridgewater " authors, where were ye ? 
where Edwards and Scott, D wight and Clark, Barnes, and 
other commentators? where are the Finneys and Ballous, 
Beechers and Channings, Parks and Taylors, Parkers, Emer- 
son s, and Tyngs, Bishops, Cardinals, and Popes, not to have 
discovered this only true moral and religious tribunal and 
touch-stone, and made a point of it, as did Paul ; or rather, 
not to have caught it up from his inspired pen ! 

Phrenology dissects every fibre of mans moral Nature, 
and thus unfolds every law and doctrine, every principle 
and requirement of this highest moral code of the universe ! 
And it puts all upon the same scientific, and therefore posi- 
tive, basis of actual and tangible facts, upon which astronomy 
places all astronomical truths, and chemistry all chemical. 
It leaves nothing at loose ends, and renders all both demon- 
stratively certain, and just as plain as the noonday sunshine 
of eternal truth can render it; enveloped in no mists, and 
with no dark terra incognita spots upon its clear horizon. It 
does this so clearly that man cannot fail to perceive and 
adopt the religious doctrines it teaches, and practise the 
duties it requires. Eid any mind of preconceived prejudices, 
and in one year will the truth of Phrenology thoroughly 
renovate that mind, and purify that life. On its teachings 
we may rely as implicitly as on the rising of the sun to- 
morrow morning. No mathematical demonstration is any 
more demonstrative than are its teachings ; for both are sure, 
because scientific. 

Religious guidance, then, is neither far off nor expensive, 



54 INTRODUCTION. 

but is within us, and of us; and just as cheap as consulting our 
own Natures. We need no religious teachers or books, and 
yet may employ their aid if we please, just as we may em- 
ploy arithmetical, grammatical, and other teachers. Yet 
neither with nor without them can we learn anything ex- 
cept through our own Faculties. 

Ho ! all ye who would learn moral and religious truth, 
follow the beacon lights hoisted by this mental exposition 
of the moral constitution of man! It will show what har- 
monizes and what conflicts with this moral tribunal, and 
therefore with eternal and universal moral and religious 
truth ! It is the talisman of the whole race in all matters 
appertaining to religious knowledge and practice. Obeying 
its teachings will render us just as perfect in thought, word, 
and deed, as we are in primitive constitution. It will banish 
sectarianism, by throwing a flood of light upon this whole 
department of truth ! 

Gracious God ! Hast Thou indeed placed such a treasure 
within mortal reach ! and lighted up this whole horizon of 
moral truth with a moral luminary thus glorious ! Then 
let lovers of religious first principles, having buried pre-con- 
ceived dogmas, proceed cautiously to unravel the constituent 
threads of man's moral Nature, and, like sincere inquirers 
after truth, decipher therefrom those great moral problems 
of God and immortality, together with cognate doctrines 
already propounded. 

Dance for very joy, and sing " hosannas in the highest," 
that our Nature furnishes us with such a divine Preceptor 
of a right religious belief and life, and then consult it. Was 
it made to be overlooked or overruled ? Since a right 
theology is so immeasurably important, and its Teacher is 
always " on call," are we not sacredly bound to catechize it, 
as much as to eat or breathe ? In slighting it we slight 
its Author, and exclude His moral sun from our vision. Per- 
sonal self-love, the dignity and value of truth, and all human 
interests, demand that we avail ourselves of the teachings 
of this science. Our first duty is to thus learn from the 
structure of our own minds whatsoever religious lessons and 
doctrines it teaches. Such a means of grace and piety we 
have no right to ignore. A right phrenological theology 
thus becomes our bounden duty. 



PHRENOLOGY UNFOLDS MAN'S MORAL CONSTITUTION. 55 

Our own best interests thus put us under solemn moral 
bonds to ascertain the true theology from all available 
sources ; yet what source as plain, as available, as easily 
and perpetually accessible, as our own inner selves ? Many 
religious people forget how complete, how readable, how 
reliable a Bible all have within themselves. And we are all 
guilty before God and the bar of our own consciences, if 
we do not keep this sacred volume of divine truth and 
demonstrative theology always open before us, and always 
study it. To open, it up to the comprehension of individuals 
and communities, simples and savans, is the distinctive 
object and mission of Part IV. of this work. Whilst it would 
not hinder any from learning all they can from all other 
sources possible, it would disclose a new — new ? no, but — 
a natural treatise on theology as old as the creation of man, 
ay, as the primal laws of things ! 

Christians and infidels, and all who entertain conflicting 
religious tenets, will here find much common ground, on 
which all can stand together. Men differ on religion much 
less than they think they do. The Author writes solely to 
discharge a sacred duty he owes alike to the science he 
teaches, and to {he cause of religious progress ; leaving all at 
the door of the unbiassed common sense and conscience of 
mankind, and hoping he thoroughly comprehends the dignity, 
the magnitude, and the momentous eventualities involved in 
his self-assigned task. Those who derive from it any new re- 
ligious light and truth ; any dissuasions from error and evil, 
or persuasions to good ; any promptings to a higher, truer 
divine love and worship, or to purer or more rational re- 
ligious doctrines or practices, may thank God for that Phre- 
nology which teaches them; and then recommend to others 
what thus improves their own theology and life ; but let its 
opponents " beware, lest they fight against " eternal truth. It 
leaves existing dogmas about where it finds them, whilst it 
asks the human mind what it teaches respecting the Divine 
Existence, His attributes, government, laws, requirements, 
worship, &c. ; and also respecting immortality, both as a fact, 
and as it stands related to this life — whether we ourselves 
here, will be our own veritable selves there ; whether par- 
ents and children, those loving and beloved here, will iden- 
tify and love each other there — the conditions and sur- 



56 INTRODUCTION. 

roundings of the life to come, &c. It claims to disclose the 
status, the employments, &c, of futurity ; and to answer all 
that range of questions heretofore propounded. 

Reader, is a volume thus conceived, and purporting to 
discuss this whole round of religions truth from such a stand- 
point, worthy of sufficient examination to ascertain its in- 
trinsic merits ? Man never wrote on a subject more preg- 
nant with human happiness, virtue, and moral elevation ! 
Reader, you are commanded from on high to learn, and 
heed, and practise its teachings. 

12. — Intellect, Memory, and their Culture ; Education, &c. 

Mind rules. Reason is man's constitutional guide and 
governor in all things. Those only may justly exult who 
mstal sense as their " lord and master." Mental discipline is 
man's highest attainment ; because it crowns all others. 
" Knowledge is power " to accomplish and enjoy. Memory 
is one of our most valuable possessions. What rent could 
lawyers, business men, scholars, everybody will afford to 
pay to be enabled to recall and apply all they ever knew ! 
Yet even all this is possible. Reader, how many of your 
daily losses, consequent on a poor memory, would a good 
one convert into gains? Reason and sense are still more 
valuable, while learning, eloquence, and the other intellec- 
tual endowments are scarcely less so. 

Intellectual education is therefore commensurately valu- 
able. By the worth of intellect is that of its improvement. 
Men pay liberally for it, yet not in proportion to its relative 
value. He who is well educated, though poor, is in reality 
vastly richer than an ignorant millionnaire. It takes but 
little mental culture to outweigh piles of gold, and stacks of 
greenbacks. How much is a good mind worth over a poor 
one ! It will take an expert figurist to answer. " Let me 
make a nation's poetry, and I care nought who makes their 
laws." A king may well envy an orator. No words can 
adequately admeasure the value of intellectual attainments. 

Right educational principles are equally valuable ; and 
wrong ones injurious. Mankind need only four things to 
become absolutely perfect — right doctrines and practices 
touching health, morals, education, and love, including the 
sexual and family relations, the first three of which are un- 



INTELLECT, MEMORY, EDUCATION, ETC. 57 

folded in this volume, and the last in " Sexual Science." 
Kectifying these four, will rectify all else human ! and rec- 
tifying education will rectify the other three ; because teach- 
ing mankind the natural laws, and the consequences of their 
obedience and infraction, enlists their very self-interests in 
living right lives ; since this alone makes them the happiest. 
This is precisely what a right education would effect. 

Modern education is empirical. What is now called educa- 
tion, is a misnomer, because wholly devoid of a right educa- 
tional basis. It has no correct first principles to guide it. To 
educate or bring out the primal Faculties of the human mind 
is its task. It can create no powers, but only give action to 
those already created. Of course to give this action, it 
must adapt itself to these primal intellectual Faculties. 
This involves their correct analysis. All correct practices 
must grow out of right fundamental principles. These are 
precisely what modern education lacks. It is, and must 
remain, merely experimental, until it obtains a correct 
analysis of those intellectual powers it essays to educate; and 
then so adapts itself to them as to both prompt them to 
action, and then feed them. 

To parents a right educational philosophy is also immeas- 
urably important. They annually expend millions of money, 
along with untold anxieties, in scholastic education, without 
any guiding first principles ; often even killing their darlings by 
a well-meant but ill-directed education; and actually making 
them worse while attempting to make them better. All parents 
need some text-book to teach them how to eradicate the 
faults and develop the virtues of those thus near and dear 
to them, as well as how to make them the best possible. 

Self-education must also proceed upon this same basis. 
It is soon to become as all-absorbing a human interest as 
fashion and money-making now are. Neither workmen, nor 
tradesmen, nor fashionables are always to remain as they 
usually now are — ignoramuses. This workingmen's move- 
ment is to eventuate in their leisure and means, and these 
will finally bring, not sensualism nor idleness, but mental 
culture. Merchants, too, instead of spending all their time 
and energies in rolling up wealth, after making themselves 
and families measureably safe against want, will devote apart 
of each day to study. Fashionables, too, instead of alter- 
8 



58 INTRODUCTION. 

nately snivelling and giggling over the Inst love story, and 
wasting their life-force on dress and novel reading, .will edu- 
cate their minds, instead of dressing their bodies, and titillating 
their feelings. In short — 

Intellectual culture is destined to become the paramount 
pursuit of mankind ; because the human understanding ranks 
and controls all else human, religion not excepted. 

To inspire its readers to spend more of their precious time, 
money, and life-force in personal education, and then to shoiv 
than how to thus educate themselves ; as well as to unfold 
Nature's true educational first principles, is the specific 
office of Part V. of this work. And it really does go to the 
bottom of this whole subject. Those who follow it will find 
their minds improved every da// over its predecessor. 

All educators, teachers, school committee men, tutors, col- 
legiate professors, Faculties, Presidents, and Trustees, as well 
as doting parents, will find in this part the means of advan- 
cing their pupils several hundred per cent, faster than is possible 
under any and all the educational systems now in vogue. 
Modern education needs to be remodelled, in accordance with 
those laws of mind and that intellectual philosophy here un- 
folded. 

13. — The Science of Human Life and Progress. 

Life has its science in general, in detail. Infinite Wisdom 
has placed all that is under the domain of eternal natural 
laws. 19 Sun, moon, and stars ; earth, fire, wind, and water ; 
all vegetable, all animals, all human beings are subjected to 
the marshalship of these laws. No part of anything is left at 
loose ends, or ungoverned by them. Head and body, heart 
and lungs, stomach and liver, bones and muscles, limbs and 
trunk, fingers and little finger nails, nerves and brain, mind 
and soul, humanity throughout all its aspects, public and 
private, are under divine martial laws. These govern 
everything " in the heavens above, earth beneath, and 
waters under the earth." And reduce all thus governed to 
an exact natural science. 

The human mind is the objective point, the ultimate end of 
all this paraphernalia of the natural laws. 18 Sun rolls and 
shines, winds and tides rise and fall, showers and rivers de- 



INTELLECT, MEMORY, EDUCATION, ETC. 59 

scend, vegetables and grains grow, for man — the special 
pet and darling of the Almighty Maker of them all ! 

Man's mind is the objective point, the Ultima Thule of what- 
ever appertains to man. All surrounding Nature, all his 
bodily organs and laws, are ordained to do obedience to his 
spirit principle. All other laws converge in this their focal 
centre. All societary customs and laws are its creatures, 
" got up " at its bidding, and pages to do its errands. In 
short — 

The human mind is the grand summary of all things ! 

The analysis of this mind must needs therefore teach all 
truths whatsoever appertaining any way to man. 

Part VI. is devoted to this science of existence — to those 
great lessons of living taught and enforced by this volume. 
It will apply all to a right human life, individual and collec- 
tive, here and hereafter, now and forever ! 

Public progress and reform are the two watchwords of 
mankind. The amount of both attained " within the mem- 
ory of our oldest inhabitants," is really amazing. And yet, 
both are still in comparative infancy. The amount remain- 
ing to be achieved far exceeds that thus far attained. 

A public tribunal and standard of what is reformatory and 
progressive ; some beau ideal of human perfection, requires to 
be furnished for human aspiration and guidance. Phrenolo- 
gy furnishes it by unfolding and analyzing man as he came 
forth pure and perfect from under the formative hand of 
Infinite, Perfection ; thereby showing all persons, all com- 
munities, just wherein, and how far they conform to, and 
depart from this tribunal of human perfection, as well as the 
pathway of return. 

As a public moral teacher it has no competitor, no equal. 
And this volume essays to apply this science in this di- 
rection. 

Human institutions have grown up like " Topsy," without 
father, mother, or teachers. And the old fogy element in 
man has perpetuated them, errors included, from time im- 
memorial. It is high time society were laid out on the square ; 
that its institutions were conformed to itself, so that they 
truly represent its nature ; and Part VI. will show tvhat 
things are wrong, and why ; and how to shape them to pri- 
meval human nature. In short — 



GO INTRODUCTION. 

Humanity has its science. Every individual part of it has 
its science ; and this book aims to cover the zvhole science of 
human life. The first line of its title expresses its thought 
— " Human science." It gives the Science of formation and 
nutrition, the science of eating and breathing, and sleeping, 
and bathing, and health ; the science of getting well, and stay- 
ing well, and keeping those around us healthy ; the science 
of the Temperaments and organism generally ; the science of 
the general structure of the human mind, and of each of its 
constituent parts and Faculties ; the science of man's selfish 
Nature ; the science of God and immortality, of morals and 
religion ; the science of intellect, education, and society ; in 
short human science throughout. 

Mental philosophy, in short, is man's one great public 
and private guide, throughout all climes and times, and pro- 
motive of every single interest and enjoyment of every sin- 
gle member of the whole family of man ; besides being a 
study more delightful as well as useful, than any other, than 
all others combined ; because it involves and evolves them 
all. Phrenology unfolds it, and this volume applies it to 
all the varied interests of humanity! An end how noble! 
A purpose how august! A work how incomparably useful! 
even if imperfectly executed. 

Reader, does such a subject, thus treated, deserve patron- 
age? Is it calculated to inspire and guide to a truer, higher, 
nobler human life — that most exalted end attainable by 
man! Let its perusal — and its complete understanding 
requires reperusal — attest whether it "fills this bill." At 
least, for comprehensiveness and vastness of scope, and for 
inherent interest and practical value of subject matter, it has 
no equal. 



HUMAN SCIENCE. 



PART I. 
OEGANISM. 

CHAPTER I. 

' THE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF LIFE. 
Section I. 

VALUE AND IMPROVEMENT OF LIFE. 

14. — Apostrophe to Life, and Value of its Functions. 

O Life ! thou offspring of Divinity ! His greatest pro- 
duction ! Summary of all His attributes and works, and ulti- 
mate of all that is ! Compendium of marvels, and creator of all 
our capacities and enjoyments ! Omnipotence alone can create 
or fathom thee, and only eternity can duty admeasure thy value ! 

Suppose a human being could be ushered, like the fabled Mi- 
nerva from the brain of Jupiter, instantaneously into the fullest 
possible possession of every human capacity, and suppose this 
exalted intellect could survey, as with one omniscient glance, this 
magnificent universe, with all its appurtenances, what must needs 
be his first and most ecstatic mental operation? Would he not 
literally exult, with rapture inexpressible, in the mere conscious- 
ness of life, — in the very act and fact of self-existence ! 

To be, or not to be, — how infinite the difference ! How much 
better to be a dog, or fly, than nothing ! Then what exultant 
rapture should all human beings experience in possessing a body 
thus perfect, emotions so varied and intense, intellectual capaci- 
ties thus numerous and powerful, and a soul endowed with im- 

(61) 



62 THE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF LIFE. 

mortality ! Yet how few, among all those myriads on whom God 
graciously confers life, at all appreciate this divine boon, or real- 
ize what it is to live? or even what to put forth any one of those 
multifarious functions in which it consists? 

Sight ! How wonderful a capacity ! How precious a gift ! 
Who among all that see, at all realize what it is to be able to dis- 
cern objects at a distance so inconceivably great that it would 
take the lightning's flash thousands of years to come from them 
to us? some a hundred million times larger than our whole earth, 
others intinitesimally small ; and myriads at a single glance ! 
And all how perfectly ! What an inconceivable amount of 
knowledge and pleasure we derive therefrom ! How marvellous, 
how priceless are the gifts of hearing, tasting, feeling, breathing, 
moving, and all our other physical functions ! The intrinsic 
worth of every bone, and muscle, and even finger-nail, words 
can but poorly tell. How much could a beautiful maiden well 
afford to pay for the restoration of a lost linger? A poor soldier, 
by an unlucky shot, lost both his eyes ; what "pension " could 
make good his loss? 

Our affections, conjugal, parental, filial, and family, how 
precious ! How valuable and necessary are our instincts and 
passions, Alimentation, Self-Preservation, Ambition, Persis- 
tence, and the like? Yet those intellectual capacities which tell 
us all about Nature, her facts and works, about Astronomy, 
Geology, Anatomy, Phrenology, &c, are more so/. 

Reason, that highest intellectual capacity which discovers her 
first principles, fundamental truths and philosophies, is still more 
exalted ! How great is his loss who loses his senses! But most 
exalted, because highest of all, are those moral attributes of 
justice, benevolence, virtue, hope, and capacity to perceive, 
adore and love the omnipotent Creator of this stupendous uni- 
verse ! 

Behold immortality crowning them all ! We are capable of 
boundless expansion, as well as of perpetual reimprovement in all 
our powers and pleasures forever ! Verily life is the emanation 
of divinity Himself! and the product of the highest exercise of 
all His capacities ! 

Our father and mother deserve veneration, love, and honor 
for entailing and establishing a gift as infinitely precious as 



VALUE AND IMPROVEMENT OF LIFE. 63 

human life, together with all its powers to enjoy and accomplish 
forever ! Filial piety is the first of virtues, as neglect of parents 
is the most heinous of sins. 

Love and Wokship of our Celestial Father should, how- 
ever, as far transcend our love and duty to our terrestrial parents, 
as what He has done and can do for us surpasses all they have 
done. 

O Thou Almighty Inventor and Executor of life in all its 
forms, with all its measureless capacities and functions, we fall 
prostrate before Thee, and pour forth one overflowing river of 
gratitude, love, and praise for a benefaction thus infinitely great 
and glorious, such as Thou alone couldst make ; and as far above 
any which kings or princes could bestow, as heaven is above 
earth, Thy throne above theirs, and Thou above them ! 

We pray Thee accept this humble consecration of our life 
throughout all its parts and functions — its bones, muscles, 
nerves, organs, sight, hearing, taste, instincts, passions, affec- 
tions, memory, language, reason, spirit principle, souls, and 
entire being — to Thee. Sanctify Thou them and us to Thee and 
Thy service. Grant that our every Faculty and function may be 
presented "a living sacrifice, holy, acceptable unto Thee," and 
perpetually offered up on the altar of Thine eternal will and nat- 
ural ordinances ! And aid us in this our attempt to study, that 
we may obey, its laws and teachings, and make the utmost pos- 
sible out of all its Faculties and functions ! 

O, ye recipients of life ! with what exultant rapture should 
ye clutch and prize your being, and for it " praise God forever ! " 
Compared with it, all else is as " vanity of vanities." None in- 
herit as vast a fortune as those endowed with abundance of life- 
force ; yet none are quite as poor or utterly destitute as those 
who possess but little. Those princes are pitiably poor whose 
life-functions are feeble ; while those peasants are immeasurably 
rich in whom they superabound. And those grow rich the fastest 
who enhance, but those grow poor the fastest who diminish it ; 
while none are as foolishly and wickedly extravagant as those 
who squander this element ; nor any as wise and good as those 
who husband it. 



\ 



64 THE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF LIFE. 



15. — The Enjoyments of Life admeasure its Value. 

Happiness is the constitutional and only legitimate product of 
every organ of the body, every Faculty of the mind, every ele- 
ment of our being. To make or to be happy is the natural adap- 
tation of sun, earth, air, water, and all that inhabit either. To 
what else are all our bones, joints, and muscles adapted, both in 
their functions themselves, and in all that labor and locomotion 
whioh they were devised to accomplish? What but exquisite 
enjoyment is the constitutional product both of the mere act of 
seeing, and of that ceaseless round of pleasures and fund of in- 
formation, as well as range of material for thought, feeling, and 
happiness furnished thereby ! Pleasure in quaffing luxuriantly 
the fresh air of heaven, and then in expending the vitality thus 
obtained, is the only natural function of respiration. For what 
was the stomach created, but to give us pleasure both in eating 
and digesting, and in all their constitutional effects ! To what 
are brain and nerves adapted, but expressly to furnish us an 
inexhaustible range of intellectual and moral enjoyments? And 
thus of every other physical organ and function. 

Each mental faculty singly, and all combined, have the 
same constitutional adaptation and object. Kindness was created 
to bless the needy, pour the oil of consolation into the wounded 
soul, avoid causing pain, and adorn human nature, as well as to 
render the giver himself also happy ; it being still ''more blessed 
to give than to receive." Parental Love is adapted to render 
parents themselves happy in providing for and educating darling 
and dependent infancy, and lovely childhood also happy in re- 
ceiving the bounties thus lavishly bestowed by Parental Love. 
Beauty, exercised in harmony with its primitive function, enjoys 
a perpetual feast in contemplating the beautiful and perfect in 
Nature, as well as in refining the manners and purifying the feel- 
ings of its possessor, and elevating and gracing the entire char- 
acter and conduct. Acquisition w T as designed to give pleasure 
both in acquiring property and the necessaries and comforts of 
life, and in providing Appetite with food, Kindness with the 
means of doing good, Caution with the requisites for shelter and 
safetjs the Social Affections with family comforts, Patriotism with 
a good home and country, Intellect with books and the means of 



VALUE AND IMPROVEMENT OF LIFE. 65 

prosecuting scientific researches, and all the Faculties respectively 
with the means of their gratification. Appetite, besides yielding 
much gustatory pleasure, nourishes body and brain, and thereby 
enables them to execute and enjoy the various functions of our 
nature. Causality experiences a rich harvest of happiness in 
studying the laws and operations of Nature, and adapting ways 
and means to ends. Expression, normally exercised, affords a 
world of pleasure in the mere act of communicating, besides that 
exhaustless source of happiness experienced in the interchange 
of knowledge, ideas, motives, feelings, &c, as well as in reading, 
hearing sermons, lectures, and the like, and in communing with 
one another in ways innumerable. How vast the amount of hap- 
piness all kinds of Memory are capable of conferring on man ! 
How exalted the enjoyments we can experience in worshipping 
God, and in all those holy emotions and purifying influences 
prayer is adapted to diffuse throughout the soul ! And thus of 
Friendship, Constancy, Ambition, Perseverance, Hope, the 
moral feelings, and every other Faculty of the human mind ! 
Does the needle point to its pole more universally than every 
physical organ, every mental Faculty, every element and function 
of man, points to happiness — all happiness, pure, unalloyed, 
and nothing else — as its only constitutional product ! This is, 
moreover, the master instinct alike of every human being, 
every animal, even every insect. Indeed it is the focal centre 
both of our own being, and of all that is ! 

Happiness, therefore, becomes the standard scales for weighing 
and measuring the values, absolute and relative, of all things 
whatsoever. That is worth the most to any one which makes 
him the happiest. All seek money, dress, food, everything, 
solely 'for the enjoyments expected therein, and pay most dearly 
for those things wherefrom the most is anticipated. If one in- 
vestment of only a dollar yields more pleasure than another of 
millions, it is worth the most to the investor. Things prized 
beyond measure by one, because sources of happiness, as books 
to the intelligent, beauties to the refined, &c, are valueless to 
those who derive no pleasure from them, as books and beauties 
to the savage. This house, horse, &c, is worth ten or a hundred 
times more than that, and either than a fly, in proportion to their 
functional power to be and to make happv. The real value of 
9 



66 THE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF LIFE. 

any given thing is measured by the amount of net enjoyment 
actually derivable from it. How mnch, then, O ye who live, is 
your existence worth to yon? Well may a " man give all that he 
hath for his life," for without it, what is all else worth to him? 
What are houses, lands, goods, bonds, diamonds, whatever we 
deem valuable, to the dead? 

The moke life-force one possesses, other things being equal, 
the more he enjoys, and therefore the greater the value of what- 
ever he has. A philosopher is more valuable to himself and oth- 
ers than a thousand fools, because he is endowed with more life- 
entity, and that better in quality; whilst those possessed of only 
a half or a tenth as much life, can enjoy therefrom only one half 
or one tenth as much. To attempt an approximate estimation of 
the value of lite from a few of its functions : — 

Sleep, how valuable to those who are restless, and literally 
perishing for want of it, yet unable to obtain it. How much 
would such give for one night's good, sound, sweet, soul-and- 
body-refreshing sleep ! Then how much is this sleeping capacity 
worth ! 

The starving would pay hundreds of dollars for one good hearty 
meal, and get their money's worth; then how much more is a 
good stomach worth than a poor one? "A guinea for your appe- 
tite," said a millionnaire to a hearty lad ; but the boy's appetite 
was worth more than the millionnaire's gold. How much enjoy- 
ment in the sum total have you ever taken, can you ever take, in 
locomotion? And in all your other physical functions? Then 
how much are they all worth ! 

Merely animal pleasures however do not constitute our high- 
est life-enjoyments. Cicero well observes, " mental happiness 
greatly exceeds physical." Then what is the grand aggregate of 
all your intellectual, moral, and emotional enjoyments, added to 
all your physical? To all the pleasures of adolescence, superadd 
the intense ecstasies of first love, conjugality, children, home, 
and neighborhood ties ; and to both the half-frenzied delight ex- 
perienced in prosecuting your business, including all your spec- 
ulations and fairy castle-building, your ambitional and other aspi- 
rations, and crown the whole with the gratification of all your 
tastes, desires, religious emotions, hopes of heaven — but already 
their sum total beggars even conception, much more description. 



VALUE AND IMPROVEMENT OF LIFE. G7 

Life is one ceaseless round of ever-fresh delights, so maoy and so 
common that we forget to note them. Yet is even this all? 

Future enjoyments infinitely exceed past ! How much pleas- 
ure do you expect yet to take to-day, to-morrow, and in all the 
other days of your whole life ; in struggling for all the objects 
you may yet pursue ; in both making money and in using it ; in 
your family relations ; in worship ; in study ; and in all the mis- 
cellaneous functions of your being, till you die? Verily, exist- 
ence is no trifle. All that infinite Power, Wisdom, and Gooduess 
could do to impart value to it, He has done ; and yet who derive 
from it more than the merest fraction of that happiness it is capa- 
ble of yielding? 

Its inherent value is measured by all the pleasures we possi- 
bly could obtain from it, not merely by what we do derive. None 
fully appreciate the enjoyments taken in eating ; and yet who re- 
ceive from it a hundredth part as much as they could take if their 
digestion were perfect and taste exquisite, and always regaled 
with just what they relish best? 

How much more pleasure could you have taken in your first 
love, than you actually did take ? Can the fledgling soar highest 
or furthest at its^rs^ flight? Much as you actually did enjoy, 
you derived from it but a tithe of the rapturous ecstasy you know 
you were capable of experiencing. Your love barely began to be 
developed before it was either blighted, or else turned into down- 
right disgust. Suppose, instead, you had known, from the first, 
just how to perfect this element ; had chosen the very one above 
all others precisely adapted to your specific tastes and wants, and 
each had done just what was requisite to completely develop the 
other's affections, besides forestalling all discordant feelings ; had 
superadded to it all the exquisite emotions of just your required 
number of beau-ideal children ; had possessed home and sur- 
roundings precisely to your tastes, and neighbors exactly to your 
liking ; had been honored and trusted among men ; possessed 
enough, but not too much, of this world's goods ; and completely 
developed and gratified every single want, desire, and capacity 
of your entire being, all the way along up from childhood ; en- 
joyed all the books, teachers, educational and literary advantages, 
lectures, conversation, &c, requisite for your fullest intellectual 
cultivation ; been an honored member of your beau-ideal church ; 



68 THE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF LIFE. 

and every life-moment had been crowded with all those varied 
delights of which your entire being, fully developed, is capable, 
and reincreasing with years, how much could you then have en- 
joyed all through life ! 

" Ah, if we could only always remain young ! But palsied old age, 
and that 'grim monster,' spoil this beautiful picture. What we enjoy 
at all, must be enjoyed before seventy. After that, life is only dreary 
December." 

You mistake ! Hear that cherub child shout with merry glee ! 
Why should not age increase his enjoyments pari passu with his 
capacities ? How happy is that tottering child in tottering ! Yet 
is it not afterwards immeasurably happier in running and gambol- 
ling? and happier still in athletic sports? and yet far more so in 
the intellectual and moral pleasures of life's meridian? and in its 
afternoon and evening than noonday? Some elderly people grow 
happier as they grow older; then why is not this possible to all? 
Life's decline, in its calm, quiet, serene enjoyments and "dignified 
ease," can be happier than even the stalwart strugglings of mature 
years ; and these than childhood. 

Beyond question, we are all adapted to be just as happy as 
we can endure to be, happy almost to bursting, at least to over- 
flowing, throughout every department of our entire beings, all 
the way along up from infancy through adolescence, maturity, 
and old age, clear up — not down — to death. No imagination 
can even begin duly to estimate either the number, the variety, 
or the extent of life's enjoyments possible to all. Possible? Ay, 
inherent, and constitutional. In what a perfect paradise does 
man's primitive constitution place him ! 

All this life's pleasures, actual and possible, however, com- 
pared with those of the life to come, are but as an atom compared 
with a mountain. Immortality is no ignis fatuus. Part IV. 
proves it to be an immortal reality, a necessary component of be- 
ing ; and that the powers and enjoyments of the world to come 
as immeasurably surpass all those of this life, as the ocean ex- 
ceeds the rill ! i 

But why mock our subject by these futile attempts to admeas- 
ure the actual and possible pleasures, and therefore value, of ex- 
istence? Only eternal experience can do it justice. There- 
fore, — 



VALUE AND IMPROVEMENT OF LIFE. 69 

The pursuit of Happiness, that first tap-root instinct of uni- 
versal life, in which all other instincts originate, should constitute 
the paramount life-study and object of every human being. How- 
can I make myself and others the happiest? is the sole problem 
of existence. Those lead the truest and best lives who enjoy the 
most. Our duties and pleasures are identical. Those who enjoy 
the most please their Creator the best, because they best fulfil the 
specific mission of their creation. The Epicurean philosophy is 
the true one, — "Whilst we live, let us live." Let us secure the 
fullest gratification of all our Faculties, which God created only to 
be gratified, but not to be denied. Let us make every new day, 
hour, and moment of life one ceaseless round of perpetual de- 
light. 

Make children just as happy as possible ; for making them 
happy develops their being, while whatever causes them misery 
injures their life-principle. 27 Let young people be allowed 
to make themselves just as happy as possible ; because for this 
alone were they created. God delights to see all His creatures 
enjoy themselves. 

Self-denial or self-crucifixion, though a pious doctrine, out- 
rages every instinct, animal and human, and thwarts every prim- 
itive end and adaptation, of universal being. It had its origin in 
sacrificing human beings to appease the supposed wrath of infuri- 
ated Jupiter, and later, in animal sacrifices, of which this is 
the last relic, and unworthy of enlightened human belief. It is, 
indeed, barbarous. Let those who advocate it duly consider the 
god they worship. 

" But this revolting doctrine of self-indulgence contravenes all disci- 
pline of ourselves and others, all restraints whatsoever, even all 'law and 
order,' and throws wide open all the floodgates of all the passions and 
appetites ; besides paying a premium to unbridled lust, and unmitigated 
selfishness. A worse doctrine, one more contrary to religion and public 
and private morality and good, could hardly be promulgated." 

Indeed ! Then has God made a great creative mistake? Has 
He egregiously blundered in creating this " master passion " for 
happiness, only to oblige each and all to "crush it out!" Not 
He. Must we war forever with this basillar principle and instinct 
of life? this corner-stone, in fact, this foundation of all exis- 
tence ! We shall yet make qualifications which completely obvi- 



70 THE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF LIFE. 

ate this seemingly plausible objection. 19 Suffice it here to give 
this general answer : — 

"All wrong exercise of our passions and appetites causes 
misery. 21 Only their right exercise makes us happy. 19 Thus, 
not only gluttony, drunkenness, &c, but all wrong alimentary 
habits impair future gustatory enjoyments. The greatest enjoy- 
ment of Appetite is obtainable only by obeying its natural laws. 
The highest, most exquisite, and only true amatory enjoyments 
are to be found, not in unbridled sensualities, but in obeying the 
sexual laws of one love in marriage, as shown in ' Sexual Sci- 
ence.' 417 to424. All the other appetites and passions are governed 
by this same law. Virtue is enjoyment, and enjoyment is virtue. 
We should not seek the pleasures of to-day, but of a lifetime, 
and that of life eternal. And yet those same conditions which 
cause the highest happiness of to-day, also cause those of all after 
existence. Yet after doctrines specifically refute this objection." 

16. — Improving Life our paramount Duty and Self- 
Interest. 

The great Inquiry of old and young, each and all, from the 
cradle to the grave — forever — should therefore be, how can I 
make the uttermost possible out of a behest thus infinitely pre- 
cious ? How can I turn it to the best account? How derive from 
it all those rich and varied enjoyments of which it renders me ca- 
pable ? How so " invest " it as to obtain from it the greatest " in- 
come" of pleasure possible? Not only is no "income tax" levied 
on this income, but Nature rewards its improvement with the 
richest bounty possible to receive. Only one life-lease is granted 
us. It can have no substitute. This lost, our all is lost. Hence 
man never propounded, never answered any other question a 
thousandth part as practically important as — How can we derive 
the very utmost possible enjoyment from this life-entity, and es- 
cape all its miseries? 

We instinctively enhance whatever we consider valuable. 
As in proportion to our estimate of property, reputation, &c, we 
seek to augment them ; so should not our utmost exertions be 
directed towards promoting this life-force, that is, towards self- 
development? The value of life inheres in its functions, individ- 
ually and collectively. Your eyes are the more or the less valu- 



ITS VALUE AND IMPROVEMENT. 71 

able in exact proportion to the amount of vision they put forth. 
If they could see as well again as now, they would be worth twice 
as much ; or, if your visual powers should be diminished one 
half, their value would be equally lessened. 

How much, then, is your power to see worth? Ten thousand 
dollars? Would you be wise to accept that sum, on condition 
that you remain in total darkness till you die ? Of course dou- 
bling the vigor and power of every individual function of the 
body doubles their value. 

Every mental capacity is governed by this law. How much 
would pay you to let your memory be blotted out forever? What 
sum of money could give you as much pleasure as does your 
power of recollection? Surely not ten times ten thousand 
dollars. Then doubling its efficiency would double its value, 
and make it worth more than two hundred thousand dollars. 
How much does that girl lose who loses her virtue, her 
moral purity, or he who loses a clear conscience for life? How 
much is your sense worth? How much could you afford to take, 
and be deprived of it forever? Dollars furnish but a miserably 
poor measure of the value of any of our mental capacities. 

Then, collectively, how much are they all worth? How 
much is each, how much are all of your mental capacities and 
virtues w T orth taken together? Set your own estimate; and 
you cannot overrate either or all. A million pounds? W^ould 
you drive a sharp bargain by agreeing, on receipt of a million, to 
cease to be ? Pray how much good would your million do you ! 

Your child is worth how much to you? to its other parent? to 
grandparents, relatives, and mankind generally? Then how much 
to its own self! The fact is, the value of money, of diamonds, 
of every terrestrial good, is as nothing in comparison with that 
of life and its functions. All other values sink into insignificance 
when compared to the superlative value derived from improving 
each and all our life-functions. 

Eternity awaits us. And all improvement, all deterioration, 
of ourselves in this life are translated with us to the other side 
of death, besides being immeasurably magnified thereby. Thus, 
a given amount of self-culture or self-deterioration here, becomes 
the means of a hundred or a thousand fold greater there. Of 
course this law applies with redoubled force to children and youth. 



72 THE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF LIFE. 

The improvement of this life-entity, then, by whatever is sa- 
cred in life, death, and eternity, should be our one great para- 
mount work. 

Our first duty to God and man centres in this same self- 
development. As children honor their parents the most effec- 
tually by perfecting themselves; so we "glorify our Father in 
heaven " in proportion as we purify and perfect our own selves. 

Our fellow-men are likewise benefited more effectually by 
obviating our own faults, and improving our own excellences, 
than b} r anything else we can possibly do to or for them. In 
fine, Self-interest, duty to God and man, love of happiness, 15 
and all the great motives of existence, inspire the eventful in- 
quiry, How can this life-entity be improved ? Nature answers, 
" By fulfilling its conditions.' 1 Then in what do they consist? 

17. — Enjoying all we can as we go along. 

" Give us day by day our daily bread." The passing instant 
is our only enjoyable one. Now is the only time the sun shines, 
and we live, or can possibly be happy. Even anticipated pleas- 
ures are experienced solely during the passing moment; and but 
repeat future pleasure. Let a personal anecdote illustrate : — 

On a Hudson River steamboat, in 1848, the adjournment of 
a convention at Newburg brought an unusual rush of passengers 
on board, and as dinner was served immediately on leaving the 
dock, there were twice too many diners for the dinner served. 
Seated at my side was a rich, talented epicure, who reproved the 
steward, as the tickets were collected, on account of the short 
dinner. The steward handed back his dinner ticket, confessing 
his improvidence, and giving as its cause the very great and un- 
expected rush of passengers just as dinner was announced. This 
high liver rejoined, — 

" That excuse is good for you, but worthless to me ; for it utterly 
fails to satisfy my hunger. I care nought for the price of my dinner, 
for dollars are plenty, but dinners are scarce, and I feel the loss of this 
one seriously." 

"But you have been up and down on my boats hundreds of times 
before, yet never found me short; and if you go up and down hundreds 
of times more you'll every time find me flush, for I'm bound always to 
have a surplus." 

"Granted, all: yet my having a good dinner every day heretofore 
^nd hereafter can never make up for to-day's lost one. I can enjoy but 



ITS VALUE AND IMPROVEMENT. 73 

one dinner per day, all my life ; so that the loss of this one can never 
be, made good, even though I have a good dinner every other day of my 
whole life ! " 

That answer deserves considering, and applying to all the 
breakfasts and suppers, days and nights, hours and seconds, of 
life, as well as to all the seasons of the year, and the recurring 
pleasures of life. Whatever cuts short the enjoyments of any 
single day or hour of life, especially whatever inflicts pain, 
causes an irreparable life loss! which can never be made good, 
even by enjoying every other day and hour of existence. 

To life's seasons this to-clay enjoying principle applies with 
greatly augmented force. They come but once; therefore, make 
the most possible of each ; the more so because the full fruition 
of each is indispensable to that of all its successors. 

One childhood, yet only one, is allotted to each human being; 
and its perfection is indispensable to that of every subsequent 
period of life. Whatever mars it, mars all the subsequent powers 
and pleasures of this life. A dwarfed, a sickly, an unhappy 
childhood blights the entire after life. O parents, be entreated 
not to mar this bright, sunny season of your darling tottlers by 
chastisements, denials, &c, unless for their future good. Make 
them just as happy as possible, all the way along up during every 
infantile day and hour. 

Adolescence comes but once. Let that girl romp. She has 
but one tom-boy season of life: let her make the most possible 
of that one ; for it can never again come back to her ! That one 
lost, its loss is irreparable. She can never go back to it, and 
never afterwards become, in body or mind, what its full fruition 
would have rendered her. A spring frost has nipped her early 
blossoms and twigs, thus forestalling their summer growth and 
fall fruits. And let that boy be a boy while a boy ; for the more 
a boy he is during boyhood, the more of a man he will become 
during his entire manhood. 

Let young people be young while young, and mingle in 
"young company;" for this burnishes them with an enamel, a 
polish otherwise forever unattainable. Everybody proclaims 
everywhere, all through life, whether they enjoyed or lacked its 
refining brilliancy. No woman who lacks it during girlhood can 
ever become the perfected lady, uor man the finished gentleman ; 



74 THE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF LIFE. 

for its juvenile absence leaves them ever after awkward, abashed, 
ungainly, stiff-jointed, and " unfinished," showing " the basting 
threads." 

One love, complete, whole-souled, body and mind developing, 
and completely satisfactory throughout, is mercifully allowed to us 
all. Those of mature years who lack it might about as well lack 
a limb, or an eye ; for without it none can ever become perfect as 
men or women. 428 As a life season, repast, luxury, enjoyment, 
what surpasses, what even equals it ! Descriptive words but 
mock this sacred theme. We will not profane its holy shrine. 
Let readers go back in fond memory over the sacred endearments 
of this "holy spell" of life; yet its early blight or mildew will 
prevent most from at all realizing how all-glorious a life-treat 
they have missed, how great a good they have lost, how luscious 
a fruit of paradise they failed to gather. Most pluck it while yet 
too green, thus losiug a large part of its luxurious luscious- 
ness ; others let some lightning love-spat shiver it to atoms in 
their grasp ; others still imbitter and mutilate or poison it with 
one virus or another; while almost all utterly fail to derive from 
it even a hundredth part of its delights or benefits ; and yet its 
inherent raptures no tongue can tell, no pen describe, and only 
those at all realize who know by an ecstatic experience bordering 
on insanity. 

Ho, youth, see to it that you make the most of it ! A second 
growth, a rowen crop, is indeed possible ; but though much bet- 
ter than none, yet is only " second rate ; " while any second 
growth will be the greater, the better the first. 

A doting mother, rich, aristocratic, intending to make a fas- 
cinating belle of her darling only daughter, finding that she had 
a "favorite" in a fine, smart, splendid-looking young man, took 
her and him to a private country summer resort, engaged rooms 
contiguous, and threw them together all they desired, which was 
considerable, meanwhile giving out that they were "engaged;" 
and when it was hinted that she unduly exposed her susceptible 
daughter to temptation, replied, in effect, that — 

" Since there is no such thing as pure conjugal affection in that fash- 
ionable society my pet is entering, I am bound to afford her one good, 
long, bright, happy love season beforehand." 

This principle is right, yet her application of it is ruinous, 



ITS VALUE AND IMPROVEMENT. 75 

even damnable. She should indeed have made the very most of 
her daughter's " first love affair," yet provided for its perpetuity, 
not its dissipation ; and all parents should be governed by this 
principle, yet make the most possible out of their children's first 
love season by keeping it up unmarred ever after its commence- 
ment. 

To first marriage and all after marriages, first business and 
all subsequent business, to every season of every year, and every 
life season, to all its years, days, hours, and moments, this prin- 
ciple deserves a like specific application. " Whilst we live, let us 
live," is our true life motto. No folly can be greater than sacri- 
ficing to-day's enjoyments on the altar of to-morrow's ; for " to- 
morrow may never come ; " and when it does, "sufficient unto the 
day is the evil " and the good thereof. So far as we can aug- 
ment to-day's pleasures by providing for to-morrow's, which we 
usually can, we are double gainers, otherwise double losers. 

Over-working to-day in order to accomplish this end or that, 
no matter how desirable, is folly, is wickedness, because, by 
inflicting positive damage and pain on us now, it diminishes our 
power to enjoy and accomplish ever after. Thus over-doing one 
tenth to-day forestalls our power to do one quarter or more for 
to-morrow, and day after, and all subsequent days ; thereby en- 
tailing & perpetual loss none can at all afford. Working up only 
to-day's strength to-day, is the true way to have strength for to- 
morrow. 

Americans are stark mad with this pell-mell rushing and 
struggling to amass for the future, instead of enjoying in the 
present. They can snatch but a week's summer vacation this 
year, and next year, and every year; because, forsooth, others 
may outstrip them, or they might not lay up as much as by work- 
ing on. They intend to enjoy by and by all in a lump, yet work 
on, on, on, now all in a lump. Let the following anecdote, which 
applies to everything else equally, illustrate this folly and loss. 

A dying mother, taking her young son's warm hand in her 
death-struck cold ones, said, — 

" My darling son ! heed your dying mother's last advice : — Make the 
enjoyment of your family your one great life object, for this will super- 
add all others; and to this end enjoy your family as you go along. 
Learn by this my own sad example. Your father and I started out in 



76 THE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF LIFE. 

life with this only thought, to enjoy ourselves together in the family ; 
but in trying to do so, we made this fatal mistake of struggling and sacri- 
ficing all through the fore part of life that we might ' lay up ' some- 
thing on which to enjoy its latter part in family comforts ; but he is 
dead, and here I am dying, without either of us having enjoyed the 
only end for which we have toiled and suffered all our lives. My son, 
avoid our life shipwreck by adopting this inflexible rule of enjoying 
your family day by day all through life, thus making your domestic 
felicity sure." 

She closed her eyes, and died ; but her dying: lesson should 
live forever, and be applied by all sons and daughters, not only 
to their domestic felicities, but to all life's other ends. 

The greatest success is thus achieved. As if, to catch that 
train, you bound off so hurriedly at first as to lose your breath, 
you compel yourself to walk towards the last, and lose your 
train ; so many business men dash ahead and launch out, so load- 
ing themselves down with debts as to compel the sacrifice of their 
profits in shaves and losses ; whereas, a moderate beginning, by 
saving these losses, would have left them richer on less work. 

This to-day enjoying principle is patent, and easily applied 
by all to everything, and is of the utmost practical importance. 
Life is made up of present moments. Let us all make the most 
possible of each, by laying each under special enjoying contribu- 
tion, as it FLIES. 

18. — Life inheres in the Mentality. 

Some one thing constitutes life. Nothing can be without 
having its inherent components, that which makes it what it is, 
and gives it its being and character. Life must therefore needs 
have its one constituent principle, that which makes it life, and 
nothing else. In what, then, does this essence of being consist? 
What gives it its personality and identity ? Of what is it com- 
posed? 

Of mind alone, not body ; of primal mental poioers to put forth 
this function and that. 26 Life is a mentality, not a physiology. 
It inheres in its soul, not in its anatomical organs. 

All human consciousness, that highest tribunal of truth, 
proves that the mind, not body, constitutes the man. 

Insanity is our first witness. Whenever it dethrones reason 
and destroys consciousness, we never hold its victims "respon- 



ITS VALUE AND IMPROVEMENT. 77 

sible " for their actions. Their insanity clears them at the bar of 
their country, and by common consent. We instinctively feel 
that the maniac ravings and crazy deeds of an insane friend are 
not his sayings and doings. 

Amputations teach a like doctrine. Cut from him limb after 
limb, and part and organ after part and organ, till all were gone, 
if that were possible, but leave his mind unaffected, and he re- 
mains precisely the same identical friend after as before. 

Love demonstrates that this mentality is what both loves and 
is loved. Attest, all ye who have loved truly, just what in you 
loved. Was it your body that loved, or your mind ? Your mind, 
of course. 

Loved what in them? Their physical nature ? or their spirit ? 
Your mentality loved their mentality, not your physiology theirs. 
It was your minds mainly which drew you together, not your 
persons. You idolized her sweet spirit, her angelic virtues, her 
bright intellect, her exquisite taste, not her physical beauty ; 
while she worshipped at the shrine of your noble nature, mag- 
nanimity, courage, talents, and mental excellences, not your ani- 
mal nature. Let the following stand as a representative of mil- 
lions of like cases. "Millions?" Ay, of every case of genuine 
love that ever was, or ever will be. 

An English officer, betrothed in marriage to a proud, rich, 
beautiful, and accomplished heiress, summoned to India, fought 
bravely, was badly "cut up," and wrote back to her, — 

"I have lost a leg, an arm, an eye, and teeth. My face is scarred, 
blued, and begrimed for life. I am' no longer that fine-looking soldier 
you once admired, but, instead, a maimed, physical wreck ! You could 
not love me as I am ; but young, handsome, lovely, you can have your 
choice among England's peers ; and I love you too well to stand in the 
way of your affectional enjoyments, and hereby voluntarily release you 
from your marriage vow to me. Choose one you can love better." 

She returned for answer, — 

"Your noble mind, your splendid talents, your martial prowess 
which maimed you, are what I love. As long as you retain sufficient 
body to contain these jewels of your mind, I still love you the same as 
before, and long to make them mine forever? 

Thus say all genuine lovers, male and female. Only lust 
dotes mainly on physical beauty. He who would not love his 



78 . THE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF LIFE. 

once handsome wife just as well after as before pitted by vario- 
loid, never loved her. 

"That frenzy of love men always feel for female beauty gives the 
lie to this mental love doctrine." 

Beautiful women are so because of that moral loveliness 
which underlies their nature, and creates their personal attrac- 
tions — a doctrine fully proved and qualified under " the temper- 
aments." 

Blind men and women love as ardently as those who see. 
Does not this prove our doctrine? Every loving and loved one 
that is, ever was, or ever will be, proves it. Your ovm soul, 
reader, is your own witness, judge, and jury, unless it has be- 
come badly demoralized. 

Death proves this mentality of man still more conclusively. 
We instinctively feel that the lifeless corpse of our deceased friend 
is not himself. Though his bodily organs are all there, shaped 
and placed as in life, and all the same except the departure of his 
spirit principle, yet we instinctively feel that he is not present; 
that his constituent essence has departed to far-off scenes and 
places. No ! ye mourners, when you bury your darling child's, 
wife's, husband's body in the cold, cold grave, you do not bury 
them, but only their former organism. Let all human intuition 
bear the sacred witness. 

Hear the great Grecian savan on this point, who replied, 
when asked by his loving disciples, just before his execution, — 

" Dear preceptor, where do you command us to bury you ? " 

"Bury me? My body, I suppose you mean. That is not me. Give 

that to the beasts, for aught I care, but Socrates' soul (y^rj) is Socrates, 

and that goes to be with the gods ! " 

Watts, too, on being rallied for his diminutive stature by a 
female admirer, stepped forth, and impromptu rejoined, — 

"Though I could reach from pole to pole, 
And grasp creation in my span, 
I must be measured by my soul; 

The mind's the standard of the man." 

Our spirit-life is what constitutes ourselves, our identity, our 
personality ; these bodies being but the tools by means of which 



ITS VALUE AND IMPROVEMENT. 79 

it connects itself with matter, and operates upon it. Neither our 
organism nor functionism constitutes our life, but that which 
organizes the organs, and then uses them till it has no further use 
for them, when it leaves them to die. All else is secondary ; this 
alone is the lifehood. 

The determining question is whether life inheres in our or- 
ganism, or in that spirit-entity which constructs and animates 
them. Which is lord, and which vassal? Which was created 
for the other? Which enjoys, and suffers? Was man created 
mainly to eat, sleep, work, and die? or to feel and think? Does 
sight inhere in the eyes themselves ? or in that mental Faculty 
which eifects sight by them ? Obviously in the Faculty ; for, 
though they are perfect, after it leaves them they can see no 
more forever. Yet those whose eyes have been destroyed re- 
member what they have seen. Now if the eyes constitute sight, 
their destruction must destroy both it and all its memories. 
Eyes are to sight what the tool is to its handle — simply its means 
of action, but not itself. Sight is as different from its eyes as 
cotton cloth is from that cotton factory which manufactured it. 
As the factory is only a means to a desirable end, and useless but 
for this end ; so the body is only the means for executing that 
life which constitutes the one ultimate end of this material de- 
partment of Nature. Our organs, like an outer garment, are a 
means of enjoyment, which we lay off" when we are done using it ; 
yet it forms no necessary part of ourselves. Our identity and 
personality inhere in our spirit-principle, our intellect and soul, 
not in our bodies. Their being in rapport does not render them 
identical, any more than is a man and his shadow. Both philos- 
ophy and the intuition of all mankind consider the mentality as 
the man, and the organism as only its servant. Neither is him- 
self. To presuppose that man is a mere animal, is to underrate 
him almost infinitely. That he is an animal, and of the highest 
grade, is a palpable fact ; but that he is incomparably more, is 
equally apparent ; and that his animal nature is the mere servant 
of his spiritual. 

Reader, do not these and many like facts demonstrate that life 
inheres in the mentality ! This point confirms and is' confirmed 
by that doctrine of immortality demonstrated in Part IV. 



y 



80 THE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF LIFE. 



Section li. 

NATURAL LAW r ITS PHILOSOPHY, EXISTENCE, REWARDS, PUN- 
ISHMENTS, &c. 

19. — Natural Laws govern Life throughout: their Ra- 
tionale. 

The paramount fact of all life obviously is, that every single 
one of all its functions, throughout all their phases, are governed 
by natural laws. Universal Nature is thus governed, even down 
to every mote of matter throughout all its mutations, forever. 
The axiom, "Every effect has its specific cause, and every cause 
always produces its own legitimate effect," is but the summary 
fact of Nature, the governing condition of all things, and too 
apparent, as well as too generally admitted, to need proof or 
amplification — a truth most admirably illustrated in Combe's 
"Constitution of Man." 

Some rationale must needs call for this arrangement of the 
natural laws. Nothing exists for nought. Whatever is, has, and 
must needs have, its why and wherefore* An institute of Nature 
thus universal and potential, must needs execute some great 
trust, some necessary work, some end every way commensurate 
with this cause-and-effect executor. 

Happiness is that end, 15 which it secures by appending certain 
fixed consequences to specific antecedents. How could we render 
ourselves happy unless there pre-existed certain established con- 
ditions which always result in happiness? Thus how could we 
feed ourselves if stones nourished us one day, wood another, and 
a thousand other things on as many different occasions at random ! 
Whereas, under this natural-law arrangement, we know what will 
nourish, and what poison us to-day, to-morrow, and always in 
the future, as it has done in the past. If gravity caused us, our 
houses, stones, everything, to ascend to-day, descend to-morrow, 
go sidewise here, and»slanting there, how could we build, or in 
fact do anythiug else? whereas, this institute of law causes all 
terrestrial substances to gravitate downward, which enables us io 
employ this gravitating law to achieve pleasurable ends. If 



NATURAL LAW, ITS PHILOSOPHY, &c. 81 

touching fire burnt us one instant and froze us the next, whilst 
touching something else burnt us the next, we should not dare 
touch anything. If the same circumstances produced good crops 
here but poor there, or good at one time and poor at another, 
how could we ever raise anything? Whereas, this natural-law 
institute causes the same conditions always to produce good 
crops, and others poor, wherever applied ; so that by knowing 
and applying the conditions of a good crop, we can always secure 
one ; and by obviating those of a poor one, guard against a poor. 
But for this arrangement how could we possibly ever accomplish 
anything? We might desire, and be made superlatively happy 
by, ten thousand things, yet would be unable to effect any one of 
them, or bring to pass any ends whatsoever. In case Nature 
were all haphazard and chaotic — if the same things gave us 
pleasure to-day but pain to-morrow, how could we render our- 
selves happy, or avoid becoming miserable? We could only 
passively enjoy or suffer whichever might happen to us. All 
efforts to render ourselves or others happy, or prevent misery, 
would have been absolutely futile, and life itself worthless ; so 
that Nature, in order to achieve her one great end, 15 must needs 
first pre-establish certain rales, which, when observed, secure 
enjoyment. In short, "law and order "must take the place of 
chaos ; yet this would have been nugatory but that always : — 

Obeying them produces happiness. Just as far, and pre- 
cisely wherein, any and all, high and low, conform to them, they 
enjoy, an item of pleasure being attached to every item of coiir 
formity. "The rich and the poor stand alike" before them. All 
can make themselves happy to the precise extent of such fulfil- 
ment. As far as wealth promotes conformity to them, it pro- 
motes happiness ; but wherein and as far as it furthers their vio- 
lation, as it often does, it curses its possessors by making them 
miserable. Every human being, throughout all time, has the 
measure of his obedience in the amount of pleasure experienced, 
which he can augment in exact proportion as these laws are 
obeyed. This puts our happiness mainly into our own keeping. 

Great God ! How infinitely merciful, as well as just, is this 
the governing law of Thy realms ! and basillar principle of 
our existence ! 

Natural laws do exist, and enjoyment alwavs does, and 
11 



82 THE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF LIFE. 

necessarily must flow from their obedience, just as surely as 
water runs downwards. This is the first fact, the first condition, 
and the first lesson of life — is to it what the sun is to the earth. 

They constitute the foundation and motive-power of all 
that is. In and by means of them alone do "we live, move, and 
have our being." They pervade, permeate, and govern all things. 
They originate all power, and then apply it to the production of 
all results. 

All science consists in them, and their outworking. 

Thus the science of astronomy consists solely in those natural 
laws which govern the heavenly bodies, and their operations. 
The science of chemistry consists in those natural laws which 
govern organic changes, and their workings. This is equally true 
of each and all the other natural sciences. In fact, all Nature is 
wholly made up of these natural laws, and their operations. 
What would she be but for them? Only chaos personified. 
What ends does she accomplish except by their instrumentality? 
Absolutely none. They embody the live principle, and the quin- 
tessence of all that is ; the binding power of all our duties and 
obligations to God and man ; the means of all our enjoyments ; 
and the soul of all goodness and philosophy. 

All knowledge likewise consists in a knowledge of these 
identical laws, and their effects. A knowledge of history is only 
a knowledge of what the laws which govern human nature are, 
and have effected. Mathematical knowledge consists solely in 
understanding numerical laws and facts; and so of all the other 
sciences. 

He alone is learned, therefore, who knows these laws and 
their operations, though ignorant of ancient mythology and lan- 
guages ; while all who do not understand them are in that propor- 
tion practical ignoramuses, however good linguists, mythologists, 
&c, they may be. Even all art and all poetry are but the ex- 
pression of these identical laws. 

20. They embody the Divine Will and Mandates. 

All goodness likewise consists in conforming to, and all bad- 
ness in violating them ; for they alone constitute all right, and 
their infraction creates all wrong. They are God's tribunal of 
whatever is right and wrong throughout His universe. 



NATURAL LAW, ITS PHILOSOPHY, &c. 83 

The Decalogue itself is indeed infinitely obligatory, yet so 
not at all because issued amidst Sinai's thuuderings and light- 
nings, but solely because it is a rescript of these natural laws, in 
which all right, and by converse, all wrong, inhere ; whilst all 
other inherent rights and wrongs are no less binding because 
omitted in that moral formula. They constitute that lex legum^ 
that "higher law," which declares what is virtuous, and what 
vicious. 

Love of these laws of Nature should therefore be our first 
love. As we love our very being and our happiness, as we love 
God and His commandments, let us love these His edicts, writ- 
ten, not on tables of stone, but throughout all His universe, and 
interwoven into all our desires and instincts. If David could ex- 
claim, "O, how love I Thy" (Jewish) "commandments," how 
much more should we all exclaim, perpetually, "O, how love I 
Thy Natural Laws ! They are my meat and my drink. What- 
ever I enjoy, do, &c, is through them alone. Their Author is my 
Author, and their commands are His eternal rules of action, sent 
out unto all He creates." Let all nurseries and legislative halls, 
all schools and colleges, all churches and human institutions, re- 
sound with these laws, and all whom God hath made, press all 
their energies into their fulfilment. 

21. All Pain is consequent on their violation. 

Pain exists. It even constitutes as integral a department of 
Nature as happiness, besides embodying as mighty a moral ; 
namely, to compel obedience to these natural laws. The pleas- 
ures attached to their fulfilment, though the most powerful in- 
centive thereto which their divine Author could devise, 19 em- 
body only half His means of enforcing obedience to them. He 
persuades us, by proportionate happiness, to obey them, but dis- 
suades us from their disobedience by all those penalties He has 
attached to their violation. Pain is constitutionally abhorrent to 
man — is the only groundwork of all his dislikes. By an 
arrangement living back in his very nature, he instinctively and 
universally shrinks from it as from poison, as well as avoids its 
cause. He shuns only what occasions it, and for no other reason, 
and dislikes all things in proportion to the pain they give him, 
as well as wholly because of such pain. Hence, he instinctively 



84 THE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF LIFE. 

avoids violating these natural laws when he realizes the conse- 
quences, because such violation occasions that suffering which he 
dreads ; and seeks in obedience that pleasure to which he is con- 
stitutionally so powerfully attracted. To obey them is to be hap- 
py in and by means of such obedience, whereas to violate them 
is to incur proportionate misery. Our enjoyments admeasure our 
obedience, and our sufferings our transgressions. No man or 
woman, youth or infant, not -even beast or reptile, can violate any 
one of them, anywhere or at any time, without suffering propor- 
tionate misery. Learned and ignorant, great and small, Christian 
and infidel, prince and peasant, stand alike amenable to them, and 
are equal subjects of their rewards and punishments. They are 
"no respecters of persons." "Obey and be happy, or disobey 
and suffer," is their universal watchword, throughout all times, 
climes, and persons. They will not be trifled with, but are stern, 
sovereign, and immovable ; without fear, favor, or sympathy. 
" Without sympathy?" By no means. Instead, they are sympa- 
thy personified. Their only intent and operation is to do good. 
Their underlying principle is to promote happiness by promoting 
obedience, and prevent subsequent suffering by preventing fur- 
ther sinning. Their very inflexibility is notice to all never to 
transgress them. If they ever gave an inch, man would take an 
ell ; but they never deviate one hair's breadth. 

Tom Paine superficially argued that if the Deity were all-wise, 
all-powerful, and all-good, He could and would have excluded 
pain from His universe. He virtually said, — 

"How comes it that so many suffer all the misery they can endure 
and live? Must we charge all this actual and possible agony to divine 
malignity? Has God missed His mark? or been thwarted and out- 
witted by some cunning spirit of evil? or by 'total depravity?' Have 
His benign plans miscarried? Why must man suffer all this?" 

" To promote their happiness," is the answer. 

"What? must Nature do evil that good may come? Must we suffer 
in order to enjoy? This is like burning with ice, and freezing with fire ; 
like falling down in order to rise up; like blending natural antagonisms." 

Never ! This is utterly contrary to the Divine government. 
Our world is, indeed, full of suffering and woe ! Pandora's box, 
tilled with all manner of diseases and miseries, has been opened 
upon man ! He literally groans in agony ! Poverty, wretched- 



NATURAL LAW, ITS PH1L0SPHY, &c. 85 

ness, loathsome diseases, distressing sickness, the heart-rending 
decease of friends, children, and companions, and even premature 
death itself, tearing its victims from life and all its pleasures, tor- 
ment most mankind ! Millions suffer beyond description, and 
millions on millions are or have been tortured into the wish that 
they had never been born, or that death, with all its horrors, 
would hasten to their relief; while most consider our world, 
though so perfectly adapted to promote human happiness, only a 
path of thorns, and life itself a lingering, living death ! 

Yet suffering forms no necessary part of any constitu- 
tional arrangement or function of man. Teeth are created and 
adapted to masticate food, not to ache ; nor need they ever. The 
stomach is not made to occasion griping pains, nor in any way to 
distress us ; nor the lungs to torture us while thej^ waste away in 
lingering consumption, blasting all our hopes and happiness. 
Neither malignant fevers, nor distressing rheumatism, nor tortur- 
ing gout, nor loathsome life-eating cancers, nor any other kind or 
degree of disease or suffering, form any part of man's original 
constitution, nor of Nature's ordinances ; but all are utterly re- 
pugnant to both. 15 

Kindness was not created to torment us with the sight of dis- 
tress we cannot relieve; nor Force to brawl, quarrel, and fight; 
nor Destruction to devastate whole nations with woe and carnage, 
making loving wives lonely widows, and happy children desolate 
orphans, by the million, besides all the horrors of the battle- 
field itself; nor Appetite to gormandize till it offers up all that is 
virtuous and happy at the shrine of beastly gluttony and drunk- 
enness ; nor Ambition to pinch the feet of the suffering Chinese, 
nor flatten the head of the savage Indian, nor deform the waists 
of fashionable would-be beauties ; nor Dignity to wade through 
seas of blood to thrones of despotism ; nor Devotion to create all 
the abominations of Paganism and bigotry of Christendom ; nor 
Construction to make implements of torture and death ; nor Ac- 
quisition to cheat and rob; nor Causality to plot mischief and 
devise evil ; nor Friendship to mourn in hopeless grief the loss 
of near and dear friends ; nor Parental Love to torture us with 
inexpressible anguish by the death of dearly-beloved children, and 
perhaps entire groups of beautiful and happy sons and daughters ; 
nor Constancy to weep disconsolate and distracted at the grave 



86 THE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF LIFE. 

of a dearly-beloved wife, or devoted husband — perhaps after 
every means of support has been exhausted, every child buried, 
every earthly hope blasted, and while torturing disease preys 
upon life itself, and opens the yawning grave at our feet ! No, 
never ! Cold and heat are not more antagonistic than these re- 
sults are contrary to all Nature's adaptations. Nor is there a single 
physical organ, nor mental Faculty, nor human function, whose 
normal product is pain, nor anything but pleasure. Any other 
doctrine contradicts universal fact, attests the ignorance of its ad- 
vocates, and libels Infinite Goodness ! 

Even the devil himself, if a personal devil exists, must 
needs fulfil this same benevolent mission ; for he can tempt only 
those who are in a sinful, and therefore a temptable state; and 
by enticing them to burn their fingers to-day, he keeps them out 
of greater fires of sin to-morrow. 

Our whole world is one great round of beneficent provisions 
for human virtue and happiness, but this punishing the infractions 
of natural law is the Alpha and Omega of them all ! the great 
teacher and moralizer of the race in each of its members, as well 
as the master contrivance of the Almighty ! 

All hail, then, this institution of pain ! But for it we could 
only half live ! How powerful, how perpetual & practical teacher 
of righteousness it becomes ! But for it how could we know 
whether or when we were freezing, or burning, or bruising, or 
cutting, or injuring, or destroying any part of our bodies, or be 
kept from killing ourselves ; whereas, this ever-present, sentient 
watchman stands forever "on guard" all over our bodies, outside 
and inside, compelling us to note what gives us pain, so as not to 
repeat it. 

Over every mental emotion it stands equal sentinel, paining 
us in and by means of every single evil thought and feeling, 
desire and passion. Divine goodness and wisdom ordained it 
as His messenger of universal good. Gravity is no more useful 
in the material world than is suffering in the moral. With one 
hand God is forever holding forth the rewards of obeying His 
laws, while with the other He is promoting this identical end by 
the terrible lashings of pain for violating them ! 



NATURAL LAW, ITS PHILOSOPHY, &c. 87 

22. — Every Law is Self-rewarding and Self-punishing. 

In the identical way thou sinnest, thou shalt surely suffer. 
Obeying one law creates one kind of enjoyment, and another law 
another kind; while violating one law inflicts one kind of* pain, 
and another another. Those who obey the affectional laws, but 
violate the dietetic, enjoy domestic felicity, but suffer from dys- 
pepsia, and vice versa. Those who obey the parental law in lov- 
ing their children, but violate the conjugal by hating their com- 
panion, enjoy in their children but suffer iu their consort ; and the 
converse. One may obey the law of kindness, yet break that of 
Acquisition, as did Gosse, by giving away two fortunes, and suf- 
fer ever after from poverty ; whilst a miser obeys the natural law 
of Acquisition in acquiring money, yet robs Kindness, and most 
of his other Faculties, by miserly penuriousness. Hence many 
are very happy in some respects, because they obey some laws, 
yet suffer inexpressibly in other respects, because they violate 
other laws. 

All can trace their enjoyments and sufferings by means of 
this arrangement, up to the. precise laws they are obeying and 
transgressing, and thus ascertain exactly wherein they are sinning 
and suffering, so as to repeat the former, and avoid the latter. 
Thus, — 

Mrs. A. thinks the world of her church, attends its every meet- 
ing, is a missionary of good, and really enjoys religion exceed- 
ingly, because she fulfils the natural laws of Devotion ; and. yet 
is nervous, dyspeptic, weak, and often down sick, as well as 
suffers excruciating torture from neuralgia, sick-headaches, &c, 
because she has outraged the laws of health. Now, by seeing in 
what respect she enjoys, and in what she suffers, she can ascertain 
just what particular laws she is fulfilling, and what breaking ; so 
that, by fulfilling the physical, she can become as happy physi- 
cally as she now is religiously. 

As a Preceptor, Teacher, and Professor of the natural laws, 
please consider how efficient this arrangement becomes. Thougli 
its instructions are often costly, yet they always teach effectively, 
by rendering "experience the best of schoolmasters," without 
which we all learn slowly and poorly, but with it fast, and then 
remember. As a moralizer, a practical instructor in righteousness 



SS THE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF LIFE. 

and all the human virtues, as well as a solemn warning against 
sins and vices of all kinds and degrees, it as far exceeds in elo- 
quence and power the most gifted pulpit orators as Divinity 
exceeds humanity. If preachers would show just what obeyed 
laws cause these enjoyments in this sermon, and what breaches 
of natural law cause those sufferings in another, they would soon 
reform all their "hard cases," by arraying their very self-interest 
on the side of virtue and goodness. 

Each can thus become his and her own preacher, by study- 
ing out the causes of each and all his joys and sufferings as they 
transpire, thus : — this twinge of mental anguish came from my 
having broken this law, and that thrill of pleasure from my hav- 
ing fulfilled that natural requirement. And those must be gen- 
uine dolts, "dyed in the wool," whom this does not "convert 
from the error of their ways." 

In the day thou sinnest, thou shalt suffer. As short settle- 
ments are best, but long pay-days are almost worthless, is it any 
wonder that so many sleep and sin on over those "scores " they 
are told are payable after death f These natural-law accounts are 
payable at sight, and cannot possibly be avoided. Nature is her 
own lawgiver, court, judge, jury, sheriff, and executive officer ; 
besides being omniscient and omnipresent, to see that exact jus- 
tice is meted out to the last iota. No ends of the earth are far 
enough away, no hiding-places are hidden enough, no one is high 
or low enough, to allow of escape. 

How much enjoyment obeying these laws bestows, or violating 
them inflicts, we little realize. This depends partly on our ca- 
pacities to enjoy and suffer, 15 and partly on the relative value of 
each law. Thus a most affectionate woman breaks the law of 
love, whether ignorantly or knowingly matters not, by causelessly 
discarding one she tenderly loves, she suffers as much more than 
one with little affection as she is the most loving : and her suffer- 
ings begin with the violation, but end never! Every subsequent 
moment of her life, asleep and awake, she suffers throughout her 
entire being, and more excruciatingly than any can imagine who 
have not suffered similarly. The ultimate sum total of her affec- 
tional misery is really inconceivable. It may prevent her mar- 
rying at all, or eventuate in an unhappy marriage, and this impair 
her health ; and this cause the death of children, besides inducing 



NATURAL LAW, ITS PHILOSOPHY, &c. 89 

innumerable miseries otherwise unknown : whereas, if she had 
obeyed this love requirement, she would have been immeasurably 
happy in both her conjugal and maternal affections, and in all 
these other respects ; so that the difference between obeying and 
violating this love law is really incalculable and eternal. None 
of us can at all afford to forego the one, nor incur the other. 
The sacrifice " doesn't pay." 

Sins and virtues multiply, and their effects spread like fire on 
the prairie. Fulfilling or transgressing one law, induces that of 
many other laws. Mythology relates that a man, compelled to 
choose between drunkenness and matricide, chose the former as 
the lesser evil, and while drunk murdered his mother. One sin 
induces many sins, with their sufferings, and one virtue begets 
many virtues, with their enjoyments. Then by our love of en- 
joyment and dread of suffering, let us make ourselves just as 
happy, by obeying just as many laws, as possible, and suffer just 
as little through their violation. 

23. — All physical Pain a curative Process. 

Paradoxes often express truisms. Of this the above heading 
furnishes an example. It seems absurd, yet is literally true. It 
is an idea original with the Author, but will bear the broadest 
and most searching investigation. Let us scan first its philos- 
ophy, then its facts. 

Infinite Goodness might seemingly have been content with 
rendering pain simply a warning against committing future sins ; 
for even this natural ordinance, as a device, 21 an invention, even 
if it had stopped here, would have been worthy of the great 
Architect of this grand old universe ; but He went farther, and 
kills two birds with this one painful stoue — as He does with 
many others. He not only makes pain a beacon placed all along 
our life-pathway to warn us the instant we depart from His Di- 
vine pathway of our happiness, 19 a buoy all along life's channels 
to tell us just where we can find deep waters and clear sailing, 
and where sand banks, rocks, and shipwrecks, but He has made 
pain His remedial agent. It not only tells us, "Go and sin no 
more," 21 but it also brings us back. Like the shepherd dog 
which takes a stray, sheep by the ears and brings it bach from 
among wolves to its safe folds, paining yet thereby restoring ; so 



90 THE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF LIFE. 

pain stops our going farther ou that stray road of violated natural 
law, and then kindly heals its own wound/ Making the wound 
blesses us, and salving it over doubly blesses. 

No restoration without pain, is her motto. Whenever we 
have so far damaged our material organism as to preclude its 
restoration, this damage benumbs — destroys our sentient prin- 
ciple. A soldier fatally wounded is thereby benumbed, instead 
of being agonized. 

Why not? Of what use would pain be after any irreraedial 
damage? It would be unmitigated cruelty; yet " God is Love." 
He doth not willingly afflict His children, but always and only 
for their good, not His pleasure. Why rack a man with pain 
after his death warrant has gone forth? Since he must die, let 
him suffer as little as possible. All we know of Divine Good- 
ness warrants and teaches this inference; am] facts on the largest 
scale support it. No fallacy can be greater, no declaration more 
absurd, than this of doctors, nurses, and the sick, — 

"This fever must be broken at once, or it will wear you out." "This 
boil must be scattered." "This nervousness must be subdued by opi- 
ates, so that you can sleep." 

Fevers are friends. They bum up the waste, poisonous mat- 
ters of the system, and clean out the Augean stables of physical 
corruption. They would not have been instituted unless they 
had been beneficial ; for an All-wise God ordains nothing for tor- 
ture, and nothing in vain. They consume that surplus carbon 
which is the chief cause of disease. 113 They always generate heat. 
How? By this very consumption. 132 They increase respiration, 
by making all their suffering victims pant for breath. This fact 
is apparent. Why ? Solely to obtain that surplus oxygen requi- 
site for consuming this surplus carbon, and their combination 
generates the heat incident to all fevers. Surplus carbon is clog- 
ging and crippling all the functions. 113 Nature must unload it, or 
succumb to it. She cannot eject it, because it is all through the 
body. She must set up a fire to burn it up where it is. She can 
do this only by supplying its <f fixed equivalent " of oxygen, which 
she can augment only by augmenting the breathing 132 ; hence this 
panting for breath in all feverish patients — breathing deep, fast, 
and as if they were half crazy for more breath. This extra 



NATURAL LAW, ITS PHILOSOPHY, &c. 91 

craving for breath means something. Means ivhat 9 Means that 
extra oxygen is wanted. Wanted for what? To burn up surplus 
carbon. Keader, think out this problem. 

" Fevers exhaust." Why shouldn't they, after so herculean a 
labor of consuming all this filth and corruption ! 

Fevers signify life, and remedial action, and therefore pros- 
pects of recovery. When the system is so far spent that it can- 
not be restored, it yields to disease ; whereas fevers are but its 
strugglings to get rid of it. Blisters illustrate this principle by 
acting only where there is sufficient life to resist them. As they 
cannot be raised on patients about to die, so patients far gone 
have not vitality enough to set up a fever. 

Fevers augment perspiration. The surplus heat thus gen- 
erated by this extra consumption of carbon must escape some- 
how ; for the system needs only a tithe of it. It creates thirst, 
and then seizes the water thus supplied, turns it into steam in 
quantities, forcing it out in great drops everywhere trickling 
down, and with it out go quantities of disease, of which that bad 
odor, that fetid exhalation from the breath and whole surface of 
fever patients is demonstrative evidence. Else whence and why 
this awful stench? Put these four facts together, and learn from 
them that, as there is a water cure, and a motion cure, so there is 
also a fiver cure. 

Let fevers run. Encourage, but on no account try to break 
them. They come to relieve you. Give them what materials 
they want, and let them alone. Yet be just as careful as possible 
not to catch cold after their paroxysms. They exhaust, and also 
sweat the skin, so that it becomes doubly exposed to colds, while 
the system is yet exhausted with its restorative effort. 

Chills usually precede them. This is obviously due to the 
vital force retiring to the centre of life, preparatory to making 
that desperate purgatory effort it is now beginning. By all 
means supply artificial warmth by keeping your room warm, 
going to bed, and "piling on " the clothes, or, what is still better, 
going into a bath just as hot as can be well borne ; but on no 
account try to break up fever and ague, nor any other remittent, 
intermittent, or periodical fever by calomel, quinine, &c, be- 
cause this leaves that corruption they are ejecting still within you. 

All this class of fevers can be easily and effectually cured 



92 THE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF LIFE. 

thus : As soon as you become chilly, go into a bath just as hot 
as you can well endure, and remain in it till the fever stage is 
well established ; then jump instantly into bed, without getting 
chilly by wiping, cover up warmly, go to breathing deeply, 84 
drink all you like, lay a cold, wet cloth on your stomach, and 
sweat away, but lay till long after perspiration subsides, and it' 
possible go to sleep, and keep well bundled up till you retire for 
the night. Follow this recipe at every return of your chills, and 
curse me if it does not soon cure you, provided you bless me if 
it does. 

Quinine kills fever by killing the patient just that much, but 
leaving all that poisonous carbon which created it still there. 

Drink to your heart's content. Soft water is the best. 121 
Lemonade, if quite sour, may do, yet sweet consists mainly of 
carbon, the excess of which causes your fever. Cider may do, it 
furnishing an acid to combine with and neutralize the acids of the 
system. 110 But soft water is probably the best drinking material. 
Take it cold or warm, as you prefer, but pour it down by the 
quart. 

Catnip tea is good, for it starts the perspiration ; so does 
sage, motherwort, &c. The Indians use catnip tea for causing 
perspiration. 

Formerly doctors absolutely interdicted water in all febrile 
cases ; but the life and death instincts of many patients, as indi- 
cated by their intolerable thirst, led some who had been given up 
to die, and therefore were allowed what they wanted, to drink 
quart after quart of water or cider, immediately after which they 
broke out into a drenching perspiration, and began at once to 
convalesce. Water should not be drank after calomel ; but the 
evil lies in the calomel, not in the water. 

Boils confirm this theory, that pain is a recuperative process. 
Do they not improve the health, in every single instance? 

Expectoration furnishes another illustration, by unloading the 
system through the lungs. Many years ago the Author had 
overworked his brain so long that, for months, his forehead ached 
terribly and incessantly, almost refusing to do duty. Taking the 
cars after exhausting labor, in a severe storm and blow from the 
lake, in the spring, he sat a while by an open window, till a little 
hoarseness warned him that he had taken a slight cold. 



NATURAL LAW, ITS PHILOSOPHY, &c. 93 

This throat irritation crept along down to his lungs, and 
ended in expectoration so copious as seriously to interfere with 
his lectures. But it cleared his head. For the first time in over 
twenty years, he had no aching forehead ; and was at once ena- 
bled to resume writing, which this cephalic pain had obliged him 
to suspend for years. It was worth thousands of dollars in dol- 
lars, by giving additional strength to earn them, and many more 
thousands by promoting personal comfort. 

Inflammation in wounds is only these wounds healing. All 
experiments show that inflamed blood is full of fibrin strings: 
that is, inflammation organizes the fibrin in the blood into shreds 
of fibre, which is a muscle-making process. You wound your 
flesh — break its muscular fibres. Nature must now set right 
about patching up these muscles. This bruising of the blood 
vessels dams up the blood, which inflames it, and this inflamma- 
tion organizes the fibrin floating in this blood by a process we 
shall explain under "the Circulation," into strings of fibrin, with 
which to repair this breach. Disturbing this formatory process 
will cause more pain than you first suffered, because you redouble 
Nature's formative work. Your second offence is worse than 
your first. 

Colds, like sickness, clear the body of morbid matter. True, 
diseases originate in them, 140 but, if rightly managed, they would 
unload the system of disease, instead of prostrating it. The 
colds themselves do not generate sickness, but latent disease 
generates both. Thus the system works on under a load of dis- 
ease it is barely able to carry, the blood so thick that it does 
not flow freely to the surface, and cause colds which now stop 
up this cutaneous outlet of disease. It could barely carry this 
load before ; after, it breaks down ; yet, but for this load, it 
would have resisted this cold-taking condition. 

It now summons all its energies to cast out this disease ; sets 
up a fever to burn it up within the body ; nauseates the stomach 
to prevent its introducing any more carbon for the present ; per- 
haps unloads it through the mouth by vomiting, perhaps through 
the bowels by expurgation, perhaps also from head and lungs by 
discharges from both of thick, purulent matter 113 and a foul breath ; 
all generally aided by the kidneys. Now, if you will be very care- 
ful not to take any additional cold, or do anything else to oppress 



94 THE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF LIFE. 

your life force, the first you know you will not only be well 
again, but feel better than before for years; whereas, if you allow 
these open pores to be suddenly checked, and your exhausted 
system to be again any way injured, expect to be sicker than if 
you had not had a cold, and have your constitution broken down 
besides ; all depending on how it is managed. Colds often do, 
but never need to, end in sickness. Taken in the start, they can 
be cured soon, and easily ; but let them run, with additions, and 
they will soon prostrate you ; and the sooner they are taken in 
hand the sooner they can be broken up. Those an hour, or a 
day, or a week old, will take an hour, a day, or a week to cure 
— the longer the older they are. 

Rejoice ye when you suffer, then, because you are getting 
better. Be exceedingly glad when you have sufficient life force 
left to institute pain. Head ache is immeasurably preferable to 
head numbness, and insanity to inanity ; for the former are life 
struggles, the latter death. 

The Author respectfully commends these original views of 
sickness, fevers, colds, &c, to both the profession and the pub- 
lic; and challenges their investigation in the light of both the 
facts of the case and the first principles of life and disease. 
Their scrutiny will enforce their truth. 

Doctors of medicine may gnaw away on this file of physio- 
logical truth ; we shall give D. D.'s and LL. D.'s another of this 
same sort when we come to apply this identical principle to moral 
punishment for sins. 223 

24. — Importance of studying these Laws. 

Knowing them is the first step towards their obedience. True, 
our various instincts prompt and aid us in this obedience, yet we 
require the guidance and assistance of knowledge besides. A 
law of mind causes intellect intuitively to take the helm of ac- 
tions, and guide them at its will. 

Instincts sometimes mislead, because perverted by previous 
wrong habits. Beyond all question, they are constituted to work 
in harmony with these natural laws, and impel and guide us in 
their observance, besides being infallible ; so that all should be 
careful to nurture, and not to pervert them ; yet we violate most 
of them so continually from the cradle, that we need intellect to 
bring us back to Nature. 



NATURAL LAW, ITS PHILOSOPHY, &c. 95 

God publishes these laws throughout all His domains, thereby 
virtually commanding all His creatures to learn them. They are 
not occult, nor hidden in labyriuthian mazes, ready to spring on 
us by stealth, but are like a city set upon a hill, discernible far 
and near. No mist, no uncertainty, beclouds any of them. 
They are open, palpable, and lighted up by the full blaze of both 
philosophy and perpetual experience. None of them need ever 
be misapprehended. Those who cannot discern them, not as in a 
glass, darkly, but clearly and fully, as in the noonday sun, are 
either blind or stupid. Such cognizance is even thrust contin- 
ually upon us. Ignorance is no excuse. None have any right to 
be ignorant. God Himself is their Preceptor. All are sacredly 
bound to heed these lessons of experience He is constantly incul- 
catins:. Those who cannot learn from books and teachers must 
learn by experience, or suffer. 

To expound these laws and enforce their observance, should 
therefore be the one distinctive end and drift of all education, 
domestic, common, and classical. As happiness is the only " end 
of man," all education is useless unless directed to its attain- 
ment. It should therefore teach first and mainly the nature 
of man, and other studies only as collaterals. Yet how utterly 
foreign to this object is it as now conducted ! Pupils are taught 
scarcely anything concerning themselves, physically or mentally, 
or how to render themselves happy, or avoid pain. 12 

The pulpit should surely teach these natural laws as a part, 
and that part fundamental, of that great code of morals and 
rights God has ordained and proclaimed. Their obedience is 
morality, and their infraction sin. 20 

Natural-law knowledge is science. In what does all sci- 
ence consist but in these identical natural laws and their out- 
working? 19 Absolutely in nothing else. Then why not make 
these laws the foundation and text-book of all education? Why 
waste the precious time and sparse physical energies of darling 
girls, their glowing, glorious virgin bloom included, on "Butler's 
Analogy," of no more after use to them through life, than 
chewing sawdust, as is much besides of this "full course," yet 
wholly ignore this whole subject of the natural laws ! Why not 
christen the natural sciences the natural laws, and study them as 
such ! But our meaning and logic are obvious. 



96 THE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF LIFE. 



Section III. 

ORGANISM AND ITS CONDITIONS, AS MANIFESTING AND INFLU- 
ENCING LIFE. 

25. — All Functions manifested only by Organs. 

Life's first law, its tap-root condition, that from which ema- 
nate most of its other laws, that fundamental sine-qua-non means 
of all terrestrial functions, obviously is that it manifests itself 
only through organs. The sun is the organ of all solar light, and 
the earth of all growth. No form of life, no one of all its multi- 
farious operations, is ever put forth by any other means. In 
fact, life is composed of these. two things — primary Faculties, 
which originate all functions, and those organs, by means of 
which they express themselves. Neither ever exists except in 
conjunction with the other, but both co-exist and act together, 
throughout all departments of Nature. 

Each particular function is likewise exercised always and 
only by means of its own organ, never by any other. Each organ 
is specifically adapted to exercise its specific function, but no 
other. Thus the e} r es are precisely adapted to see, but to do 
nothing else ; and all seeing is executed by them. No other or- 
gans except the eyes ever see ; nor do the eyes do anything but 
see. Their structure renders seeing alone possible to them, and 
all else, except what contributes to sight, impossible ; while that 
of the ears executes, and can alone execute, hearing, &c. Was 
any function ever manifested except through its own individual 
organ? This arrangement is both necessary and universal. No 
other could secure efficiency of function, or prevent confusion; 
while this can, and does. 

But this truth is so perfectly apparent throughout every single 
organ and function everywhere, that it needs neither proof nor 
amplification; for, like the sun, it proves itself, ramifying itself 
throughout universal space and being. 

26. — All Organs and Functions in mutual Rapport. 

Philosophy and fact prove this truth. If man had been cre- 
ated a purely physical being, without any mind, he could have 



NATURAL LAW, ITS PHILOSOPHY, &c. 97 

accomplished nothing, could have enjoyed nothing ; or if he had 
been created a purely spiritual being, without a material organi- 
zation, this world, with all its adaptations for promoting human 
happiness — the glorious sky over our heads, and the flower-span- 
gled lawns under our feet ; the life-giving sun and health-inspiring 
breeze ; the rains and dews of heaven ; and all the fruits, boun- 
ties, and luxuries of earth; as far as they concern man — would 
have been made in vain. But he is created a compound being, 
composed of flesh and blood, on the one hand, and of mind and 
soul on the other ; and both are so closely inter-related that every 
action and condition of either exert a perfectly reciprocal influ- 
ence on the other. 

What means it that an organ is an organ, but that all its states 
affect all its operations? that the eyes are the organs of vision, 
the stomach of digestion, &c, but that all existing states of these , 
of all other organs, similarly affect their respective functions? 
How could the eyes see unless they were in perfect sympathy and 
rapport with the visual Faculty ? Unless all their states similarly 
affected all of its ? How could poor eyes see well or good eyes 
poorly? How could weak organs manifest strong functions? or 
slow organs execute rapid functions? or vice versa ? In the very 
fitness and necessity of things, only powerful organs could pos- 
sibly manifest powerful functions, and rapid acting organs rapid- 
ity of function. This principle governs every other state of all 
the other organs and functions. Wherever Nature puts forth; 
power she does so by rendering its organ powerful in structure, 
and thus of all other organs and functions. All sick organs 
must needs cause sick functions, and healthy organs healthy func- 
tions. This reciprocal sympathy between all organs and their 
functions is both universal and perfect — is alike a fact and a 
necessity throughout Nature. Its philosophy is apparent. Let 
us canvass some of its facts. 

Wood is strong because its office is to execute this most poten- 
tial function : Leaves, performing an indispensable office, must 
have free access to air ; hence trees must grow to a considerable 
height. Their immense canvas of leaves and fruit must be sus- 
tained aloft in proud defiance of surging winds and raging storms, 
winter and summer, through centuries. This sustainment re- 
quires an immense amount of power, especially considering their 
13 



98 THE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF LIFE. 

mechanical disadvantages, which is put forth by their trunks and 
roots. A hundred feet of purchase renders the strain, great all 
along their trunk, at their roots really tremendous. Wood is 
made hard, stiff, and strong of texture to meet this want, and is 
much the largest and toughest between trunk and roots, and at 
the junction of limbs, where most power is required. Supplying 
this power by bulk, by consuming material and space, would pre- 
vent Nature's making many trees, whereas her entire policy is to 
form all she can : hence she renders the organic texture of wood as 
solid and powerful as its function is potential. And the more solid 
its structure, the more powerful is its function, as seen in com- 
paring oak with pine, and lignum-vitae with poplar. But letting 
this single example suffice to illustrate this law, existing through- 
out the entire vegetable kingdom, let us apply it to the animal. 

All powerful animals are also proportionally powerful in 
texture. Thus the elephant, one of the very strongest of beasts, 
is so powerful in dermis, muscle, bone, and entire structure, that 
bullet after bullet shot against him, flatten and fall harmless at 
his feet. The lion, too, is as strong in texture as in function. 
Only those who know from observation can form any adequate 
idea of the wiry toughness of those muscles and tendons which 
bind his head to his body, or of the solidity of his bones. The 
finest lion ever in America, disinterred by myself after he 
had been dead six days in June, had neck-muscles so powerful in 
texture that cutting them seemed like cutting bundles of wire ; 
blunting our knives at every touch. After we had cut as far as 
possible into a joint in his monster neck, and vainly tried to 
twist it off, tying a rope around his powerful tusks, I thought, 
with all this purchase, to dislocate it with one easy pull ; yet, 
even then, it required all the strength of four men to start those 
powerful tendons which bound his neck and body together ; cor- 
responding with the fact that, seizing a bullock in his monster 
jaws, he dashes with him through jungle and over ravine, as a cat 
would handle a squirrel ; and when he roars, the city trembles. 
The structures of the white and grizzly bear, of the tiger, hyena, 
and all powerful animals, and, indeed, of all weak ones, in like 
manner correspond equally with their functions. In short : — 

This correspondence between all organic conditions and 
functions is fixed and absolute ; is necessary, not incidental, 



NATURAL LAW, ITS PHILOSOPHY, &c. 99 

and universal, not partial ; is a relation of cause and effect, and 
governs every organ and function throughout universal life and 
Nature. Our organism is the basis of all our mental and moral 
functions. It so is in the very constitution of things, that mind 
can be put forth only in and by its material organs, 25 and is 
strong or weak, quick or sluggish, as they are either. 

Man, of course, throughout all his functions, is governed by 
this same organic law. Not only is all walking done only by the 
lower limbs, but it is rendered light or heavy, elastic or logy, full 
of snap or wanting in it, &c, in proportion as one's walking 
organs are either. 

Digestion is performed by the stomach, all the states of which, 
such as its strength, weakness, temperature, inflammation, abuse, 
&c, similarly affect its digestion, and all its functions. Thus 
over-eating, not eating at all, eating right or wrong kinds of food, 
eating irregularly, &c, similarly affect the stomach. The impor- 
tance of this law is well nigh infinite, and yet it is so obviously 
both a fact and a necessity that to amplify it seems superfluous. 
The fact of this sympathy between all organs and their functions 
is apparent. All that lives attests it in all their experiences every 
moment of life, asleep and awake. 

All organs sympathize also with their functions. This is a 
necessary corollary of its counterpart just proved, that all organic 
states affect their functions. Of course all functional states must 
needs affect their organs. How could all organic changes produce 
like functional, unless all functional changes similarly affect their 
organic states? That mutual sympathy which produces either, 
also causes the other? A proposition so obvious does not need 
proof, hardly illustrating. Yet a few illustrations may be neces- 
sary to present its full import. 

Bad news at table when you are enjoying your dinner 
greatly, not only suddenly kills appetite, but causes your dinner 
to lie like lead undigested in your stomach, which, but for this 
bad news, would have gone on to digest well. We shall else- 
where prove that dyspepsia originates in wrong mental states. 116 
This principle shows the why and how of this fact. 

Table affection, per contra, is most promotive of digestion. 
So is a hearty love state generally ; while disappointed love is 
most injurious to digestion, and diseasing to its own special 



100 THE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF LIFE. 

organs, as a love state is improving, of which in Sexual Science. 662 
Behold how all these natural truths dovetail in together, and miir- 
tually support and illustrate each other ! 

27. — All pleasurable Action improves, all painful 
impairs, the Life Entity. 

The very nature and constitutional effect of all enjoyment is 
to build up the enjoying organs, because it fulfils the one end of 
their creation, 16 and conforms to their natural laws, 10 while their 
painful action thwarts their end and breaks them down, so as to 
prevent further suffering. These results might be inferred a pri- 
ori; because they are legitimate, and accord with the policy of 
the universe. 15 They prove themselves ; yet let us scan the facts 
of the case. 

Looking at the sun pains and injures the eyes, by this pain- 
ful action hardening them against both their future painful and 
likewise pleasurable action ; while all pleasurable exercise of them 
augments their powers of subsequent enjoyment. Freezing feet, 
hands, ears, &c, causes both temporary pain and permanent 
injury. A sudden and terrible nervous shock is intensely paiuful 
at the time, and blunts these suffering nerves ever after; while 
their pleasurable exercise increases their sentient capacity. 
Handling hot irons pains the hands, yet hardens them against 
future pains and pleasures. This law governs all the other phys- 
ical functions. 

All the mental Faculties are equally subject to this law. 
First love is thus ravishingly delicious, 16 because this love element 
has not yet been seared by its painful exercise. It is perfectly 
confiding, unselfish, and self-abandoned, whereas all subsequent 
loves are more reserved, and therefore more complete and lus- 
cious. All painful action of Conscience hardens and sears it, 
while its pleasurable exercise in doing right strengthens it for 
next time. Blaming children agonizes them terribly at first, only 
to harden them against the pains of future reproach ever after; 
whereas, praise delights them only to make them the more keenly 
alive to after commendations. Extremely painful Fear finally in- 
duces stoical indifference ; while its pleasurable exercise in pro- 
viding against want and danger improves it, on a principle soon 
to be proved. Beauty, delighted, becomes the more appreciative 






NATURAL LAW, ITS PHILOSOPHY, &c. 101 

of other beauties ; yet its disgusted, that is, painful phase palsies 
it against future abrasion. These and many like examples show- 
that we are expounding a general law, applicable to all the Fac- 
ulties, and inherent in the constitution of things. 

All laws have their rationale ; and of course this law its, 
namely : All painful action sears in order, by blunting the sen- 
tient principle of organs, to harden them against future pain ; yet 
to effect this, they must be steeled against pleasure as well. All 
pleasurable action feeds and develops, while all painful action 
palsies enjoyment. It improves by fulfilling , suffering injures by 
breaking the natural laws. Behold the accord between this prin- 
ciple and that natural-law doctrine just stated ! 19 ~ 21 

" This upsets your favorite doctrine that pain is a remedial agent. 
As 'liars should have good memories,' lest they contradict themselves, 
so should specious false reasoners, lest they controvert their own doc- 
trines. If pain remedies, 23 how can it injure? You contradict yourself 
this time sure. Besides," 

"Facts upset this doctrine. Elderly lovers are often more foolishly 
lovesick than youngerly ; and those disappointed in love often take right 
hold of a second love affair with the heartiness of a starving child. 
Nerves repeatedly and badly shocked often become most intensely sus- 
ceptible, and the more acute the more they suffer. Repeated and terri- 
ble alarms often make their victims agonizingly fearful and foolishly 
timid, and so of the other Faculties. We have you on the facts, as well 
as reasonings." 

This extreme fearfulness is a result of Caution injured by its 
painful action, and this excessively painful nervous state is due to 
the nerves having been inflamed by previous excessive and painful 
exercise. All your other like "facts" confirm our view, but dis- 
prove yours, thus : — This painful action of parts has injured and 
inflamed them, and if continued, will break them down by death 
or stupor. 

Abstractly and absolutely considered, all pain injures by its 
breach of natural law, yet relatively it benefits by those natural 
law lessons thus taught and enforced. Men would be the better 
if they would only learn without painful experiences, but they 
will not. Experience is about the only preceptor men will really 
heed. They are the better after thus learning than before, yet 
would be still better if they w r ould learn by pleasurable experiences 
only, by which men will yet mainly learn, but not for ages to 
come. Disappointed lovers can so use their disappointments as to 



102 THE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF LIFE. 

render their second love happier than their first ; but a pleasura- 
ble first love prepares them for a pleasurable second love better 
than a painful first. A painful can be turned into good by teach- 
ing useful love lessons, which outweigh its injuries ;" but a pleas- 
urable love would be still better, and without any alloy. A dis- 
appointed lover will love more heartily than oiie whose love has 
lain dormant equally long, but not as well as the dormant one 
could have loved if trained and developed by a complete previous 
affection ; the love element being equally strong by nature in each. 
This summary council is the final result. By all means 
avoid all painful action of your Faculties as far as possible by 
obeying their natural laws, which is better than their infraction ; 
but when you have induced suffering by infringing on them, turn 
your very sufferings to account by learning from them all you 
can, and get more good thereby than you suffer damage by the 
pain. Do no "evil that good may come," yet, having done the 
evil, get all the good out of it possible. 

28. — Abnormal Physical Conditions create Sinful Pro- 
clivities. 

Opiates almost frenzy their victims with wrath by irritating 
their nerves. Does not drunkenness demoralize and vitiate? 
The same man who, while temperate, is an excellent husband, 
father, and neighbor, by becoming intemperate is rendered im- 
provident, sensual, a fiend in his family, and a low-bred, swear- 
ing, fighting desperado, and sometimes even a murderer; yet 
restoring him physically reinstates him morally. That cherub 
child, perfectly well day before yesterday, was as amiable # as an 
angel because well ; but yesterday, fevered by sickness, was too 
cross and hateful to be endured ; yet, restoring him to health by 
to-day, has restored his angelic loveliness. Many a poor, sickly 
child is punished unmercifully because it is cross, but is cross 
because it is sick ; whilst, curing its body would obviate its 
ugliness. y 

Most women, however amiable by nature, when they become 
nervous, thereby become bad-tempered, hating and hateful ; and 
the only way to cure their temper consists in curing their nervous- 
ness. Many a superb wife and mother, from the very excess of 
her love for husband and children, works on, on, on, clay and 



NATURAL LAW, ITS PHILOSOPHY, &c. 103 

night, year after year, in doing for them, till her health fails, 
which throws her into a fevered, cross-grain, ugly mood, so that 
she scolds all hands right and left, blaming everybody for every- 
thing, besides maligning her neighbors, solely because of her 
physical irritation ; and yet, restoring her health would make 
her the same family angel she was at first. Her scolded husband 
should pity, not upbraid her ; while all concerned should do all 
they can to obviate her fretfulness by removing its physical 
cause. 

Mad dogs attack and bite even their best friends, because their 
physical inflammation inflames their Destruction. 

Dyspeptics are always irritable, because a sour stomach 
sours the temper. And the only way to sweeten their temper 
consists in sweetening their stomachs. One of the ablest, best, 
and most scientific of men, when attacked by indigestion, was 
accustomed to shut himself up in his studio, lest he might vent 
his spleen on some innocent person. The Bible justly ascribes 
the wickedness of Babylon to her gluttony and drunkenness, and 
prescribes fasting, that is, a given physical condition, as a means 
of grace and goodness. Paul, too, who rarely ever says anything 
without saying something important, begins one of the most ex- 
pressive passages of the Bible with, "Brethren, I beseech you, by 
the mercies of God," — would Paul begin a text that way which 
meant little? — "that ye present your bodies a living sacrifice, 
holy, acceptable unto God." What is thus "holy and accepta- 
ble ? " The body. Now since it can be holy, it can therefore be 
unholy, and since it can be acceptable unto God, it can therefore 
be unacceptable to Him. As it can be "a meet temple for the 
indwelling of the Holy Ghost," it can also be an unmeet temple — 
"which is your reasonable service." The Greek word here trans- 
lated " reasonable" should have been rendered "spiritual," and 
would, properly transposed, then have read thus : " Brethren, 
your spiritual service consists in presenting your bodies holy, 
acceptable unto God, which is your spiritual service, and which I 
entreat you by His mercies to do." The Bible is full of like pas- 
sages, declaring that piety and the moral virtues are materially 
influenced by physical conditions, — a doctrine the progressive 
pulpit is just beginning to proclaim under the phrase, "muscular 
Christianity." Why did they wait for Phrenology to enforce it? 



104 THE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF LIFE. 

Why should a biblical doctrine so patent, and so promotive of 
piety and goodness, slumber on thus unheeded century after cen- 
tury? Commentators, where have been your eyes, that a biblical 
as well as natural truth thus universal, and illustrated by every 
single physical condition of every human beiug and animal, should 
have been overlooked? 

Our whole world is full of like illustrations of this srieat 
organic law, that the entire physiology and mentality are in re- 
ciprocal rapport, and mutually act and react upon each other. 
All living beings perpetually experience it every instant of their 
existence. Life is even made up of this reciprocity. It consti- 
tutes not a primal, but the primal lex legum of Nature, instituted 
for the best good of her creatures; to ignore which is folly, but 
to practice which promotes our highest happiness. 

This natural truth needs no comments from us. It is its 
own commentator. It is a law of tilings, self-rewarding its obedi- 
ence, and self-punishing its infractions and neglect, 22 and ramify- 
ing itself upon every minute state of body and mind. As gravity 
governs equally all the ponderous heavenly bodies, and all the 
minutest particles of matter, so this law governs all the minutest 
manifestations existing between the body and mind. "All, when 
any," is a natural law. We shall soon give the instrumentality 
by which this law is executed. 37 ' 38 

This great art of living, therefore, consists in learning 
what bodily states cause given mental, and what mental states 
produce given physical. How strange that an art which is to life 
what foundation is to superstructure, should have thus been com- 
pletely ignored till enforced by Phrenology ! 

29. — Its materialistic Objection answered. 

"But, sir, this doctrine not only inculcates materialism, but it is 
rank out and out materialism itself, and that in its worst form. It 
makes mind wholly dependent on matter, and only its outworkings. 
No materialist before or since Voltaire, himself included, has stated, or 
can state it in a stronger light. If it is true, then farewell to immortal- 
ity; for the death of the body presupposes and proves the concomitant 
death of the soul; because, if they are thus intimately related in life, in 
death they cannot be divided." 

Carry that objection up to the throne of the almighty Crea- 
tor of all things, and settle your hash with Him; for thus, and 



NATURAL LAW, ITS PHILOSOPHY, &c. 105 

thus only, hath He seen fit to ordain all the mighty works of His 
almighty hands ! You who have any objections, just make them 
at headquarters, and propound a better plan. You object against 
a fact, against what is, against what you your own selves and all 
other living beings perpetually experience. This huge earth, and 
these huger sun and stars, these great mountains, plains, rivers, 
and oceans, these trees, vegetables, flowers, fruits, grains, and 
animals, along with these wonderfully constructed bodies, with 
all their bones, muscles, tissues and organs, were not made for 
nought. An arrangement thus stupendous has its commensurate 
purpose. Matter was obviously created solely to supply organs 
for the manifestation of mind; and most admirably does it sub- 
serve this purpose. The all-wise Architect and Engineer of this 
universe undoubtedly understood Himself and His work when He 
saw fit to create matter, and then fashion it into orgaus for mani- 
festing functions. If He could have devised any better plan, He 
would doubtless have done so, but " foresaw " that this was the 
most feasible and the best. We might wonder how, after having 
created that limestone rock, He could make from it these beauti- 
ful and serviceable bones and joints, teeth and nails ; but lie does 
it, and we, yes you, self-stultified objectors, are the gainers ; for 
it makes all its possessors happy.' 

How ludicrous to see otherwise sensible men, after eating a 
breakfast "material" in more senses than one, use material lungs, 
throats, mouths, muscles, and brains to decry materialism, then 
go to a " material " home to recuperate with a " material * dinner, 
only on returning to take a "material" dose of "blue mass," and 
consider themselves smart and consistent f Is it not, at least, 
ungenerous to use material organs for abusing materialism? Let 
none preach against what they cannot do without. Stop object- 
ing against material organs, or else stop using them. Yet you 
had better learn how to " use them as not abusing them," with 
gratitude to their Divine Author. And let ministers and people 
shout eternal hosannas for an ordinance which thus introduces us 
upon the plane of eternal existence and enjoyment ! 

The Author is a positive believer in immortality, and as much 
expects to live after the death of his body as he expects the sun 
will rise to-morrow morning ; and yet he as firmly believes in this 
doctrine of mutual sympathy between the body and the mind. 



106 THE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF LIFE. 

At all events, the latter is an experimental fact, of which all or- 
ganized beings are perpetual living attestations. If this sympathy 
between the body and mind proves the materiality of man and 
the death of the body and soul together, then that doctrine is 
true; for this sympathy is certain, yet this inference is false. 

Objectors beware lest you make converts to this materialistic 
doctrine you oppose. When you convince an intelligent man 
that this alleged rapport between the body and mind really does 
prove the death of the soul with that of the body, you make him 
a materialist. Does that benefit him or you? The fact of such a 
reciprocity still exists all the same, while you become propagan- 
dists of materialism. The less materialism you infer from this 
great institute of Nature, and the more you study and apply it to 
the improvement of the life, happiness, and morality of your- 
selves and fellow-beings, the more true sense and philanthropy 
will you evince. 

Part IV. discusses this whole subject of materialism, immortal- 
ity, &c, from first principles. Suffice it here that material 
organs are created, that they embody Nature's only means of 
manifesting each and all her functions, and that the reciprocity 
between all the existing states of all organs and their functions is 
both a necessity and a fact, and that either can* be thrown into 
any given state by throwing the other also into its corresponding 
one. 

30. — Normal Action always pleasurable and right; Ab- 
normal, PAINFUL AND WRONG. 

Spontaneous action is the first law of all organs and func- 
tions. For this alone were they created. It is to them what 
gravity is to matter. Their repression is as impossible. Inac- 
tion is death for the time being. 

Two kinds of action, normal and abnormal, are possible, and 
only these two. The former is their natural, legitimate exercise, 
the way they were created and ought to act ; while all abnormal 
action is a departure from Nature, her perversion and outrage. 

Normal action is right, in accord with the laws of their 
being, and the fulfilment of those laws, 19 and always renders 
happy ; 15 whilst all abnormal, unnatural action contravenes and 
infringes upon these laws, and thereby inflicts pain. 21 



NATURAL LAW, ITS PHILOSOPHY, &o. 107 

The physical functions, when in normal action, create health, 
and are inexpressibly delightful ; while their abnormal action con- 
stitutes disease and sickness, and is always painful. All physical 
pain has this for its specific cause, and can be cured only by 
restoring normal action. 

Virtue and sin consist in this identical normal and abnormal 
action as applied to the mental powers. 

All normal exercise of any and all our Faculties, selfish pro- 
pensities included, is right, and makes us happy, because it is in 
accord with their natural laws, which it fulfils ; but all abnor- 
mal action violates these laws, and is therefore wrong, and 
causes pain. 21 In fact, all virtue, morality, and goodness consist 
in such normal exercise of one Faculty or another; while all sin, 
vice, wickedness, and wrong doing whatsoever, is but this abnor- 
mal use of one or another of our primal powers. It matters not 
whether this perverted action appertains to our moral or our ani- 
mal Faculties, for the wrong action of the moral is quite as sinful, 
and causes quite as much vice and misery, as does that of our 
Propensities. Right and wrong inhere not in any of the Facul- 
ties we exercise, but in their kind of action, whether it is normal 
or abnormal. Conscience and Devotion, exercised wrongly, are 
quite as sinful, and cause quite as much misery as the perverted 
exercise of any of our animal Faculties. 

This definition of right and wrong, holiness and sin, virtue 
and vice, goodness and badness, is fundamental and universal. 
Not one single Faculty, exercised normally, can, by any possibil- 
ity, be wrong, or cause unhappiness ; nor any abnormal action be 
right, or make happy. 

This test and touchstone of all our actions and feelings is 
very simple, but very sweeping, and absolutely infallible, and 
when applied to all we say, do, and are, becomes a correct rule 
and guide of all human conduct. Its practical importance de- 
mands sufficient illustration to render it fully understood. 

Normal Love between two who have a right to exercise this 
divine sentiment towards each other, is as proper, right, and vir- 
tuous a sentiment as Devotion ; but exercised* illegitimately, and 
for one you have no moral right to love, is wicked, and causes 
pain. Devotion exercised in worshipping the true God makes 
worshippers better and happier ; yet exercised as among the An- 



108 THE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF LIFE. 

cients, in Bacchanalian revels and promiscuous venereal indul- 
gences, was wicked, and made worshippers only miserable. Paul 
verily thought he was doing God service in persecuting Chris- 
tians, yet was perpetrating a great wrong conscientiously. His 
thinking he was doing right did not make what he did right. A 
doting mother, from pure love of her child, gives it medicine 
enough, or the wrong kind, which kills it, or so manages it as to 
kill it. Resisting the right, and defending the wrong, is the nor- 
mal action of Force, and therefore right ; while opposing the right, 
or urging on the wrong, is an illegitimate action of this Faculty, 
and inherently wrong. Fighting aright in a good cause is right ; 
for a bad object, wrong. Giving money to a drunkard only to 
enable him to get still drunker, wrongs him by making him worse 
and still more miserable ; whereas, giving to a needy fellow-mor- 
tal is right, and makes givers and receivers the happier. Mock- 
ing a good old man, as naughty boys did Elisha, was wrong, and 
caused pain, because an abnormal use of Imitation; whereas, 
patterning after other people's virtues is* its right exercise, and 
makes all concerned happy. Reasoning aright and devising ways 
and means to effect proper objects, is right ; while all arguings 
against truth and for error, as well as devising bad ways and 
means to effect wrong ends, is wicked, because an action of Cau- 
sality contrary to the natural laws. Locality, when it keeps the 
points of the compass, directs your steps whither you would go ; 
but when, by its reversed action, you become "turned,*' it directs 
you wrong. All abnormal action produces unhappy, perhaps dis- 
astrous, results. 

Conscience, exercised normally, creates the pleasurable con- 
sciousness of having done right ; abnormally, the upbraidings and 
compunctions of a guilty conscience. Normal Ambition creates 
delightful emotions when we are praised for good deeds, but when 
reversed, shame. Normal Friendship takes pleasure in cordial in- 
timate sociabilities ; but abnormal lacerates us when friends sep- 
arate, die, or turn traitors. Normal Parental Love takes pleasure 
in seeing children grow up healthy and good ; while their deprav- 
ity, sickness, and death reverse and pain it. Similar illustra- 
tions apply to all our other functions, the natural action of all of 
which is pleasurable and virtuous, because it fulfils their natural 
laws ; while their abnormal action violates their laws, and is there- 



NATURAL LAW, ITS PHILOSOPHY, &c. 109 

fore both painful and sinful. Our very first means, therefore, of 
happiness and self-perfection consists in learning and fulfilling 
that normality of the functions given throughout this work. 

Reader, short and simple as this cardinal principle may seem, 
it governs every single function of your life, and is the determin- 
ing condition of all right and wrong, and consequent cause of all 
happiness and suffering, mental and physical ; so that, by follow- 
ing their natural direction, we shall avoid sin and its penalties, 
and render ourselves virtuous, and therefore happy, — a principle 
too intrinsically and practically important to be thus cursorily 
dismissed, and therefore laid over for reconsideration. Simple 
as it is, it discloses one of the first and most fundamental condi- 
tions of morality and happiness, as well as causes of sinfulness 
and suffering, which exists. Let all, therefore, to whom pain is 
painful and enjoyment desirable, study out this normality of all 
the functions, and fulfil it. Nor can too much pains be taken to 
give the faculties of children this natural action, or, rather, to 
retain that normal action which unperverted Nature imparts at 
first, and does so much to perpetuate. 

31. — Harmonious Action the Law, Antagonism its Breach. 

All functions are ordained to work together, all helping to 
carry on their common ends. Their "union is their strength," 
their conflict disastrous. Thus heart and lungs are made to work 
with, not against stomach and liver, in nourishing the body ; and 
head with, not opposed to, hands and feet, in executing measures. 
Often one powerful bodily effort requires the combined tension of 
every muscle of the body, every power of the mind. What 
marvels such combined action often effects ! Could single powers 
begin to effect them? Each contributes its mite, and tones up all 
the others, a law we shall have frequent occasion to apply. Thus 
Causality works far more efficaciously when Conscience helps and 
inspires it in defending a good cause, than it could work without 
its aid, or with it in antagonism, by condemning it for pleading 
on the wrong side. A conscientious lawyer, noted for successfully 
defending "hard cases," got around this barrier thus : On first_ 
seeing a client, he would say to him, — 

"Don't you dare tell me that you are guilty, or I'll drop your case at 
once. If you are, I don't want to know it. The law says you are inno- 



110 THE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF LIFE. 

cent, and I presuppose that yon are so, till it has proved you guilty. If 
you confess your guilt so that I know you perpetrated the crime they 
charge against you, I will not stultify my own sense and moral sense by 
trying to clear you. Tell me only what they can prove against you, 
and what you have to say and prove in your own defence, and I'll work 
with all my might to clear you, if you'll pay me." 

Let both hands and feet go together the same way, and 
work together on the same thing ; not your right foot going east 
and left west, or feet going down and hands up. The harmo- 
nious action of all the Faculties constitutes a fundamental con- 
dition alike of perfection and happiness ; whereas, contention 
among the Faculties is both destructive of all enjoyment, and the 
cause of intense mental agony. A few illustrations : 

During a revival of religion in New York, in 1842, a gay 
and volatile young lady became seriously impressed, but loved 
the pleasures of the world too well to yield to her religious con- 
victions. Yet so firmly had they fastened upon her, that her re- 
sistance only increased them. This state of mind lasted several 
weeks ; and in describing the feelings consequent on this conflict 
of her moral with her w r orldly Faculties, she expressed herself to 
this effect: "I could never have believed, unless I had experi- 
enced it, what extreme agony of mind one can endure, and yet 
live," — all because her Faculties conflicted with each other. 

A young woman who became thoroughly enamoured of a young 
man, whom she at first supposed every way worthy of her con- 
fiding and tender love, when finally convinced that he was sen- 
sual, depraved, and everyway unworthy of her, could not, how- 
ever, cease to love him. Her high moral feelings forbade her 
marrying .him, yet her social affections still clung to him with all 
the yearnings of a woman's first and only love ; and this conten- 
tion between misplaced but deep-rooted affection on the one hand, 
and her high intellectual and moral Faculties on the other, broke 
clown one of the very best of constitutions ; rendered one eveiy 
way capable of being exquisitely happy in the domestic relations 
most wretched ; and continued, in spite of long separation, the 
entreaties and remonstrances of friends, and in opposition to her 
own convictions of interest and duty, till it made a complete 
wreck of a truly magnificent woman. This internal warring of 
the affections with the other Faculties is like pulling one limb one 
way and another the other, till the ligaments which unite them 



ORGANIC STATES AS AFFECTING FUNCTIONS. Ill 

are torn asunder. Many readers have doubtless experienced, in 
their own souls, the indescribable anguish caused by this clinging 
of their affections to those who were repulsive to their other 
Faculties ; and how many others will be able to call to mind 
pitiable victims of the physical and mental disasters consequent on 
this internal warfare. How many likewise, who, while deciding 
whether they should crown their love by marriage, have had their 
pride wounded by being required to demean or humble them- 
selves more than their proud spirits would bear, yet were unable 
to tear their gushing affections from their loved one, although 
rendered most miserable by this contention between their pride 
and their love. 

Any young man who loves his independence, yet loves money 
and goes into business where he is made a menial, with the cer- 
tain prospect of becoming a partner and getting rich, who wants 
the place, but hates the service, may submit for a while to dicta- 
tion, but will find this struggle between liberty and interest a 
perfect torment to his troubled soul. Have not many readers 
had experience in this, or some other kindred illustration? 

A godly clergyman who preached where I was brought up, 
and to whom I looked up as a model of perfection, was rarely 
ever seen to smile, and frequently remarked that the Saviour was 
often known to weep, but never to laugh. From this, joined 
with a very rigid religious education, I imbibed the notion that it 
was wicked to laugh or joke. Still Mirth would out, when Con- 
science would upbraid till a promise of reform gave a truce. But 
traitorous Mirth often broke the armistice, and again continually 
embroiled the contending Faculties in civil war. Year after 
year this internal warfare went on without cessation, till Phre- 
nology separated the combatants, and restored peace by telling 
Conscience that it was not wrong to laugh, but was right, because 
Mirth is a primitive Faculty of the mind, and should therefore be 
exercised, besides being every way promotive of health aud en- 
joyment. I have suffered from a broken limb, endured a dis- 
located joint, and been agonized by other ills ; but the like of 
this civil war I uever experienced before or since. And all from 
this antagonism of the Faculties, which grew out of ignorance and 
superstition. The exercise of every primitive Faculty is right, is 
necessary, provided it is exercised in conjunction with all the 
others, and normal. 30 



112 THE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF LIFE. 

Those whose Force is subject to quick and powerful excite- 
ment, yet whose large Conscience condemns them therefor, en- 
dure more than the pains of purgatory by this quarrelling of 
Conscience with combativeness. Or perhaps Appetite and Dnty 
quarrel, the former insisting on eating more than the latter will 
allow ; so that a guilty Conscience continually upbraids for this 
violation of a duty. Header, does not this illustration come home 
to your own experience? Do not your own Conscience and Appe- 
tite often struggle for victory, each at the same time inflicting 
deep wounds upon the other, thus lacerating your guilty soul 
with more than ten thousand stripes? Or, perhaps Kindness and 
Justice, or Justice and love of money, or Devotion and the pro- 
pensities are at swords' points, each thrusting daggers through 
the soul more dreadful than death itself, or, at least, sufficient to 
mar all the pleasures of life. "A house divided against itself 
cannot stand." " Happy is that man who condemneth not him- 
self in that which he alloweth," and, it might have added, misera- 
ble those who do. 

Happy are those whose Faculties work together in the silken 
chords of harmony ; whose Conscience approves what Appetite 
craves, and thereby sweetens the rich repast; whose love of 
family and money each redouble the energy and augment the hap- 
piness of the other ; whose Parental Love is gratified by seeing 
children growing up in the fear of the Lord, and walking in the 
ways of w T isdom ; who love wife without alloy, and see no 
blemish in her, but every perfection to heighten the action and 
the pleasure of all the other Faculties ; whose love of justice and 
of money delights to acquire it, in order to discharge all pecuniary 
obligations ; whose hopes and fears never oscillate ; whose intel- 
lectual convictions of truth never clash, but always blend with all 
their feelings and conduct ; whose tastes are all gratified by their 
occupations and associations ; whose friends have every quality 
liked, and none disliked ; in short, all of whose Faculties move 
on in harmonious concert to attain one common end, desired by 
all, delightful to all, and who are completely at peace with them- 
selves. Their cup of pleasure is full to its brim, unmingled with 
a single drop of bitterness or atom of pain. They are holy and 
perfect. May every reader see this law, apply this law, enjoy 
this law, and your children and household along with you ! 



ORGANIC STATES AS AFFECTING FUNCTIONS. 113 

And yet the most effectual means of subduing dominant Pro- 
pensities, is to array the Moral Sentiments against them. When- 
ever they become perverted, pitting the latter against them in 
mortal combat will reform them if they can be reformed, besides 
being the severest punishment. Yet this clashing should not 
occur except as a means of reform ; and when it does, its cause 
should be ferreted out and corrected. When all the Faculties co- 
operate in harmony with their legitimate functions, none of this 
clashing can occur; and when it does, let the guilty sufferer — 
even this very suffering implies guilt, 21 — ferret out the cause. 
Let him see which Faculty has broken from its normal function, 
or whether both have strayed from the fold of virtue, and restore 
the wanderer. In other words, let no Faculty be found arrayed 
against the legitimate function of any others, but only against their 
abnormal or vicious manifestation, and then for the express pur- 
pose of effecting reform. 

The increased power imparted to all the Faculties by this 
co-operation, is an additional advantage derived from it. Thus, 
when Caution and Force oppose each other, they produce that 
mental uncertainty, and consequent irresolution, which palsy 
every effort and blast success ; but when they blend together, 
they give that energy and prudence combined which render suc- 
cess well nigh certain. Let Causality lay hold of the same meas- 
ure, and devise a well-concerted plan for this combined prudence 
and energy to execute ; let Kindness draw in the sa*me traces ; 
let this well-concerted and efficiently executed plan seek the hap- 
piness of maukind ; let Conscience sanction it, and urge on 
every other Faculty to labor for its accomplishment ; let Hope 
cheer on all with bright prospects of abundant success ; let Ex- 
pression and all the other intellectual Faculties contribute their 
resources, and find ample employment in furthering this labor of 
love ; let Firmness keep them stable to their work, and prose- 
cute this well-laid scheme till it is completely effected ; let Ambi- 
tion, Piety, and all other powers of soul and body combine 
together to carry on and carry out the noble purpose, and each, 
besides contributing its quota of help, also increase the action of 
all the others. Union is strength : division is weakness. How 
vast the augmentation of power derived from this harmonious co- 
operation of all the Faculties ! If any Faculty refuses to come up 
15 



114 THE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF LIFE. 

to the work, besides the absolute loss of its own power, its ab- 
sence weakens the hands of all the others. This concert is like 
concord in music, while conflict is double discord. Frequently a 
single Faculty will completely nullify the combined efforts of all 
the others. But enough. The principle involved is clear, is 
forcible. Let every mother apply it. Let every child be trained 
in view of it. Especially let all those Faculties which the busi- 
ness or the pleasure of any one requires should act in concert, be 
trained accordingly, and a vast augmentation of success and hap- 
piness will be the delightful result. 

Several other "fundamental principles of life " belong to 
this chapter, which, however, will come in appropriately under 
other heads. These must suffice here with which to begin. 

Reader, please review these life principles, the value of 
life : u the amount and variety of enjoyment it renders possible : 15 
the importance of improving and wickedness of injuring it: 16 the 
day-by-day our daily enjoyments : 17 the constituent entity of life, 
namely, mind : 18 and its government by natural laws, 19 which are 
divine commands? enforced by pleasures and pains, 21 which are 
self-acting, 22 and both a warning and a restoring process, 23 in 
which all should be educated. 24 Are these its doctrines true that 
all functions are manifested by organs? 25 That all existing or- 
ganic states affect their functions, 26 and all functional states their 
organic ; that all pleasures improve, while all pains impair our 
organism; 27 that all abnormal action is sinful, and normal virtu- 
ous; 30 and that our Faculties must work together? * l Are they 
important? Do they not constitute a deep, broad, solid, philo- 
sophical formation on which to erect that superstructure to which 
we next advance ? 



THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE HUMAN MIND. 115 



/ CHAPTER II. 

PHRENOLOGY: ITS PRINCIPLES, PROOFS, FACTS, ETC. 
Section I. 
the construction of the human mind. 

32. — Definition and Explanation of Phrenology. 

What is it? is the first question asked by every intelligent 
mind touching whatever subject may be propounded for its inves- 
tigation ; and Is it true ? the next — questions we now propose 
to discuss. 

What is Phrenology ? In what does it consist ? What are 
its fundamental principles? 

True or false it must necessarily be. If true, it is so be- 
cause it constitutes a part and parcel of Nature, and expresses 
those first principles, in accordance with which all forms of life 
are created. If true, it must dovetail in with every other natural 
truth ; but if untrue, it must needs conflict here, there, every- 
where, with Nature's known laws and facts. This starting point 
is so obviously a basillar test of all truth whatsoever, as to 
require no proof, not even illustration. 

Does Phrenology, then, harmonize or conflict with universal 
Nature ? Surely, every intelligent mind can soon decide this test 
question correctly. We proceed to give both its principles and 
facts. Please note, as we proceed, whether they expound or con- 
tradict Nature. 

Phrenology, derived from two Greek words, (pQj]v, mind, and 
loyoq, discourse, or treatise, consists in certain cause and effect 
relations existing between particular developments and forms of 
the brain, and their corresponding manifestations of the mind; 
thereby disclosing the natural talents and proclivities of persons 
from the forms, sizes, and other organic conditions of their heads. 
It shows that one form of head indicates kindness, another 
justice, a third cunning, a fourth reason, and still other forms 



116 PHRENOLOGY: ITS PRINCIPLES, PROOFS, AND FACTS. 

this kind of memory, or deficiency in that, or this natural gift, 
and that virtue ; that, in short, other things being the same, the 
different shapes of the heads of different persons accompany 
and indicate their peculiar predispositions, talents, and special 
tendencies of mind. It consists of the following fundamental 
natural truths : — 

1. The mind is composed of primal Faculties, each of which 
in action, creates and manifests one specific class or kind of func- 
tion ; just as that of one organ of the body creates and manifests 
vision, another digestion, a third sensation, &c. ; that, for exam- 
ple, one Faculty, called Appetite, creates a relish for food, inclu- 
ding hunger ; another Faculty resists and drives ; a third reasons 
and plans ; another gives one kind of memcry, and other Facul- 
ties other kinds, &c. ; and that, therefore, the mind consists of 
just as many of these elementary powers as it puts forth distinct 
classes or kinds of mental operations. 

2. Each mental Faculty acts only by means of one partic- 
ular portion of the brain, called its organ, 2 ** just as that of sight 
acts only by means of the eyes ; and, therefore, the brain con- 
sists of as many of these organs as the mind does of primary 
Faculties. 

3. The size of each of these organs is the larger or smaller, 
other things being the same, in proportion as its Faculty is the 
stronger or weaker. For example, when A. is remarkably kind 
and sincere, while B. is unkind and cunning, A.'s head will be 
correspondingly full where the organ of Kindness is located, but 
deficient at Secretion ; while B.'s will be minus at Kindness, 
yet full at Secretion ; when C.'s forehead is broad, high, and pro- 
jecting at its upper and lateral portions where Causality is located, 
but hollowing in its middle, that is, at Eventuality, while D.'s^ro- 
jects at its centre, yet is narrow and sloping at Causality, C. 
can reason clearly and plan well, but forgets facts, and what 
should be done and said ; while D. remembers everything he 
hears, reads, sees, and does, yet is a poor thinker and planner; 
and of course the shapes of the foreheads of all persons show 
in what degrees each possesses and lacks this intellectual gift and 
kind of memory and that ; one shape of the head indicating me- 
chanical ingenuity, and another shape the want of it ; one shape 
accompanying superior, and another inferior speaking talents ; 



THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE HUMAN MIND. 117 

and therefore all the mental peculiarities and talents of all persons 
are indicated by the respective forms of their heads. 

It discloses motives, or the strength of the various mental 
Faculties of this person and that, their special talents, inclina- 
tions, tendencies, predispositions, temptations, desires, and mo- 
tives, rather than their actions themselves ; for few appear to be 
precisely what they actually are. Men may be one thing, yet do 
quite another ; and many may do the same charitable act, each 
from a different motive — one from kindness, another ostentation, 
a third to get custom, <&c, while twenty others may refuse 
to give, one from poverty, a second from meanness, and the 
others from as many diverse motives. An extremely fond mother 
drowned her darling boy because none would give her work 
enough to keep herself and him from starving and freezing ; yet 
she had large Parental Love and small Destruction. She drowned 
him to end his misery, and out of pity, not cruelty. Now Phre- 
nology goes below actions to their mainsprings, and discloses in- 
nate proclivities, instead of specific actions. 

A priori probability is stamped on this theory. Nothing 
about it is Utopian, or far-fetched, or chimerical; but, instead, 
all is in accordance with whatever we know of man and Nature. 
It has a reasonable, common-sense aspect, which at first sight 
commends itself to the hard sense of those who possess this 
rare gift. 

It is easily understood, as are all of Nature's truths, by child 
and adult. One instinctively sees and feels it to be true, a fact 
in Nature. It is but another phase of that natural expression of 
character by which all men everywhere proclaim their specialties 
by their general aspect and mien ; by which we know philosophers 
from fools, and good persons from bad, at first sight, just by the 
way their looks strike us. 

"Other things," such as their Temperaments, education, sur- 
roundings, habits, states of health, parentage, <fec, which go to 
make up character, will be discussed in their respective places. 
We proceed to give a fuller and more complete statement and ex- 
amination of these Phrenological principles. 



118 PHRENOLOGY: ITS PRINCIPLES, PROOFS, AND FACTS. 

33. — The Structure and Elements of the Mind. 

The constitution of mind has challenged and received the at- 
tention of the most gifted geniuses of the human race, as far up and 
back as human history has been traced. And well it may ; for 
in it all human interests centre. The mind constitutes the man. 18 
All else is incidental ; this alone is primal. Whatever man does 
and is, proceeds from and depends upon it. All virtue and vice 
inhere in this identical mentality ; that being virtuous which con- 
forms to its normal action, and that vicious which departs there- 
from. 30 All right consists in its right exercise, and all wrong 
and sin in its wrong action. It makes and is the man, and con- 
stitutes life and all its functions. 

A correct analysis of this mind, therefore, becomes our most 
important means of happiness and virtue, of avoiding errors and 
ills, and living true human lives. In comparison with its utilities 
all others sink into insignificance. 

As a philosophy, too, and as a subject for human research, it 
towers as far above all others as mind surpasses all else ter- 
restrial. 

Dr. Thomas Brown argues that the mind consists of but a 
single power, and that all our various mental operations are pro- 
duced by this one entity in different modes of action ; that sight 
is this mind in a seeing state, hatred the man in a hating state, 
reason this same mind or man in a reasoning state, &c. Most 
metaphysicians, and even Gall among them, maintain that the 
mind is one indivisible, homogeneous substance. 

" In my opinion there exists but one single principle, which sees, 
hears, feels, loves, thinks, remembers, &c. But this principle requires 
the aid of various material instruments, in order to manifest its respec- 
tive functions." — Gall. 

Stewart, if not the first, at least the second ablest of them 
all, classifies the mental Faculties thus : — 

"1. Intellectual; 2. Active Powers. The intellectual are, — 

1. Consciousness; 2. External Perception; 3. Attention; 4. Concep- 
tion ; 5. Abstraction ; 6. Association ; 7. Memory ; 8. Imagination ; 
9. Judgment and Reasoning. The Active Powers are, — 1. Appetites ; 

2. Desires ; 3. Affections ; 4. Self-Love ; and, 5. the .Moral Faculty. 
The Appetites are Hunger, Thirst, and the Sexual. The Desires are, 



THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE HUMAN MIND. 119 

Desire for Knowledge, or Curiosity ; for Society ; Esteem ; Power, or 
Ambition ; and Superiority or Emulation. The Affections are the be- 
nevolent and the malevolent. Among the benevolent are parental, filial, 
and kindred, Love, Friendship, Patriotism, Gratitude, Pity, and Philan- 
thropy." — Stewart's Works, Vol. III., pp. 380, 381, 412. 

Dr. Charles Caldwell, a deep thinker, and the first Ameri- 
can lecturer on Phrenology, argued in the same way, while 
George Combe thought " it extremely difficult to give a satisfac- 
tory answer to this inquiry," yet "treated the Faculties as distinct 
mental powers," meanwhile giving the arguments on both sides. 
This point is so fundamentally important as to demand a scien- 
tific solution. 

Doing different things simultaneously proves that whatever 
executes them is plural, not single ; for how could one indivisible 
entity be doing different things at the same instant ! How could 
one homogeneous mind be in different moods all at once ! How 
could the same personality be looking at a friend while he loved 
him, or love, behold, and then talk with him all together! If 
this theory were true, no speaker could think and feel simultane- 
ously, or feel the pain of a wound while looking at it, for either 
would stop the other ; or strike a hated dog to save a bitten child 
beloved ; whereas, we can see the perforating needle while feeling 
its sting; can see our friend whilst loving him; can be, at the 
same instant, both devising and executing ; can be walking, and 
talking, and seeing, and feeling, and reasoning, <fec, simultane- 
ously ; and as these require each the exercise of the mind, it fol- 
lows that these various classes of functions, and, by a parity of 
reasoning, that all the different classes of mental functions are 
performed by as many different Faculties, several of which can 
be in simultaneous action. The physical impossibility of one en- 
tity seeing and hearing, loving and hating, fearing and worship- 
ping, and doing many other things at the same instant, is apparent, 
and yet all are perpetually doing ever so many things together. 
The mind being a unit would compel us to stop exercising all other 
functions the moment it commenced any new one ; yet what kind 
of a life would that be which consisted in only one function at 
once ! How could we accomplish anything without desiring it 
while using the means to attain it ! Desire and effort must needs 
be simultaneous. And various kinds of effort must be going fox- 



120 PHRENOLOGY: ITS PRINCIPLES, PROOFS, AND FACTS. 

ward conjointly. I desire to produce a given effect upon my 
audience. To do this I must think, feel, talk, remember, gestic- 
ulate, digest, and be doing a thousand other things all together. 
Even the simplest result one can name is effected by many 
primal operations combining to effect it. Is the mind like a 
stringed musical instrument, several and even all the strings of 
which can be vibrating at the same moment, or like a wind 
instrument, all previous sounds of which must cease before it 
can commence any new sound? All experience, all philosophy, 
any and all aspects of this problem attest that the mind actually 
does put forth a great number of very different mental operations 
simultaneously, and therefore consists of a corresponding num- 
ber and variety of different primal powers, each acting indepen- 
dently of all, or in conjunction with any number of the others, 
as occasion may'require. 

Dreaming phenomena demonstrate the plurality of the men- 
tality. All of them leave out constituent parts of all waking 
mental operations ; because only a few of these primary powers 
are in simultaneous action, the rest being sound asleep. One or 
more of the intellectual powers o\\\y are awake. Memory of 
facts dreams the most, but always dreams incoherently, because 
the other Faculties are asleep. Fear and Eventuality are the 
most inveterate dreamers in conjuring up frightful incidents. 
Love and Eventuality dream quite often, yet leave out all the 
other Faculties. Reason sometimes dreams of arguing points and 
originating ideas ; but all dreams are characterized by " outs," as 
jockeys say. Now, if the whole mind worked and dreamed as a 
unit, how could its dreaming always be characterized by these 
deficits! Every dreamer, in analyzing his own dreams, will find 
demonstrative evidence that the mind, while dreaming, acts in 
detached parts — acts by separate Faculties, not as one indivisi- 
ble whole ; for this is the determining question. Every discrimi- 
nating reader who applies his own common sense to any dream 
he ever had or will have, must see that at those times the mental 
entity acts by isolated sections; operates in detached parts; works 
exactly as it would work in case it were composed of primal 
Faculties acting separately, but not as a unit. 

Partial genius proves that the mentality must consist of a 
diversity of primary powers, some of which, by being stronger 



THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE HUMAN MIND. 121 

in one than in another, cause this diversity of talents. The dif- 
ference between Howard and Nero, Washington and Eaphael, 
Shakespeare and Franklin, Benjamin West and Patrick Henry, is 
toto coelo — a difference education could never create, nor even 
essentially modify. West loved painting so passionately that he 
defied parental frowns and scholastic chastisements, and secluded 
himself in his garret that he might indulge it ; besides executing 
some of his most beautiful designs without instruction, while yet 
a mere boy. Men and women differ from each other more in 
their intellects and feelings than even in their countenances, and 
that from infancy, and in opposition to circumstances. Every 
individual, as compared with any other, illustrates it. 7 The very 
proverb says, " Poets are born, not made ; " which is equally true 
of artists, orators, mechanics, divines, naturalists, Phrenologists, 
and all endowed with any and all specialties of mind and char- 
acter. The general good demands this diversity, in order that 
different persons may excel in different spheres, and the descent 
of specific talents and traits from parents to children proves that 
these differences are constitutional, not educational, nor circum- 
stantial. If this mentality were homogeneous, like white papery 
on which circumstances write all these existing differences, of 
course similar circumstances must always produce similar talents 
and characters ; whereas, similar educations often produce opypmite 
traits, and opposite surroundings similar ones. These differences 
are quite like the different instincts of animals. As the eggs of 
geese, ducks, hens, quails, robins, hawks, turkey-buzzards,, &©.,. 
all hatched and reared together, produce fowls just as different as- 
if each had been hatched and raised by its own parents,, because 
differing by nature; so different persons inherit different gifts and 
predispositions from their parents. Yet how could all these 
innate differences be effected through one single entity ? 

An indivisible element must needs be equally strong or weak 
in all things ; and in this case every talent must be as strong or 
weak by Nature as is every other talent, and every feeling as every 
other feeling ; and likewise every talent as strong as every feel^ 
ing, and feeling as talent — a doctrine practically contradicted by 
every human being and animal, as compared with themselves and 
all others. Every one's memory disproves this in remember- 
ing some things perfectly well, but others poorly : such, as in 



122 PHRENOLOGY: ITS PRINCIPLES, PROOFS, AND FACTS. 

never forgetting faces nor remembering names ; always recol- 
lecting ideas, but always forgetting words, or vice versa, ad infi- 
nitum. 

Our different-Faculties doctrine, however, accounts per- 
fectly for all these and all other different talents and predisposi- 
tions, by one Faculty being created stronger and another weaker in 
different persons, and in the same person, and as such transmitted 
thus from parentage to progeny. 

Personal consciousness proves this plurality of the Faculties 
in this feeling, experienced by all : — 

" I didn't do that ; but one of my propensities, breaking away tem- 
porarily from under my control, did it." 

Partial insanity proves this same mental division by precisely 
the same line of argument just applied to partial genius, which 
we need not repeat. In short, this separate-Faculty doctrine 
corresponds with, and accounts for, all the various phenomena 
and facts of the mind, all of which this one-entity doctrine antag- 
onizes. We will try to make this fundamentally important prin- 
ciple clear by the following illustration : — 

Every complicated machine consists of individual parts, each 
of which is necessary to the grand result attained by all collec- 
tively. One part furnishes its motive power; this wheel, with 
this and that row of cogs, receives and modifies this power, and 
distributes it to others, till it reaches and executes the end de- 
signed. This grand result is effected by the united action of each 
part co-operating zoith all the other parts. All these isolated parts, 
taken separately, neither constitute this machine, nor fulfil its 
function ; while their embodiment, by each being put into its own 
specific place, so that all work in conjunction with all, do both. 

This principle of embodying several organs and functions into 
a one entity, expresses Nature's uniform mode of carrying forward 
each and all her operations. Thus the body of every human 
being, every animal, is composed of individual parts — head, heart, 
lungs, liver, stomach, bowels, many bones, muscles, nerves, tis- 
sues, eyes, ears, nostrils, cells, &c, almost ad infinitum; all so 
united that they work together, and thereby execute the function 
called life or existence. Could any one element effect all this ? 
Each part is fitted by its construction to accomplish one, and only 



THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE HUMAN MIND. 123 

one, portion of this grand result. The eyes see, and do nothing 
else ; the lungs renew the blood by breathing, yet even this re- 
quires motion, which muscles, aided by nerves, bones, <fec, alone 
can effect, like wheels within wheels, all collectively working out 
the function of breathing. 

Every animal, fish and fowl, insect and worm included, all 
that grows and whatever exists, is composed of this combination 
of parts acting collectively. This is alike a matter of fact, and a 
necessity. In the very philosophy and fitness of things, a com- 
plication of functions must needs be executed by an apparatus 
equally complicated. How could each and all our bodily functions 
be carried on by means of any one organ, however ingeniously 
constructed ? Then how could these complex mental phenomena 
possibly be carried on by one simple indivisible substance, any 
more than could all the bodily functions by any one bodily organ? 
Yet how simple, how efficacious is Nature's universal mode 
of conducting all her operations by means of a series of instru- 
mentalities, all working together with all in effecting one common 
result ! v 

The mentality must therefore needs be executed by a like 
diversity of powers. Shall a modus operandi thus universal in 
fact and necessary in philosophy, appertain to all else in Nature, 
and not else to the mind — that most complicated function of all ! 
Why should not a principle of execution found indispensable in 
effecting all other results be even more essential in manifesting all 
that variety and complication of functions we call mentality? All 
the facts of Nature, and all correct reasonings, both inductive and 
deductive, concur to prove that the mind is, and must needs be, 
composed of numerous primal powers, each of which executes one 
class of the mental operations, and another mental Faculty another 
class. 

The entire economies of Nature support this idea, that the 
mind is not one indivisible substance, but that it is made up of 
isolated powers. What single thing but is compounded of 
primal elements in various proportions ? Is ever any vegetable 
or tree, ever any rock or soil, any fruit, any material thing what- 
ever, composed of only one primal element? None. "No, not 
one." Then why should the mind be ? Why should not Nature 
employ the same principle in constructing the mind which she has 



124 PHRENOLOGY: ITS PRINCIPLES, PROOFS, AND FACTS. 

employed in making everything else, namely : that of embodying 
many primal elements into its manufacture. The obvious infer- 
ence is that, since everything else in Nature is made up of dif- 
ferent substances united in various proportions, therefore the 
mind also is constructed by the union within it of various primal 
elements. Both this reasoning and its conclusion are absolute, 
in proof that our mental entity, essence, or personality consists 
in, and is created by, all those various primal capacities which 
perform our respective functions. 

34. — Definition and Description of a Mental Faculty, 
and of Consciousness. 

What am I? Composed of what? What makes us our own 
selves? What gives you your youness, self-hood, and individ- 
uality? We have seen that the mentality constitutes the man, 18 
yet what constitutes this mentality? 

Primal mental Faculties. Our capacities for doing, think- 
ing, feeling, &c, compose our interior entity. We differ from 
(\-uli other wherein, because, and in proportion as, our primal 
mental powers, those fountains of all things human, differ. 
Though all have some of each Facult}', which secures this general 
resemblance of all man to all others, yet the degrees of power in 
each of these Faculties differ in each, which causes the differences 
between men. 7, ^ As Liebig proves that all animals and vegetables 
are composed of precisely the same material ingredients or ele- 
ments in different proportions; so you and I, O Man, are made 
up of our primal mental powers of thought, feeling, memory, &c. 
As a factory is composed, not of its productions, but of its pro- 
ducing instrumentalities, such as wheels, belts, building, tools, 
&c, so our own existence inheres in these mental Faculties, the 
action of which produces all the complicated functions of life. 
Reader, can you understand this definition of life, of personality ? 

That mental entity, the action of which creates one distinct 
or homogeneous class or kind of functions is a Faculty of the mind. 
Thus, loving food, loving life, loving children, loving praise, wor- 
shipping God, sympathizing with distress, using tools, doing as 
others do, reasoning, remembering this, that, and the other, is 
each a distinct homogeneous class of mental operations, which is 
therefore executed each by its own specific mental Faculty. 



THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE HUMAN MIND. 125 

Whenever we ascertain that a particular kind of mental function 
is exercised, having for its object to carry forward a specific end 
indispensable to human existence, we may know that there exists 
a primal Faculty which executes it ; and the existence of any Fac- 
ulty presupposes a corresponding sui generis class of functions. 
Upon submitting the Faculties analyzed in this work to this test, 
each will be found to execute such a specific class, directed to a 
sui generis end ; and every supposed discovery of any Faculty 
which does not conform to this definition is spurious. 

A complete definition and description of a mental Faculty is 
that — 

1. Which creates a distinct class or kind of functions : 

2. Which appears or disappears earlier or later in life than 
others : 

3. Which can act or rest, be healthy or diseased, strong or 
weak, independently of the others : 

4. Which is propagated separately, and in different degrees of 
power. 

Every mental operation we ever have had or can have ; 
everything every one ever did or can do ; every desire we ever 
have felt or can feel ; every emotion, actual and possible; every 
gift and talent we ever have possessed or can possess ; all we are 
and ever have been and done, or can do or become ; in fact, our 
entire existence and self-hood, from first to last, throughout this 
life and the next, has or must come from the instinctive exercise 
of one or another of these primal Faculties. They are to our 
minds what our bodily organs are to our bodies ; what the con- 
stituent elements of air are to air — that which makes them what 
they are, removing either of which destroys their identity. 
Every instinct is their creation, and but their outworkings. Thus, 
love of food is but the instinctive action of the primal Faculty of 
Appetite ; that capacity which selects, relishes, eats, digests, and 
then appropriates food to the purposes of nutrition, hunger being 
only its beginning. 91 So self-preservation is only the instinctive 
action of the Faculty of Vitativeness. 77 The cunning of the fox is 
but the instinctive action of the primal Faculty of Secretion ; and 
thus of the other instincts. They are transmitted from parents 
to their progeny ; and this causes that each-after-its-own-kind 
arrangement by which Nature classifies all her productions, and 



126 PHRENOLOGY: ITS PRINCIPLES, PROOFS, AND FACTS. 

puts and keeps each and all individuals in their own particular 
orders, generas, and species. 317 " 322 

They are self-existent and indestructible, and therefore 
confer immortality ! 

They are like a clump of fruit trees of different kinds ; 
one tree representing one Faculty and producing one kind of fruit, 
say the pear, another apple, another peach, &c, each having 
many limbs, and each limb many sub-branches, and each of these 
many twigs ; and each limb, branch, and twig, of this pear tree, 
grafted with a different variety of pears — one limb with summer, 
another with fall, a third with winter, a fourth with spring, a fifth 
with butter, sixth with breaking, seventh with cooking, eighth 
with very acid, ninth with sweet pears, &c. ; each branch and 
twig bearing its particular variety of pear, one Seckle, another 
Bartlett, a third Rostiezer, another Vergalieu, &c, so that all 
kinds of pears are growing on this pear tree, every kind of orange 
on the orange tree, of apples, peaches, &c, on each tree, and 
this entire clump bearing all the fruits known to man ! Or 
thus : — 

Clusters of human institutions grow on each Faculty. Thus, 
on Acquisition grow saving, preserving, storing, housing, boxing, 
trading, commerce, markets, stores, merchandise, transportation, 
shipping, railroads, expressage, business, money, firms, banks, 
and many other like institutions and usages too numerous to spe- 
cify, but all the outgrowth of this one acquiring element 163 — 
a principle every Faculty will be found to illustrate all through 
this work, and an aspect of humanity especially deserving the 
attention of all who love to trace out the roots and causes, as w r ell 
as philosophies of things. 3 This phase is to the mentality what 
Philology is to Language, only that it is immeasurably superior. 

Nowhere have these original forces, these fundamental powers 
of the human mind, been duly estimated. They are the motors, 
the producers, the accomplishers, the primal actors and executors 
of all things human. Further, they are but 

The humanized form of the primeval forces of Nature, and 
elements of matter ; in fact, of all things whatsoever. Thus the 
Faculty of Force in man is but the human manifestation of that 
identical element of power in Nature which impels winds and 
tides ; renders all her operations potential and resistless ; enables 



THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE HUMAN MIND. 127 

roots to push themselves through hard soil ; sap to expand bark ; 
capillary attraction to burst through hinderances ; and is Nature's 
great executor. 169 Dissolution and decay in Nature and Destruc- 
tion in man constitute another of these forces, 166 and reconstruc- 
tion, that is, growth in Nature and Construction in man another, 
&c. Indeed, all Nature is made up of these forces, and all her 
operations consist in their action. To consider just what they 
are is not our present purpose, because they are identical with 
those phrenological Faculties the exposition of which constitutes 
the framework of this volume. Everything that exists has some, 
however small a proportion of them all. 

The very laws of Nature herself are but another form of 
these identical Faculties. 3 Thus Causation is alike one of these 
natural laws and mental Faculties. Protection is both an ordi- 
nance of Nature, and a primal Faculty of the mind we call Cau- 
tion. Is there no specific analogy between the natural law of 
cohesion on the one hand, and of Friendship, including the gen- 
eral law of congregation, on the other? What is that retributive 
law of Nature which rewards its every obedience, 19 and punishes 
every infraction, 21 but that even-handed justice of which Con- 
science is the mental expression? The greatest good of the 
greatest number is another law of Nature and Faculty of the 
mind, which we call Kindness. Another law is expressed by- 
Beauty, that of change by Eventuality, &c, We repeat, every 
law of Nature corresponds with some phrenological Faculty, and 
every Faculty has its counterpart in some one of the natural laws. 
Reader, have we not pushed this analysis of the Faculties far be- 
yond all our predecessors ? 

Consciousness consists in the embodiment of these primal Fac- 
ulties, so that they act together. Though each is an independent 
entity, and capable of isolated action, just as is one wheel of a 
complicated machine ; yet all of them, acting each by itself, could 
never constitute the mind, never fulfil its functions, any more 
than one wheel of any machine could constitute a machine. In 
order to become the mind, they require to act in their collective 
capacity, each contributing its individual function to that grand 
whole we denominate life. For example : — 

A watch does not consist in all its parts isolated from each 
other, but in their union. As, after all of its individual parts are 



128 PHRENOLOGY: ITS PRINCIPLES, PROOFS, AND FACTS. 

made, and arranged in separate boxes ready to be put together, 
they do not constitute a watch till so collectively embodied, each in 
its own particular place, and performing its express office, each mu- 
tually acting and being acted upon by all its other parts, so that 
they unitedly execute its time-admeasuring function ; so all these 
mental Faculties, acting separately, do not constitute the mind, 
which is made up of all these mental powers so embodied together 
that their collective action, each modifying all, and all being mod- 
ified by the action of each, constitutes the mind, and executes all 
the varied functions of life. 

The definition of the mind, therefore, is the embodiment of 
all its primary Faculties together into a one consolidated entity, 
in which all can act with all, or any with any, as existing occasion 
may require. 

Consciousness has this same identical composition and defi- 
nition. 

We shall soon see by what means this embodiment is effected. 37 

The whole system of Phrenology impinges on this identi- 
cal proposition. Proving that the mind is a unity would upset 
Phrenology ; while proving that it is composed of separate Fac- 
ulties, proves this science ; because every one of its special doc- 
trines grows out of this, and that the brain is the organ of the 
mind. 35 All its other doctrines follow, as a necessary corollary, 
from these two. Proving that the mind is made up of primal 
Faculties, and that the brain is the organ of the mind, thereby 
proves that each mental Faculty must needs have its own specific 
cerebral organ, the size of which must necessarily admeasure its 
power of function. What objector to Phrenology is willing to 
sacrifice his intellectual reputation by confuting all the mental 
phenomena in arguing against this " Science of the mind ! " 

Section II. 

THE BRAIN: ITS OFFICES, STRUCTURE, ETC. 

35. — The Brain the Organ of the Mind. 

Some organ must needs execute this mental function. 25 
Every operation in Nature is performed by means of its own 
specific instrument. Who ever knew any function carried for- 



THE BRAIN: ITS OFFICES, STRUCTURE, ETC. 129 

ward without any organ, or except by means of its own particular 
organ? Never one. The entire policy of Nature is, an organ for 
every function, and every function performed always by its oivn 
organ, never by any other. Not one single terrestrial exception 
exists ! 

This is a philosophical necessity, as well as a fixed fact. 
This entire order of things is founded upon this organic principle. 
Indeed, the sole use and adaptation of all matter is to furnish the 
materials out of which to fashion organs for functions, while the 
entire process of growth consists in organizing these materials, 
that is, of making organs, and fitting them for their respective 
operations. Who will stultify themselves by denying, who but 
must admit this to be a natural law, a fixed fact and principle of 
action ? See it fully demonstrated in 25 . 

Shall mind, then, constitute Nature's only exception to this 
law? Shall every one of all her minor operations proceed upon 
this organic principle, and not also this her major? Shall a law 
so obviously beneficial and indispensable everywhere else be 
omitted, ignored, and ruled out here? Could any good come 
from setting it aside? Or is Nature able to make organs for all 
her other functions, but not for her mental? The very supposi- 
tion is preposterous. 

Some organ, therefore, must needs, and actually does, execute 
this mental operation. Then what organ does this? Obviously, 
the brain. 

Human consciousness, that highest tribunal of all truth, attests 
this fact. All anatomists, all metaphysicians, all mankind, take 
it for granted, or else furnish proofs of it. To enumerate its 
evidences would be superfluous, but that it is of fundamental 
importance in establishing the truth of Phrenology, which we 
propose to demonstrate, leaving no point doubtful, and omit- 
ting nothing to render the proof of this science absolutely con- 
clusive. Among these proofs, either one of which is sufficient, 
are, — 

1. A part of our mental operations we know are performed 
by the brain. Thus sight is a mental function. That the eyes 
themselves do not see, but that they are the mere instruments of 
a seeing power which uses them for visual purposes, is rendered 
apparent by the fact that they may be perfect in structure, yet 
17 



130 PHRENOLOGY: ITS PRINCIPLES, PROOFS, AND FACTS. 

inert in function. Thus they are as perfect structurally just 
after death as just before, yet this visual power which uses them 
before, leaves them inert at and ever after. Now, if this optical 
capacity inheres in the eyes themselves, why could they not see 
just as well after as before? At death the mind leaves the body. 
Capacity to see is one of the powers of this mind, as all concede. 
This mental capacity forsakes the eyes, thus leaving them inert, 
and useless. Hearing, tasting, sensation, and smell, are equally 
mental operations ; yet that they are performed in the brain, and 
by means of it, is demonstrated by the suspension of any func- 
tion whenever that nerve which connects its organ with the brain 
is severed ; as also by the concurring fact that suspension of 
brain action suspends all these respective functions also, as in 
fainting. 

Since a part of the mental functions are thus executed by the 
brain, therefore all are; for Nature operates by general laws, not 
by piecemeal fractions. Whenever she carries on any one part 
of any given class of operations by any specific means, she exe- 
cutes the whole of that class by that same means. 26 As, when she 
•sees by eyes sometimes, she sees always and only by them, and 
thus of all her other operations; 30 of course her performing a 
part of her mental operations by means of the brain is proof con- 
clusive that all her other mental functions are put forth only by 
means of this same brain. 

2. All cerebral states similarly affect the mental operations. 

All inflammations of the brain inflame the mental manifesta- 
tions ; whereas, inflammations in no other parts do this. Thus 
a\\\ inflammations of the heart, muscles, stomach, liver, bowels, 
limbs, &c, leave the mind comparatively unaffected; whereas, 
any and all inflammations of the brain exalt, inflame, or craze the 
manifestations of the mind. 

Fevers, as far as they inflame the body only, leave the mind 
as they find it ; whereas, whenever they attack the brain, they 
derange the mind. Brain fever exalts the mental operations 
whenever, and as far as, it accelerates cerebral action ; but stu- 
pefies the mind whenever, and just as*far as, it surcharges and 
congests the brain. 

Local inflammations of particular portions of the body do 
sometimes derange the mental operations, because these inflamed 



THE BRAIN: ITS OFFICES, STRUCTURE, ETC. 131 

parts are in special nervous sympathy with the brain. Thus hys- 
terics consist in an exalted and perverted state of the feelings, 
yet are consequent on certain physical ailments, because these 
affected organs are in perfect sympathy with the brain. 344 

Softening of the brain, with its gradual weakening and final 
loss of the mind, as the brain decays, furnishes another proof 
that the brain is the organ of the mind. 

Alcoholic dkinks, narcotics, and the like, whenever they in- 
crease the action of the brain, as during intoxication, accelerate 
the action of the mind, delirium tremens being consequent solely 
on supernatural brain action. 123 12C 

Mental stupor, per contra, is caused by cerebral inaction. 
Whatever causes either, thereby likewise causes the other. A 
fall upon the head which presses any part of the skull in upon 
the brain so as to prevent cerebral action, suspends consciousness, 
and all the other mental operations, till, the instant this pressure 
is removed, as by trepanning, consciousness and the mental func- 
tions are thereby instantly restored. 

Yet pressure upon no other portion of the body ever does this, 
while pressure upon the brain does it always. Why? Obvi- 
ously, because the brain is the organ of the mind, whereas none 
of the other organs are. 

Its physical position constitutes another of these proofs de- 
rived from adaptations. It is located on top of all in man, and in 
front of all in animal, reptile, fish, insect, worm, &c. All or- 
gans are located where they can subserve their specific offices 
better than if located anywhere else ; that is, in adaptation to 
their office. Thus feet are placed just where their position can 
help them execute their office better than if located anywhere 
else. They are also placed lowest down of all, and their function 
is also the lowest. Yet as we rise upward in surveying the body, 
we find the functions of all organs more important in proportion 
as they themselves are located^ the higher up. Thus the organs 
in the lower part of the body are higher up than the feet, and 
their functions more necessary ; for while feet are handy organs, 
we yet can live without them, but cannot live long without those 
lower bodily organs, nor as well with them deranged as with 
disordered feet. Yet heart and lungs, located still higher up, 
perform functions still more important, their perpetual action 



132 PHRENOLOGY: ITS PRINCIPLES, PROOFS, AND FACTS. 

being indispensable to our terrestrial existence. They are the 
highest up in the body, and their functions are the most abso- 
lutely necessary. 

The brain, then, located highest up of all, must therefore put 
forth by far life's most eventful function, which is obviously the 
mental, — that for which body, and all else in Nature, were 
created. 18 

Its function is most important. All the nerves, confessedly 
the agents and messengers of the mind, ramify from it out into 
all parts of the entire body. This alone demonstrates that the 
brain is the organ of the mind — man's highest organ fulfilling 
his superlative function. 18 

No other office is performed by it. We know just what office 
each of the other physical organs fulfils, except the spleen ; so 
that no other organ but the brain can possibly perform the men- 
tal function, which is specifically adapted to its execution. This 
negative proof is quite a positive one. 

The greater consumption of blood, relatively, by it than by 
any other organs, demonstrates the superlative value and power 
of its function. Several hundred per cent, more of blood, 
in proportion to its size, is consumed by the brain, than by any 
other equally large portion of the system ; and about one seventh 
of all the blood is consumed by it. Of course this proportion 
differs greatly in different persons, in proportion to their respec- 
tive talents. 

Intense mental action, such as laughter, anger, &c., causes 
a swollen fulness of the veins of the forehead, showing that re- 
doubled mental action redoubles the cerebral circulation. 

Congestion, or rush of blood to the head, is usually consequent 
on intense passional and mental action, of one kind or another. 

Sudden grayness of the hair is often consequent on extremely 
painful mental emotions. A son of one of the Seatons, former 
proprietors of the National Intelligencer, a young man about 
twenty, whose hair was dark at sundown, as it had always been, 
suffered intense mental agony during the night, on account of the 
sudden sickness and death of his mother, and in the morning his 
hair was turned so gray as to be nearly white, and remained so 
years afterwards, when the Author saw him, and received this 
account from his own lips. Many like instances have fallen 
under his personal observation. 



THE BKAIN: ITS OFFICES, STRUCTURE, ETC. 133 

Headache is generally accompanied by a blurred, confused, 

dull, or else intensely acute state of the mind — cerebral rush of 

blood causing mental stupidity when it congests the brain, but 

mental acuteness when it inflames it. Let a few quotations show 

the opinions of noted men on this subject. 

" The brain includes those nervous organs in and through which the 
several functions of the mind are more immediately connected ; the 
nerves of the senses, and those relating to volition, and common sensa- 
tion, are connected with it." — Gray's Anatomy / the highest anatomi- 
cal authority extant. 

"Every act of the will, every flight of the imagination, every glow 
of affection, and every effort of the understanding in this life, is per- 
formed by means of the cerebral organ. In other words, the brain is 
the organ of the mind." — George Combe. 

"We cannot doubt that the operations of our intellects always de- 
pend upon certain motions taking place in our brains." — Dr. Cullen. 

<' Certain diseases which obstruct memory, imagination, and judg- 
ment, prove that a certain state of the brain is necessary to their exer- 
cise, and that the brain is the primary organ of the intellectual powers." 
— JDr. Joseph Gregory. 

"That the mind is closely connected with the brain, as the material 
condition of mental phenomena, is demonstrated by our consciousness, 
and by the mental disturbances which ensue upon affections of the 
brain." — Blumenbach. 

"The brain is the material instrument of thought: this is proved by 
a multitude of experiments and facts." — Magendie. 

" I readily concur in the proposition that the brain of animals ought 
to be regarded as the organization by which the percipient principle 
becomes variously affected : First, because in the senses of sight, hear- 
ing, <fcc, I see distinct organs for the perception of each ; Secondly, be- 
cause the brain is larger and more complicated, in proportion as variety 
of the affections of the percipient principle is increased ; Thirdly, be- 
cause disease and injuries disturb and annul particular Faculties without 
impairing others." — Abernethy. 

" If the mental process be not the function of the brain, what is its 
office? In animals which possess only a small part of the human cere- 
bral structure, sensation exists, and in many cases is more acute than in 
man. What employment shall we find for all that man possesses over 
and above this portion — for the large and prodigiously developed hu- 
man hemispheres ? Are we to believe that these serve only to round 
the figure of the organ, or to fill the cranium? 

"I refer the varieties of moral feeling, and of capacity for knowledge 
and reflection to those diversities of cerebral organization which are 
indicated by, and correspond to, the differences in the shape of the 
skull." — Lawrence. 

" William Pinkney, of Maryland, whose extraordinary power in debate 



134 PHRENOLOGY: ITS PRINCIPLES, PROOFS, AND FACTS. 

is well known, when unexcited, exhibited nothing in his appearance 
which manifested unusual activity and energy of mind ; but when roused 
by debate, his face became suffused with blood, and his eyes sparkling 
and animated; his carotids pulsated violently; his jugular veins became 
swollen, and everything indicated that his blood was carried to his head 
with an impetus proportioned to the excitement of the occasion, and his 
intellectual efforts; and it was only during this cerebral orgasm that his 
thoughts were poured forth with that fluency and power for which he 
was so remarkably distinguished. The same phenomena occurred to 
some extent in his private studies, whenever he fixed his mind intently 
on any subject for the purpose of deep investigation." — Dr. Bewail, of 
Washington, D. C, an opponent of Phrenology. 

Pinkney was wont, when he was about to make any powerful 
mental effort, to tie his neck handkerchief so very tight around 
his neck as to retard the passage of blood from his head, thus 
keeping his head full of blood. 

"All these diversities of vital energy are now well known to be 
dependent on the organ of the brain as the instrument of the intellectual 
powers." "Anatomy demonstrates that the primary source of these at- 
tributes, the quarter in which they originate, or which chiefly influences 
them, is the brain itself." — Dr. Mason Good. 

"Memory, imagination, and judgment may all be set to sleep by a few 
grains of a very common and simple drug." — Dr. Thos. Brown, the 
great writer on mental philosophy . 

"Fever, or a blow on the head, will change the most gifted individ- 
ual into a maniac, causing the lips of virgin innocence to utter the most 
revolting obscenity, and those of pure religion to speak the most horrid 
blasphemy; and most cases of madness and eccentricity can now be 
traced to a peculiar state of the brain." — Dr. Niel Arnot. 

" M. Richerand had a patient whose brain was exposed in conse- 
quence of a disease of the skull. One day, in washing off the purulent 
matter, he chanced to press with more than usual force ; and instantly the 
patient, who, the moment before, had answered his questions with per- 
fect correctness, stopped short in the middle of a sentence, and became 
altogether insensible. As the presure gave her no pain, it was repeated 
thrice, and always with the same result. She uniformly recovered her 
Faculties the moment the pressure was taken off. M. Richerand also 
mentions the case of an individual who was trepanned for a fracture of 
the skull, and whose Faculties and consciousness became weak in pro- 
portion as the pus so accumulated under the dressing as to occasion 
pressure on his brain. 

" At the battle of Waterloo a man had a small portion of his 
skull beaten in upon his brain, and became quite unconscious, and 
almost lifeless; but Mr. Cooper, having raised up the depressed portion 
of the bone, the patient immediately arose, dressed himself, became per- 
fectly rational, and recovered rapidly. Professor Chapman in his lec- 
tures mentions that he saw an individual with his skull perforated and 



THE BRAIN: ITS OFFICES, STRUCTURE, ETC. 135 

brain exposed, who used to submit himself to the same experiment of 
pressure as that performed by Kicheraud's patient, and who was exhib- 
ited by the late Professor Wistar to his class. The man's intellect and 
moral faculties disappeared when pressure was applied to his brain ; 
they were literally 'held under the thumb,' and could be restored at 
pleasure to their full activity." 

"A case still more remarkable was that reported by Sir Astley 
Cooper of a person named Jones, who, by being wounded in the head 
while on board a vessel in the Mediterranean, was deprived of conscious- 
ness. In this state of insensibility he remained several months at Gi- 
braltar, whence he was transmitted to Deptford, and subsequently to St. 
Thomas's Hospital, London. Mr. Cline, the surgeon, found a portion of 
the skull depressed, trepanned him, and removed the depressed part of the 
bone. Three hours afterwards he sat up in bed, sensation and volition 
returned, and in four days he was able to get up and converse. The 
last circumstance he remembered was the capture of a prize, thirteen 
months before, in the Mediterranean." 

" A young man in Hartford, U. S., was rendered insensible by a 
fall, and had every appearance of being in a dying condition. Dr. Brig- 
ham removed more than a gill of clotted blood from beneath his skull ; 
upon which the man immediately spoke, soon recovered his mind en- 
tirely, and is now, six weeks after the accident, in good health as to 
mind and body." — Combe's Phrenology. 

" On examining his head I distinctly saw the pulsation of his brain ; 
it was regular and slow ; but at this time he was agitated by some oppo- 
sition to his wishes, and directly the blood was sent with increased force 
to his brain, and the pulsation became frequent and violent." — /Sir Ast- 
ley Cooper. 

"The patient, a female, had lost a large portion of her scalp, 
skull, and dura mater, so that a corresponding portion of her skull was 
subject to inspection. When she was in a dreamless sleep her brain 
was motionless, and lay within her cranium. When her sleep was im- 
perfect, and she was agitated by dreams, her brain moved, and protruded 
without her cranium, forming cerebral hernia. In vivid dreams, report- 
ed as such by herself, the protrusion was considerable ; and when she 
was perfectly awake, especially if engaged in active thought or sprightly 
conversation, it was still greater." — Dr. JPierguin. 

" A robust man lost a considerable portion of his skull. When ex- 
cited by pain, fear, or anger, his brain protruded greatly, and throbbed 
tumult uously." — Medico- Chirurgical Review. 

" Almost from the first casual inspection of animal bodies, the brain 
was regarded as an organ of primary dignity, and more particularly in 
the human subject, the seat of thought and feeling, the centre of all 
sensation, the messenger of intellect, the presiding organ of the bodily 
frame. 

" All this superiority, all these Faculties which elevate and dignify 
man, this reasoning power, this moral sense, these capacities for happi- 
ness, these high-aspiring hopes, are felt, and enjoyed, and manifested by 



136 PHRENOLOGY: ITS PRINCIPLES, PROOFS, AND FACTS. 

his superior nervous system. Its injury weakens, its imperfection limits, 
its destruction, humanly speaking, ends them." — Edinburgh Heview y 
JVo. 94. 

In common parlance, men use the terms "great brains," "long- 
headed," "clear-headed," "abundance of brains," &c.\ as tanta- 
mount to strong mental capacities, and "addled brained," "weak 
brained," " wanting in the upper story," "thick headed," "numb- 
skull," &c, as signifying weakness of mind and character. 

The convergence of all these ranges of facts and arguments 
demonstrates our proposition, that the brain is indeed the or- 
gan OF THE MIND. 

36. — The Brain is the Organ of the Body. 

What means this network of nerves, motor, and sensory 
stretching, from the brain to every organ of the body? Is all 
this marvellous structure for nought? Is not its office coexten- 
sive with itself f Not a muscle, nor even shred of any muscle, 
not a bone, nor part of any bone, not an organ, nor the most infin- 
itesimal part of any organ, but is permeated throughout by these 
cerebral nerves. All this pains would not be taken to place them 
where they are not indispensable. That the necessity for them is 
absolute, is evinced by both the minuteness of their ramification, and 
the death of any and all organs the instant they die. Sever those 
nerves which ramify from the brain upon the little finger nail, and 
it dies. A neighbor carpenter, in falling from a ladder, struck and 
broke the middle of his spine across a saw buck, thereby sever- 
ing the nervous connection between his brain and lower limbs, 
which of course died. But he would not believe they were dead 
till he made his neighbors heat irons red hot, and apply them to 
his limbs, so that his still living ey^s could see these seething 
irons sear his own legs; yet they were actually dead, not because 
any damage had been done them, but solely because their nervous 
connection with his brain had been severed. And he saw them 
gradually decomposing before he himself died. 

A farmer, riding on a load of hay, by being upset had his 
spine broken between his shoulders. He could breathe, see, 
talk, remember, reason, and had his mind entire ; but that part 
of his body below this breach died immediately, yet as' the vital 
functions are carried on by the great sympathetic nerve which 



THE BRAIN: ITS OFFICES, SRUCTURE, ETC. 137 

unites with the brain above the breach, it remained intact, and its 
organs lived and worked on a short time only. 

What do these facts prove but that these limbs, and all limbs, 
live by means of a living principle derived from the brain ? 

Severing the nerve from the stomach to the brain instantly 
arrests digestion. Sever the nerve of sensation which passes from 
the brain to any organ or part of the body, and that part ceases 
to feel the instant of such severance ; yet while the nerve of mo- 
tion remains intact, their motion remains as before ; whereas, 
severing the nerve of motion while that of sensation remains 
good, destroys all power of voluntary motion, yet leaves the sen- 
sation unaffected. Thus sever the nerve of motion which rami- 
fies on the hand, yet leave that of sensation intact, and the pa- 
tient may see the approach of fire, and feel the inexpressibly acute 
pain consequent on its burning, yet is absolutely unable to move 
it one hair's breadth. What does all this prove but that the brain 
is the organ of every bodily function, as well as of every men- 
tal ? 35 Moreover, — 

Nerve is Brain. Every nerve starts in the brain, has the 
same identical structure with it, and analogous coatings and lin- 
ings, and, of course, a similar function. What keeps heart and 
lungs in perpetual play? One steady stream of life-force gener- 
ated in and by the brain, and sent" by these nerves to them. 
What but brain power moves hand and foot, head and body, this 
way and that? Why this minutest conceivable nervous ramifica- 
tion throughout every shred and fibre of all men and all animals, 
fish and fowl included? Because every identical shred "lives, 
moves, and has its being" in a living force derived from the brain. 
In short, — 

The Brain is the one grand paramount instrumentality of mind 
and of life throughout all their ever-varying functions. Without 
it there never is, never can be, any function, any life, any any- 
thing whatsoever appertaining to man or life. It is the crowning 
organ, and fulfils the regal function, of all that lives. It is abso- 
lute monarch and tyrant over all, lords it imperiously over all, 
holds all in its iron scepter, and makes all else its abject slaves. 

What means it that the brain is thus the organ of the mind 
and' body? This, that all the states of the brain similarly af- 
fect every function of the entire mind and body, that all our rea- 



138 PHRENOLOGY: ITS PRINCIPLES, PROOFS, AND FACTS. 

son and memory, our goodness and badness, virtues and vices, 
talents and propensities, and whatever we say, do, and are, origi- 
nate in the brain, depend upon it, and are controlled by it. 

37. — The Anatomy of the Brain proves that it is the 
Organ of the Mind and Body. 

Adaptation of all organs to the exercise of their specific func- 
tions, is an obvious principle and fact throughout Nature, as well 
as a philosophical necessity. What one natural production but is 
precisely fitted in all possible respects to fulfil its own function, 
but no other? A horse can run, but not fly, because he is adapt- 
ed to running, but not to flying ; yet birds can do both, because 
adapted to both. This principle is too apparent to need proof, or 
even illustration, and renders the inference scientific, that. in case 
the brain is adapted to execute the mental function, it does exe- 
cute it. 

The anatomical structure of everything specifically adapts it 
to fulfil its specific office only. Therefore, if the brain performs 
the mental function, its entire anatomy throughout all its minutiae 
will be precisely adapted thereto ; and if thus adapted, it does thus 
exercise it. So in case it carries on the bodily functions, it will 
be structurally fitted to control them ; and if thus fitted, it does 
thus execute. The following description of it, perhaps less learned 
than some, yet at least intelligible, shows that it is thus adapted to 
be, and therefore is, the organ of both the mind and body. 

The philosophy or quo modo of cerebral and nervous action 
merits special attention. This action is often instantaneous. 
Words cannot describe the rapidity of sight, thought, feeling, 
and all our mental operations. When we touch fire the nerves 
feel the pain, telegraph word to the brain, receive back a man- 
date to remove the burnt part, and obey ; all in an instant. The 
lightning's flash is no more sudden. Therefore, whatever exe- 
cutes this mental function must act with lightning velocity ; for 
the action of all organs must needs coincide in speed, power, and 
all other respects, with the function they perform. 26 Of course 
if the brain is the organ of the mind, it must act as quickly as 
the mind and senses act. No hard, but only 

A pulpy substance alone could possibly act with this re- 
quired lightning speed ; but a gelatinous, or half fluid, half solid 



THE BRAIN: ITS OFFICES, STRUCTURE^ ETC. 139 

substance could. A small, long sack filled with water, when 
struck at one end, imparts instantaneous action to the other. 
Speaking through a tube illustrates this principle, by the impulse 
on the air at the speaking end being transmitted instantly to the 
other. Now this pulpy structure of the brain and nerves exactly 
fits them to transmit their motions from each end to the other and 
back in the twinkling of an eye. They are firmly pressed all 
around and all along their course ; that pressure at least equalling 
that on the external surface of the bod} r , namely, fifteen pounds 
to the square inch, and probably greater. This pressure is pre- 
cisely what their transmissions, on our principle of pulpy or 
gelatinous action, requires; for — 

The gentle pressure of all organs promotes their action, and 
is probably indispensable to it. Thus a moderately tight bandage 
around the loins aids muscular motion ; squeezing the eyes by 
contracting the eyelids on them promotes sight ; shoes pressing 
the feet aid walking ; the contraction of the scrotum on its organs 
aids their action ; and probably such pressure of organs is indis- 
pensable to their action. Then why should not the moderate 
pressure of the skull upon the brain also promote its undulation 
and concomitant mental action? At least this theory of nervous 
action being effected by means of pressure on their gelatinous 
structure is worth considering. 

The first look, the very aspect of the brain, proves it to be 
the organ of the mind. "First impressions " generally disclose 
first truths. In this light, behold the human brain ! Look at its 
commanding position, in the superior and crowning portion of 
this majestic structure — man ! See the matchless skill of the 
Divine Architect displayed in protecting, from external injury, this 
exquisitely wrought instrument : first, by the skull, so elegantly 
and wonderfully shaped, and so judiciously divided into its 
various frontal, lateral, and occipital portions ; and all these so 
ingeniously and so strongly joined together by their respective 
sutures/ And in order still farther to strengthen this bulwark of 
the intellect, we find the skull again divided into its external and 
internal tables ; and these tables supported and united by an 
intervening, spongy substance called diploe, which renders it less 
liable to be cracked or broken. This ossific ball is also strength- 



140 PHRENOLOGY: ITS PRINCIPLES, PROOFS, AND FACTS. 



ened by the scalp or skin ; and this, again, is both protected and 
adorned bv a thick coat of flowing hair. 

An interior view of this " dome of thought," this " palace of 
the soul," a survey of its beautiful chambers, superbly lined 
with the dura mater; when we look at the pia mater, which 
envelops the brain, and at the ingenious contrivance of that 
secreting membrane, the tunica arachnoidea, placed between the 
dura and the pia mater to lubricate and soften both ; when we 
examine the partition walls of these chambers, formed by the 
falciform process of the dura mater, and the connecting fibres of 
the two hemispheres of the brain, styled the corpus callosum; 
when we scrutinize the cineritious substance of which the brain 
itself is composed, and notice the beautiful convolutions in which 

it is deposited ; when we observe 
that this organ is the grand centre 
of all the most delicate and intricate 
machinery of the human frame, the 
finale of the spinal marrow, and of 
the whole nervous system, and, 
moreover, the recipient of one fifth 
of the vital flood propelled by the 
heart ; when we look at all this, the 
conviction is forced «home upon us, 
that the Great Architect would not 
make such a display of wisdom and 
skill in the formation, location, and 
protection of the brain, unless he 
had some important end in view — 
unless it performs the mental func- 
tions. 

The brain is situated in the 
head, and surrounded by the skull, 
which it fills exactly, crowding it- 
self into its every nook and corner. 
Engraving No. 3 represents both 
the brain and its nervous ramifica- 
tions throughout the system. 
The skin receives the capillary network of these nerves. 150 
The body must be protected against all injurious conditions, ex- 




No. 3. 



The Brain and Nervous 
System. 



THE BRAIN: ITS OFFICES, STRUCTURE, ETC. 



141 



treines of heat and cold, bruises, wounds, fire, and whatever 
injures the organism. These nerves thus protect it, by spreading 
out upon the skin into the mi- 
nutest possible ramifications, as 
seen by the accompanying en- 
aravin<>\ No. 4, of one of these 
nervous terminations. Who, 
after realizing this nervous 
connection of the brain with 
the skin, will say the former 
has nothing to do with the 
body ! This illustrates their 
ramifications upon every other 
organ and part of the body. 

The skull, or outer rim, 
in engraving No. 5, is a hard, 
bony encasement, which obviously has the protection of this semi- 
fluid brain for its specific object. It is nearly spherical, so that 




No. 4.- 



Papilla of the Skin. 
Gerber. 



After 



No. 5. 



a perpendicular section through the middle of the 
Brain and Skull, from front to occiput. 




1, Cerebellum. 

m, Corpus callosum. 

o, The great commissure. 



2 to 14, Convolutions of the brain, 
n, Arbor vitae. 



142 PHRENOLOGY : ITS PRINCIPLES, PROOFS, AND FACTS. 

it holds more brain for its size than it could if in any other shape. 
This form also wards off blows and all injuries much more effec- 
tually than would be possible by any other. If it were flat, how 
easily would it be penetrated ! If it had corners, how often would 
they be struck ! 

Two smooth, hard plates, one forming its outside, the other 
on its iuside, are connected together by little bony cross-bars be- 
tween them, called diploe, thus making it stronger, yet lighter, 
than if it were solid. See those honeycombed interstices be- 
tween its outer and inner surfaces, both of which are smooth, the 
inner especially so, thus allowing the brain to undulate or slide 
back and forth upon it. 

Eight bones, joined together by saw-teeth-like edges, which 
shoot past each other, and, turning back, interlock them together, 
making them quite as firm at these sutures as anywhere else, so 
bind these bones together that they form a hollow dome, and 
almost a sphere, except that it is flattened on its bottom. These 
bones are called ethnoid and sphenoid, which form its base, os 
fro ntis, forming the forehead, two parietal or wall bones, which 
form its sides and top, an occipital bone, which encloses it in the 
rear, and two temporal bones above the ears. These sutures, 
instead of facilitating fractures, actually retard, and often arrest 
them. 

The cerebrum, or brain, fills the frontal, upper, and nearly 
all the other parts of the head, in fact, all but a small section in 
its back and lower portion ; and consists of a jelly-like mass, 
about the consistence of thin dough, and chiefly composed of two 
substances, the outer gelatinous, grayish, called cineritious, or 
ash-colored, and folded into convolutions, as seen in engraving 
No. 5, 1 to 14, and a white, medullary mass of nervous fibres, which 
originate in this cineritious portion, and converge to its centre. 

" The cineritious, neurine, or cortical substance which forms the ex- 
terior envelope of the brain, is now justly classed with the ganglionic 
structures. Each convolution consists of a fold of this neurine enclos- 
ing medullary fibres penetrating to the bottom of the sulci, so as to 
form one unbroken though undulating sheet over the whole convo- 
luted surface of the brain ; varies in thickness from a line to nearly 
two lines ; is ash-colored, tinged with red, but pale in anemic persons, 
yet in those who have died in robust health, and especially in cerebral 
congestion, this red tint is much heightened, forming a strong contrast 
with the subjacent medullary mass. It is arranged in three layers. 



THE BRAIN: ITS OFFICES, STRUCTURE, ETC. 143 

which alternate with three others of fibrous neurine. The distinction 
between some of these laminae may be seen in the healthy state of the 
posterior convolutions; but it is most obvious in those instances in 
which the parts have become enlarged by hypertrophy, consequent on 
long-continued inflammation, though a microscope is necessary to dis- 
cover them all. 

"This structure is everywhere penetrated by the medullary neurine; 
its fibres being disposed more or less at right angles with that portion 
of the cineritious mass with which they are in relation; while, on the 
other hand, these fibres converge inwards to the central part of the 
brain ; namely, the optic thalami, and the corpore striata. A large pro- 
portion, therefore, of the medullary neurine of the hemispheres, the cen- 
trum ovale, for example, consists of fibres which establish a communica- 
tion between the hemispherical ganglion and the central gangliform 
bodies just named." — Morton ] s Anatomy, the best American extant. 

These convolutions undoubtedly execute the various mental 
mandates which these nerves transmit throughout the body, and 
all the states of the body are reported back through these nerves 
to this instrument of the mind. Please note, in engraving No. 4, 
that the nerves from the brain, after branching out into incon- 
ceivably minute subdivisions at the skin, double back on them- 
selves. That is, after reaching the skin, and thus carrying the 
mental mandates from these convolutions to the skin, they turn 
and go right back again, from the skin to the brain. Now this 
circuit, this turning back on themselves, means something impor- 
tant, — means that these nerves bring and carry communications 
from the brain to the skin, and from the skin to the brain. Of 
course a like structure appertains to all the nervous surfaces of 
the body. 

What evidence could be any stronger that neither can live 
without the other ! And the fact that burning, and all other in- 
juries of the skin, cause pain so inexpressibly agonizing, and 
that those who lose any great portion of their skins by scalding 
must die, but shows how intimately skin, brain, and mind are 
interrelated, and that skin action promotes mentality. 

In these cerebral convolutions, engraving 5, 1 to 14, all 
the mental operations are carried forward. They are conceded to 
be the deeper, the more talented their possessor. 

Like the folding of the intestines and other parts, seen in en- 
graving 103, they obviously allow a greater amount of mental func- 
tion to be carried on the larger and deeper they are ; thus redoub- 
ling the efficiency of the brain, and powers of the mind, without 



144 PHRENOLOGY: ITS PRINCIPLES, PROOFS, AND FACTS. 

much enlargement of its absolute size. Fish have no cerebral con- 
volutions, birds but the slightest undulations in it, and so of mice, 
rats, rabbits, &c. ; but they are apparent in sheep, cattle, &c. ; 
and much less distinct in cats, lions, tigers, and felines generally 
than in dogs, and the canines ; yet are still larger in apes, and 
much more distinct in Eastern apes than in American, and the 
former are far the smartest. Soemmering says they are scarcely 
perceptible before the sixth month of ante-natal life, but keep 
on deepening till after puberty, yet diminish in old age ; and 
Desmoulins and Magendie, that in their numerous examinations 
of the brains of almost every genus of mammalia, they found a 
nearly constant relation between the extent of surface presented 
by the brain in each genus, and the amount of intelligence dis- 
played by it ; as well as in different individuals of the same spe- 
cies. These convolutions are also shallow in most idiots. They 
are by far the largest in man, and largest of all in men of com- 
manding natural talents. 

" Called, some years ago, to make a post-mortem examination of the 
brain of one of the most distinguished public men of Delaware, I was 
perfectly astonished at the size and depth of its convolutions; I never 
saw anything like it in all my life." — Dr. George JlcOlellan, the best 
American surgeon of his time, and father of General George B. Mc- 
Clellan. 

In Cuvier's brain, they exceeded in size and depth anything 
its post-mortem examiners had ever before witnessed, and espe- 
cially in their superior and frontal portions. 

" None of the gentlemen present at the dissection remembered to 
have seen so complicated a brain, convolutions so numerous and com- 
pact, or such deep anfractuosities." — M. Berard. 

"In man, above all other animals, are the convolutions numerous, and 
the furrows deep, and consequently the cineritious mass great, and its 
extension of surface far beyond that of all other creatures." — Bell. 

The pia mater and arachnoid membrane dip down into these 
folds, and are full of blood-vessels ; thus carrying an immense 
amount of blood to these convolutions. The great Haller says 
one fifth of all the blood which issues from the heart is carried 
to the head, while Monro rates it at one tenth ; the difference in 
their estimates being doubtless consequent on the fact that the 
patients observed by the former had the most brain power. 



THE BRAIN: ITS OFFICES, STRUCTURE, ETC. 145 

Nerves run from underneath all parts of this cineritious (ash- 
colored) of mind-exercising neuriue inwardly towards one com- 
mon centre, called the corpus callosum, as seen in engraving 
No. 5, which represents a section down through its middle, from 
forehead to occiput. It is here divided into two lobes, right and 
left, by the falciform or scythe-shaped dip of the coverings of 
the brain, so that these convolutions extend down, one each side 
of this cleft, for some two inches along its entire length. 

The corpus callosum, m, in engraving No. 5, is composed 
mostly of nerves which run from its right side to its left, thus 
connecting the two hemispheres of the brain ; and from front to 
occiput, thus uniting its frontal portion to its posterior. 

" The corpus callosum is a broad band of medullary fibres which 
forms the floor of the longitudinal fissure, and is the great transverse 
commissure by means of which the two hemispheres are joined together. 
It is situated in the middle of the centrum ovale, but nearer to the an- 
terior than posterior margin of the brain. It is slightly arched, three 
inches long, nearly an inch in breadth, and about two lines in thickness, 
except at its ends, where its depth is somewhat greater. The fibres 
of which it is composed run transversely into the hemispheres on either 
side, where they are everywhere in contact with the neurine, or internal 
layer of the hemispherical ganglia; so that these fibres consequently 
establish a communication between the cineritious neurine of the whole 
convoluted surface of both sides of the cerebrum. 

"This communication, however, does not result from the mere cross- 
ing of fibres from side to side ; for the latter can be distinctly traced 
into the anterior and middle lobes of the brain, and part of the poste- 
rior lobes. Thus the medullary fibres from the front, sides, and superior 
part of the anterior lobe pass backwards and inwards in order to reach 
the front margin of the longitudinal fissure, where they assist to form 
the corpus calossum. These fibres form the convolutions of the upper 
and lateral portions of the middle lobes, run downwards and inwards, 
being joined by those from the convolutions at the base of the brain. 
The fibres from the upper, under, and posterior surfaces of the posterior 
lobe take a direction inwards and forwards, and form the corresponding 
portion of the commissure." — Morton 's Anatomy. 

One grand central point is thus formed, to which all these 
exterior mind-exercising convolutions converge ; thereby bringing 
all parts of the brain and mind into one great focal centre. Now 
this is precisely what the mind requires. Though it is composed 
of independent Faculties, yet they must be so embodied as to 
work together M like a band of brothers. Single mental Faculties 
could no more achieve any mental result than single bodily organs 
19 



146 PHRENOLOGY: ITS PRINCIPLES, PROOFS, AND FACTS. 

could bodily results. Thus of what use would be the separate 
action of the heart unless it worked in concert with the stomach, 
liver, muscles, nerves, <&c. ? Everything we do is done by many 
Faculties and organs working together. All the smallest oper- 
ations of life are consequent on the combined action of a great 
proportion of our mental powers, and many mental operations 
require about all of them. 34 There must of necessity then be 
some means, some facility by which any desired member of them 
can work with any other member required. They then need 
some common rendezvous, through which will may summon to 
concerted activity whichever of them it may just then require. 
Behold how perfectly this corpus callosum facilitates this concert 
of action in this anatomical fact that all the medullary nerves from 
the upper convolutions run downwards, from each side pass 
inwards, from the front backwards, and back forwards, as well as 
from below upwards, to this great centre ! To unitize and 
embody the action of all those nerves which centre in it, is its 
obvious office. The mental Faculties must have just such a 
centre. 34 That this supplies it is apparent. Mark the conver- 
gence of these propositions. The rhind is composed of primal 
Faculties, 33 which act in concert. 34 The brain is the organ of the 
mind 35 and body. 36 All the functions of both often require to 
work together. Here is a cerebral arrangement for the conjoint 
action of them all. Therefore the brain is structurally fitted to, 
and of course does carry forward both the mental and physical 
functions. What facts and what reasonings prove any truth any 
more conclusively ! 

The basilar structure of the brain furnishes absolute proof 
that it carries forward the bodily functions. These functions die 
when their nerves, going to the brain, are severed. 36 But their 
nerves connect solely with the base of the brain. The structure 
of this base shows that the bodily orgaus derive their vis animce 
from it. So does the fact that persons live on after most of the 
upper portion of their brain is suppurated ; thus proving that its 
upper part carries forward the mental functions, and its lower the 
physical, which their geographical position goes to confirm. 

All the nerves of the senses and of physical life originate in 
this base of the brain. Its structure is most curious and instruc- 
tive. If the structure of any one part of the entire mau is any 



THE BRAIN: ITS OFFICES, STRUCTURE, ETC. 



147 



No. 6. — The Nerves of the Brain. 
a 



more complicated than any other, this base of the brain is that 
part. It is protected as is no other, and the most difficult to 
reach and injure. The nerves which arise in it exceed those 
which arise in all the other parts of the body ; indeed, this is 
almost the only 
origin of the 
nerves. That 
great opening 
in the base of 
the skull, seen 
in engraving 
No. 90, is not for 
nought. These 
nerves require 
and create this 
great foramen, 
because they 
are so large. 
The nerves from 
all parts of the 
body report to 
this base as their 
natural " head- 
quarters," from 

which to receive their orders, and to which to report information. 
Let the preceding most instructive engraving, No. 7, after Quain, 
modified by Dickerson, disclose one of the most curious, elaborate, 
and wonderfully constructed parts of the human frame. 

The pons Varolii connects the various segments of the brain, 
the cerebrum above, medulla oblongata below, and cerebellum 
behind, and consists of alternate layers of transverse and longi- 
tudinal fibres, intermixed with gray matter. Its location and 
structure clearly indicate that, while the corpus callosum unitizes 
the action of all the mental functions, this structure gives concert 
of action to all the bodily functions. Its position and structure 
prove that its office is second to none in practical importance. 

The cerebellum, or little brain, occupies a small section of 
the back and lower part of the skull, is separated from the brain 
proper by a thin, wide, bony membrane, called the tentorium, is 




No. 205. — Amativeness and the Nerves op the Brain. 

Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 0, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, indicate the origin and direction 

of the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, 

ninth, tenth, eleventh, and twelfth pairs of nerves. 

a a a, Convolutions. 6, Arbor vital. 

c, d, Spinal cord. /, Great commissure. 



148 PHRENOLOGY: ITS PRINCIPLES, PROOFS, AND FACTS. 




View of the Base of the Brain, 
with its associated nerves, of 

THE NATURAL SIZE, BY QUAlN, MOD- 
IFIED BY WM. M. DlCKESON. 

1. Small portion of the posterior part of 
the cerebrum (organ of Parental Love) 
projecting beyond the cerebellum. 

2. Inferior vermiform process of the cer- 
ebellum. 

3. Lobe of the cerebellum. 

4. Termination of the medulla oblongata 
in the spinal cord. 

5. Decussating fibres of the corpora py- 
ramidalia. 

6. Spinal accessory nerve. 

7. Corpus retiforme. 

8. Ninth, or hypoglossal nerve. 

9. Corpus alivare. 

10. Pneumogastric nerve. 

11. Glossopharyngeal nerve. 

12. 13. Corpora pyramidalia (flexed back- 
wards). 

14. Auditory nerve. 

15. Facial nerve. 

16. 20. Pons Varolii, with its longitudinal 
furrow. 

17. Flocculus, or lobular appendix of the 
cerebellum. 

18. Tcrgeminus nerve. 

19. Sixth nerve, abducens oculi. 

21. Fourth nerve, or trochlearis. 

22. Crus cerebri. 

23. Motor oculi, or third nerve. 

24. Locus perforatus posterior, or pons 
Tarini. 

25. Corpora albicentia. 

26. Infundibulum. 

27. Locus perforatus anterior. 

28. Tracticus opticus. 

29. Chiasm of the optic nerve. 

30. Optic nerve. 

31. Internal roots of the olfactory nerve. 

32. External do. 

33. Trunk of the olfactory nerve. 

34. Its bulk. 

35. Longitudinal fissure of the brain, sep- 
arating the anterior lobes. 

36. Fissura Sylvii. 

37. Anterior lobe of the brain, through 
which the middle artery of the brain 
passes. 



No. 7. — Base of the Brain and its Nerves. 



THE BRAIN: ITS OFFICES, STRUCTURE, ETC. 149 

the seat of Love, muscular motion, and some other physical func- 
tions, and has its commissure in the pons Varolii, which is to it 
what the corpus callosum is to the cerebrum. To recapitulate : 

"The encephalon (entire brain) is covered by the hemispherical 
ganglia of cineritious neurine ; and the tubular fibres of the brain are so 
arranged as to be brought into apposition with the whole of this gang- 
lionic mass, and to radiate through it. These tubular or medullary fibres 
are disposed of in four different modes : — 

1. " A part of them commences in the convolutions of the anterior, 
middle, and posterior lobes of the brain, pass through the corporata 
striata, and converging to form the anterior layer of the crus cerebre, 
perforate the pons Varolii, and reappear as its posterior margin in the 
corpora pyramidalia, or anterior column of the spinal cord. This is the 
motor tract. 

2. "Another series of medullary fibres commences below in the appa- 
ratus of sensation, passes upwards through the pons Varolii, forms the 
medullary elements of the optic thalamus, and then radiating in the 
brain, terminates in the same neurine which gives origin to the motor 
tract. This is the sensory tract. 

3. "Other fibres pass from one side of the brain to the other, and in 
apposition to the internal surface of the convolutions: these fibres con- 
stitute the transverse commissures of the brain, which are aided by the 
smaller commissures. 

4. "Other commissural fibres pass from front to back, which connect 
together the convolutions on the same side of the head, that is, different 
portions of the same hemispherical ganglion." — Morton. 

Body and mind must somehow be so united that they can work 
together. In practical life, their sympathy is perfect. Some 
organism, communing with both, must needs effect this sym- 
pathy. Their anatomy shows that this is effected thus: — 

1. The mental function is performed in the thin layer of 
cineritious neurine, which envelops the outside surface of the 
entire brain. , 

2. Motor nerves orginate right in the under or inner portion 
of this neurine, and running downward through the pons Varolii, 
emerge into the back part of the spinal cord, through which they 
are distributed to every muscle of the body, thus carrying for- 
ward all motion, voluntary and involuntary. 

3. Nerves of sensation, beginning wherever we experience 
sensation, run from all sentient organs to the spine, pass along up 
through its front part, run along upwards through the base of the 
brain, and terminate in this same identical neurine ; thereby ena- 
bling these sensory and motor nerves to act in simultaneous 



150 PIIEENOLOGY: ITS PRINCIPLES, PROOFS, AND FACTS. 

concert. Fire touches your skin. Its organic destruction is most 
rapid, and must be summarily arrested. The burnt nerves in- 
stantly feel intense pain at this touch ; send their pain-experi- 
encing messenger to the brain, and up to this neurine, which puts 
forth mind and will. This will seizes these motor nerves right 
under this neurine, and right where these sensory nerves terminate, 
and sends instantaneous mandates to jerk this burnt part from 
this fiery contact. All this entire process is the work of but an 
instant ! We need not labor to show that mind and body are in 
mutual sympathy. This anatomical structure proves such sym- 
pathy. And it is as perfect as its Author could render it ; and 
immeasurably more so than we can conceive possible ! This 
shows how all the states of cither affect the other similarly. 

That doubling back of the nerves of the skin, distinctly seen 
in engraving Xo. 4, probably experiences a like doubling back in 
the brain, right under this neurine ; so that the nervous system, like 
the circulatory, is a continuous unit. Probably the nerves from 
the brain to the body execute motion, from the body to the brain 
convey sensation, just as the blood-vessels which carry out the 
blood, called arteries, continue right on through the capillaries to 
form veins ; this neurine of the brain corresponding with the 
capillary structure of lungs, blood-vessels, bladder, liver, &c, in 
which their function is executed; yet this is merely suggestive. 
But both sets of nerves are done up in one bundle or sheath, and 
cannot be distinguished apart by dissection, except at their junc- 
tion with the spinal cord. 

The phrenological mode of dissecting the brain is so vast an 
improvement on the usual method, so much more instructive, and 
likely to reveal the offices of its various parts, that medical col- 
leges should be really ashamed to adhere to their old, and ignore 
our new. 

The old consists in beginning at its top, and slicing the brain 
along down to its bottom by horizontal sections ; while the phre- 
nological method consists in beginning at its bottom, and following 
the course of its nerves out to their termini. Judge which plan, 
as such, is best. Hear the testimony of Professor Hufeland, one 
of the ablest of all the French anatomists, touching the superiority 
of Gall's discoveries and dissections : — 






THE BRAIN: ITS OFFICES, STRUCTURE, ETC. 151 

"The worthy Reil, who, as a profound anatomist and judicious 
physiologist, has no need of any praise, rising above all narrow and 
selfish prejudices, has declared 'that he has found more in Gall's dissec- 
tions of the brain than he could have believed it possible for any one 
man to discover in his whole life.' 

"Loder, who is certainly second to no living anatomist, thus esti- 
mates the discoveries of Gall in a letter to my respected friend, Pro- 
fessor Hufeland : — 

" ' They are of the highest importance, and some of them possess such 
a degree of excellence, that I cannot conceive how any one having good 
eyes can overlook them. They alone are sufficient to render Gall's 
name immortal; and the most important made in anatomy since the 
discovery of the absorbent system. The unfolding of the convolutions 
is a capital thing. What progress have we not a right to expect from a 
road thus opened! I am dissatisfied and ashamed of myself for having, 
like others, for thirty years cut up some hundreds of brains as we cut 
up cheese, and for having failed to perceive the forest by reason of its 
great number of trees. But regrets are useless. Let us now listen to 
the truth, and learn what we do not know. I acknowledge, with Reil, 
that I have found more in them than I deemed it possible for any man 
to discover in a lifetime.' " — Professor JBischoff. 

" I am fully convinced that it is one of the most remarkable phenom- 
ena of the nineteenth century, and one of the boldest and most impor- 
tant advances made in the study of Nature." — Professor Hufeland. 

"Dr. Spurzheim did not slice, but began at the medulla oblongata, 
and gradually unfolded the brain, by following its structure. In ten 
minutes he completely refuted the reviewer's assertions, and finally 
demonstrated his own." — Combe. 

The following account of a dissection of a brain at Albany, 
February 1, 1840, by Combe, before Dr. March and many other 
distinguished anatomists and civilians, speaks for itself on this 
superiority : — 

"Combe first exhibited the decussating fibres at the root of the py- 
ramidal bodies, beautifully interlacing each other, remarking that this 
shows why accidents on one side of the brain cause paralysis on the 
opposite side of the body. He next showed the fibres connecting the 
two lateral portions of the cerebellum. Removing these, he demon- 
strated the fibres which proceed forward to the anterior portions of the 
brain, or intellectual organs. Every medical man present confessed that 
he saw these fibres passing through the pons Varolii, thus connecting the 
intellectual organs with the nerves of voluntary motion, showing how 
these nerves are controlled by the will. He also showed Solly's com- 
missure, lying above the corpus callosum, connecting the posterior with 
the anterior portions of the brain. 

" He then unfolded the converging fibres until he came even to the 
surface of the convolutions of the brain, showing, among other things, 



152 PHRENOLOGY: ITS PRINCIPLES, PROOFS, AND FACTS. 

that hydrocephalus simply unfolds, but does not destroy these convolu- 
tions. He exhibited the fibrous structure more clearly than any plates 
or wax models could possibly do." — American Phrenological Journal, 
Vol. II. p. 347. 

38. — Sympathy between Body, Brain, and Mind, and Value 
of Cerebral Energy. 

Brain vigor thus becomes the very first pre-requisite of all 
human efficiency and enjoyment. The brain is the organ of the 
mind. 35 Hence all cerebral and mental states are in rapport with 
each other. Neither mind nor brain can act except in concert 
with each other. This mutuality is what renders the brain the 
organ of the mind. This same brain is likewise the organ of the 
body. 3637 To question the latter is to dispute an anatomical 
fact, and to deny the former is equivalent to denying that the 
mind has any connection with the body, or with matter. There- 
fore all the bodily and all the mental states similarly affect each 
other, and the strength, weakness, and all other conditions of 
either necessarily must, and actually do, similarly affect the other 
also. Ranges of facts, and the constant experience of every 
member of the human family, perpetually prove and illustrate 
this point. 

All opiates, all alcoholics affect the mind and body equally 
and similarly ; first by exhilarating, then stupefying both ; and 
each through the other. 

Cold and warm mornings produce directly opposite effects on 
the mind by differently affecting the body. Fevers enhance, and 
often derange the action of the mind by augmenting that of the 
brain ; while hunger, fatigue, debility, and the like, enfeeble the 
former by diminishing the action of the latter. Dyspepsia in- 
duces gloom and mental debility, 116 by deranging the physical 
functions — rendering its victims irritable, misanthropic, wretched, 
disagreeable, and utterly unlike themselves. 28 Physical inaction 
induces mental sluggishness ; while bodily exercise quickens in- 
tellectual action and promotes happy feelings. Excess and defi- 
ciency of food and sleep affect the mind powerfully, yet very 
differently. Experience has taught many of our best speakers to 
prepare their minds for powerful effort by physical regimen. 
Certain kinds of food stimulate some of the propensities, while 
other kinds augment our ability to think and study. 92 Fasting 



THE BRAIN: ITS OFFICES, STRUCTURE, ETC. 153 

promotes piety, but "fulness of bread" augments sinful desires. 
Bodily sickness enfeebles the mind, but health strengthens it ; 
while inflammation of the brain causes insanity, and its inaction, 
as in fainting, mental stupor. 35 Both morality and talent are 
affected by food, drinks, physical habits, sickness, health, &c. 
When the devout Christian or profound thinker has eaten to ex- 
cess, or induced severe colds or fevers, or in any other way 
clogged or disordered his physical functions, the former can no 
more be " clothed with the spirit," or " soar upon the wings of de- 
votion," nor the latter bring his intellectual energies into full and 
efficient action, than arrest the sun. Indeed, most of our con- 
stantly recurring transitions of thought and feeling are caused by 
physiological changes. " A sound mind in a healthy body " ex- 
presses this great truth, which the practical experience of all 
mankind confirms. 

The ancients understood this principle, and applied it to edu- 
cation. This is proved by their christening their schools of 
learning " Gymnasia," in accordance with this fundamental prin- 
ciple, that promoting bodily strength promotes mental vigor. 
In short, we may as well dispute our own senses, as controvert 
this doctrine, that both mind and body powerfully and recipro- 
cally affect each other. Every throb of either produces a cor- 
responding pulsation in both the others. No part of the body 
can be affected in any way without similarly affecting the mind 
likewise. 

Universality governs this reciprocity. Nature never does 
things by halves. Governing a part of the functions of vision 
by the laws of optics, compels her to govern all the former by 
the latter, and thus of every conceivable application of this prin- 
ciple. That same utility which renders it best to throw law over 
a part of any class of her operations, 19 renders it equally useful 
to extend that same law over this entire class. How unjust if a 
part were thus governed, and a part left wholly at random ! 
Does Nature ever adopt this piecemeal plan? Is Causality a nul- 
lity? Is God irregular? Some physical and mental states cer- 
tainly do mutually affect each other. This sympathy is effected 
by these two palpable facts, that the brain is the organ of the 
mind, and also inter-related to the body. Therefore all is cause 
and effect. We know, for we feel, that some bodily states affect 



154 PHRENOLOGY: ITS PRINCIPLES, PROOFS, AND FACTS. 

the mental ; therefore all do ; and hence to excite, or invigorate, 
or debilitate, or disease, or derange, or restore either, similarly 
affects the other. Both are as effectually interwoven as are warp 
and woof, and this interweaving constitutes the warp and woof 
of life. 

The value of a good mobile brain thus becomes commen- 
surate with life itself. 15 All other problems sink into molehill 
insignificance, while this towers above all like great mountains 
piled on still greater. Awake! philosopher and fool, Christian 
and infidel, king and peasant, each and all, to its consideration. 

Life and brain action are inter-related as cause and effect ; 35 
and the value of either 15 admeasures that of the other. Good 
minds and brains go together; 35 " 37 as do also poor. Injuring 
either, injures also the other ; while improving either, thereby 
likewise improves the other. Immeasurably the most valuable 
commodity on the face of this earth is abundance of good brain ; 
while none are as poor under the sun as those poorly off in their 
upper story. None grow poor as fast as those who impair its 
efficiency, whilst enhancing its vigor augments the value of every 
other life possession and capacity. A man, however rich in 
dollars, with a poor or paralyzed brain, is pitiably poor, because 
he can enjoy nothing of all his unbounded wealth ; while those 
are enviably rich who have efficient brains, however poor in 
dollars, because good brains both get dollars, and then make a 
good use of them. A poor brain makes a poor use of- them ; 
and making a poor use of them will soon make any brain poor. 37 

Life ! how infinitely precious ! 14 Existence ! how great and 
glorious a boon ! 15 By all its value is that of a vigorous, a 
normal, and an efficient brain. 

What are the laws and conditions of brain action, thus be- 
comes the great practical question of terrestrial existence. What 
a pity, what a wonder, that it has not before been distinctly pre- 
sented for human consideration ! And the more important that 
it be duly investigated now, for it involves all the conditions of life, 
together with all the functions and powers even of existence 
itself! Ignorance on this point is disastrous, above all other 
kinds of ignorance ; and mistakes here are fatal to all the issues 
of life ! 

A hundred fold more brain power is possible to every human 



THE BRAIN: ITS OFFICES, STRUCTURE, ETC. 155 

being, than each actually now puts forth ; and to many, a thousand. 
See how much more is often manifested by children than they are 
able to evince when grown up ; and yet the order of Nature is 
that it should redouble all through life, at least till long after the 
body begins to wane ; and undoubtedly Nature has provided for a 
continuance gf brain vigor up to well nigh the close of the longest 
life ! 

Be OLD while young, you who would remain young when 
you become old. If young folks would only be content to sow 
few if any wild oats, their life zest, their powers to accomplish 
and enjoy, would increase up to seventy and eighty. These oats 
are a poor crop at best ; for they yield only frenzy — and a wild, 
harum-scarum, frenzied excitement gives but little pleasure — yet 
they poison and impoverish the soil of life ever after! All its 
future crops are in the inverse ratio of this crop : the greater this, 
the less all succeeding ones. Young folks, you cannot afford to 
sow them. They do not^ay. They paralyze your brain with a 
fiery frenzy for the moment, only to benumb it ever after ! To 
illustrate : 

A fit of sickness left your constitution a wreck. Before, you 
could do two days' work in one day ; since, you cannot do one 
day's work in two or more days. Before, you worked with per- 
fect ease; since, you work only in pain. Before, you loved, 
since, you dread, labor. Before, you took right hold with snap 
and zest ; since, you drag along, and have to be whipped up by 
some powerful motive. You lived and enjoyed more in one day 
then than you do in a week or even month now. Your doctor 
gave you, or you did, something which paralyzed all your after- 
life functions one fourth, one half, three fourths, or nine tenths — 
think how much ! 

That lift, while yet young, in which you " felt something give 
way," that terrible day's work or struggle, that fierce temporary 
excitement, took a large proportion of the snap out of your 
muscles ever after. O, how unfortunate ! 

A student, ambitious to be first, or make up for lost time, you 
put right in, night and day, till, the first you knew, you found 
your memory impaired, your mental operations blurred and hazy, 
your feelings obtuse, your reasoning powers benumbed, and 
thoughts few and poor. Your mental acumen has departed, be- 



156 PHRENOLOGY: ITS PRINCIPLES, PROOFS, AND FACTS. 

cause your brain and nerves have been three fourths to nine 
tenths paralyzed ! 

A child, chastised, you felt, none knows how agonizingly. 
But you and your chastiser soon forgot it. Yet your brain got a 
life-long shock, from which it can never recover! Perhaps Mrs. 
Winslow's Soothing Syrup, or some other opiate, while yet in 
your cradle, did this terrible business. You do not know what, 
do not even realize its fearful extent, perhaps, nor even its fact; 
yet your brain, and entire after life, still stagger on under that 
almost fatal blow ! 

The eighteen year old fever usually sears the brain and 
nerves terribly. That intense love affair which harassed your sus- 
ceptible heart by day, and tortured you by night, broke down your 
sentient power. You have had the dumb ague ever since. Before, 
you cared for everything; since, you literally care for nothing. 
Your whole brain and nervous system, then overstrained, kept 
strung up by this terrible excitement, finally sunk back be- 
numbed, not merely as to matters of love, but also hate, fear, all 
hinds of pleasure and pain, and left your life automatic, a mere 
machine, with barely enough motive power remaining to keep 
from stopping. Though not quite dead, you are by no means 
half alive to anything. 

When love runs smoothly, nothing equally soothes, tones 
up, invigorates, and improves ever after ; but when, as far as, and 
because, it runs cross-grained, or is accompanied by hard or bad 
feelings, it benumbs the sentient element ever after; as does all 
dissatisfaction in wedlock; while all conjugial affection proportion- 
ably redoubles it. 28 

All violent passions blunt it, just as looking at the sun blunts 
the eyes, and for. the same reason — to thereby parry future 
injury. This is what renders "wild oats" so injurious. 

Amatory excitement is especially paralytic ; for reason given 
in Sexual Science. 578 " 579 It, probably, ten times more than all 
other causes combined, benumbs forever after this sentient ele- 
ment itself. Instances by hundreds have come under the Author's 
professional notice, in which a few moments of passional ecstasy 
have stricken down the sensory nerves ; both killing itself forever 
after, and along with it their power to enjoy all the other pleasures 
of life. He honestly believes that a proper exercise of this ele- 



THE BRAIN: ITS OFFICES, STRUCTURE, ETC. 157 

ment m purity instead of passion, and quietly instead of violently, 
would alone render mankind more than tenfold more sentient and 
happy in this identical form of pleasure, as well as in all its other 
forms, than they now are. Few thus blunted know even that 
they are so ; much less how awfully ; that is, how immeasurably 
the happier in this and in all other respects they would have been, 
but for this earlier searing ; or how they became thus blunted. It 
is most fearful, yet unnoticed. 

One false step, perhaps a drunken debauch, did it. That 
poison virus you caught penetrated to the remotest ends of your 
system, and palsied your fountain of life ; leaving your nerves a 
wreck and brain rheumatic ever after. Since, you have merely 
staid, not lived ; have had barelv life force enough left not to 
die. How fearfully productive that one wild oat was of agony ! 

The death of a darling child, or of one you tenderly loved, 
or else some sudden disappointment, — you know what, if you 
will only think back, — perhaps did it, but O, how changed you 
are ever since ! Yet' only for the worse. The fierce intensity of 
your brain-action forestalled its power of future action, except 
tamely. 

But for some, or perhaps many, such telling blows, O, what 
would you now have been, as compared with what yoti actually are ! 

Causes innumerable have thus impaired brain efficiency, one 
cause this man's, another that's ; but to repeat, only the merest 
fraction of the brain power possible and inherent in us all, is ever 
practically realized. This deterioration is most lamentable. 
Reader, on looking back over your life, can you not note down a 
hundred things, each of which, you are sure, injured your own 
brain's working efficiency — its mobility, so to speak. As our 
joints often become stiffened by rheumatism, &c, so our brains 
become stiffened, indurated, hardened, more or less, by this 
cause or that, and ever after thus much disabled, and our life 
functions and capacities, our very power to enjoy, think, remem- 
ber, and feel, proportionally curtailed for life. 

The great art of living, therefore, consists in keeping our 
brain in good Avorking order. As, to do good work, we must 
first have good tools, so to do tall speaking, writing, thinking, 
enjoying, trading, anything, we must keep that cerebral tool 
which executes -every function of life in good working order. 



158 PHRENOLOGY: ITS PRINCIPLES, PROOFS, AND FACTS. 

To say how this can be effected here would manifestly he out 
of place. This interlacing between all parts of the brain and 
body proves, as clearly as anything can possibly be proved r that 
brain action depends mostly on bodily conditions. Whenever 
either body or brain suffers, the other also suffers with it, and 
what improves either thereby improves the other also. The an- 
cients were right in their cardinal motto, "A sound mind in a 
strong body." Is it not amazing that a practical truth thus ap- 
parent, and enforced emphatically every moment of our lives, 
should have been overlooked by moralists and pietarians, though 
it forms the primal condition of piety, morality, and goodness; 
by educators, collegiate included, though it constitutes the base 
of all education; by lawyers and business men, notwithstanding 
that it is their one grand instrumentality of all mental efficiency 
and power whatsoever ; and even by doctors, whose researches 
should have taught it ; the more so since it is the great remedy 
of the healing art. 2 

Bodily health, immeasurably important in itself, thus becomes 
almost infinitely more so as a means of enhancing the men- 
tality and morality. Sick persons cannot think, cannot feel, can- 
not love, cannot remember, cannot study, cannot worship, cannot 
do anything, in proportion as they are sick. Keeping well is the 
first art of living well, and getting well the next. Health is par- 
amount, because the means of all else. 60 This relationship of 
body and mind only shows how infinitely important is the subject 
matter of Part II., and our health prescriptions; and that only a 
Phrenologist can really present these health doctrines from the 
best and only true standpoints — the effects of bodily states on the 
mental Faculties. 2, Let all study this greatest of all the arts of 
life, the art of taking the very best possible care of our bodies in 
general, and of brain and nerves in particular, and those of our chil- 
dren. Parents, please duly consider the infinitely greater impor- 
tance of the formation of good brains in your children, than of edu- 
cating them. First get good brains, before you try to train them. 

39. — The Brain is composed of as many distinct Organs as 
the Mind is of Faculties. 
This proposition is self-evident. It is axiomatic ; it proves 
itself; and is but one case out of the myriads of that great 



THE BRAIN: ITS OFFICES, STRUCTURE, ETC. 159 

natural law by which every function is performed by its own 
specific organs. We have already demonstrated this law. 25 
All Nature demonstrates it. Find it in practical operation any- 
where and everywhere you look. And it has no exceptions, no 
variations. No principle in Nature, not even gravity, is any more 
fully established than is this, that Nature operates only by organs, 25 
and that each individual function is invariably executed by means 
of its own individual organ, and no other. Organs never w swap 
works." Eyes see, and do nothing else ; and all seeing ceases 
when they become unable to act. 

That cerebellum and cerebrum perform functions altogether 
different from each other is evinced in the mere fact of their 
anatomical separation. If both help each other fulfil the same 
function, why separate them ? Nature never does anything for 
nothing. This dividing tentorium is not for nought, nor in the 
way ; but executes some necessary purpose, which is obviously to 
enable one part to execute one function, and the other another. 
Yet admitting any division of the brain into separately acting 
parts, concedes the whole argument. Any division presupposes 
many divisions. 

This principle of an organ for every class of functions must 
needs appertain to the brain in general, and to each of its parts. 
The brain as a totality could no more execute the mental function 
as one great whole than could the body as a unit circulate the 
blood, digest, see, hear, feel, move, &c. But as one part of the 
body breathes, another part sees, a third digests, a fourth exe- 
cutes motion, &c. ; so, in the very fitness of things, one part of 
the brain must, of necessity, execute one class of the mental op- 
erations, and another portion another class. The whole world is 
challenged to invalidate this keystone of our phrenological arch. 
Let its invaders take this fort, instead of ignoring it. Yet all 
Nature stands arrayed against them, and for us. We defy them. 
This is the question : Does the brain, like the body, perform one 
class of its functions by one of its parts, and another class by an- 
other part? or does this universal principle of Nature, that each 
function is executed by its own specific organ, and no other, gov- 
ern the body, but not the brain? Who will disgrace themselves 
by maintaining the latter? Yet all do, who deny this doctrine. 

All anatomists admit that different parts of the brain manifest 



160 PHRENOLOGY: ITS PRINCIPLES, PROOFS, AND FACTS. 



different functions — that its frontal portion manifests the intel- 
lectual powers, its middle lobe executes the moral emotions, while 
the lower posterior lobe exercises the propensities. 

"Tiedemann, Wrisberg, Soeramerring, and an immense number of 
physiologists and philosophers, have admitted a plurality of organs, and 
maintained that different parts of the brain are destined to dissimilar 
functions. 

" This idea of a plurality of the mental organs as well as Faculties is 
very old. Those who call it an invention of Gall, err." — SpurzJieim. 

"All the sensations take a distinct form in the cerebral lobes." — 
Cuvier. 

"The great Haller experienced a necessity for assigning a func- 
tion to each department of the brain." — Fodere. 

"Can all these facts of partial insanity be reconciled with the 
opinion of a single Faculty and a single organ of the understanding ? " 
— Pinel. 

Aristotle taught this doctrine, and it has been generally ad- 
mitted ever since. Albert the Great, Bishop of Ratisbon, in the 

thirteenth century, published a map of 
the head which assigned special mental 
functions to particular parts of the brain, 
which Gall and Spurzheim copied in 
1822. Ludovico Dolce, in a work upon 
strengthening and preserving, the mem- 
ory, gives the following as cerebral seats 
of several mental powers : — 

These locations, except memory, 
correspond very nearly with the phre- 
nological. Thus " common sense " is lo- 
cated where Phrenology locates the rea- 
soning organs, which give this quality 
of mind ; Phantasm and Imagination 
are located where it locates Beauty, the 
corresponding function ; whilst Cogita- 
tion is placed where we locate Caution 
or forethought, the corresponding func- 
tion. 



No. 8. 



Ancient Cerebral 
Divisions. 







Fantasia. 

Cogitativa. 

Vermis. 

Sensus Communis. 

Imagina. 

.rfEstimativa; or, 

Judgment. 
Memorativa. 
Olfactus. 
Gustus. 



spicuous. 



" In the British Museum is a chart of 
the universe and the elements of all sciences, 
in which a large head so delineated is con- 
It was published at Rome so lately, as 1632." — Geo. Combe. 



THE BRAIN: ITS OFFICES, STRUCTURE, ETC. 161 

"The brain is a very complicated organ, or, rather, an assemblage of 
very different organs." — Bonnet. 

" Certain parts of the brain in all classes of animals are larger 
or smaller, according to certain qualities of the animals." — Cuvier. 

"It is a- truth generally recognized that the cerebral functions of 
animals become more numerous and diversified according as their brain 
and nervous systems possess a more complicated structure." — Tiede- 
mann. 

This general division of the brain demonstrates its subdivision 
into just as many parts, or organs, as it fulfils distinct classes of 
functions. Nature does not work thus by piecemeal. Whenever 
she adopts any mode of operation in general, she extends it down 
to the minutest details. Her admitted adoption of this principle 
of executing different classes of the mental operations by diverse 
portions of the brain, is ipso facto proof that every class is exer- 
cised by its own specific part of it. 

Changing subjects rests both the brain and mind, just as 
change of exercise rests the body, and for the same reason, 
namely, that it brings the different parts' of both into successive 
action. Thus, as walking rests a shoemaker after working all day 
at his bench, because it brings a different set of muscles into ac- 
tion, so changing one's studies, thoughts, and feelings rests both 
brain and mind, because this change calls a new set of cerebral 
organs into action not previously fatigued. Now if both classes 
of functions were exercised by the same organs, this change would 
re-fatigue equally with continuing the old work. This argument 
is short, but valid. 

The different gifts and dispositions of different persons, 
and of the same person, presuppose different mental Faculties 
and cerebral organs. The acknowledged differences between 
males and females must needs be consequent on one set of Fac- 
ulties, with its organs, being stronger in males, and another 
set in females. How else could it be caused ? 

One propensity or talent is much stronger in one person 
than in another, and even than in the same person. One commits 
to memory with perfect ease, but cannot think ; while a second 
can think but not commit ; and a third can do both ; yet a fourth 
neither, but can sing, or do something else well which the others 
cannot. 

We have already stated the fact of this difference, 7 though for 
21 



162 PHRENOLOGY: ITS PRINCIPLES, PROOFS, AND FACTS. 

a different purpose, and need not repeat it, but require ouly to 
apply it to our argument. Its application is this : — 

The mind is subdivided into Faculties. 33 The brain is the or- 
gan of the mind, and must therefore have just as many organs as 
the mind has Faculties. 25 That is, the brain is divided into or- 
gans. If the brain acts as a whole it would act just as powerfully 
when used by one Faculty as when by another. Yet it does not, 
but acts with ten times more force while executing one set of its 
functions than another set — a fact for which only its having dif- 
ferent organs, some more vigorous than others, could possibly 
account. How perfectly the phrenological theory explains these 
differences ! yet how could the unitarian action of both the mind 
and brain cause or analyze them? 

The rapidity of our mental operations proves a plurality of 
the cerebral organs. Since the brain is the organ of the mind, all 
changes in the mind presuppose equal changes in its organ. Now 
if both were single, their united transition from one class of func- 
tions to another could be no more rapid or instantaneous than that 
of the eye, the linger, or any other corporeal organ, and, of 
course, not so instantaneous as not to be observable ; and, if not 
observable, which all admit, it cannot exist ; therefore the mind 
cannot be a single Faculty. But according to the principle that 
the mind consists of a plurality of Faculties, any or all of them 
may be in simultaneous and harmonious action — a principle as 
remarkable for beauty and consistency as the old theory is for de- 
formity and absurdity. 

The later appearance and earlier decline of some Faculties 
than others — the sexual than the feeding and other passional, and 
the retention of the reflective and moral latest of all, has a like 
cause, and bears a like testimony to this diversity of mental pow- 
ers and cerebral organs. What else could cause them? 

Monomania, or madness on one point with sanity on all others, 
or sanity on one or more with insanity on the others, obviously 
has its cause in different cerebral organs. All who know any- 
thing of insanity know that most insane patients are sane in most 
respects, but insane in one or more others. One is a perfect ma- 
niac on love, or fear, or rage, or devotion, or mechanism, or mel- 
ancholy, &c, who is yet perfectly rational in all other respects. 
The phrenological theory expounds the cause of this perfectly, 






THE BRAIN: ITS OFFICES, STRUCTURE, ETC. 163 

because one organ can be inflamed, while the others are normal, 
just as hand can be inflamed while foot is not ; whereas, this 
w r hole range of facts is in point blank collision with the doctrine 
that the mind and brain act as a unit. 

Somnambulism and dreaming find a perfect explanation in the 
phrenological theory of different cerebral organs, because one or 
more can be awake, while the others are asleep, which is 
utterly inexplicable on any other. If the mental entity were one 
and indivisible, pray how could that entire entity get up while 
sound asleep, walk around, or do, or dream of doing, this, that, 
and the other thing, without knowing what it did, while a large 
part of this same entity sleeps? The very supposition is prepos- 
terous. Every person dreams more or less, and is internally con- 
scious on awaking that one part of him was awake, while another 
part was asleep and dreaming. Reader, let your own experience 
be your own logician. Do you need, could you have, any higher 
proof of the divisibility of the mind and brain than this partial 
action of them furnishes ? 

Intoxicating drinks and laughing gas bear a like witness. 
The phenomena attendant on them can be accounted for in no 
other way, but can be by the phrenological philosophy. They 
exhilarate, but do not excite all the mental operations equally. 
They make some persons merry, jovial, talkative, oratorical, &c, 
others, sad, morose, ferocious, or amorous; some smart, others 
silly ; some devout, others blasphemous, <&c. ; besides affecting 
the same persons very differently at different times. Now, in 
case the whole brain acts as a unit, its intoxication must needs ex- 
alt all the mental operations as much as it does any one of them ; 
but in case the brain is composed of distinct organs, some stronger 
and weaker than others, of course this exalted action would, as in 
point of fact it actually does, exhilarate those parts the most 
which were the most powerful. Behold the concordance of all 
these ranges of the mental phenomena with the phrenological the- 
ory, and their discordance with the unitarian action of both ! 

In general, those identical mental phenomena which prove 
that the mind consists of a plurality of Faculties, also prove 
that the brain consists of a plurality of organs ; 33 and establishing 
either thereby proves the other also. 

The only question remaining to render the phrenological 



164 PHRENOLOGY: ITS PRINCIPLES, PROOFS, AND FACTS. 

argument complete, is to show what parts of the brain perform 
what functions of the mind. Induction must answer. Three 
ranges of experiments tell us, — comparative Phrenology, or con- 
trasting the phrenological developments of men and animals with 
their special characteristics ; pathological facts, or lesions and 
derangements of portions of the brain, as causing a like derange- 
ment of particular Faculties of the mind only ; and the direct 
facts of Phrenology, or the correspondence existing between the 
special talents and characteristics of particular persons and their 
individual phrenological developments. But to give these facts a 
logical bearing on this point, it is first necessary that we demon- 
strate one other natural and phrenological principle, viz., that 

40. — Size is a Measure of Power. 

In all cases, where all the other conditions are the same, the 
power of any function is the greater or the less in exact propor- 
tion to the relative size of the organ which puts it forth. A 
given stick of wood, or piece of iron, or string, rope, muscle, 
&c, is two, four, or ten times stronger than it could or would 
have been if one half, fourth, or tenth smaller than it now is. 

All mankind instinctively estimate power by size. Who 
would argue that we can gather as much hay from a small field 
as from a large, the grass being equally thick in each? that a 
small rope is as strong as a large one, made alike, from the same 
material? that a small anything is as efficient as a large, both 
alike in other respects ? A hemp rope is indeed stronger than 
one of the same size made from shoddy, because they differ in 
quality, and so of given sized pieces of wood, iron, &c. 

Weight is governed by this same law of size. A large ball 
of lead is as much heavier than a small as it is larger; yet a 
small lead ball may be heavier than a large cotton one. In the 
aggregate, large horses are stronger than small ones, yet some 
smaller ones are stronger than others which are larger. Let the 
common sense and universal experience of mankind attest whether, 
when other conditions are the same, size is or is not a measure 
ot the power of function? Has quantity anything, or nothing, 
to do with amount of function? 

This law of proportion of course governs the brain, as well 
as all else in Nature. Why not ? To argue a principle thus ap- 



THE BRAIN: ITS OFFICES, STRUCTURE, ETC. 165 

parent and necessary, seems superfluous. Large brains must be, 
and are, more efficient than small ones, when the quality of both 
is alike, as it substantially is in all the different parts of the same 
brain. Homogeneousness is one of the facts of Nature, 53 and 
must needs appertain to the brain ; so that if any one part is 
coarse or fine, strong or weak, active or sluggish, susceptible or 
blunt, all its parts must needs be about equally so. Surrounding 
circumstances may provoke one to more incessant and intense 
action than another, or this may be better disciplined than that, 
but all such differences are incidental, not fundamental. Let us 
catechise facts. 

All quick-scented animals have very large noses, and conse- 
quently nerves and organs of smell. 

Bloodhounds are both very long from nostrils to eyes, and 
ver/ large round their noses. So are foxhounds, and all animals 
which hunt by scent, while those which hunt by sight have smaller 
noses, so that the size of a given dog's nose admeasures his smell- 
ing power. Let the eyes of all who can see attest this fact. 

That monster lion already mentioned 26 had an immense nose, 
with those bony nasal plates or laminae, on which the nerves of 
smell are ramified, piled one above another, and packed every- 
where, thus presenting the greatest nasal surface possible, so that 
the air, as it passed over these numerous broad, nervous plates, 
could collect and transmit whatever odors might be floating in 
the atmosphere he breathed. And on opening his skull, that part 
of his brain in which this nasal nerve terminates, occupied seem- 
ingly about one fourth of his entire brain ! Both observation and 
philosophy prove that this principle holds good of the nasal 
nerves of all keen-scented animals, but that these nerves, and 
this part of the brain, are deficient in all animals whose smell is 
feeble. 

The optic nerves of eagles, and of all quick-sighted and far- 
seeing birds and animals, furnish a like illustration that size of 
the visual organ measures its power of function ; while those 
deficient in sight, like moles, have small eyes and optic nerves. 

"The following facts go to prove that size in an organ, other 
conditions being the same, is a measure of power in its function ; small 
size indicating little, and large size much power. 

" In our childhood, we have all been delighted with the fable of the 



166 PHRENOLOGY: ITS PRINCIPLES, PROOFS, AND FACTS. 

old man who showed his sons a bundle of rods, and pointed out to them 
how easy it was to snap one alone asunder, but how difficult to break 
the whole together. The principle involved in this simple story per- 
vades all material substances. For example, a muscle is composed of a 
number of fleshy fibres, and hence it follows that each muscle will be 
strong in proportion to the number of fibres which enter into its com- 
position. If nerves are composed of parts, a nerve which is composed 
of twenty parts must be more vigorous than one which consists of only 
one part. To render this principle universally true, however, all the 
compared parts must be of the same quality. It may be more difficult 
to break one iron bolt the size of one of these twigs than the whole 
bundle of twigs, yet breaking ten iron rods together would be as much 
harder, relatively, than breaking one as their number is greater." 

"The strength of the bones is always, other circumstances being 
equal, proportioned to their size. So certain is this, that when Nature 
requires to give strength to a bone in a bird, and, at the same time, to 
avoid increasing its weight, the bone is made of larger diameter, but 
hollow in the middle. That this law of size holds in regard to the 
blood-vessels of the heart is self-evident to every one who knowsnthat 
a tube of three inches diameter will transmit more liquid than a tube of 
only one inch. And the same may be said in regard to the lungs, liver, 
kidneys, and every other part. If a liver with a surface of ten square 
inches can secrete four ounces of bile, it is perfectly manifest that one 
having a surface of twenty square inches will be able, all other things 
being equal, to secrete a quantity greater in proportion to its greater 
size. If this law did not hold good, what would be the advantage of 
large and capacious lungs over small and confined?" 

" The spinal marrow increases in size at the points where it gives 
off nerves of sensation and motion most numerously ; for example, in 
the cervical region, where these nerves go off to the upper extremities, 
and at the lumbar region, where it sends off nerves of sensation and 
motion to the lower extremities. It is proportionably larger in birds, where 
it gives off these nerves to the wings, than in the same region in fishes." 

" Speaking generally, there are two classes of nerves distributed over 
the body, those of motion and those of sensation and feeling. In mo- 
tion, the muscle is the essential or chief apparatus, and the nerve is re- 
quired only to communicate to it the impulse of the will. But in sen- 
sation the reverse is the case ; the nerve itself is the chief instrument, 
and the part on which it is ramified is merely the medium for putting it 
in relation with the specific qualities which it is destined to recognize." 

"The following cases illustrate the effect of size on the strength 
of the functions of these nerves. They are stated on the authority of 
Desmoulins, a celebrated French physiologist, when no other name is 
given. The horse and ox have much greater muscular power, and much 
less intensity of sensation in their limbs, than man ; and in conformity 
with this principle, the nerves of motion going to the four limbs of the 
horse and ox are at least one third more numerous than the nerves of 
sensation going to the same parts; whereas in man, the nerves of mo- 
tion going to the legs and arms are a fifth or a sixth part fewer than the 
nerves of sensation distributed on the same part.* In like manner, in 

* A difference of eight or nine to one. 



THE BRAIN: ITS OFFICES, STRUCTURE, ETC. 167 

birds and reptiles which have scaly skins and limited touch, but vigor- 
ous powers of motion, the nerves of sensation are few and small, and 
the nerves of motion numerous and large. Further, whenever Nature 
has given a higher degree of sensation and touch to any particular part 
than to the other parts of an animal, there the nerve of sensation is in- 
variably increased. For example, the single nerve of feeling ramified on 
the tactile extremity of the proboscis of the elephant exceeds in size the 
united volume of all the muscular nerves of that organ. Some species 
of monkey possess great sensibility in the tail, and some species of bats 
have great sensibility in their wings, and in these parts the nerves of 
sensation are increased in size in proportion to the increase in functional 
power. Birds require to rise in the air, which is a medium much lighter 
than their own bodies. To have enlarged the size of their muscles 
would have added to their weight and increased their difficulty in rising. 
Nature, to avoid this disadvantage, has bestowed on them large nerves 
of motion, which infuse a powerful stimulus into their muscles, and in- 
creases their power of flying. Fishes live in water, which has almost 
the same specific gravity with their bodies. To them Nature gives 
large muscles in order to increase their locomotive powers, and in them 
the nerves of motion are less. In these instances Nature curiously adds 
to the power of motion by increasing the size of that part of the loco- 
motive apparatus which may be enlarged most conveniently for the ani- 
mal ; but either the muscle or the nerve must be enlarged, or there is no 
increase of power." 

"Each external sense is composed, first, of an instrument or medium 
on which the impression is made, — the eye, for example; and secondly, 
of a nerve to conduct that impression to the brain. The same law of 
size holds in regard to these organs of the senses. A large eye will col- 
lect more rays of light, a large ear more vibrations of sound, and large 
nostrils more odorous particles, than the same organs when small. This 
is so obvious that it scarcely requires proof; yet, as Lord Jeffrey has 
ridiculed this idea, Monro, Blumenbach, Soemmerring, Cnvier, Magendie, 
Georget, and a whole host of other physiologists support it. Blumen- 
bach, when treating of smell, says, 'While animals of the most acute 
smell have their nasal organs the most extensively evolved, precisely the 
same holds in regard to some barbarous nations. For instance, in the 
head of a North American Indian, represented in one of his plates, the 
internal nostrils are of an extraordinary size,' &c. And again, ' The 
nearest to these in point of magnitude are the internal nostrils of Ethi- 
opians, from among whom I have eight heads very different from each 
other, but each possessing a nasal organ much larger than that described by 
Soemmerring. These anatomical observations accord with the accounts 
given by most respectable travellers concerning the wonderful acuteness 
of smell possessed by those savages.' In like manner Dr. Monro pri- 
mus, — no mean authority, — when treating in his Comparative 
Anatomy of the large organ of smell in the dog, says, c The sensibility 
of smell seems to be increased in proportion to the surface, and this will 
be found to take place in all the other senses.' The same author states 
'that the external ear in different quadrupeds is differently formed,, but 
always adapted to the creature's manner of life ; thus hares, and such 
other animals as are daily exposed to assaults from beasts of prey, have 



168 PHRENOLOGY: ITS PRINCIPLES, PROOFS, AND FACTS. 

large ears directed backwards, their eyes warning them of danger 
before.' " 

"These observations apply to the external portions of the organs of 
sense, but the inner parts or nerves are not less subject to the same law 
of size. Georget, an esteemed physiological writer, in treating of the 
nerves, affirms that 'the volume of these organs bears a uniform pro- 
portion, in all the different animals, to the extent and force of the sensa- 
tions and movements over which they preside; thus, the nerve of smell 
in the dog is larger than the five nerves of the external senses in man.' 
The surface of the mucous membrane of the ethmoidal bone, on which 
the nerve of smell is ramified, is computed to extend in man to twenty 
square inches, in the seal to one hundred and twenty. The nerve of 
smell is small in man and the monkey tribe; scarcely, if at all, percepti- 
ble in the dolphin ; large in the dog and the horse, and altogether enor- 
mous in the whale and the skate, in which it actually exceeds in diame- 
ter the spinal marrow itself. In the mole it is of extraordinary size, 
while the optic nerve is very small. In the eagle the reverse is observed, 
the optic nerve being very large, and the olfactory small. Most of the 
quadrupeds excel man in the acuteness of their hearing, and accordingly 
it is a fact that the auditory nerve in the sheep, cow, horse, &c, greatly 
exceeds the size of the same nerve in man. In some birds of prey, 
which are known to possess great sensibility of taste, the palate is found 
to be very copiously supplied with nervous filaments." 

" The organ of sight, however, affords the most striking example of 
the influence of size. The office of the eyeball is to collect the rays of 
light. A large eye, therefore, will take in more rays of light, or, in 
other words, command a greater sphere of vision, than a small one. 
.But to give intensity or power of vision the optic nerve also is necessary. 
.Now the ox, placed on the surface of the earth, is of a heavy structure, 
and ill fitted for motion, but has a large eyeball, which enables him to 
take in a large field of vision without turning; yet as he does not re- 
quire very keen vision to see his provender, on which he almost treads, 
his optic nerve is not large in proportion to his eyeball. The eagle, on 
the other hand, by ascending to a great height in the air, enjoys a wide 
.field of vision from its mere physical position. It looks down from a 
point over an extensive surface. It has no need, therefore, for a large 
eyeball to increase artificially its field of vision, and accordingly its eye- 
ball is comparatively small. But it requires from that height to discern 
its prey upon the surface of the earth; and not only is the distance 
great, but its prey often resembles in color the ground on which it rests. 
To the eagle, therefore, great intensity of vision is necessary. Accord- 
ingly, in it the optic nerve is increased to an enormous extent. Instead 
of forming a single membrane, only lining the inner surface of the pos- 
terior chamber of the eye, as in man and animals which do not require 
extraordinary vision, — and consequently only equalling in extent the 
sphere of the eye to which it belongs, — the retina, or expansion of the 
nerve of vision in these quick-sighted birds of prey, is found to be com- 
posed of a great number of folds, each hanging loose into the eye, and 
augmenting, in a wonderful degree, not only the extent of the nervous 
surface by the mass of nervous matter, and giving rise to that intensity 
of vision which distinguishes the eagle, falcon, hawk, &c. In the case 



THE BRAIN: ITS OFFICES, STRUCTURE, ETC. 169 

of the senses, we plainly see that when Nature designs to increase their 
power, she effects her purpose by augmenting the size of their organs." 
— George Combe. 

The fundamental importance of this principle to Phrenol- 
ogy, along with the captiousness of its opponents, constitute our 
excuse for presenting thus copiously a principle of Nature just as 
obvious as the noonday sun in a clear sky. Behold how perfectly 
this basilar principle of Phrenology accords both with all the facts 
and philosophies of Nature ! 

41. — Size of Brain as influencing Power of Mind. 
Great men have great brains. Cuvier's brain weighed over four 
pounds ten ounces ; and that of the great surgeon, Dupuytren, 
weighed four pounds ten ounces. Byron's brain weighed about 
as much, though his hat was small, probably because his brain 
was large at its base, but conical, and deficient in the moral 
region ; yet its great weight establishes its great size. Bona- 
parte's brain weighed as much as Cuvier's. That he wore a very 
large hat, is attested by one of his body guard, Colonel Leh- 
manauski, who fought one hundred and seven battles under him, 
and was with him, and waited on him continually, from first to 
last, except when he was on the island of St. Helena. Leh- 
manauski told the Author that one day, on leaving Bonaparte's 
tent, by mistake he put the emperor's hat upon his head, which 
slipped dear doivn over his eyes, and yet the colonel's head meas- 
ured tw T enty-three and one half inches in circumference above the 
ears ! Of course Bonaparte's must have exceeded twenty-four 
inches. The Author found Webster's massive head to measure 
over twenty-four and one half inches, Clay's twenty-three and a 
half plus, and Van Buren's equally large. That of Chief Justice 
Gibson, the greatest jurist of Pennsylvania, measured twenty-four 
and one quarter inches. Hamilton's hat passed over the ears of a 
man whose head measured twenty-three and a half inches. 
Burke's was immense ; so was Jefferson's ; while Franklin's hat 
passed over the ears of a twenty-four inch head. Judge 
McLean's head exceeded twenty-three and one half inches. The 
heads of Washington, Adams, and a thousand other celebrities, 
were also very large. The head of Lord Bacon was immense in 
size, so w T as that of Chief Justice Marshall, Judge Story, and of 



170 PHRENOLOGY: ITS PRINCIPLES, PROOFS, AND FACTS. 

Chancellor Kent, the greatest jurist of New York, as the Author 
attests from the personal inspection of them all except Bacon. 

The brain increases and decreases as the mental capacities 
increase and decrease. Thus the brains of infants are small, but 
grow as their general power of mind grows, are largest at matu- 
rity, yet diminish in size as second childhood weakens their 
mental capacities. 

Most idiots have small heads. A post-mortem cast of a New 
York idiot's brain showed that it was not as large as a common- 
sized goose egg. The Author has literally seen hundreds of 
idiots whose brains were small. 

" Complete intelligence is absolutely impossible with a head below 
fourteen inches in circumference. In such cases idiocy, more or less 
complete, invariably ensues. To this rule no exception ever has been, 
or ever will be, found." — Gall. 

"De Voisin, in the Journal of the Phrenological Society of Paris, for 
April, 1835, reports observations made upon the idiots under his care in 
the Parisian Hospital of Incurables, in order to verify this assertion of 
Gall, and mentions that he found it confirmed in every case. In the 
lowest class of idiots, where the intellectual manifestations were nihil, 
the horizontal circumference just above the orbit varied from eleven to 
thirteen inches; while the distance from the root of the nose backward 
over the top of the head to the occipital spine was only between eight 
and nine inches. When the size varied from fourteen to seventeen 
inches of horizontal measurement, and eleven to twelve in the other 
direction, glimpses of feeling and random intellectual perceptions were 
observable, but without any power of perception, or fixity of ideas. 
Lastly, when the first measurement extended to eighteen or nineteen 
inches, though the head was still small, the intellectual manifestations 
were regular enough, but deficient in intensity. In the full-sized head, 
the first measurement is equal to twenty-two inches, and the second to 
about fourteen. So large was the head of Spurzheim, that, even on his 
skull, these two measurements amount to twenty-two and one fourth 
and thirteen and six tenths inches respectively." — Geo. Combe. 

"We have made such a number of observations in various countries, 
that we have no hesitation in affirming that too small a brain is unfit for 
the manifestation of the mind, though idiotism may result from other 
causes." — Spurzheim. 

" The heads of idiots, unless otherwise diseased, are characterized 
by deformity or smallness; the heads of eminent men, by their magni- 
tude. Those who are not large in stature have heads disproportionately 
large to their bodies. Grecian artists represented Pericles covered with 
a helmet to conceal this disproportion, and moderns have left Napoleon's 
in its natural size, but placed it on a colossal body to make it conform to 
their ideas of proportion. Artists have substituted so small a head of 
Venus de Medici for the original which was lost, that every woman, 



THE BRAIN; ITS OFFICES, STRUCTURE, ETC. 



171 



with one equally small, would, of necessity, be a simpleton." " I have 
never found in ancient or modern times any man of great genius whose 
head was not large, especially in his forehead. The busts and engrav- 
ings of Homer, Socrates, Plato, Demosthenes, Pliny, Bacon, Sully, Gal- 
ileo, Montaigne, Corneille, Racine, Bossuet, Newton, Leibnitz, Locke, 
Paschal, Boerhaave, Haller, Montesquieu, Voltaire, J. J. Rousseau, Frank- 
lin, Diderot, Stall, Kant, Schiller, <fcc, show that they had large heads. 
Voltaire's head was large, especially anteriorly, though his small face 
made his head appear less than it was." — Gall. 

The Edinburgh Phrenological Journal illustrates the smallness 
of the heads of idiots, in contrast with the large-sized heads of men 
of superior talents, by the following engravings of the head of an 
idiot, and that of Rammohuu Roy, a learned Brahmin, and noted 
reformer, a man of great learning, and superior natural talents. 



Large-sized Brain. 




Small Brain. 




No. 10.— An Idiot. 



No. 9.— Rammohun Koy. 



"Idiocy from birth always accompanies an original defect of the 
brain." — Pinel. 

_ "There is undoubtedly a very close connection between the absolute 
size of" the brain and the intellectual powers and functions of the mind. 
This is evident from the remarkable smallness of the brain in cases of 
congenital idiocism, few much exceeding in weight that of a new-born 
child."— Gall. 

Spurzheim, Esquirol, Halsam, and others, have already observed this, 
which is also confirmed by my own researches. The brains of very tal- 
ented men are remarkable, on the other hand, for their great size." — 
Tiedemann. 

The brain is observed progressively to be improved in its structure, 
and, with reference to the spinal marrow and nerves, augmented in 
volume more and more, until we reach the human brain — each addition 
being marked by some addition to, or amplification of, the powers of the 



172 PHRENOLOGY: ITS PRINCIPLES, PROOFS, AND FACTS. 

animal; until in man we behold it possessing some parts of which ani- 
mals are destitute, and wanting none which theirs possess." — Edinburgh 
Review, JVo. 94. 

"Great heads little wit, little heads not a bit," is a trite 
but true proverb expressive of this law that very small brains 
accompany idiocy, and also another that dropsy on the brain indi- 
cates a want of sense. Yet this involves the doctrine of the 
Temperaments, and the effects of quality and other conditions of 
the brain and organism upon the manifestations of the mind. 52 
All Phrenologists maintain that size is one, and yet but one of the 
conditions of power. And the longer I practise Phrenology the 
more convinced I become that the influence of organic structure, 
health, and these "other conditions," modify and actually control 
character even more than the earlier Phrenologists express. 
Bright, apt, smart, literary, knowing, even eloquent men, &c, 
often have only average, even moderate-sized heads, because en- 
dowed with the very highest organic quality ; yet such are more 
admired than commanding ; more brilliant than powerful ; more 
acute than profound. Though they may show off in an ordinary 
sphere, yet they are not the men for great occasions ; nor have 
they that giant force of intellect which moulds and sways nations 
and ages. Yet these, and like exceptions to this general law, that 
size of brain measures power of mind, belong in the chapter on 
the Temperaments rather than in that on the proofs of Phrenol- 
ogy. 52 

Section III. 

comparative anatomy and injuries of the brain as 
proving the truth of phrenology. 

. 42. — Comparative Anatomy proves Phrenology. 

Man and animals are constructed upon the same general prin- 
ciples. The analogy between them is perfect, as far as both pos- 
sess like functions. Every individual of both, and, indeed, of 
whatever lives, must breathe, feed, sleep, and supply all the 
other cardinal wants of life. In what animal, fish, fowl, insect, 
or anything else endowed with life, is any one of these functions 
omitted? Not one, in any living thing. 

Like organs also execute like functions in them all. Thus 



COMPARATIVE ANATOMY, AND CEREBRAL INJURIES. 173 

when Infinite Wisdom has devised stomach as the instrument for 
resupplying exhausted nutrition in man, He resupplies it by a like 
organ throughout whatever eats or digests ; when He has devised 
eyes and light as the instruments of vision in either, whatever 
sees at all sees by means of eyes and light ; when He has invented 
muscular contraction as the instrumentality of locomotion, what- 
ever moves at all, — the eagle as he soars aloft beyond our vision, 
the whale as he ploughs the furrows of the mighty deep, and man 
as he walks forth, proud in the consciousness of his strength, — 
each and all move by means of muscular contraction alone ; and 
ten thousand just such other illustrations render this inference 
scientific, that in case He has seen fit to construct man in accord- 
ance with the principles of Phrenology, He has also constructed 
beasts and birds, fish and reptiles, in accordance with these same 
great phrenological principles ; and if them, also him. Then are 
either so constructed? for if either is, therefore both must be. 
Who will call this basis of our argument in question ? Let us 
see whether it proves or disproves Phrenology. 

Outline truth signifies truth in detail. The truth of any 
general principle proves that this staminate truth works itself 
out throughout all the minutiae of that department. Our subject 
presents the evidences for and against this science in those great 
outlines, respecting which there can be no possibility of mistake. 
What testimony, then, do these major facts bear? That Phrenol- 
ogy holds true of whatever has a brain. Let us scrutinize de- 
tailed facts. 

Our starting point is the external opening of the ears, or 
meatus auditorus, where the brain begins to form, at the head of 
the spinal marrow. 

The zygomatic arches, engraving No. 90, through which the mas- 
ticatory or chewing muscles pass, join the head posteriorly at this 
point. This renders our landmarks distinct^ and easily observed. 

The animal propensities, according to Phrenology, are situ- 
ated around and above the ears, that is, around and above the 
posterior termini of these zigomatic arches ; while the moral sen- 
timeuts are located in the upper portion of the brain, the reason- 
ing organs in the upper portion of the forehead, and the percep- 
tives in its lower portion, over and around the eyes. Engraving 
No. 1, or the groupings of the organs, illustrates this point. 



174 PHRENOLOGY: ITS PRINCIPLES, PROOFS, AND FACTS. 



Animals and man have the animal propensities in common. 
Both eat, defend themselves, are cautious, amatory, parental, se- 
cretive, gregarious, &c. Of course, in case Phrenology is true, 
the phrenological organs of these propensities, which are located 
around the ears, should and would be large in both. And they 
are so, and compose almost the entire brain of animals, as they 
accordingly embrace most of their mental characteristics. h\ 
other words, those organs are developed in both whose Faculties 
are common to both. 

The perceptive Faculties are also active in both, and these 
organs large in each.' They are located over and around the eyes. 
That is, the entire base of the brains of both is well developed, 
and the Faculties ascribed by Phrenology to this base are strong 
in both. 

Their moral and religious organs, however, differ in each 
quite as much as do their corresponding mental qualities ; and 
these organs differ just as do their mental manifestations. Thus, 
man possesses, while brute lacks, reason. We do not aver that 
all beasts are wholly destitute of reason, for all obviously possess 
traces of it ; 3 yet it is comparatively so deficient as to be barely 
perceptible in all animals, while it forms a special characteristic 
of mankind. 

Large and small Intellectual Regions. 




No. 11. — Bacon. 



No. 14. — Snake. 



These organs of reason occupy the upper and lateral portions 
of the forehead, which they render high, wide, broad, and deep, 
in proportion as they are developed. Man's forehead, then, should 
be, in case Phrenology is true, as much higher, broader, and fuller, 



COMPARATIVE ANATOMY, AND CEREBRAL INJURIES. 175 

as he has more reason than beast, which is considerable ; and 
so it is. Mankind have good-sized foreheads, with vigorous rea- 
soning capacities, while brute lacks both. The Phrenology of each 
is exactly as it would be in case this science were true. See ac- 
companying engravings of Lord Bacon,. No. 11, idiot, No. 12, a 
monkey, No. 13, a snake, No. 14. 

The moral organs are large in man, as are their correspond- 
ing phrenological sentiments ; while brute lacks both. These or- 
gans, located on the top of the head, cause it to rise above the 
ears, and become elongated on top, in proportion as they are the 
larger. Man possesses, but brute lacks, both these Faculties and 
their organs. A dog cannot be taught to pniy> nor a swine to 
think, because they are deficient in these powers of mind; and 
mark how the foreheads of ail brutes slope directly back from the 
root of their noses, while the human forehead is the higher and 
broader, according as nations and races are the more or less reflec- 
tive and inventive; and is the longer and higher on top in pro- 
portion as man is more moral and religious than beast. This is 
not incidental ; it is universal. It is not true of now and then 
one man and a beast, but of all mankind in contrast with all 
brutes. Let the eyes of every reader, directed to any and all 
beasts and all human beings, prove to the senses of all who have and 
use them, that the phrenological developments of man correspond 
with his specialties, and of brutes with theirs; that wherever the 
organs of reason are found, the reasoning capacities accompany 
them ; but wherever these organs are deficient, these faculties are 
also wanting. Behold this inductive proof of phrenological truth 
commensurate with the entire kingdom of man on the one hand, 
in contrast with that of animal on the other, every individual of 
each thus augmenting this phrenological evidence ! Opponents, 
refutethis argument, or else admit it, not ignore it. Every mem- 
ber of both the human family and of the entire brute creation 
challenges you to keep silence till you do answer this identical 
point. And when you have answered this, we will give you an- 
other analogous one, namely : that 

The more intelligence, the higher the forehead. Snakes, 
turtles, frogs, alligators, &c, very low in sense, have very low 
heads. Thus contrast the foreheads of turtle and snake, Nos. 14 
and 15, with those of monkey and baboon, Nos. 13 and 16, dogs 



176 PHRENOLOGY: ITS PRINCIPLES, PROOFS, AND FACTS. 

of ordinary intelligence with those of poodles, Newfoundlands, 
and water spaniels, and mark the greater development of the in- 
tellectual lobes in intelligent animals over those less " knowing." 
The foreheads of wolves and Newfoundland dogs furnish a most 
striking illustration that forehead and tractability, and the want 
of both, accompany each other. 

My father's ox was most remarkable for width between his 
eyes, and also for finding his way home anywhere through Mich- 
igan woods, where there was no underbrush and no roads, in the 
darkest nights. That is, he had very large Form in character, so 
that he could see perfectly in the night, and knew places seen 
before ; and he was one, inch broader, from eye to eye, than his 
mate, not thus gifted. All cattle and horses, especially kind, 
good, docile, and tractable, will be found to be correspondingly 
the fuller from their eyes up into the middle of their foreheads ; 
that is, to have large organs of Kindness and perceptive intellect, 
while shy, skittish horses, those easily frightened, will be found 
narrow between their ears, and bold, resolute ones wide there. 

Perceptives larger than Reflect ives. 




No. 16. — Remarkably Intelligent Orang-outang. 

Baboons, monkeys, gorillas, &c, have the perceptive organs 
— those over the eyes — so large that Nature can now put their 
eyes in under this bony arch, which she cannot do in animals less 
perceptive, where these super-orbital organs are less developed. 



COMPARATIVE ANATOMY, AND CEREBRAL INJURIES. 177 



Behold the towering foreheads 



Gorilla furnishes a still more striking illustration of an im- 
mense perceptive lobe, with scarcely any development of the 
reflective or moral organs, having a head quite like baboons. 
Accordingly all those Faculties in him which work through his 
eyes are remarkably acute, along with lack of understanding. 

Great men have great foreheads. All men have a much 
greater development of brain in their intellectual and moral lobes 
than animals, and manifest the 'corresponding intellectual and 
moral Faculties in a proportionate degree ; while the Caucasian 
race has more brain above and before the ears than any of the 
other races, and proportionally more of the mental powers 
Phrenology locates there ; which corresponds with their intellec- 
tual and moral superiority ; while the really great men of this 
race have foreheads as much larger than ordinary men as they 
have more intellectual calibre 
of Shakspeare, Frank- 

... T . -r, Intellectual Organs large. 

lin, .Locke, .Bacon, 
Brown, Marshall, Kent, 
Edwards, Rush, and 
Kant. All deep and 
profound reasouers, all 
original and powerful 
thinkers, without a sol- 
itary exception, possess 
really immense Causal- 
ity and Comparison. 

Among all the heads 
observed by the Au- 
thor, he has never seen 
one with so very high, 
broad, and deep a fore- 
head, in which the rea- 
soning organs were de- 
veloped in so extraor- 
dinary a degree, as in 

that of Daniel Webster ; and where do we find his superior for 
profound casuistry and originality of thought ! Let his great 
forehead and great reasoning powers speak for themselves. Men 
23 




No. 17. — Daniel Webster. 



178 PHRENOLOGY: ITS PRINCIPLES, PROOFS, AND FACTS. 



Perceptives large, Reflectives small. 




of ordinary talent possess a respectable endowment of these or- 
gans ; the Hindoos, Chinese, American Indians, and African race 
still less, but much more than the lower order of animals ; idi- 
ots scarcely any; and the lower order of animals none, or next to 
none at all. 

Monkey tribes have great 
Parental Love, with large 
Amativeness, Secrecy, and 
Observation, as in engrav- 
ings Nos. 13 and 18, at 10 
and 28, with small Causal- 
10 ity, moral organs, and Ex- 
pression, yet some Compar- 
ison ; and their mental man- 
ifestations correspond per- 
fectly with these develop- 
No. 18. — Baboon " * 

ments. Crows have large 
Caution and Secrecy, in head and character. All cats, foxes, wea- 
sels, minks, tigers, leopards, owls, and all animals which employ 
strategy in approaching and seizing their prey, have larger Secrecy 
than Destruction ; yet those more fierce than cunning, like bears, 
lions, dogs, hyenas, wolves, &c, have larger Destruction than 
Secrecy, with both large ; while deer, cattle, horses, hens, doves, 
and others preyed upon, have little Destruction, more Secrecy, 
and large Caution. 

Location is immense in dogs, swine, and bears ; and accord- 
ingly, dogs can chase deer day 
after day through forests never 
before seen, making turnings 
and angles innumerable and 
immeasurable, except by them- 
selves, and then " strike a bee 
line "for home ; while pigs and 
cats, tied up tight in a bag, 
and transported no matter 
where, nor with how many turnings, on being released, start straight 
back to their old home. Doo;s bite and tear more than cats, and 
have the most Destruction ; while cats are stealthy and treacherous, 
even in their gambols, and accordingly have more Secrecy than 



Locality and Destruction largk. 




No. 19. — Dog. 



COMPAEATIVE ANATOMY, AND CEREBRAL INJURIES. 179 

Destruction. Male dogs have no Parental Love, either in head 
or character, while monkeys, robins, bluebirds, partridges, and fe- 
males generally, have both this organ large, and manifest this Fac- 
ulty almost to desperation. It is prodigious in female bears, and 
accordingly they fight for their cubs with the utmost fierceness. 

A farmer in Alleghany County, New York, one morning found 
his sow and litter of pigs missing, and inferred, from blood and 
bear tracks in and around the sty, that a bear had eaten and 
carried off both; till, a while after, he encountered in the forest 
a large she bear, having this identical litter of his missing pigs in 
her maternal care. A sharp conflict ensued. Determined to re- 
cover his stolen stock, he gave battle, while Mrs. Bruin, actuated 
by still stronger Parental Love, evinced the utmost courage in 
defending her adopted offspring, until, outwitted ,by the skill of 
her human antagonist, but determined to retain at least part, 
grabbing one of the little squealers in her mouth, she fled. 

Every menagerie affords numerous and striking illustrations 
of the truth of Phrenology. All animated nature teems with 
facts in its favor; and no striking instance has been, or can be 
produced, through all the gradations and classes which compose 
the animal kingdom, from the worm up to man, and even through 
all the different races of men, of a discrepancy betweeu the 
known and marked characteristics of an animal, and their phreno- 
logical developments ; but the coincidences between the two are 
invariably found to be most striking. Inasmuch, then, as' the 
phrenological phenomena, from one end of the chain of animated 
beings to the other, are uniformly found to accord with the char- 
acter, it follows that the same phrenological law governs all ani- 
mals, and causes this uniformity. 

All Indian heads and skulls the Author ever saw, and he has 
seen them literally by thousands, have an extreme development 
of Destruction, Secrecy, Caution, Firmness, Devotion, Observa- 
tion, Size, Form, and Locality, with full Eventuality, and mod- 
erate Causation, Kindness, Beauty, and Friendship. This com- 
bination of Faculties indicates just such traits as Indians gene- 
rally possess. Their extreme Destruction would create that cruel, 
bloodthirsty, and revengeful disposition common to the race, 
which snakes them turn a deaf ear to the cries of distress, and 
steels them to such acts of 'barbarity as they are wont to practise 



180 PHRENOLOGY: ITS PRINCIPLES, PROOFS, AND FACTS. 



Destruction and Secret Devotion firm; Percep- 
tives large j taste, hope, and causality 
moderate. 



in torturing the hapless victims of their vengeance. Their ex- 
tremely large Destruction, combined with their large Secrecy 

and Caution, and less 
Force, would cause 
them to employ "cun- 
ning and strategem in 
warfare, in preference 
to open force ; " would 
give them less courage 
than cruelty ; render 
them wary, extremely 
cautious in advancing 
upon an enemy, and 
lurking in ambush ; and, 
with high Firmness, ad- 
mirably fit them to en- 
dure privation and hard- 
ship, and even the most 
cruel tortures, yet un- 
conquerable ; and, with 
large Ambition added, 
disposed to glory in 
dark deeds of cruelty ; 
in scalping the fallen 
foe, and in butchering 
helpless women and 
children. 

Their full Conscience Would make them grateful for favors, and, 
according to their contracted ideas of justice, honest, upright, and 
faithful to their word ; and these constitute the principal sum of 
their moral virtues ; but when we add their high Devotion and 
Spirituality, we find them credulous, religious, and superstitious. 
Their small amount of brain in the coronal region of the head, 
when compared with their immense development of the animal 
passions and selfish feelings, would bring them chiefly under the 
dominion of their animal nature, and render them little suscep- 
tible of becoming civilized, humanized, and educated : hence, 
the rugged soil which they present to the labors of the Chris- 
tian missionary. Their large Observation, Location, and Percep- 




hi m 

No. 20. — Black Hawk, the Sioux Chief. 



COMPARATIVE ANATOMY, AND CEREBRAL INJURIES. 181 

tives, Destruction, Secrecy, and Caution, would cause them to 
delight in the chase, and admirably qualify them to succeed in it; 
whilst their moderate Causality would render them incapable of 
producing any inventions and improvements, and of reasoning 
profoundly. Their small Acquisition would create in them but 
little desire for property ; and this would result in a want of in- 
dustry, and leave them, as we find them, in a state of compara- 
tive destitution as regards the comforts and even necessaries of 
life. The large Parental Love of their females admirably qual- 
ifies them to protect and cherish their offspring under the pecu- 
liarly disadvantageous circumstances in which they are placed ; 
whilst its small endowment in their males would cause them to be 
comparatively indifferent to their children, and to throw the 
whole burden of taking care of them while young upon the 
mother. Their large Tune and Destruction would give them a 
passion for war songs and dances, and these combining with their 
large Eventuality, would cause them to adopt this method of 
perpetuating their warlike exploits. 

In Washington, the author examined the heads of about twenty 
Indians of the Cherokee delegation to Congress, in whom he 
found the animal portion of the brain relatively smaller, and the 
human and reasoning organs much larger, than in Indian heads 
generally ; and this perfectly harmonizes with, and accounts for, 
the fact, that this tribe is less savage, and more intellectual, than 
any other. Indeed, the phrenological developments of some of 
the half-breeds were decisively superior, Those examined from 
Indiana possessed a much larger development of Destruction, 
and were less talented and civilized. 

Exceptions as to both heads and characters of course exist; es- 
pecially among their chiefs. Red Jacket had a large frontal and 
coronal lobe, especially a high, bold forehead, and towered 
equally above his peers in hard sense. John Ross has a superior 
head and character. So has Red Cloud. So had some of his 
escort to Washington ; and all immense mouths. Black Hawk had 
but little Kinjdness in his head, Firmness, Dignity, and Love, were 
small ; Destruction, Caution, and Devotion were large, but Hope 
was moderate ; yet he will come up again. Beauty and Causa- 
tion were moderate. See accompanying engraving, No. 20. The 
Utes are as inferior in head and character as any the Author has 



182 PHRENOLOGY: ITS PRINCIPLES, PROOFS, AND FACTS. 

seen, while the Sioux have organisms, physical and phrenological, 
every way superior to the Chippeways. 

Flathead Indians anciently chose for their model of beauty 
that form of head they found oftenest in their greatest war chiefs, 
their national aristocrats, who required prodigious perceptives, 
ambition, and propensities, but only weak reflectives, affec- 
tional, and moral. They could not have become the leaders of 



Very large Animal, small Moral. 



Large Perceptives, and Animal Or- 
gans WITH DEFICIENT REASON. 




No. 20 a.— Ancient Mexican. 



No. 21. — Natchez Flathead Indian. 



those predatory, avenging bands, unless they had possessed in 
character extreme Cunning, Cruelty, Caution, Dignity, and Devo- 
tion, with weak Friendship, Parental Love, Kindness, and Causal- 
ity, which exactly corresponds with the model they have selected. 
The largest and broadest of these engravings (No. 20), is 

after Del Rio, from an original 
Mexican, before the conquest; 
the next, No. 21, a Natchez, from 
high up on the Alabama River ; 
No. 23, a Columbia River Flat- 
head skull in the Author's collec- 
tion ; the two steeple heads, Nos. 
24 and 25, after Del Rio, from 
Morton's , Crania, are ancient 
Flathead Mexicans ; and the oth- 
ers represent Natchez Flatheads. 
The fact is certainly remarkable that all these Flatheads, an- 
cient and modern, have so flattened their heads as to represent 




No. 23. — Flathead Indian. 



COMPARATIVE ANATOMY, AND CEREBRAL INJURIES. 183 



prodigious perceptives, weak refleciives, and extreme Caution and 
Cunning, the very traits their warriors required, along with large 
Devotion, for of course they trusted to "the Great Spirit " for 
success, yet had little sympathy for distress, or love of their own 

Large Perceptive and Aspiring, with deficient Reasoning. 





Nos. 24 and 25. — Mexican Steeple Flatheads, after Del Rio. 

families, as either would interfere with their war spirit. The co- 
incidence is perfect between the phrenological shape of their 
heads, and their peculiar mode of warfare. Who will say that 
this is incidental? Who will deny that they took their pattern, 
after which every doting mother must model her darlings, from the 
heads of their ancient chiefs, probably those who followed the 
war path a thousand or more years ago ! 

Morton's Crania Americana, from which six of these draw- 
ings were copied, contains exact representations on stone of skulls 
from- all the various Indian tribes, ancient and modern, every one 
of which shows that Indian heads, according to Phrenology, coin- 
cide perfectly with their peculiar traits of character. His collec- 
tion was varied and immense, of both human and animal crania, and 
so perfectly confirmed this science that he says in his dedication, — 

" It may be thought, perhaps, by some readers that these details are 
unnecessarily minute, especially in the phrenological tables. In this 
study I am yet a learner, but you and I have long admitted its funda- 
mental principles. There is a singular harmony between the mental 



184 PHRENOLOGY: ITS PRINCIPLES, PROOFS, AND FACTS. 



character of the Indian, and his cranial developments, as explained by 
Phrenology." 

Secretion, Caution, and Propensities immense. 





Intellect and Mob 
als Small. 



Nos. 2G and 20 A. — Back and Top Views of a Natchez Flathead. k 

The author of the best American work on anatomy extant 
would not write thus unless he found ample proofs of so positive 
an assertion. 

A Charibe skull, from a tribe of cannibals located near the 
Isthmus of Darien, examined by the Author, presented altogether 
the worst phrenological developments he ever 
saw. In shape it bore a strong resemblance to 
that of the monkey, except that Destruction, 
Secrecy, and Devotion were larger. Of intel- 
lect, it possesses very little ; and no descrip- 
tion can adequately set forth their barbarity 
and brutal ferocity, no pen describe their de- 
gradation. Thus, in passing from Caucasians 
to Indians, and from one tribe of Indians to another, we find, in 
every instance, a striking coincidence between the phrenological 
developments of each, and their known traits of character. 

The African race, as found, in America, furnish another in- 
stance of the striking correspondence between their known char- 
acter, and their phrenological developments. They generally pos- 
sess, as shown in the accompanying engraving, large Ambition and 
Perceptives, as seen in the length of their heads from nose to crown, 
large Devotion and Tune, Hope, Caution, and Love, but less De- 
struction and Force. Hence their love of hilarity, song, and dance, 
without much wit, as well as their rapid increase. Their larger 




No. 27. — Charibe 
Indian. 



COMPARATIVE ANATOMY, AND CEREBRAL INJURIES. 185 




No. 28. — African Head. 



Tune and Expression than Causality would create exactly such com- 
position as we meet with in negro songs, doggerel rhymes glowing 
with vivacity and melody, 
and containing many words 
and repetitions, with but few 
ideas. Their Friendship 
would make them extreme- 
ly attached to their families 
and the families of their mas- 
ters, and pre-eminently so- 
cial. 

Their excessively large 
Ambition would create in 
them that fondness for dress 
and show, and that pride 
and vanity, for which they 
are so remarkable. Their 
large religious organs would produce those strong religious emo- 
tions, and that disposition to worship, for which they are distin- 
guished, as well as those rare specimens of eminent piety some- 
times found amonof them. Their variable selfish organs would 
cause those extremes of temper and character which they display ; 
sometimes running into cunning, and general viciousness and cru- 
elty, and sometimes showing the opposite characteristics. Their 
large Spirituality accounts for their belief in ghosts and supernatural 
events so often manifested among them ; whilst their large Expres- 
sion, combined with their large perceptive organs generally, would 
create in them a desire to learn, and enable them to succeed well 
in many things. 

Form is almost always large in colored people. All can easily 
perceive their greater relative breadth between their eyes than in 
whites. Accordingly, they can see better in the dark, and objects 
farther off 'than whites ; and colored children, as attested by all 
their teachers, learn to read and spell sooner and easier than 
whites ; yet, as a general rule, all have narrower and more retreat- 
ing foreheads, and less depth of understanding. They have more 
of the perceptives with sagacity, but less of the reflectives and 
originality. 

Of Indians the same is substantially true, except as to reading. 



186 PHRENOLOGY: ITS PRINCIPLES, PROOFS, AND FACTS. 

The Hindoos are no less striking in their phrenological devel- 
opments and characteristics. In them the organs of Destruction 
and Resistance are general ty small, which renders them less cruel 
and warlike than the American Indians or the European race. 
Their extremely large Devotion and Spirituality produce that 
religious enthusiasm and superstition for which they are so noted, 
and their large Acquisition and small Conscience often make 
them thievish. 

Ancient Egyptian skulls by hundreds from the catacombs of 
Egypt have fallen under the observation of the Author, in all of 
which he found Amativeness and Devotion altogether in prepon- 
derance over all others, and sensuality and religion were their two 
master passions, or rather a sensual religion, like Aaron's rod, swal- 
lowed up all else. .Yet the middle and lower portions of their 
foreheads were well developed, which corresponds with their 
literary tastes and progress. All their affectional organs were 
large and Faculties strong, while Beauty and Construction were 
full in their heads and characters ; yet Destruction and Force 
were deficient in both. 

Male and female heads prove Phrenology by their differing 
from each other according to like differences in their characters. 
Men are much more bold, brave, cool, determined, amorous, and 
reflective than women, and have corresponding phrenological de- 
velopments, viz., heads wider through from ear to ear, larger at 
the nape of the neck, and higher at the crown ; that is, are largest 
in Force, Amativeness, Firmness, Dignity, and Reas*on ; while the 
female head is longest from front to occiput ; that is, in Parental 
Love and the Perceptives ; narrower, because the animal organs 
are less developed ; and higher and longer on top, or more moral 
and religious, — differences which obtain in their characteristics. 

Infantile heads are larger in their base and crown than in the 
frontal and moral lobes, which they are too young to express 
much, yet grow fastest in their superior organs when old enough 
to manifest these functions. Their Phrenology and character thus 
correspond. 

The world is full of like facts, ancient and modern, human 
and animal, individual and general, confirmatory of Phrenology, 
without any countervailing ones. Naming a few among so many 
rather belittles than magnifies our argument, — is quite like 
counting sands on the beach. 



COMPARATIVE ANATOMY, AND CEREBRAL INJURIES. 187 

These various ranges of facts are but the outworkings of that 
organic science we are demonstrating. Series of facts as numer- 
ous and as uniform as these cannot be accidental, but must needs 
originate in some fundamental law, and that law is Phrenology. 
At least, these and like classes of facts throw the "burden of 
proof" upon its opponents, while they "pause for a reply." Give 
it, or "ever after hold your peace." 

Breadth of head at the ears in all carnivora, and narrowness 
in all gramnivora, furnish another equally obvious and conclusive 
proof that Phrenology is true. This principle, properly stated, is 
this : — 

All beasts and birds of prey are very wide at their ears, 
where Phrenology locates Destruction, and where all animals and 
birds preyed upon are narrow. 

All lions are broader at Destruction relatively than any other 
beast, while all sheep are narrow there. The head of that mon- 
strous lion, already mentioned, 26 had nearly all of his small brain 
crowded into the region of Destruction and Appetite, and at the 
termini of the nerves of sight and smell. There was scarcely a 
spoonful in the entire balance of this skull. Mark how perfectly 
this coincides with the characteristics of the lion ! 

Thirty pounds or more of raw meat at each meal, warm with 
life, and richly flavored with sanguineous gravy, barely suffices 
him. Hence Appetite in him is very large. 

He must kjll his supper before he can enjoy it. This requires 
powerful Destruction. 

He must find it before he can kill it, and, being a night ani- 
mal, he must find and kill it in the night, which requires im- 
mense organs of sight and smell, both of which he possesses. 
His eye must be accurate, and his movements stealthy, till ready 
to spring. His prey must now be frightened, which his terrific 
roar, the expression of Destruction, located by Appetite, effects. 
Though his powerful temporal muscle pressed upon Destruction 
and Appetite, yet these lobes had crowded his powerful skull 
down and out, so as to lay in two great folds right at these organs ; 
that is, right under the termini of his zygomatic arches, but no- 
where else, except directly over his eyes. 

Bengal tiger's head closely resembles lion's, except that it is 
less in its size, and in that of these special organs. The accom- 



188 PHRENOLOGY: ITS PRINCIPLES, PROOFS, AND FACTS. 



panying engraving of the skull of the largest and finest royal 
Bengal tiger the Author ever saw serves the double purpose of 
illustrating the tiger's and the lion's head just described. 



Destruction and Secrecy large. 





No. 30. — Cat, 
Side view. 



No. 30 A. — Back 
view. 



No. 29 — Tiger, top view. 

Cats have a similar organism, and like characteristics, though 
less strongly marked. Let those who wish to verify this point 
experimentally, take up any cat or kitten, purring around their 
own firesides, and besides finding its head broad and full at its 
ears, they will also find, about half an inch above the opening of 
each ear, a round projecting point, quite like young horns, pre- 
cisely where Secrecy is located, Fig. 5, in engravings 28 and 29, 
aud cunuing is the distinctive trait of all cats, while Destruction 
is next. Behold how perfectly their phrenologies accord with their 
characteristics ! 

Destruction large. 





No. 32.— Back view. 



No. 31. — Bear, top view. 



Grizzly bears have a like immense organ of Destruction, to- 
gether with a corresponding fierceness of character, which is really 
fearful. The Author had a skull of one, which came next to 
that of lion in the size of Destruction and Appetite, yet without 
the Secrecy of felines in his head ; and this quality is deficient in 
their character. 



COMPARATIVE ANATOMY, AND CEREBRAL INJURIES. 189 

The black bear, two engravings of which, a back view and a 
top, engravings Nos. 31 and 32, show how low his head on top, 
but how wide and full at Destruction and Appetite. 



Destruction larger than Cunning. 





No. 33.— Hyena, side view. 



No. 34.— Hyena, back view. 



To the hyena, engravings Nos. 33 and 34, a like train of rea- 
soning applies. Please note how very large the organ of De- 
struction, and how rapidly the head widens out as it comes down 
to the posterior termini of its zygomatic arches. All must see 
how perfectly its character corresponds with its Phrenology. 



Cunning large and Destruction less. 






No. 35.— Fox, SIDE VIEW. 



No. 36. — Ichneumon, side view. No. 37.— Back view. 



Fox and ichneumon, engravings Nos. 35, 36, and 37, furnish 
illustrations equally pertinent of Destruction and Cunning. 



Destruction large. 



Destruction small. 







No. 38. — Owl. 



No. 39. — Hawk. 



No. 40. — Hen. 



No. 41. — Crow. 



Owls, hawks, eagles, falcons, engravings Nos. 38 and 39, 
and all birds of prey, likewise possess immense Destruction 
and Secrecy in head and character. Behold how the breadth of 



190 PHRENOLOGY: ITS PRINCIPLES, PROOFS, AND FACTS. 



the heads of all destructive animals at Destruction, and then ac- 
count for it, you who can, on any other hypothesis than the truth 
of phrenological science ! 

Sheep, rabbits, hens, turkeys, and all non-destructive ani- 
mals and fowls, or those preyed upon, lack both this destructive 
organ and Faculty. Let any and all use their own eyes upon'any 

Dkstruction small. 




ISO* 

No. 42. — Sheep, top view. 




J * 



No. 43. — Rabbit, side view. 



Destruction large. 



Destruction 
moderate. 



and all destructive and non-destructive animals and fowls, fish 
and reptiles included, and they will find Phrenology confirmed 
by the coincidence of each class, genera, species, and individual, 
with the principles of this science. We conclude with one other 
contrast, in illustration of this class of facts. 

Bulldog and greyhound 
furnish contrasted examples of 
Destruction large and moderate 
in both head and character. 
Every bulldog any reader ever 
sees is broad at the ears, 
its head widening rapidly at 
the posterior termini of the 
zygomatic arches, and accord- 
ingly is always ready for a fight, and will sometimes fight till he 
dies rather than give over, besides being always fierce and fero- 
cious, that is, has prodigious Destruction in head and character ; 
while all greyhounds are always narrow headed at the ears, that 
is, moderate in the phrenological organ of Destruction ; and that 
they all lack this mental element, is evinced in their always doing 
up their fighting ivith their heels. And they never stay to see the 
death of the animal they may have caught, and rarely ever kill 
any themselves. Yet see how rapidly bull terriers despatch rat 
after rat, one every second or two, and with what destructive 




No. 44. — Bulldog. 



No. 45.— Hound. 



COMPARATIVE ANATOMY, AND CEREBRAL INJURIES. 191 

gusto, not for food, but from pure love of killing, and behold how 
largely developed they are in this destructive region ! 

In 1818 the Royal Iustitute of France offered a prize to the 
author of the best memoir on- the anatomy of the brain, in the 
four classes of the vertebral animals. Attracted by this, Dr. 
Vimont, of Caen, commenced researches without reference to 
Phrenology; indeed, he had not read Gall, and had only heard 
of him as a charlatan. However, as Gall had written upon the sub- 
ject of his researches, he thought it incumbent on him to read his 
work among others. " Hardly," says he, "had I begun to read it, 
when I found that I had to do with one of those extraordinary 
men, whom dark envy endeavors to exclude from the rank to 
which their genius calls them, and against whom it employs the 
arms of the coward and the hypocrite. High cerebral capacity, 
profound penetration, good sense, varied information, were the 
qualities which struck me as distinguishing Gall. The indifference 
which I first felt for his writings, soon gave way to the most pro- 
found veneration." — Introduction, p. 14. 

Vimont commenced investigations into the Phrenology of brutes, 
and continued them with extraordinary perseverance. In 1827 
he presented to the institute a memoir, containing a fragment of 
the researches on which he had spent so many years, together with 
two thousand five hundred heads of brutes of various classes, 
orders, genera, and species. Among these, fifteen hundred had 
belonged to brutes, with whose habits he had been individually 
well acquainted before they died or were killed. He presented 
four hundred wax representations of the brain, modelled after 
Nature, and an atlas of more than three hundred figures of the brain 
and cranium, having expended upwards of twelve thousand francs 
in procuring specimens. The work in which he now sets forth 
his observations is illustrated by an atlas of one hundred and 
twenty plates, containing six hundred figures. I have seen au 
inferior edition published at Brussels, but not the work itself. 
The plates are said to be exquisite, and to surpass, in accuracy of 
dimensions, anything before attempted in anatomy. Dr. Elliot- 
son remarks, that " if the immense mass of proofs of Phrenology 
from the human head, and the facts pointed out by Gall, in brutes, 
are not sufficient to convince the most prejudiced, the additional 
multitude amassed by Dr. Vimont will overwhelm them." 



192 PHRENOLOGY: ITS PRINCIPLES, PROOFS, AND FACTS. 

What mean all these great ranges of phrenological coincidences 
of heads with characters? That the natural law of Phrenology 
runs throughout and governs them all ; that it expresses an ordi- 
nance of Nature; that it constitutes a part and parcel of this 
entire order of things; that the All-wise Maker of the universe 
has chosen this organic science as His modus operandi of making 
what He has made ; that, in short, Phrenology is one of the 
actual, tangible, veritable natural sciences, ramified throughout 
all Nature, and interwoven into all the creatures of God's forma- 
tive hand ! 

Uniformity presupposes law, and law creates science. These 
phrenological phenomena are uniform. The Author boldly avers 
that, after having inspected animals, birds, reptiles, &c, by 
scores of thousands, he has yet to see the very first variation from 
these phrenological conditions. The whole world in general, and 
opponents of Phrenology in particular, are hereby challenged, 
generally and individually, to produce one single exception, 
throughout the entire animal and human kingdoms, to this sci- 
ence. None can be adduced, because none exist. 

Objectors, come, answer these specific ranges of facts, or 
else admit the resultant inference that Phrenology is true. 

43. — Pathological Facts establish Phrenology. 

Stubborn facts of still another class, yet somewhat analogous, 
re-attest the truth of this science; namely, injuries and inflamma- 
tions of specific phrenological organs, and the resultant similar 
affections of their Faculties. Though the Author has seen them 
literally by thousands, throughout his forty years of practice, yet 
he gives but a few, merely as samples of all. 

Lesion of Memory of Proper Names a Part of the Organ 
of Expression. — Whilst lecturing and practising Phrenology in 
the city of New York, December 27, 1836, Dr. Howard, who then 
lived in Carmine Street, stated that the evening before he had 
been called in great haste to visit a lady who was taken with a 
most violent pain in her head, which was so severe as in fifteen 
minutes entirely to prostrate her, producing fainting. When 
brought to, she had forgotten the names of every person and 
thing around her, and almost entirely lost the use of words, not 



PATHOLOGICAL TACTS PROVE PHRENOLOGY. 193 

because she could not articulate them, but because she could not 
remember or think of them. She could not mention the name of 
her own husband or children, or any article she wanted, nor con- 
vey her ideas by words, yet understood all that was said to her, 
and possessed every other kind of memory unimpaired. "And 
where was this pain located?" I eagerly inquired. "That is for 
you to say," said he. "If Phrenology is true, you ought to be 
able to tell where it is." " Then it is located over her eyes" said 
I. He replied, " That is the place." The pain was seated there 
only. In other words, her phrenological organ of Expression 
had become greatly diseased, and this Faculty was the only 
mental power that suffered injury, all the others remaining un- 
impaired. 

Affection of Language. — While practising Phrenology in 
Brattleborough, Vt., in 1834, a lady called upon the Author, 
stating that she labored under a great difficulty in expressing her 
ideas. He remarked that her organ of Language was large, and 
asked if it had always been so. She replied that, until she had 
an inflammation of the brain, which was particularly severe about 
the eyes (above which this organ is located), causing excrucia- 
ting pain in those parts, she could talk with fluency, but since 
that time she often hesitated for words in which to express the 
most commonplace ideas. This organ of Expression, being sit- 
uated upon the super-orbiter plate, its inflammation might easily 
be mistaken for an inflammation of the eyes. 

Inflamed Perceptives in an Attorney-General. — To a law T - 
yer, attorney-general of one of the New England States, examined 
professionally, observing an unusual and feverish heat in his fore- 
head, and particularly in the organs of the perceptive faculties, I 
said, " Sir, the brain in your forehead is highly inflamed ; you 
have been studying or thinking too hard, or doing too much busi- 
ness of some kind, and if you do not stop soon, you will be 
either a dead man or a crazy one." He started upon his feet as 
if electrified, exclaiming, "Who has been telling you about me?" 
"No one, sir." "But some one has been telling you." "Upon 
my honor and my conscience, sir, I neither know you nor your 
occupation, nor condition in life, nor one single thing about you, 
except what I infer from your phrenological developments," said 
25 



194 PHRENOLOGY: ITS PRINCIPLES, PROOFS, AND FACTS. 

I, pointing out to him the preternatural heat of his forehead. 
He requested me to proceed, and at the close of the examination 
stated that for several weeks he had been dreadfully afflicted with 
the most violent and intolerable pain in his forehead, particularly 
its lower portion, and on that account had requested my at- 
tendance ; that his memory, which up to that time had been re- 
markably retentive, had failed him, and his intellectual Faculties 
also sustained much injury ; and that all this was brought on at a 
session of the court in which his intellectual powers were em- 
ployed to their utmost stretch of exertion for several days and 
nights in succession, upon very heavy cases, both for the state 
and for individuals. He was sixty years of age, had a powerful 
constitution, a most active Temperament, and very large percep- 
tive Faculties, which the inflammation had rendered redder than 
the other portions of his forehead 

Congested Perceptives. — J. H. Harris, of Easton, Mary- 
land, said he now believed in Phrenology, because he had expe- 
rienced its truth. He said that at one time, whilst extensively 
engaged in superintending a great amount and variety of busi- 
ness, including building, he was repeatedly seized with a most 
intense pain over his eyes, which was so powerful, that to obtain 
relief he would have held his head still to have had it bored into ; 
and that, whenever this pain seized him, he forgot everything, 
and would drop the sentence he was speaking, unable to think of 
a single word or thing until the paroxysm abated. 

AN INFLAMED FOREHEAD, WITH LOVE OF STUDY. A Mr. C, 

of Boston, is subject to spells of violent pain in his forehead, and 
there only, — the seat of the intellectual organs, — which is ac- 
companied with an irrepressible desire to read, think, study, 
write, &c. He often sits up whole nights indulging this intel- 
lectual mania. Nothing but sleep will relieve him, yet he is un- 
willing to seek rest because of the delight experienced in this 
exercise of mind, even though fully aware that he thereby aggra- 
vates the disease. 

A hot Forehead in a disabled Student. — At Carlisle, in 
June, 1837, I pointed out this same preternatural heat in the 
forehead of a student, who, entering his class poorly prepared, 
had overdone his intellectual organs. He had been compelled to 






PATHOLOGICAL FACTS PROVE PHRENOLOGY. 195 

suspend his studies on account of the pain in his forehead, and 
the morbid action of his intellectual powers. 

Paralyzed Eventuality. — In April, 1837, Dr. Carpenter, of 
Pottsville, Pa., related to the writer the following: One of his 
patients fell from a horse, striking the centre of his forehead 
against the corner of a rock, on which portions of brain were 
found. I have seen the scar, and know that Eventuality was the 
precise organ injured. As Dr. C. entered the room, the patient 
recognized him, as he did each of his neighbors, but he had for- 
gotten every fact and event, and them only. He asked what was 
the matter, and as soon as he was told, forgot, and asked again. 
To use Dr. C.'s expression, "Fifty times over he asked what 
was the matter, and as soon as he was told, forgot, and asked 
again." He forgot that his brother was coming that day from a 
distance to visit him, and that he was then on his way to meet 
him. Every event was to him as though it was not ; yet all his 
other mental powers remained unimpaired. When depletion was 
proposed, he objected, and assigned his reasons, showing that his 
reasoning Faculties were uninjured. After the brain had been 
re-supplied, he recovered, to a considerable extent, his memory 
of facts. This accident made him a believer in Phrenology. 

Injury to Eventuality. — Dr. Eamsey, of Bloomfield, Co- 
lumbia County, Pa., reported the following case as having 
occurred in his practice : About four years since, a patient, by 
his horses becoming frightened, was driven with great violence 
against a fence, the centre of his forehead striking against 
the corner of a rail. He recognized the doctor as he entered, 
and asked him what all this fuss was about. As soon as Dr. K. 
had told him, he forgot, and asked again and again, for twenty 
times in succession, and to this day he has not the slightest recol- 
lection of this most important event of his life, except the mere 
fact that the horses were frightened. 

Memory of Facts destroyed in Head and Intellect. — An- 
other case analogous to this, and affecting Eventuality, was narrated 
to the Author by the Rev. S. G. Callahan, an Episcopal clergyman, 
and teacher of high intellectual and moral standing, in Laurel, Del. 
About the year 1828, he was intimately acquainted with a Dr. 
Thomas Freeman, surgeon on board an English man of war, who, 
in an action with the Dutch, received a blow from a rope with a 



196 PHRENOLOGY: ITS PRINCIPLES, PROOFS, AND FACTS. 

knot in it, which broke in the skull in the centre of his forehead. 
"Here," said he, putting his finger upon the organ of Eventuality, 
" producing a cavity resembling the inside of a section of the 
larger end of a hen's egg." The accident caused a loss of mem- 
ory of facts only, which caused his dismissal on half pay for life, 
whilst every other power remained unimpaired. Thus, if he 
went for wood, he was as likely to get anything else, or nothing 
at all, as what he went for. Being employed to construct a vat 
for coloring broadcloths, he constructed every thing right, his 
Causality and Construction remaining uninjured ; but when he 
came to the chemical process of dyeing, with which he was as 
familiar as with his alphabet, he failed repeatedly, till they were 
compelled to employ another dyer, who pointed out the omissions 
which caused his failures. Although the doctor was an excellent 
chemist, and understood every part of the operation, yet he 
would omit one thing in one experiment, and another in another, 
and thus spoil every attempt. He could seldom succeed in 
chemical experiments, though passionately fond of them, because 
of these omissions ; and yet, start him on a train of thought, and 
he reasoned as clearly, and logically, and powerfully as any one. 
Now observe, that the only organ injured was Eventuality, and 
this was the only Faculty impaired. 

Memory of Facts, and its Organ, impaired. — Kobert Mac- 
farland, a tavern-keeper, who, in 1837, lived in Carlisle, Pa., 
south of the court-house, in consequence of a fall when about 
sixteen years old, had a deposition of watery matter which finally 
settled in the centre of his forehead, forming a sack between the 
skull and skin, which remained there several years, until it be- 
came very painful, at last intolerably so, compelling him to have 
the sack removed, and the decayed portion of the skull on which 
it had formed scraped twice a day for twenty days in succession, 
by which the disease was arrested. Before his fall, his memory 
of circumstances, what he read, saw, <fcc, was so excellent, that 
he was often referred to. This kind of memory, and this only, 
was destroyed by the disease. On this account, he called on me 
for an examination, but did not state his object, waiting to see if 
I would detect it. On examining his forehead, I told him that 
his memory of faces was among the best that I had ever seen, but 
that I observed a scar in the centre of his forehead, where this 



PATHOLOGICAL FACTS PROVE PHRENOLOGY. 197 

organ is located, and that if the wound which caused it affected 
the brain there, his memory of incidents, every-day occurrences, 
what he read, saw, and heard, had been impaired. "That's a 
fact," said he. "If I see a man who called on me ten years ago, 
I know him instantly ; but if a customer wants anything, and 
another calls for something else before I have waited on the first, 
I forget the first, and thus often give offence : but I can't help it. 
And it's of no use for me to read anything ; I forget it immedi- 
ately." 

The intense pain caused by the dropsical deposit shows an 
affection, long-continued and severe, of the brain beneath it, and 
the location of the scar fixes it on Eventuality, which was the 
only Faculty impaired. 

Mr. Camp, of New Haven, Conn., by the bursting of a gun, 
had the end of its barrel driven an inch or more into his organ 
of Eventuality, scattering the brain upon the stone wall against 
which he was leaning. By this accident, his memory of facts 
was so much impaired, that lawyer Stoddard said he was fre- 
quently compelled to suspend or give up his suits. I have often 
seen the scar, and also been a witness to his miserably defective 
memory of facts, appointments, &c. 

Alexander Dalby, potter, Wilmington, Del., is another ex- 
ample of the injury of this organ and Faculty, caused by falling 
from a horse, and striking his forehead upon a stone ; and Dr. 
D., of Milton, Pa., furnishes another. 

Hot foreheads will almost always be found in editors, law- 
yers, and teachers of eminence. Of those only who overwork 
their intellects, daily and incessantly, is this true ; but the con- 
comitance of hot foreheads with incessant intellectual effort is 
uniform and absolute, and true of all others who overwork their 
intellectual Faculties. 

Wearing awet towel nights, on all hot foreheads, will both 
relieve this pain, and enable such to perform double the intellec- 
tual labor they could otherwise endure ; thus doubly confirming 
the phrenological doctrine that brain in the forehead manifests 
intellect, first, in that severe and protracted intellectual effort 
congests the forehead, and next, that reducing the intellectual 
inflammation by wet towels enables the patient to redouble his 
intellectual labors with impunity. 



198 PHRENOLOGY: ITS PRINCIPLES, PROOFS, AND FACTS. 

"A mother, in a state of delirious anxiety and alarm about the sup- 
posed murder of her children, when asked, after her recovery, what her 
sensations were during her paroxysm, applied her hand to Parental Love, 
saying she was conscious of nothing but a severe pain in that part of 
her head. She was ignorant of Phrenology, so that her statement was 
unbiassed." — Geo. Combe. 

"A mechanic, confined in the Bicetre, experiences at regular intervals 
a burning heat in his abdomen, with intense thirst. The heat gradually 
extends to the breast, neck, and face. On reaching the temples, it be- 
comes still greater, and is accompanied with very strong and frequent 
pulsations in the temporal arteries, which seem as if about to burst. 
Finally the nervous affection arrives at his brain. The patient is then 
seized with an irresistible propensity to shed blood; and if a sharp in- 
strument is within his reach, lie is apt to sacrifice to his fury the first 
person he chances to meet." — Pinel. 

"Another patient, remarkably mild during his lucid intervals, on the 
return of his insane paroxysm, particularly when marked by redness in 
the face, excessive heat in the head, and intense thirst, experiences the 
most violent inclination to provoke those who approach him, and to 
fight them furiously." — Ibid. 

Affections of the Organ and Faculty of Tune. — Dr. Miller, 
of Washington, reports the following, in Vol. I., p. 24, of the 
American Phrenological Journal : A lad was kicked by a horse, 
"the point of the shoe striking him under the left superciliary 
ridge, outer angle, fracturing the orbiter plate, and forcing the 
spicula of bone upwards and outwards on the dura mater, which 
was wounded by them." As the wound was three fourths of an 
inch deep, and penetrated the head in the direction of Tune, 
reaching the borders of that organ, but not penetrating it, it 
would of course highly inflame it, which would produce a dispo- 
sition to sing. This result followed. When the boy came to, he 
began to sing, and sang most when the wound was most inflamed. 
Both before and after this occurrence he had never been known 
to sing, but now, lying apparently at the point of death, he 
would break out singing songs, and, to use his mother's expres- 
sion, "did nothing but sing." On account of his singing propen- 
sity, Dr. M. sent for Dr. Sewall, the anti-phrenologist, and Dr. 
Lovell, then President of the Washington Phrenological Society, 
who reminded Dr. S. that this case went to prove Phrenology, 
and yet (p. 57 of Dr. S.'s attack on Phrenology) he says no 
cases analogous to the above have ever been known to occur. 
His memory of such facts must be rather short. 

A similar case occurred at Young's Factory, on the Brandy- 



PATHOLOGICAL FACTS PROVE PHRENOLOGY. 199 

wine, five miles above Wilmington, Del., and was reported by 
Dr. Jacques, of W., attending physician. An Irishman, named 
Kobert Hunter, having charged a rock w T ith a blast, which did not 
ignite, swore he would make her go off, at the same time jamming 
his iron crowbar down among the powder. It struck fire and 
blew up, but did not split the rock. The crowbar was sent no 
one knows where, both hands were torn off, and the charge, 
coming up in a body, struck his head along the superciliary ridge, 
cutting a furrow in the skull, and carrying away portions of the 
dura mater and brain. It took its course along the borders of 
Tune, but did not disorganize it. From his friends, Mr. and Mrs. 
White, at whose house he boarded and died, I learned its precise 
location, viz., along the superciliary ridge, externally. It also 
carried away a portion of the super-orbiter plate, and terminated 
near Mirthfulness. 

He fell to singing songs in fifteen minutes after he was taken 
to the house, and continued singing, almost without interruption, 
till his death, which occurred nine days after. I took down from 
the lips of Mrs. W. the following description of his singing pro- 
pensity : " He sung the whole time after he was blown up till he 
died. He did not stop one hour, put it all together. Mr. W. 
began to read the Bible to him, but he broke out singing, and 
stopped him. I thought this very strange. It was not a quarter 
of an hour after he was brought in before he began to sing. He 
sung all the time till he died, and stopped only when some one 
went in to see him, and then began again directly. His principal 
song was 'Erin go bragh,' and he sung it with a better tune than 
I ever heard it sung before or since. It beat all how musical his 
voice was. He sung very loud, and seemed to take a great deal 
of pleasure in it." Dr. Jacques observed that what struck him 
most forcibly was to hear him sing with so much feeling, pathos, 
and ecstasy when nearly dead. Several others bore their testi- 
mony to the same point. 

G. Combe, p. 416 of his large work, describes a similar case, 
and the American Phrenological Journal, Vol. I., p. 243, still 
another, and Gall and Spurzheim many others. 

A little girl, of Washington, D. C, received a fracture of the 
skull in the region in which the organ of Tune is located. Whilst 
confined with this wound, which had become irritated, she ex- 



200 PHRENOLOGY: ITS PRINCIPLES, PROOFS, AND FACTS. 

perienced, what had never been manifested before, a strong and 
involuntary propensit} r to sing. Thus the phenomena of music 
was produced by what, under ordinary circumstances, we should 
expect to prevent it, viz., a wound; and the only solution of the 
case seems entirely to turn upon the fact, that the inflammation 
was connected with the phrenological organ of Tune. This case 
was stated to the author in 1835 by Dr. Miller, at the house, and 
in the presence of, Dr. Sewall, the anti-phrenologist. 

A young lady, of Edinburgh, Scotland, as reported by 
A. Combe, in the Edinburgh Phrenological Journal, subject to 
hysteria, whose head ached constantly, felt for clays an acute pain 
at the external angles of her forehead, just where Tune is located, 
w T hich was large ; was at length seized with a spasmodic affection 
of the throat, during which she uttered a quick, short, musical 
sound rapidly, so that she could talk only with difficulty, mean- 
while remarking that it was becoming rather musical. That night 
she dreamed of hearing the finest music. The next night her 
musical dreams harassed her, during which she thought she heard 
and performed the most beautiful airs with surpassing musical 
ecstasy. On awaking, she said she could almost note down one 
piece which had particularly pleased her. 

Her Tune could no longer be controlled. Her craving for 
music became a resistless passion. She insisted on getting up 
and playing and singing with all her might ; but when this was 
denied her, she finally seized a guitar, and gave way to this 
musical torrent with astonishing clearness, volume, and strength 
of voice, as well as of musical pathos, till this Faculty, becoming 
exhausted, finally subsided. Her intense cerebral pain was felt 
only at the organ of Music, and this Faculty alone was preter- 
naturally excited. 

Conscience inflamed, in Head and Character. — In 1834 the 
Author examined the head of a lady who was deranged in the 
matter of Conscience, but perfectly sane in every other respect. 
He found this organ large and much heated, or much warmer 
.than any other portion of the head. At the request of the Author, 
other persons present, who were disbelievers in Phrenology, ap- 
plied their hands to her head, and very readily perceived, and 
bore testimony to the fact. 

The Author saw a man in Hatfield, Mass., who possessed good 



PATHOLOGICAL FACTS PROVE PHRENOLOGY. 201 

talents, but who is deranged in the matter of love, while he is 
sane in other respects. He is often complaining of a compressed 
sensation, and of a buzzing sound, exactly in that portion of the 
head in which the organ of Friendship is located. Many other 
cases in which the individuals were rational, but whose attach- 
ments had been interrupted, have fallen under the Author's obser- 
vation, and in all of which they complained of a soreness in the 
same place. In one of these instances the individual was unable 
to rest the back part of the head upon a pillow, and suffered so 
much from the presence of pain as to call in a physician ; mean- 
while the mental suffering, caused by the absence of the object 
of attachment, was almost insupportable. 

Diana Waters, an engraving of whose skull will be found 
under Devotion, wandered up and down the streets of Philadel- 
phia a religious mendicant, going perpetually from store to store, 
and one family to another, everywhere exhorting all to religious 
fear and worship, and insisting, no matter how pressing the busi- 
ness in hand, on praying in all the stores and families she visited ; 
and her skull, which the Author owned many years, but lost in his 
travels on the west branch of the Susquehanna Eiver, Pa., on be- 
ing opened, was found to have on its inside, right over the organ 
of Devotion, a white, chalk-colored spot, about the size of a silver 
dollar, in the very apex of her skull, precisely where Devotion is 
located, looking as if just that spot had been subject to fire, or 
just like burnt bone, while all the balance of the inside of her 
skull was normal. 

The organ of Devotion in her was thus both very large, and long 
inflamed, and its Faculty was preternaturally excited for a long 
series of years. 

Caution was also very large, and her religious mania took on 
the form of fear and dread of the Almighty. 

Cases by hundreds, in which fear of death by shipwreck, or 
foul means, or accident, continued for a few hours, have turned 
the hair gray over Caution, while the hair in all other parts re- 
tained its natural color. 

Destruction furnishes many like cases of concomitant inflam- 
mation of this organ and Faculty. Let the following serve as 
illustrations. While visiting the Philadelphia Almshouse in 1838, 
in company with Alderman Keyser, one of its board of managers, 



202 PHRENOLOGY: ITS PRINCIPLES, PROOFS, AND FACTS. 

M. B. Sampson, an English gentleman then making observations 
in this country, and others. Among other cases of interest was 
the following : — 

A raging maniac, confined in a strait-jacket because danger- 
ous out of it, was hallooing, as we entered, with all her might, 
" Mr. Keizer ! put a dozen Spanish leeches over each ear ; " which 
she kept on reiterating. 

" What is the matter with your ears ? " 

" O, my head, my head ! " 

" Which part of your head is it that pains you ? This part ? " 

"No, not there, but between my ears? answered the raging maniac. 
"Put a dozen Spanish leeches over each ear! put a dozen Spanish 
leeches over each ear ! " she kept on yelling at the top of her voice. 

As I pressed my fingers upon Destruction, which was very 
large and very hot, yet nowhere else, as I showed to those pres- 
ent, she exclaimed, — 

" Take care : you hurt me ! " 

Hoping to get relief, she allowed me to examine her head ; but 
whenever my fingers touched Destruction, she would exclaim, — 

" O, there it is, right there! Take care: you hurt me! you hurt 
me!" 

Yet, when the other parts of her head were touched, she would 
say, "Not there; not there." 

She called for water, which was brought her by a colored girl, 
towards whom she showed the utmost of rage, tried to spit in her 
face, — her hands being confined, — and heaped upon her and the 
superintendent every opprobrious epithet her demoniacal fury 
could name. Her yell was perpetual before and after we entered 
her cell, and that of infuriated Destruction, mingled with the 
bitterest curses and most vindictive threats. 

This extreme heat and pain at the precise location of Destruc- 
tion, but nowhere else, and the fierce, wild ragings of this Faculty, 
but no other, enforces the inference that this destructive organ 
and Faculty were inflamed together, and in perfect reciprocal 
sympathy with each other. 

M. B. Sampson subsequently furnished to the American Phre- 
nological Journal the following verbatim copy of this incident 
from his original note-book, in which he entered this record that 
same evening, March 16 : — 



PATHOLOGICAL FACTS PROVE PHRENOLOGY. 203 

"From one part of the long passage, screams of the most violent kind 
were incessantly uttered, proceeding from the cell of a woman then in a 
strait-jacket, who, an attendant declared, in a state of fury tore every- 
thing in pieces, even her food, the moment she could lay hands upon it. 
She was alone, fastened to her chair, foaming at the mouth, and uttering 
the wildest yells of frantic rage. Upon an examination of her head by 
Professor O. S. Fowler, to which, after being kindly addressed, she sub- 
mitted, he found the organ of Destruction to be extremely large, and in 
such a state of feverish action that its increased temperature was dis- 
tinctly perceived by us all. When asked what was the matter with her, 
she exclaimed that her head pained her terribly ; that she wanted a 
dozen Spanish leeches put over each ear; that she heard something con- 
tinually buzzing in her ears, and that she would bear it no longer ; and 
again went into a fit of rage, stamping, swearing, and calling upon God. 
At first, while Professor Fowler was examining her head, she remained 
tolerably quiet ; but when he placed his fingers on the organ of Destruc- 
tion, she started as suddenly as if he had touched an open wound, ex- 
claiming at the same instant, ' There — there — that's the place.' You 
hurt me as you touch me." — American Phrenological Journal, Vol. I., 
p. 155. 

Amativeness furnishes an almost unlimited number of illustra- 
tions of both the inflammation and destruction of this organ and 
Faculty. In fact, it was discovered by preternatural heat and 
pain in the cerebellum, along with its excessive or passional 
cravings in a nymphomaniac young widow. 

"'It is impossible,' says Spurzheim, 'to unite a greater number of 
proofs in demonstration of any natural truth than may be presented to 
determine the function of the cerebellum ; ' and in this, I agree with 
him. Those who have not read Gall's section on this organ can form no 
adequate conception of the force of the evidence which he has collected." 
— Combe's Phrenology. 

See A. Boardman's Defence of Phrenology, which details some 
of this class of facts. 

Close observation upon his own brain will convince any sen- 
sitive person, capable of intense mental action, that Phrenology 
is true, in this fact, that whoever experiences any sudden and 
powerful excitement of any phrenological Faculty, can feel at that 
instant a crawling sensation in the organ whose Faculty has been 
thus excited. For example : right after experiencing intense 
indignation, resistance, or anger, he will experience a creeping 
sensation well nigh or quite painful at Force, located just 
behind the ears. 170 Especially after any protracted and intense 
exercise of a purely intellectual nature will he feel this conscious 



204 PHRENOLOGY: ITS PRINCIPLES, PROOFS, AND FACTS. 

working, action, heat, even burning, in his intellectual lobe, and 
in that particular part of it where the organs most exercised are 
located. This test is submitted to all personal inquirers after 
organic truth. 

Pathological facts might easily be cited from all phrenological 
authors — Gall, Spurzheim, both the Combes, and others; but 
introducing these facts as samples of their class, we proceed to 
another analogous range of facts, also easily verified by all, 
namely : — 

44. — Magnetizing the phrenological Organs, and their 
natural Language. 

The truth of what is commonly called Animal Magnetism is 
placed beyond a doubt by experiments which all can make, or 
have made, on themselves ; for those who cannot magnetize can 
generally be magnetized, and many are capable of both. The 
Author has practised this art more or less since 1836, though less 
of late years, because he required all his strength in his profession. 
By this means he has cured aches and pains without number, and 
been cured of them ; has cured various diseases, and shown 
others how to cure them, and effected results astonishing in them- 
selves, and otherwise unaccountable. See its application to the 
cure of diseases hereafter. Here is a most benevolent provision, by 
properly applying which one person can generally mitigate, if not 
obviate, the pains and diseases of others ad libitum, besides often 
inducing a clairvoyant or second-sight state. But our present 
purpose is rather to state the fact that animal magnetism is 
founded in truth, than to expound or apply it. All should learn 
how to make its passes, if only thereby to benefit others, as occa- 
sion may require, and try very curious and most interesting 
experiments. 

Between 1836 and 1844 the Author gave frequent exhibitions, 
in public and private, of magnetizing the phrenological organs of 
patients already under magnetic influence, by applying his fingers 
to one and then another of these organs ; and in every single 
instance the Faculty thus magnetized leaped instantly into an 
activity and power of manifestation wholly impossible in the 
normal state, and expressive of its function far beyond anything 
he ever saw in real life. 



1 PATHOLOGICAL FACTS PEOVE PHRENOLOGY. 205 

Examples : he never touched Devotion but the patient clasped 
hands, and manifested the most devout adoration of God in tone, 
natural language, words, and every other indication of worship. He 
never touched Kindness but the subject gave away all he could 
get to give, besides manifesting sympathy in every other way 
possible. Touching Force always " raised a row," while touching 
Caution produced a paralysis of fear, which touching Hope instantly 
dispelled, and induced the utmost cheerfulness and expectation. 
Touching Parental Love made the patient extemporize an imagi- 
nary baby, which he would fall to fondling and kissing with real 
gusto, while touching Mirth brought shouts of laughter. 

The Author avers that he has repeated these experiments ten 
thousand times, and under all conceivable changes of programme, 
without finding one variation between the phrenological organs 
touched and their Faculties. He has tried to deceive the patient 
by pretending to touch one organ while he, in reality, touched 
another ; but in all such cases the right, not the pretended, re- 
sponses came. In this matter he was not, could not be, deceived ; 
nor could he deceive. When he said, "I shall now touch Force ; 
look out for a fight ; " yet if he really touched Caution, he found 
fear to result, not fight; but if he said, "I will produce cheerful- 
ness by touching Hope," but touched Conscience, the manifesta- 
tion was compunction, not fairy castles. In saying all this he 
knows right well just what he says, and that all others who make 
like experiments will find Phrenology carried out with a clearness 
and force which must be seen to be fully appreciated. The evi- 
dence thus furnished not only that Phrenology is true, but that 
each individual organ is rightly located, is absolutely irresistible. 

The natural language of the Faculties furnishes another 
irrefutable proof of the truth of Phrenology. Its doctrine is, that 
whenever any Faculty becomes intensely active, it throws the 
head and body into a line with the organ whose Faculty is thus 
exercised — that intellectual activity, as in speaking, moves the 
forehead backward and forward, in a line with the intellectual 
lobe that perceptive activity throws the lower, and reflective the 
upper, portion of the forehead forward ; that Kindness bends the 
body and head forward towards the one commiserated, while 
Devotion brings it still farther forward; that Firmness renders 
one " straight up and down," while Dignity carries the head up- 



206 PHRENOLOGY: ITS PRINCIPLES, PROOFS, AND FACTS. 

ward and backward, &c. Yet as we shall generally give this nat- 
ural language of each Faculty under its analysis, we refer this 
argument to each Faculty as expounded throughout this work. 
We shall often illustrate this point by diagrams. 

45. — All Shape indicates Character. 

One form of head, according to Phrenology, signifies one 
talent or trait of character, and other forms other traits, throughout 
all the forms of head and traits of character. 32 That is, its special 
doctrine is that one shape of head signifies a large, fair, or small 
organ of this Faculty or that, and of course this resultant trait of 
character, or specialty of talent ; while that form of head signifies 
that such and such organs are large or small, and their special 
mental capacities and characteristics are correspondingly vigorous 
or dormant. 

Is this improbable ? Does it contravene any known law of 
Nature? Instead, is it not in perfect harmony with that first law 
of Nature that shape indicates character; that Nature invariably 
unites certain forms with certain characteristics? Thus lion form 
always accompanies lion character, deer form deer character, 
swine form swine character, and so on throughout every single 
animal, fowl, fish, reptile, insect, and creeping thing, and veg- 
etable production whatsoever. Who ever has seen, ever will see, 
one single exception to this universal fact, throughout all Nature's 
works ! 

Bulldog and greyhound, though both have general canine 
shape and character, have nevertheless each their special shapes 
and characteristics. Thus, who ever has seen, or ever will see, 
bulldog shape without also finding special bulldog traits of char- 
acter, or greyhound configuration separate from greyhound in- 
stincts, or the instincts of either except in conjunction with its 
specialty of shape? All meats are flavored in accordance with 
this law. Mutton and beef, pork, fish, and fowl, flavors of meat 
always accompany its own corresponding form of animal, fish, and 
fowl, never any other. How is this ? Does Nature ever vary from 
these fixed facts? that is, given forms of animals accompanying 
specific flavors of their flesh ? 

All fruits, vegetables, and whatever grows, conform to this 
general arrangement. Not only have all apples the special apple 
shape and flavor, potatoes potato shape, pears pear shape, and 



PATHOLOGICAL FACTS PROVE PHRENOLOGY. 207 

each nut, tree, and even leaf, its own characteristic shape and 
quality; but this flavored apple, <£c, always has this shape, and 
that that. Seckle pears always have one pear shape and flavor, 
and Bartlett pears a shape and flavor entirely different ; while this 
flavored nut always has this shape and that that. By means of this 
arrangement we can always predicate the special instincts of this 
animal and that, the fruit of this tree and that, and this every- 
thing and that. As well argue that sun gives light, as argue a 
fact and principle thus necessary and universal, throughout all 
that grows and is. 

Every bone, even, of every man and animal, fish and fowl in- 
cluded, tells us to what genera and species its possessor belonged, 
and thereby what were its general and specific characteristics, 
even its size, the flavor of its meat, and all about it ; while every 
leaf and all that grows tells all about the tree on which it grows 
and its fruit. Every spear of grass, every wing of everything 
that flies, every iota of shape appertaining to everything what- 
soever, proclaims all the specialties of its possessor. 

Shall all shape, therefore, proclaim character ; shall the 
form of every bone in everything which has bones, tell us all about 
all the special mental, as well as physical, instincts of its pos- 
sessor ; and shall not likewise, in accord with this identical great 
natural law, the form of the human head throughout its every 
iota, disclose the special characteristics of its possessor ! Shall 
universal configuration proclaim universal mental specialties, and 
shall not every form of head, actual and possible, reveal its 
mental specialties of its possessor ! By what law does shape in 
general proclaim character in general, and not every minutia of 
shape accompany its own trait of mind ? This inference is abso- 
lute, universal, demonstrable. Nothing in Nature is anymore so. 

Who will deny either this principle itself, or its specific appli- 
cation to Phrenology? Both are impregnable. This inference is 
absolute that every rise, depression, and shape on every and all 
heads, must needs signify its own particular talent or proclivity 
of mind. The only possible question for doubt or cavil is whether 
Gall and his followers have correctly observed just what shapes 
and mental peculiarities go together — whether each organ as 
declared by this science really does or does not signify the special 
trait assigned to it. That each shape signifies something is 
certain. 



208 PHRENOLOGY: ITS PRINCIPLES, PROOFS, AND FACTS. 

All heads, like all faces, differ from all others in shapes. As 
every face differs from every other in form, though all are made 
up of the same identical features of nose, mouth, lips, teeth, chin, 
eyes, ears, brows, foreheads, cheeks, &c, because the form of 
each feature in each differs from the form of a like feature in all 
others, — the varying form of each feature causing this vast diver- 
sity of countenances seen among men, — so all have foreheads, 
yet the form of every forehead differs from that of all the others. 
And as these different countenances indicate different mentalities, 
of course different foreheads, of which these countenances are in 
part composed, indicate each a different, and its own, specific 
mental specialty. These different forms of face mean something 
— mean different mentalities, as do of course those different 
shapes of foreheads and heads of which they are composed. 
These differences in shape are consequential, not incidental. 

What shapes signify what traits, then, is the only remaining 
question, which we propose in due time to answer. 

46. — Phrenology is proved by the History of its 

Discovery. 

Observation and induction alone discovered every organ and 
Faculty thus far propounded. Neither mere theory, nor abstract 
reasoning, had any "part or lot" in any one of them. Unlike 
Brown and Stuart, who theorized abstractly upon the workings 
of their own minds, Gall observed the first, second, and all the 
other coincidences between each organic development and its 
mental gift. George Combe gives the following general history 
of the discovery of Phrenology. We shall give that of each 
organ and Faculty in their order throughout the work. 

"Dr. Francis Joseph Gall, a physician of Vienna, afterwards res- 
ident in Paris,* was the founder of the system. From an early age he 
was given to observation, and was struck with the fact, that each of his 
brothers and sisters, companions in play, and schoolfellows, was distin- 
guished from other individuals by some peculiarity of talent or dispo- 
sition. Some of his schoolmates were characterized by the beauty of 
their penmanship, some by their success in arithmetic, and others by their 
talent for acquiring a knowledge of natural history or languages. The 
compositions of one were remarkable for elegance ; the style of another 

* Born at Tiefenbrunn, near Pforzheim, in Suabia, on 9th of March, 1757; died 
at Paris, 22d of August, 1826. 



PATHOLOGICAL FACTS PROVE PHRENOLOGY. 209 

was stiff and dry; while a third connected his reasonings in the closest 
manner, and clothed his argument in the most forcible language. Their 
dispositions were equally different; and this diversity appeared also to 
determine the direction of their partialities and aversions. Not a few 
of them manifested a capacity for employments which they were not 
taught; they cut figures on wood, or delineated them on paper; some 
devoted their leisure to painting, or the culture of a garden ; while their 
comrades abandoned themselves to noisy games, or traversed the woods 
to gather flowers, seek for bird-nests, or catch butterflies. In this 
manner, each individual presented a character peculiar to himself; and 
Gall observed, that the individual who in one year had displayed selfish 
or knavish dispositions, never became in the next a good and faithful 
friend. 

"The scholars with whom (rail had the greatest difficulty in com- 
peting, were those who learned by heart with great facility ; and such 
individuals frequently gained from him by their repetitions, the places 
which he had obtained by the merit of his original compositions. 

" Some years afterwards, having changed his place of residence, he 
still met individuals endowed with an equally great talent for learning 
to repeat. He then observed that his schoolfellows so gifted possessed 
prominent eyes, and recollected that his rivals in the first school had 
been distinguished by the same peculiarity. When he entered the Uni- 
versity he directed his attention, from the first, to the students whose 
eyes were of this description, and found that they all excelled in getting 
rapidly by heart, and giving correct recitations, although many of them 
were by no means distinguished in point of general talent. This fact 
was recognized also by the other students in the classes ; and although 
the connection between talent and external sign was not at this time 
established upon such complete evidence as is requisite for a philosoph- 
ical conclusion, Gall could not believe that the coincidence of the two 
circumstances was entirely accidental. From this period, therefore, he 
suspected that they stood in an important relation to each other. After 
much reflection, he conceived that if memory for words was indicated 
by an external sign, the same might be the case with the other intellec- 
tual powers; and thereafter, all individuals distinguished by any remark- 
able faculty became the objects of his attention. By degrees he con- 
ceived himself to have found external characteristics which indicated a 
decided disposition for painting, music, and the mechanical arts. He 
became acquainted also with some individuals remarkable for the deter- 
mination of their character, and he observed a particular part of their 
heads to be very largely developed : this fact first suggested to him the 
idea of looking to the head for signs of the dispositions or affective 
powers. But in making these observations, he never conceived for a 
moment that the skull was the cause of the different talents, as has been 
erroneously represented : from the first, he referred the influence, what- 
ever it was, to the brain. 

"In following out, by observations, the principle which accident had 
thus suggested, he for some time encountered difficulties of the greatest 
magnitude. Hitherto he had been altogether ignorant of the opinions 
of physiologists touching the brain, and of metaphysicians respecting 
the mental faculties. He had simply observed Nature. When, how- 
27 



\ 



210 PHRENOLOGY: ITS PRINCIPLES, PROOFS, AND FACTS. 

ever, he began to enlarge his knowledge of books, he found the most 
extraordinary conflict of opinions everywhere prevailing; and this, for 
the moment, made him hesitate about the correctness of his own obser- 
vations. He found that the affections and passions had, by almost gen- 
eral consent, been consigned to the thoracic and abdominal viscera; and 
that, while Pythagoras, Aristotle, Plato, Galen, Haller, and some other 
physiologists, placed the sentient soul or intellectual faculties in the 
brain, Van Helmont placed it in the stomach, Descartes and his followers 
in the pineal gland, and Drelincourt and others in the cerebellum. 

"He found also that a great number of philosophers and physiologists 
asserted that all men are born with equal mental faculties ; and that the 
differences observable among them are owing either to education or to 
the accidental circumstances in which they are placed. If differences 
were accidental, he inferred, there could be no natural signs of predom- 
inating faculties; and consequently the project of learning, by obser- 
vation, to distinguish the functions of the different portions of the 
brain, must be hopeless. This difficulty he combated by the reflection, 
that his brothers, sisters, and schoolfellow's had all received very nearly 
the same education, but that he had still observed each of them unfold- 
ing a distinct character, over which circumstances appeared to exert only 
a limited control ; and farther, that not unfrequently those whose edu- 
cation had been conducted with the greatest care, and on whom the 
labors of teachers had been most assiduously bestowed, remained far 
behind their companions in attainments. 'Often,' says he, ' we were 
accused of want of will, or deficiency of zeal ; but many of us could 
not, even with the most ardent desire, followed out by the most obstinate 
efforts, attain, in some pursuits, even to mediocrity; while in some other 
points, some of us surpassed our schoolfellows without an effort, and 
almost, it might be said, without perceiving it ourselves. But, in point 
of fact, our masters did not appear to attach much faith to the system 
which taught equality of mental faculties ; for they thought themselves 
entitled to exact more from one scholar, and less from another. They 
spoke frequently of natural gifts, or of the gifts of God, and consoled 
their pupils in the words of the Gospel, by assuring them that each 
would be required to render an account only in proportion to the gifts 
which he had received.'* 

"Being convinced by these facts that there is a natural and constitu- 
tional diversity of talents and dispositions, he encountered in books still 
another obstacle to his success in determining the external signs of the 
mental powers. He found that, instead of faculties for languages, draw- 
ing, music, distinguishing places, and mechanical arts, corresponding to 
the different talents which he had observed in his schoolfellows, the met- 
aphysicians spoke only of general powers, such as perception, conception, 
memory, imagination, and judgment; and when he endeavored to dis- 
cover external signs in the head, corresponding to these general faculties, 
and to determine the correctness of the physiological doctrines taught 
by the authors already mentioned regarding the seat of the mind, he 
found perplexities without end, and difficulties insurmountable. 

" Abandoning, therefore, every theory and preconceived opinion, Dr. 

*Sur les Fonctions du Cerveau, Preface; and torn. v. p. 12. 



PATHOLOGICAL TACTS PROVE PHRENOLOGY. 211 

Gall gave himself up entirely to the observation of Nature. Being a 
friend of Dr. Nord, physician to a lunatic asylum in Vienna, he had 
opportunities, of which he availed himself, of making observations on 
the insane. He visited prisons, and resorted to schools; he was intro- 
duced to the courts of princes, to colleges, and to seats of justice; and 
wherever he heard of an individual distinguished in any particular way, 
either by remarkable endowment or deficiency, he observed and studied 
the development of his head. In this manner, by an almost impercept- 
ible induction, he at last conceived himself warranted in believing that 
particular mental powers are indicated by particular configurations of 
the head. 

"Hitherto he had resorted only to physiognomical indications, as a 
means of discovering the functions of the brain. On reflection, however, 
he was convinced that physiology is imperfect when separated from 
anatomy. Having observed a woman of fifty-four years of age, who had 
been afflicted with hydrocephalus from her youth, and who, with a body 
a little shrunk, possessed a mind as active and intelligent as that of other 
individuals of her class, Dr. Gall declared his conviction, that the struc- 
ture of the brain must be different from what was generally conceived — 
a remark which Tulpius also had made, on observing a hydrocephalic 
patient who manifested the mental faculties. He therefore felt the 
necessity of making anatomical researches into the structure of the 
brain. 

"In every instance where an individual whose head he had observed 
while alive happened to die, he requested permission to examine the 
brain, and frequently was allowed to do so ; and he found, as a general 
fact, that, on removal of the skull, the brain, covered by the dura mater, 
presented a form corresponding to that which the skull had exhibited in 
life. 

"The successive steps by which Dr. Gall proceeded in his discoveries, 
are particularly deserving of attention. He did not, as many have 
imagined, first dissect the brain, and pretend, by that means, to discover 
the seats of the mental powers; neither did he, as others have conceived, 
first map out the skull into various compartments, and assign a faculty 
to each, according as his imagination led him to conceive the place 
appropriate to the power. On the contrary, he first observed a concom- 
itance between particular talents and dispositions, and particular forms 
of the head; he next ascertained, by removal of the skull, that the figure 
and size of the brain are indicated by external appearances ;, and it was 
only after these facts had been determined, that the brain was minutely 
dissected, and light thrown upon its structure. 

"At Vienna, in 1796, Dr. Gall for the first time delivered lectures on 
his system. 

"In 1800 Dr. John Gaspar Spurzheim* began the study of Phrenol- 
ogy under him, having in that year assisted, for the first time, at one of 
his lectures. In 1804 he was associated with him in his labors; and, 
subsequently to that period, not only added many valuable discoveries to 
those of Dr. Gall, in the anatomy and physiology of the brain, but con- 

* Born at Longuich, near Treves, on the Moselle, December 31, 1776; died at 
Boston, United States, on November 10, 1832. 



212 PHRENOLOGY: ITS PRINCIPLES, PROOFS, AND FACTS. 

tributed to form the truths brought to light by their respective observa- 
tions, into a beautiful and interesting system of mental philosophy, and 
developed its moral applications. In Britain we are indebted chiefly to 
his personal exertions and printed works for a knowledge of the science. 

" In the beginning of his inquiries, Dr. Gall neither did nor could fore- 
see the results to which they would lead, or the relation which each 
successive fact, as it was discovered, would bear to the whole truths 
which time and experience might bring into view. Having established 
any circumstance, he boldly affirmed its reality, without regard to any- 
thing but truth. Perceiving, for instance, that the intensity of the de- 
sire for property bore a relation to the size of one part of the brain, he 
announced this fact by itself, and called the part the organ of Theft, 
because he found it prominent in thieves. When he had discovered 
that the propensity to conceal was in connection with another part of 
the brain, he announced this fact also as an isolated truth, and named 
the part the organ of Cunning, because he found it very large in sly 
and fraudulent criminals. In a similar way, when he had discovered 
-the connection between the sentiment of Benevolence and another por- 
tion of the cerebral mass, he called the part the organ of Benevolence ; 
and so on in regard to the other organs. This proceeding has nothing 
in common with the formation of an hypothesis ; and, so far from a dis- 
position to invent a theory being conspicuous, there appears, in the dis- 
jointed items of information which Dr. Gall at first presented to the 
public, a want of even an ordinary regard for systematic arrangement. 
His only object seems to have been to furnish a candid and uncolored 
statement of the facts in nature which he had observed; leaving their 
value to be ascertained by time and further investigation. 

" As soon, however, as observation had brought to light a great body 
of facts, and the functions of the organs were contemplated with a phil- 
osophical eye, a system of mental philosophy appeared to emanate 
almost spontaneously from the previous chaos. 

"Although, when the process of discovery had proceeded a certain 
length, the facts were found to be connected by relations, yet, at first, 
it was impossible to perceive their relationship. Hence, the doctrines 
appeared as a mere rude and undigested mass of rather unseemly 
materials; the public mirth was, not unnaturally, excited by the display 
of organs of Theft, Quarrelsomeness, and Cunning, as they were then 
named ; and a degree of obloquy was brought upon the science, from 
which it is only now recovering. At this stage the doctrines were 
merely a species of physiognomy, and the apparent results were neither 
very prominent nor very inviting. When, however, the study had been 
pursued for years, and the torch of philosophy had been applied to the 
facts discovered by observation, its real nature as the physiology of the 
brain and the science of the human mind, and its beautiful consistency 
and high utility, became apparent, and its character and name changed 
as it advanced. It is finely remarked by Middleton, that no truth ' can 
possibly hurt or obstruct the good effect of any other truth whatsoever: 
for they all partake of one common essence, and necessarily coincide 
with each other ; and, like the drops of rain which fall separately into 
the river, mix themselves at once with the stream, and strengthen the 
general current.'" — Combe's System of Phrenology. 



PATHOLOGICAL PACTS PROVE PHRENOLOGY. 213 

47. — The Author's own Experience and Testimony. 

A colloquy at Amherst College commencement, in 1832, 
when Spurzheim arrived in Boston first called my attention to 
the fact that Phrenology claimed to reveal the character from the 
head. The idea struck me favorably from the first, despite its 
ridicule, and I at once began to look at heads, wondering what 
this shape of head signified, and what that. 

In 1833, I borrowed "Combe's Elements of Phrenology," and 
a phrenological bust, from my classmate, Henry Ward Beecher, 
and began its study in right down good earnest, without a 
teacher, but with zeal. As I that year entered upon the colle- 
giate study of mental philosophy, my more especial object was 
to compare Phrenology, as an expositor of the mind, with 
Brown's, Stewart's; and other metaphysical text-book systems, 
and found it immeasurably their superior. Meanwhile I learned 
the location of a few of the organs and Faculties, from inspecting 
the heads of fellow-students, among whom I began to be so noted 
for making correct " hits," that they flocked around me, all curious 
to hear what I would say about themselves individually, and each 
other, thus interrupting my studies. 

My first chart, which consisted simply in the names of the 
organs in their order, after Combe, was published this year, on 
which I marked the organs of applicants by numbers, ranging 
from 1 to 7, for which, to get pay for this chart , not labor of 
marking, I charged two cents each. 

My professional life began thus. A classmate, after our 
graduation in 1834, came to Brattleboro', Vt., to lecture on the 
"Battles of the Revolution,"' a re-hash of collegiate lectures by 
Professor Fiske, but failed. This fired me with an ambition to 
try my hand at lecturing on Phrenology, since I had nothing spe- 
cial to do after graduating, and before the next term began at 
Lane Seminary, Ohio, which I designed to enter, in preparation 
for the orthodox pulpit. 

One night I lay awake " till broad daylight," first thinking out 
whether or not I should make the attempt, which I finally resolved 
to do ; next studying up my form of notice for my proposed 
handbill and advertisements ; and finally studying out improve- 
ments in my chart, in giving the definitions of the Faculties in 



214 PHRENOLOGY: ITS PRINCIPLES, PROOFS, AND FACTS. 

three degrees — the first attempt at such degree description, and 
spent nearly a week on it ; bought paper, hired printer, and got 
out a thousand copies, along with my handbill ; ordered a bust, 
and thirty-two dollars' worth of works on Phrenology, opened 
my lectures, threw out my card, charged men twelve and a half 
cents for a phrenological chart, marked, and ladies and children 
six and a quarter cents ; cleared forty dollars in the place, and 
started for Saratoga, meanwhile writing to my brother, L. N. 
Fowler, who had gone from Amherst Academy home to Cohoc- 
ton, Steuben County, N. Y., to come back, and meet me at Sara- 
toga. He arrived first, went to Brattleboro' to find me, returned, 
and we opened at Waterford ; went next to Troy, and I to New 
York City, he West. 

Two college classmates gave me my first satisfactory test of 
the truth of Phrenology. One was smart, the other dull, but 
both were excessively conceited, and both their heads projected 
far out and back to a peak at their crowns, where Ambition is 
located, as in engraving No. 10, the smart one having a good 
sized forehead, the dull one a low, narrow one. Their characters 
thus corresponded perfectly with their Phrenology. 

The Fessenden family, of Brattleboro', gave me my most 
conclusive test. I had known its members for years personally, 
to be rarely equalled, never surpassed, in genuine goodness, in 
kindness to the poor, in missionary labors, in hospitality, in all 
the aspects of Benevolence. Of course I must tell them their 
characters, and found in them, from the grandmother through all 
her numerous sons and daughters, then in or past middle life, 
a development of the organ of Kindness commensurate with their 
uncommon goodness. The whole family were also noted, far and 
near, for their rigid uprightness, and, doing a large business, 
which required many hands, they had given abundant illustrations 
of both these traits. Accordingly, I found Conscience, as well 
as Kindness, as remarkably developed in their heads as I knew it 
to be in their characters. 

Other like coincidences, touching other organs and Faculties, 
kept perpetually astonishing me. Though I fully believed in 
Phrenology, yet as one after another of these coincidences be- 
tween the organs and their manifestations addressed themselves 
to my senses, I kept wondering, and ejaculating to myself, 



PATHOLOGICAL FACTS PKOVE PHRENOLOGY. 215 

"Really! Can this be possible?" For readers will find a gen- 
eral belief one thing, and a tangible knowledge, forced home upon 
their very senses, quite another. In cases, literally by tens of 
thousands, professional applicants, after I had made and written 
down my predications, would narrate instances by the score in 
their lives, illustrative of the truth of my descriptions of them- 
selves. 

In Albany, after my return from Saratoga, I stopped a few 
days, made known my business, was unnoticed, though the con- 
stitutional convention of New York was then revising the state 
constitution, till one of its members — Colonel Stevenson, now 
commanding in California — called to " refute this humbug," was 
described, to his complete astonishment ; insisted that some one 
had been telling me all about him ; was bound to see " this thing 
fully tested ; " brought in one after another of his co-convention- 
ists, and other prominent men of his acquaintance, among whom 
were Crosweli, editor of the Argus, Marcy, afterwards governor 
and secretary of state, Silas Wright, lawyer Peckham, and other 
then rising men, and found every predication of each one just as 
he knew them to be, except that when my predications differed 
from his suppositions, he found the testimony of his friends une- 
quivocally in accord with my prognostications, till finally he gave 
it up, after having tested me blindfold, and every way he could 
devise, and will to-day confirm by detailed incidents all here 
said, and add thereto. Crosweli also gave me a favorable notice 
in his Argus. 

Innumerable facts like these finally brought the full, com- 
plete, absolute conviction home to my inner consciousness that 
Phrenology really was an actual, tangible, veritable, experimental, 
reliable science; so that I am now no more surprised when appli- 
cants illustrate the truth of what I have just said of them, than 
that sun and stars rise and set, or tides come and go, just when 
the almanac says beforehand they will. Any one who may sit in 
my office awaiting his turn, will mark the perfect assurance, the 
complete confidence underlying my mode of description, which 
presupposes not the shadow of a doubt of the truth of my delin- 
eations, but the most complete assurance of their detailed correct- 
ness, — a confidence which equally underlies all my public tests of 
the science. In fact, I neither guess at what I say, nor even be- 



216 PHRENOLOGY: ITS PRINCIPLES, PROOFS, AND FACTS. 

lieve it, but I knoio that the character accords with my descrip- 
tions, just as much as I know that the sun will rise " on time." I 
would not give a penny apiece to have everything I say of every 
person guaranteed to be correct ; for the phrenological develop- 
ments constitute such a guarantee. I find no failures, except 
where I may fail in correctly interpreting the phrenological or 
physiological conditions. I have never found the science itself at 
fault ; no, not in one single instance in all my forty years of 
professional practice. 

Mistakes I have sometimes made, but always from some defect 
in my observations — and it does, indeed, take the utmost mental 
activity and vigor to read character correctly. No one can imagine 
how much, till he knows by experience. The direction Faculties 
take may not always be pre-apprehended, such as whether Causality 
shows itself in any particular person in arguing or thinking; 
in reasoning on law, or politics; or in laying business plans; or 
in common sense ; or in making mechanical inventions ; but the 
relative power of Causality is as its organ says it is. 

Go wherever the English language is spoken, and you will 
not talk long among intelligent persons about O. S. and L. N. 
Fowler, without hearing some one of them tell of some remarka- 
ble phrenological hit made by one of these phrenological brothers 
on some ancestor or acquaintance of somebody. 

Experiment is the test of all truth. If this science would not 
stand that ordeal, I would never open my mouth in its behalf. 
But it has stood it forty years, and grown under and by means of 
these test examinations. Early in my professional career I boldly 
challenged all to test me in public and private, blindfolded if they 
liked, and remember scarcely a single failure throughout my long 
practice. One such occurred thus : A public blindfold test was 
proposed which I accepted. A committee to select subjects was 
chosen by the audience, I said, "give me only normal cases, not 
any in an abnormal condition, for I am tired out," and accordingly 
was not " on guard " for such ; but a flat, born bright, yet made 
foolish by an over dose of opium in a fit of sickness when about 
five years old, was brought forward. If I had not been fatigued, 
I should have caught his disordered physiology ; but I did not, 
and described his original, but not his existing character. A 
blindfold test is not fair on the part of the science, because the 



PHRENOLOGY PROVED BY FACTS. 217 

examiner can form but an imperfect diagnosis of the subject's 
Temperaments, on which more depends than on the mere size of 
the organs themselves, — a subject we shall soon discuss. Still, 
under all these disadvantages, not one out of hundreds of my 
public and private "blindfold tests" have failed to convince all 
present that Phrenology is a veritable experimental science. 

Phrenology has spread by virtue of these public and private 
experiments. From being universally ridiculed in 1832, it is 
universally respected in 1872, except by conservative bigots, who 
wish "all things to remain as they were from the beginning." 
Those whom it would unhorse have a pecuniary motive in decrying 
it. Doctors often oppose it, probably because its doctrines cer- 
tainly do teach men how to keep well, and dispense with medicines 
and their expenses. Ministers often oppose it because it conflicts 
with many of their isms, the fashionable because it often discloses 
poor heads on purse-proud shoulders ; yet, notwithstanding all, it 
is daily striking root deeper, and spreading itself wider every 
year as time rolls on. And it will soon have a, great revival. 

My ow t n professional practice increases yearly. I am better 
and better patronized every time I revisit a place than I was the 
time before. I will not now put my professional plough into new 
soil, because the old is easier tilled, and yields better returns. 
Children and grandchildren patronize me by thousands, whose 
parents have derived so much benefit from my examinations made 
many years before, that they have charged their descendants to 
embrace the first opportunity to obtain a like good for themselves. 

L. N. Fowler's success in England, where he has been since 
1860, is commensurately great ; and Englishmen think before they 
patronize. Whatever can grow under the proverbially sharp 
scrutiny of Americans forty years and Englishmen fifteen, must 
needs have some merit. 



218 PHRENOLOGY: ITS PRINCIPLES, PROOFS, AND FACTS. 



Section V. 

OBJECTIONS: CONFORMITY OF THE SKULL TO THE BRAIN 
SINUSES, ETC. 

48. — The Shape of the Brain can be determined from 
that of the skull. 

The inner and outer tables of the skull generally correspond. 
All observers of open skulls can see that they are about equi- 
distant in all parts, except in the special cases to be specified, so 
that the general forms of the head give us those of the brain. 
Mere cavillers and quibblers, seeking something to say against 
Phrenology rather than the truth, say they do not, and cite, in 
proof, the frontal sinuses ; but honest seekers after truth will find 
both tables substantially parallel to each other. Let high medical 
authority answer : — 

" We can form an accurate idea of the volume of the region of the 
brain which it covers by simple inspection of its external table, the 
internal table being perfectly parallel, and the degree of elevation of the 
one corresponding strictly with that of the other. 

"When a portion of the cranium is developed, the portion of the brain 
corresponding with it is also developed." — Vimont. 

"Thus we find that the bones of the head are moulded to the brain, 
and the peculiar shapes of the bones of the head are determined by the 
original peculiarity in the shape of the brain. I have seen one striking 
instance of the skull's decreasing with the brain. It occurred in an 
individual who died at the age of thirty-two, after having labored under 
chronic insanity for upwards of ten years, and whose mental weakness 
augmented in proportion to the diminution of the brain and the shrink- 
ing of his skull. The diminution of his head in size, attracted his own 
attention during life. Cuvier is still more explicit upon the same point. 
He says, ' In all mammiferous animals, the brain is moulded in the cavity 
of the cranium, which it fills exactly ; so that the description ,of the 
osseous part affords us a knowledge of, at least, the external form of the 
medullary mass within? Magendie says, 'The only way of estimating 
the volume of the brain in a living person, is to take the dimensions of 
the skull] &g. Other authors might be quoted ; but these are sufficient 
for our purpose ; so that anatomists and physicians, at least, cannot, with 
any appearance of consistency, question this proposition ; and no others 
have any right to do so. Its correctness stands, then, unshaken." — 
Charles BelVs Anat. II. 390. 

The skull is formed and modelled on, and after, and to the 
brain, not the brain after the skull. The conformation of the 



CONFORMITY OF THE SKULL TO THE BRAIN. 219 

skull predetermines that of the brain, not the brain that of the 
skull. Which is shaped first ? and which for the other ? determines 
the issue. Of course the brain is the lord, the skull its serf; the 
brain primal, the skull subservient and conformatory. 

1. The skull is usually from about one eighth to three eighths 
of an inch thick, though sometimes exceeds six eighths. 

" This alone upsets Phrenology, or, at least, renders it practically val- 
ueless, because this difference prevents one ascertaining the size of the 
brain as a whole. Two heads may measure alike, yet one skull be thin, 
the other thick, so that the thick one has not half as much brain as the 
thin." 

Two signs enable us to estimate correctly the thickness of the 
skulls of different persons. First, coarse, heavy, large-boned 
persons have skulls the thicker in proportion as they are the 
larger boned and coarser grained. Secondly, the skull serves as 
a sounding-board to the voice, so that its thickness in any partic- 
ular person can be correctly estimated by noticing whether his 
voice has a clear, ringing, sonorous, vibrating sound, or one dull, 
flat, thick-pated. 

Press both hands, when open, upon the skull of a person 
while he is speaking, fitting them, fingers and all, snugly to his 
head, bearing on quite hard, and you will find these vibrations 
becoming, under this pressure, indistinct, like the sound of a 
muffled bell, the sounds as it were flat; yet, cm removing your 
hands, you will find these vibrations again clearer and more ring- 
ing. This difference will teach you to estimate the thickness of 
any one's skull you may hear speak by this sign. The thinner it 
is, the more clear and ringing will these vocal vibrations be like 
unmuffled drum, but the less ringing and more like a muffled drum 
these vibrations are, the thicker is the skull. All persons thus 
tell knowing ones every time they speak about how thick and thin 
their skulls are. 

African skulls are usually thicker than Caucasian, and a com- 
parison of the voices of each will give a clear idea of this test, 
and its application. 

2. All skulls are thinner, and usually more than as thin 
again at the temples and cerebellum than at their tops and 
crowns, doubtless because muscles on these thin places partly 
subserve the protective office of the skull. We may therefore 



220 PHRENOLOGY: ITS PRINCIPLES, PROOFS, AND FACTS. 

always make all due allowances for these differences, since all 
skulls are thicker or thinner in like places. 

3. Fine-skinned, fine-haired, and delicately-organized persons 
always have thin skulls, and coarser grained persons the thicker 
ones. 

4. Whenever and wherever you find a protuberance on the 
skull indicating that any phrenological organ is largely developed, 
saw it open, and fill the inside at that point with wax or calcined 
plaster wet, or anything else to get its inside shape, and you will 
find a protuberance on the cast like that on the skull. Or, what is 
the same thing, a hollow in its inside corresponding with the swell 
on its outside. Any number of skulls thus examined and cast, 
will prove that their outer and inner tables substantially corre- 
spond. Those misrepresent who say they do not. 

5. " But the frontal sinus, that great hollow between the two 
tables of the skull over the eyes, found in some, but not in others, pre- 
vents the formation of any correct ideas of the shape of the brain of 
any given person over these organs." 

1. All but four of the forty-three organs can be correctly 
diagnosed in all cases, and in most cases all but two. 

2. An occasional failure to estimate correctly these organs in 
no way hinders observing the balance correctly. 

3. All science encounters difficulties equally great, or greater. 
Do difficulties in the way of making some of the observations of 
any science annul all its other facts? Does an occasional eclipse 
of some one of the heavenly bodies disprove astronomy? Does 
a mirage towards the poles overthrow the principles of optics, or 
disprove the refraction of light? Does our inability to count all 
the stars in the firmament prove that there are none there ? Does 
the impossibility of counting all annul the existence of those we 
can count? Or does the sun's being sometimes beclouded prove 
that there is no sun, or that it never shines? And yet these are 
the precise arguments of our opponents. Difficulties do not kill 
truths. 

4. In all children and in most females no such sinus oc- 
curs, so that the truth of these organs can be verified upon them. 

5. From a quarter to half an inch is the range of these 
sinuses. This ensravinsr illustrates their usual thickness — a small 
affair to make so great an ado over. Gentlemen objectors, if 






CONFORMITY OF THE SKULL TO THE BRAIN. 221 

this is all, your objections are puerile. Say nothing, or try some- 
thing more weighty. Any village pettifogger could FRONTAL ' 
urge arguments more plausible against Blackstone, and sinus. 
pedagogue against Astronomy. 

6. The voice, whenever these sinuses exist, proclaims 
both such existence and their size, by its having a hollow, 
rumbling sound, as if there were a hollow place in the 
skull. We can thus estimate the size of the sinus and 
underlying organs. 

7. Dr. Sewall, of Washington, D. C, made a great No ' 46, 
handle of both this point, and of the great thickness of several 
skulls he obtained from lunatic asylums. He even went* so far as 
to make a book against Phrenology out of them mainly. But this 
science claims to predicate its observations on normal heads, not 
on abnormal, nor on that of aged persons ; some of his specimens 
having been old and chronic lunatics. 

9. Excessive action usually reduces size. As overworking 
the muscles in man and beast makes them small, so the violent 
chronic action of the mind must needs reduce the size of the 
brain, and of each of the phrenological organs. This must of 
course leave a vacuum under the skull, unless all-provident Na- 
ture can contrive some way to fill it, for she can never tolerate 
vacuums in active organs. She fills sometimes by a deposit of 
bony matter on the inside of the skull, and at other times by 
allowing the external pressure of the atmosphere, which is some 
fifteen pounds to the square inch, to press the skull gradually in 
upon the brain, as the latter shrinks, as just seen in the preceding 
quotation from Bell. 

10. Inflamed organs generally diminish, just as do in- 
flamed limbs, and all other inflamed parts. In many instances, 
Amativeness, and the entire pelvic region, when long inflamed, 
as in chronic nymphomania, and perpetual sexual cravings and 
excesses, dwindle and become small. 33 Still, one need be at no 
loss to tell, from concomitant signs, whether this organ is small 
by nature, or rendered so by sensuality. Many years ago, L. N. 
Fowler pronounced the greatest libertine in Nantucket deficient 
in this passion, to the great discredit of Phrenology — a mistake 
easily explained on this hypothesis. In such cases, a shrewd eye 
is necessary, which a Phrenologist should have. 



222 PHRENOLOGY: ITS PRINCIPLES, PROOFS, AND FACTS. 

49. — Drs. Sewall, Horner, and Hamilton, and their Ob- 
jections. 

12. Personal spite made Dr. Sewall an anti-Phrenologist, 
as the following narrative will show : — 

Dr. Sewall, in 1835, while I was lecturing in Washington, 
D. C, was almost my first patron. He came incog., to test the 
science ; confessed to the striking correctness of my delineation ; 
said I had told him many things more correctly than his best 
friends and own family could have done ; had revealed some spe- 
cialties he had thus far succeeded in keeping out of their sight ; 
that he had written a book against Phrenology, and wanted me to 
examine the skulls from which his objections were drawn, &c. 

I replied that I cared nothing for his book or skulls ; that 
Phrenology should stand or fall by its experiments; that he might 
select any of his friends he pleased, whom I was not to see, 
blindfold me hiraselT, to see that it was well done, and in that 
state I would describe them ; that he should write out their spe- 
cial traits from what he knew of them ; that my remarks of them 
should be reduced to writing ; and that if his friends, who were 
to be the umpires, did not say that my description came nearest 
to their characters, I would give in ; but that if they said mine 
were nearest, he should "own up beat." This was the most 
searching test I could devise. He accepted it, and it was to come 
off before my audience at my next lecture. 

The blinders were put on by Dr. Sewall himself, some lady 
pressing her gloves up between my eyes and the bandage, and 
chose and brought forward some subjects, without a lisp of their 
names being given, and among them slipped himself into the 
chair for reinspection. Our two descriptions were read before 
the audience, and every one of his friends examined, and their 
friends, attested that mine was the most graphic and correct. 

When challenged the next day, in my office, to renounce his 
opposition to Phrenology, because the test proved the science, he 
replied substantially as follows : — 

" To tell the truth, I have studied Phrenology myself, and once ad- 
vocated it, but I turned against it on this account." 

" Dr. Charles Caldwell announced a course of lectures on Phre- 
nology in Washington, the tickets to which were five dollars, and solicit- 
ed my subscription, which I gave. But as I interested myself very 



CONFOKMITY OF THE SKULL TO THE BEAIN. 223 

much in his behalf, and got many of my friends to subscribe, besides our 
both being doctors, I thought he ought to excuse me from paying this 
five dollars. But he insisted on its payment. This turned me against 
him, and I have taken and had my revenge by ridiculing the science of 
Phrenology he advocates." 

I published this statement in the American Phrenological 
Journal, in 1839, which I got up, then owned and edited, sent a 
marked copy of this passage to Dr. Sewall, called his attention 
to it by letter, and solicited a reply. He made none, obviously 
on the principle, " Least said, soonest mended." Judge how 
much his book is worth. 

Two other opponents to Phrenology, and their objections, 
deserve each a momentary notice. One, Dr. Horner, long a pro- 
fessor in a Philadelphia medical college, and the minutest anato- 
mist of his day, was accustomed in his lectures annually to attack 
Phrenology, and to exhibit a brain preserved in spirits, the fore 
part of which had sloughed off from suppuration. 

Year after year, while I practised Phrenology in Philadel- 
phia, his students kept referring to this brain as a M poser " to 
Phrenology. I finally determined to see it, and accompanied by 
Dr. Drake, I think, of Cincinnati, Eev. Mr. Fuller, and some 
others, called to see this oft-mentioned brain. Setting it before 
us, Dr. Horner took down his book on "Anatomy," and read his 
statement of it that the whole frontal lobe was destroyed by sup- 
puration, without injury to the patient's intellect, &c. 

I said, " Stop, doctor ; this frontal lobe is destroyed on only 
one side. See those perceptive lobes on one side, and even Cau- 
sality, remain sound." He replied : — 

" O, but see what my book says." 

"I beg pardon, doctor, but I must follow my own eyes, and 
the eyes of these gentlemen, and even your own, instead of your 
book. Your specimen and book contradict each other. Your 
book says the whole intellectual lobe of this brain is destroyed, 
whereas our eyes prove that the convolutions on one side of it, 
both below and in front, are intact. Your book misrepresents. 

Besides, did you examine him mentally, to see whether he 
retained, or had lost, his various kinds of memory and intellect?" 

" O, no ; he was too sick for that? 



224 PHRENOLOGY: ITS PRINCIPLES, PROOFS, AND FACTS. 

" Your book contains two errors : first, in asserting that the 
entire intellectual lobe was destroyed, whereas one side remains 
entire ; and secondly, that he retained all his intellectual powers 
unimpaired, whereas, you now say he was ' too sick for that.' 
Since this is all your ? poser' amounts to, Good day." 

Both this brain itself, and Dr. Horner's account of it, are 
doubtless still preserved ; so that this account of them can still 
be verified or contradicted by facts now extant. 

Dr. Horner's own head and character furnished one of the 
strongest of proofs that Phrenology is true. He was the most 
minute anatomist of his day. This required large Perceptives, 
which were larger in his head than in one out of a hundred thou- 
sand. Yet his forehead was low and narrow; that is, he lacked 
the organs, as he certainly did the Faculty of reason. He did 
and could look, but not think. 

Dr. Frank Hamilton, since United States surgeon-general, 
published a pamphlet against Phrenology in Rochester, N. Y., 
about 1841, in which he narrates the case of "an accomplished 
young lady of Cleveland, O.," who, he said, retained all her in- 
tellectual powers, even to playing finely on the piano, yet a post 
mortem dissection of her brain, made to see what had caused 
intense pain in her forehead, along with a bony projection on it, 
proved that a bony tumor had grown down into her frontal lobe, 
and occupied her entire forehead ! Could Phrenology be ex- 
pected long to survive such a tK stunner"? 

I inquired, the next time I visited Cleveland, for this young 
lady, found she had lived and died three miles east of Cleveland, 
and had the bony tumor, as he described ; but, though she had 
been in former years a good scholar, and an accomplished musi- 
cian and lady, yet that, for years before her death, she had been 
gradually losing her senses, till, for months before, she had be- 
come so very a fool that she did not even know enough to keep 
out of the fire, and died finally from falling down stairs, when her 
mother left her half a minute to do something for her. I had 
this account from her uncle. 

Hamilton copied this case from a Cleveland doctor, but in- 
dorsed it, and is therefore responsible for its untruth.* 

* In 1841, the Author published a pamphlet in answer to Hamilton's pamphlet, 
but has lost all copies of it, It formed part of Vol. IV. of his Journal, and was 



CONFORMITY OF THE SKULL TO THE BRAIN 225 

This triumvirate of phrenological cavillers probably samplifies 
most of their co-workers. Gall usually treated his opponents 
with dignified silence, conscious that his doctrines would finally 
put them to shame. And so they will. 

Kesume of this chapter. We have proved — 

1. That the mind is composed of primary mental Faculties, 

2. That the brain is the organ of the mind. 

3. That the brain consists of as many organs as the mind does 
of Faculties, each Faculty manifesting its functions by means of 
its own specific organ. 

4. That size is a measure of power. 

5. That the size of these organs can generally be estimated 
quite accurately from the configuration of the living head. 

6. That the shape of all things, that of the head included, 
indicates general and specific characteristics. 

Are not these doctrines severally and collectively self-evident 
in fact, and correct in theory? Do they not accord singularly 
with all the phenomena of mind, and with all other natural truths? 
Have one of them any one feature of improbability about them? 

The inteenal evidence of the truth of Phrenology, however, 
constitutes by far the strongest proof of its truthfulness. All 
truths carry along with them their own warrant and witness that 
they really are true. Our inner sense, when unbiassed by preju- 
dice, is a good test of truth. The consistency of all truth with 
all other is another. But, after all, the moral lessons it teaches 
are its highest warrant. The strongest proofs of Christianity are 
the exalted morality it inculcates. All truth teaches some great 
practical lessons; and whatever teaches them is true. Phrenol- 
ogy appertains to human life. Therefore, if it is true, it must 
needs teach mankind how to live aright. And as far as it does 
teach valuable life lessons, it must be, and t*, true. Note, then, 
opponents and advocates, how most exalted, how surpassingly 
important, how inexpressibly beautiful, how even all-glorious, 
are those moral and philosophical inferences, as to the conduct 
of human life, which flow forth spontaneously from its principles ! 
Scan any and every page of this volume, and of its successor, 
Sexual Science, and behold in every single paragraph, some beau- 

also published in pamphlet form. Any one who may.have a copy of it will do him 
a special favor by informing him where and how it can be obtained. 

29 



226 PHRENOLOGY: ITS PRINCIPLES, PROOFS, AND FACTS. 

tiful truth unfolded, and applied to promote human weal, or alle- 
viate human woe, or else guide inquiring mortals to a higher, 
truer, purer, happier life ! To what one of all its doctrines can 
even cavillers take exceptions? Are not all lovers of both truth 
and of man morally bound by that love to countenance this great 
teacher of righteousness, this apostle of universal right, this 
obvious messenger of the Lord on high? Surely its opponents 
"know not what they do," or they would help what they now 
hinder. Humanity, forgive them ! God, forgive them ! But 
the evil effects of their opposition will follow and curse them and 
their followers, till God makes their very "wrath to praise " 
Him. They are making fools of themselves before all men, who, 
fifty years hence, will retort, — 

" You are fools, or bigots, or both : fools not to see that Phrenology 
is true, and bigots to allow prejudice to blind your eyes to its evidences, 
which are just as apparent as daylight. And sinners, to boot, by thus 
misleading your followers. You are blocking the wheels of human 
progress, and wickedly opposing man's greatest good. Away, ye blind 
leaden of the blind, into merited oblivion, with human curses chasing 
you forever ! " 

The exposition of this science comes next in order. We have 
dwelt thus long upon its evidences, because the human mind 
justly demands proofs first, expositions afterwards. Considering 
its fundamental principles now established, we proceed to discuss 
those organic conditions which affect and indicate human char- 
acter. 

The vastness of our inquiry is self-evident. We are attempt- 
ing to expound the human soul, together with all its outworkings. 
What else bears any comparison with this in its relative impor- 
tance, and intrinsic interest ! Think of the untold myriads of 
the mental phenomena it is to unfold ! 7 Think for how great a 
-diversity of human characteristics and specialties it is to account ! 
Our subject is mind, not matter — that subtle entity in which we 
live, 18 not something we can weigh and admeasure ! 

And in expounding this " spirit of man," we are expounding 
its Maker, and our God ! 4 Well may Author and readers pause 
and tremble at the threshold of an undertaking thus vast and 
momentous, but that we are emboldened and strengthened by the 
-consciousness that we are in the truth! And God's greatest truth ! 



THE MENTALITY PRE-DETERMINES THE ORGANISM. 227 



CHAPTER III. 
ORGANIC CONDITIONS, TEMPERAMENTS, SELF-CULTURE, ETC. 

Section I. 

THE MENTALITY PRE-DETERMINES THE ORGANISM, FORM, ETC. 

50. — The Spirit Principle controls the Organic Struc- 
ture THROUGHOUT. 

Organic forms literally fill our whole earth, which was obvi- 
ously created as an abode for all kinds of life, animate and inan- 
imate, vegetable, animal, aud human; 29 and most admirably does 
she subserve her life-developing mission. She is material, obvi- 
ously in order to furnish the materials for the organic formation 
of all those multifarious and diversified kinds of beings which 
inhabit her aerial, aquatic, and terrestrial domains. 25 Over thirty 
thousand kinds, each differing from all the others, have already 
been discovered, of which the household fly, with all its incon- 
ceivable myriads, constitutes but one ; and we are daily discov- 
ering more. Nature's obvious policy is to create all she can sup- 
port, and pack all her vast borders with some form of life espe- 
cially adapted thereto. The most enjoyment possible of the 
greatest number, is her motto. To redouble this her infinitely 
beneficent " policy," her forms of life must be diversified as much 
as possible. If they were homogeneous, if all fed upon one kind 
of food, comparatively few could ever be fed, and the great bulk 
of her feeding material must go to waste, right among starving 
myriads, because they were not fitted to eat it, nor it to nourish 
them ; whereas, diversifying her forms of life and of food, supplies 
some kind of food for every form of life, and leaves little of any 
kind of aliment capable of feeding any species of life, to waste 
uneaten, one kind of hungry eater or another being always 
"around," and " on hand," to appropriate it to their life needs; 
some grazing or browsing, others eating roots, grains, seeds, or 
fruits, and others other animals, and even carrion and garbage. 



228 ORGANIC CONDITIONS, TEMPERAMENTS, SELF-CULTURE. 

Their habitations must be equally diverse, for if all loved 
and crowded into one place, it would soon be too full for any to 
be happy in it, while the great mass of her space would remain 
uninhabited ; whereas, this diversification of abodes, one on dry 
land, others in water ; and still others in intermediate marshes; 
some crawling or climbing, others swimming or flying, and still 
others walking or running, traversing air, earth, water, and 
swamps in all directions, crowd all parts with teeming existences. 
Behold the superlative advantages of this diversifying arrange- 
ment ! 

Diverse organisms become necessary in order to fit them for 
these different forms of life. A shark must differ throughout in 
structure from an eagle, and both from a sheep, and all three 
from a duck, and all the species of animals from each other; and 
man from them all. 

Each must be expressly fitted in structure for its peculiar 
habits and modes of life. A cat needs claws, and cannot execute 
its specific instincts without them, while a horse does not need 
thorn, and could not use them if it had them ; whereas, none must 
be lumbered up with unnecessary organs. 

The adaptation of each animal, structurally, to its peculiar 
wants, is inimitably perfect. The turkey-buzzard must live on 
carrion, and cannot live well without it. Of course it must find 
it, before it can eat it. This requires that it soar leisurely above 
it in the air, to both see and scent it ; and how perfectly it is 
adapted in structure to this, and to all the other demands of its 
entire nature. It needs no claws, for it has nothing to gripe in 
them, and accordingly has none; while the eagle requires and 
has them. This is equally true of all felines; yet what could 
bovines do with them? and they never have them. 

Every part of every animal is specifically adapted to its in- 
stinctive requirements, down to every bone, muscle, nerve, and 
iota of each. To say how perfectly, would detain us too long. 
Would that some book detailed the structural adaptations of all 
animals to their several habits. Yet every animal furnishes a 
perfect and perfectly minute illustration of it. And — 

Man the most, if most were possible. Who but God could 
have thus fitted every iota of his anatomy, and physiology, and 
Phrenology to his precise needs and requirements. Bones, and 



THE MENTALITY PRE-DETERMINES THE ORGANISM. 229 

their joints and ligaments ; teeth, in their number and forma- 
tion, 96 enamel included ; heels, with their dermic cushions ; head, 
eyes — but, O God! how perfect hast Thou made man, and tit- 
ted him for his natural destiny ! v 

How came he, and all other forms of life, fitted each for its 
specific demands? All terrestrial ends are effected by some ade- 
quate means; nothing without. What are these means? This is 
the exact point of our inquiry — By what means are all animals, 
even all vegetables, thus perfectly adapted in structure to the re- 
quirements of their inner nature ? 

"God adapted them. This answer is apparent and comprehensive, 
and covers the entire ground throughout." 

But how did He thus adapt them? True, He maketh all 
things, and infinitely well; but how does He make them? By 
personal supervision? By standing perpetually over each crea- 
ture and organ of each, to see and shape it just thus and so 
throughout, and no other way? Excuse the seeming impiety, 
but this must keep Him rather busy in looking personally after 
every fly and gnat, as well as mastodon and whale, and all the 
teeming myriads of all His creatures, on each of all the starry 
orbits of His infinite realms. 

No, pietarians, this answer will not do. It may have piety 
enough, but it lacks sense. This personal creation and supervis- 
ion doctrine, this special Divine Providence theory, is contra- 
dicted by that great " cause and effect," government by means of 
natural laws, already demonstrated. 19 Those who adopt it may 
be devout, but they are not philosophical ; whereas, to be perfect, 
one must be both. This "gradual development theory" will 
stand scrutiny, while this personal interposition by miraculous 
divine fiat, will not. Yet He is no less " glorious " in making 
and doing by means of natural laws, than of a thus-saith-the- 
Lord ukase. These points are not now on the tapis of discus- 
sion ; yet the mode and manner by which the structure of all 
things is thus specifically fitted for their exact wants is. How 
came sharks to have teeth at all? and those short, double-rowed, 
and flexing backwards, and adapted not at all to chewing, but 
only to holding their prey merely till they can swallow it? while 
lions have teeth adapted to tearing, as well as holding, but not to 



230 ORGANIC CONDITIONS, TEMPERAMENTS, SELF-CULTURE. 

grinding, yet all rurninantia have teeth adapted to mashing? 
How come the alimentary canals of all gramnivora to be long, 
and carnivore short? Why are all lions largest before, and kan- 
garoos behind? cranes and serpents long, and ducks and turtles 
short? Why do hoofs form at the ends of the limbs of bovines, 
and this shaped hoof on this animal, and that on that, while felines 
have claws, and men toe and linger nails? Why is man formed 
to walk erect, but beasts to go on " all fours " ? In short, why 
and how are all things fashioned precisely as they are, and that 
in specific adaptation to their individual requirements? No ordi- 
nary answer will suffice ; nor will any special formation theory. 
The answer must conform to this " natural laws " ordinance of 
things. 19 Reader, have we staled this problem fully and fairly? 
We propose to give it a scientific, and a philosophical, and the 
only true solution, and, withal, one entirely original, Mark it 
well. 

"Mind is life." 18 The spirit principle of all things "is the 
life thereof." It is the only thing to be served by the organism. 
Is the organism primal, or only secondary? Was body made for 
mind, or mind for body? Let the inner consciousness of all hu- 
man beings, and the entire fitness of things, answer. Let the 
fundamental principle and corner-stone of this volume, that the 
sole end of all life and its organs is happiness, 15 be heard in this 
its answer: "All things were created, and are expressly fitted, to 
enjoy, and mind, soul, is the enjoying entity; 18 therefore all bod- 
ily organisms are subservient to this enjoying entity " — a logic 
which cannot be gainsaid. The spirit nature of every thing 
whatsoever is the centre fact of its existence, to which all else is 
secondary and contributory. 

This spirit principle creates its own organic structure, 
and one precisely fitted to promote its enjoyments. The shark 
was created to be happy. 15 Its happiness consists in seizing 
other fish ; therefore it must have an organism fitting it to swim, 
and that faster than they, and seize and hold on to them till it 
can swallow them whole. This its spirit nature desires and 
strives to do ; but must first have the tools with which to do it ; 
and make them before it can have them. It must begin to fit its 
organism for its special uses from the instant its formation com- 
mences. The first particles put up into its organic form must lay 



THE MENTALITY PRE-DETERMINES THE ORGANISM. 231 

its very foundations in view of its subsequent requirements. Its 
spirit entity forms its organic apparatus in view of its own in- 
stinctive wants, and adapts all its respective parts to it. A shark 
has a shark's body in all its details, because it first has a shark 
mentality — that grand controller of all else. 18 

A kangaroo grows up very large behind, but small before, 
because its primal nature demands that it both escape its enemies 
by flight, and move forward by long leaps, which are executed 
mainly by its hind quarters, its fore parts being used compara- 
tively little, so that its spirit nature takes less pains with them, 
sends but little blood to them, in short neglects them, its exterior 
growth being predetermined by its mental instincts. 

Lion instinct, per contra, needs to put forth tremendous 
power in his fore quarters , and accordingly sends a corresponding 
rush of blood, freighted with formative materials, to these parts, 
to make them large and strong. He requires, and must have, 
claws, but must first make them. This lion mentality involunta- 
rily sends claw-forming materials just where they are" wanted, 
and aggregates these particles around its well-laid foundation ; 
shapes them to its wants ; and then uses them. A set of mental 
claws, inherent in lion nature, and forming a part of it, fashions 
material claws to its special wants, and makes bones and muscles 
to match. In short, the living principle of every vegetable, 
every animal production constructs its own material temple ac- 
cording to its special demands. 

This life entity, this vis naturce, this soul of every living 
thing, has impressed upon it, along with its existence, an inhe- 
rent tendency and craving to act, to express itself, to do, to 
work out its natural destiny, in accordance with that first instinct 
of all life to put forth its special functions. Yet another natural 
law, that no functions can be put forth without organs, confronts 
it. 25 It must act, must first have appropriate organs, and must 
make them, through which it can express its functions. To this 
end it must obtain materials out of which to manufacture them. 
To make such organs as it needs out of stones and dirt is impos- 
sible, or at least would consume too much of its precious ener- 
gies. But it finds materials already organized exactly suited to 
its wants in its food. It must then seize and appropriate these 
lower organic forms to its own exclusive use, in obedience to 



232 ORGANIC CONDITIONS, TEMPERAMENTS, SELF CULTURE. 

that great and wise natural law that the lower orders of life must 
serve the higher, even to yielding up their own. Without any 
sympathy or scruples, it seizes whatever raw materials it may 
want, wherever it can mid them. 

The destruction of this old organic form is its first work. 
Before it can appropriate other structures to its special uses, it 
must disintegrate them, resolve their particles back into their 
primitive elements, that it may select just what, and only what, 
it requires ; for it cannot transfer them bodily from the old or- 
ganism to its own. 

Bones, muscles, nerves, tissues, &c, are what it requires, 
and must therefore make. It must then seize those organized 
substances which contain these materials, and all of them ; for of 
what use would be one or several without all — bones without 
muscles ; bones and muscles without nerves ; or bones, muscles, 
and nerves without skin, &c. ? Its instincts tell it just what it 
wants, and what substances contain the identical materials re- 
quired. Fortunately it finds them all around itself; for almost 
all organized bodies contain nearly all these primary ingredients, 
though some in greater or less proportions than others. First 
destroying the life of its food-material, it resolves its elements 
back into their primal state in its digestive laboratory, 114 and 
transports them by its grand porter, the blood, 129 to the identical 
places in itself where these materials are then required. It finds 
plenty of materials, but it wants only one kind in a place. 

It now selects just what it wants, just when it wants it, par- 
ticle by particle, and stows them away together where, by a law 
impressed upon them, they consolidate into the organs required. 

A muscle is needed here. This muscle-material is floating in 
its blood. This spirit-entity seizes it and carries it to the place 
where the muscle is to be made. This fibrine is one of the con- 
stituents of all blood, and derived originally from vegetable sap, 
which is to vegetables precisely what blood is to animals, and 
composed of the same chemical ingredients. We shall discuss 
this modus operandi of formation under its appropriate head. 
Suffice it here, that this growing or constructive principle inheres 
in life, and forms one of its constituent elements. 3 

Each spirit principle, therefore, constructs and shapes just as 
many bones as it needs, and shapes and places each according to 



THE MENTALITY PREDETERMINES THE ORGANISM. 233 

its precise requirements. A bear must have one kind of organism 
to put forth his peculiar kind of functions, while an oyster requires 
a very different one, because he must put forth functions entirely 
different. An oak spirit-nature needs one kind of organic struc- 
ture, a grain of corn another, a pear tree still another, and a 
sheep, lion, and human being, each very different ones. Each 
must, therefore, set to work to manufacture just the organic struc- 
ture adapted to itself. This spirit-principle of each involuntarily 
determines what, and fits it to its wants, and then uses it. 

Our theory of gender confirms and conforms to this law. 
Sex begins in the mind. The male is masculine in person, because 
so in spirit first ; while female nature creates the corresponding 
female organism, which is the larger or smaller, stronger or 
weaker, as its spirit sexuality is either. 592 

Our theory of beauty of person, soon to be stated, coincides 
with this principle, and grows naturally out of it. We bespeak 
its examination. 60 

51. — Exercise and Transmission augment Organs per- 
petually. 

Nature takes ample time for all she does. With her, thou- 
sands of ages are but as a day. All her productions have become 
gradually perfected throughout the almost infinite ages of her 
past. Geology shows that if the world was made in six days, 
those days were very long "periods of time," each ages innu- 
merable. 

Every generation of this vast series exercised its innate pow- 
ers and their organs perpetually. By another law of things, soon 
to be proved, that "use strengthens," 62 " 64 each generation aug- 
ments its own specialties, and then transmits them thus 
strengthened to its progeny, only to be redoubled by use, and 
again passed on down to its progeny, thus reimproved in both its 
instinctive mental powers and their organism. Little by little, 
age after age, each species has thus perfected its young, and this 
process has not yet reached its acme. Apples are very good to- 
day, much better than they were ages ago ; are becoming better 
every year through culture and parental combinations of excel- 
lences, and a thousand years hence will be as much better than 
our best now are, as they are than the poorest, hardest, smallest, 



234 ORGANIC CONDITIONS, TEMPERAMENTS, SELF-CULTURE. 

sourest, bitterest thorn apples now are. Horses make better 
time to-day than ever before, and will make better still hereafter. 
Man to-day is to what man is to become, only as the poorest mon- 
key now is to the best man. This improvement is effected through 
improvements in this spjYaV-prineiple. Interior life improves ex- 
terior. This living principle improves itself by its spontaneous 
exercise of its specialties, and then transmits its improved entity 
to its issue, only to be in turn reimproved and retransmitted inim- 
itably ; the life germ, the inner entity, being the organizing and 
improving agent. 

This doctrine is not only not materialistic, but is as far from 
it as is possible. It makes this living principle sovereign and ab- 
solute ™ master of the situation " throughout. 

52. — Organic Quality the primal Index of Character. 

All organs correspond with their functions, so that, from 
having either, we can always predicate the other. 

Certain forms accompany and indicate certain qualities. For 
this reason shape is the great base of all scientific classification. 
Given configurations and attributes always go together. 45 
Whenever we find either, we then and there find the other also 
married to it. How is this? True, always, of all things. 

The inherited nature of all things both predetermines their 
organisms, and is the one great controller of all functions. As 
we are bom so, to a great extent, we must remain. Education 
may teach a tractable dog to do this, and not to do that, yet can 
never make him anything but a dog, nor even change his natural 
breed. It may greatly strengthen or weaken organs already cre- 
ated, yet it cau create nothing, but only develop into practice pre- 
existing capacities. Strictly speaking, organisms may not be 
hereditary, but that which predetermines and controls them cer- 
tainly is, and goes far below, yet rises far above, besides com- 
pletely enveloping and overriding all other conditions. 

A good hereditary life entity, along with its accompanying 
excellent organism then, is the first basilar, ail-potent condition 
and indication of all power of function, all happiness, all every- 
thing. It or its origin is congenital, derived mainly from the 
original nature of the parents themselves, and their creative states 
of mind and body, their health, mutual affection, &c, or want of 



THE MENTALITY PREDETERMINES THE ORGANISM. 235 

them, and other \ike primal life conditions ; and is infinitely more 
potential than education, associations, and all surrounding condi- 
tions combined; in short, is what renders grains cereal, oaks 
oaken, fish fishy, foxes foxy, swine swinish, tigers tigerish, and 
man human ; and imparts to all things their instincts, natures, 
modes of action, and hereditary tendencies of all kinds, by trans- 
mitting to each progeny the specific Faculties 33 of its parents in 
that proportion in which they existed in those parents. See these 
transmitting conditions fully presented in "Sexual Science," 311, 
317-322^ aD( j applied to the basilar improvement of offspring, — a 
subject more practically important than any other, — and there, 
for the first time, presented as a totality, including those marital 
conditions on which it depends. 

Texture, therefore, becomes our landmark in diagnosing char- 
acter. A fine or coarse, good or poor, organic structure, indicates 
like mental qualities. All phrenological examinations must begin 
mainly with them, and impinge upon them throughout. 

These different organisms cannot well be described, and only 
partially transferred to engravings ; yet a sharp, practised eye can 
perceive and admeasure them and their effects on character. They 
are analogous to the Temperaments, soon to be described, and in- 
deed their determining condition. A comparison of the idiot 
Emerson (engraving No. 46 a) , with Fanny Forrester (No.^(JT) , will 
furnish its outline idea ; while comparing man with animals, and 
both with vegetables, will give one still better. In fact, the main 
differences between vegetables and animals, as compared among 
one another, and all as compared with man, and different men as 
compared with each other, as well as the entire style and cast of 
character and sentiment, everything is consequent on these or- 
ganic conditions — in short, is what we call " bottom " in the horse, 
" the breed " in full-blooded animals, and "blood" in those high 
and nobly born. Those marked * 

Large, are pre-eminently fine-grained, pure-minded, ethereal, 

* One object of this book is to furnish those correctly marked in this table a com- 
plete description of themselves and friends. It can do this best by addressing them 
in the second person, " you are," &c. Yet the verbs end alike in the second person 
singular, and the third person plural, as " they are." Hence those who are marked 
by understanding "you," and in all other cases "those" before "with," will find 
the grammar correct. This seems the only way to effect this personal description, 
yet make the first words of these paragraphs express their leading idea, which we 
deem very desirable. 



236 ORGANIC CONDITIONS, TEMPERAMENTS, SELF-CULTURE. 



sentimental, refined, high-toned, intense in emotion, full of hu- 
man nature, most exquisitely susceptible to impressions of all 
kinds, most poetic in temperament, lofty in aspiration, and en- 
dowed with wonderful intuition as to truth, what is right, best, 
&c. ; are unusually developed in the interior, or spirit life, aud 
far above most of those with whom they come in contact, and 
hence find few congenial spirits, and are neither understood nor 
appreciated ; when sick, suffer inexpressibly, and if children, are 
precocious — too smart, too good to live, and absolutely must be 
reared physiologically, or die early ; are finely organized, deli- 
cate, susceptible, emotional, pure-minded, intellectual, particular, 
and aspiring after a high state of excellence ; full of human na- 
ture, and true to its intuitions and instincts ; have a decided pre- 
dominance of the mental over the physical ; are able and inclined 
to lead excellent human lives, and capable of manifesting a high 
order of the human virtues. 

Full, are more pre-inclined to the good than bad, to ascend 
than descend in the human scale ; can, by culture, make excellent 

men and women, but require it ; and 
should avoid those habits which clog 
or deprave the mental manifesta- 
tions, and to attain superiority, 
must "strive for it." 

Average, good in organic tone, 
are good under good surroundings, 
but can be misled ; must avoid all 
deteriorating habits and causes, 
spirits and tobacco, bad associates, 
&c. ; assiduously cultivate the pure 
and good, and study to discipline 
intellect, as well as purify the pas- 
sions, and rely the more on culture 
and a right physiological life, be- 
cause the hereditary endowment is 
simply fair. 
Moderate, are rather lacking in organic quality, and better 
adapted to labor than study ; rather sluggish mentally, and given 
to this world's pleasures ; had but a commonplace parentage ; 
need to be strictly temperate in all things, and avoid all forms of 



A Coarse-grained Organism. 




No. 46 A. — Emerson, an Idiot. 



TEMPERAMENT AS INFLUENCING CHARACTER. 237 

temptation, vulgar associates in particular, and make up by the 
more assiduous cultivation what has been withheld by Nature. 

Small, are coarse-grained in structure and sentiment, and both 
vulgar and non-intellectual ; had poor parental conditions ; are 
low, grovelling, and carnal, as well as obtuse in feeling and in- 
tellect ; are poorly organized, and incapable of high attainments ; 
hence should restrain the passions, and cultivate intellect and the 
virtues as much as possible, and especially avoid alcoholic liquors, 
tobacco, and low associates. 

To cultivate. — First, guard against all perversion of the Fac- 
ulties, all forms of intemperance, tobacco, over-eating, pork, rich 
pastry ; especially late suppers ; be much of the time in the open 
air ; work and exercise abundantly ; bathe daily, and keep the 
body in just as good condition as possible ; mingle with the high 
and good ; exercise all the Faculties assiduously, in the best pos- 
sible manner, and in strict accordance with their natural functions ; 
cultivate a love of nature, art, beauties, and perfections — in 
short, encourage the good, true, and right, and avoid the bad. 

To restrain. — Cultivate a love of the terrestrial — of this 
world, its pleasures and luxuries ; for you require to become 
more animalized. You live too much in the ideal and spiritual, 
and should live more in the material and tangible. Harden your- 
self against what now abrades your tender susceptibilities, and 
adapt yourself to the actual and material. Be less fastidious, 
squeamish, qualmish, whimmy, particular, and fussy, and make the 
best of what is. Cling tenaciously to life, its objects and pleas- 
ures, and affiliate with your fellow-men as they are, not shrink 
from and repel them because they are not just as, you would have 
them. That is, cultivate the material, and restrain the ethereal 
parts of your Nature. 

Section II. 

THE TEMPERAMENTS, AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON CHARACTER. 
53. — HOMOGENEOUSNESS AN ORDINANCE OF NATURE. 

All parts of all things must act together, as one whole, in 
producing life; therefore all must correspond with all its co- 
working parts. This is obvious, both as a fact, and as a phil- 



238 ORGANIC CONDITIONS, TEMPERAMENTS, SELF-CULTURE. 

osophical necessity — is a part of that natural fitness just demon- 
strated. 50 If one part of an animal is built on the Hon, or sheep, 
or serpent, or any other principle, all parts must be built upon 
the same principle. Hence, Nature forbids miscegenation, or the 
crossing of opposite species, or making monsters of their progeny. 
A lusus natura rarely, yet sometimes, occurs ; but is worthless. 
Mermaids, whether they existed in fact or only in fancy, were 
departures from Nature's usual modes of formation, because parts 
so different must conflict with each other. "A house divided 
against itself," is not Nature's constructing model ; but " all parts, 
like all its co-ordinates," is. 

All vegetable growth conforms to this law of oneness of 
parts. All the limbs on any tree or kind of fruit grow long or 
short, fast or slowly, like all its other limbs, thus forming an 
even head. Hence, tall and long-bodied trees generally have 
long branches, leaves, and roots, of which elms and weeping 
willows furnish illustrations ; while short-bodied trees usually 
have short branches and roots ; and creeping vines, like grapes, 
honeysuckles, (fee, have long, slim roots, which run under ground 
about as fast and far as their tops run above. The Newtown 
pippin and Rhode Island greening, large, well-proportioned 
apples, grow on trees large in trunk, limb, leaf, and root, and 
symmetrical ; while the gillyflower is conical, and its tree is long- 
limbed, and runs up high to a peak at its top, yet flat and broad- 
topped trees bear wide, flat, sunken-eyed apples. Seckel pears, 
small and short, yet stocky, grow on a short-jointed, slow-grow- 
ing, stocky, round-topped tree ; shapes of tree and fruit corre- 
sponding with each other. Very thrifty-growing trees, as the 
Baldwin, Fall pippin, Bartlett, Black Tartarian, &c, generally 
bear large fruit ; while small fruit, as the Seckel pear, Lady Apple, 
Belle de Choisy cherry, &c, grow slowly, and have many small 
twigs and branches. Trees which bear red fruit, as the Baldwin, 
&c, have red inner bark; while yellow and green-colored fruits 
grow on trees the inner rind of whose last year's young limbs 
is yellow or green. Peach trees, which bear early peaches, have 
deeply-notched leaves, and the converse of late-bearing ones ; so 
that, by these and other physiognomical signs, experienced nur- 
serymen can tell what kind of fruit given trees bear at first sight. 
All other trees, with their fruits, and likewise vegetables, conform 
to this proportional law. 



TEMPERAMENT AS INFLUENCING CHARACTER. 239 

All animals are governed by it. A large track signifies a 
large animal, because it is made by a large foot, which is the 
larger or smaller as is the animal which made it. A great horse 
has a great hoof, and a small colt a small one ; while a medium- 
sized horse has a medium-sized foot ; and so of all other animals. 

The kangaroo may seem to form an exception, but does not ; 
for, though its hind parts are larger than its fore, yet when one 
part of one hind leg is large, all parts of both its hind quarters 
are equally so, while the hind quarters of a large kangaroo are 
proportionally larger than those of a small one. 

Coarse hair, skin, features, and feelings usually go to- 
gether, as do also fine. Why not? How could a coarse organ- 
ism manifest fine functions, or a fine organism coarse functions? 
The very constitution of all things compels this correspondence. 
"Fitness, or nothing," is Nature's motto. 

Coarse-grained persons have coarse-grained bones, while 
coarse-grained bones grow in coarse-grained persons. 

Large joints and ankles signify a coarse and strong, while 
small, trim, delicate feet, ankles, and limbs signify a delicate 
organization, and more refinement than power, more emotionality 
than stamina. 

Every bone of all men and animals tells the size of the animal 
or man in which it grew. A thigh bone so long grew in a man 
thus tall. Any good anatomist can tell the size, height, and 
weight of any man from those of any one bone of his body, just 
as ail the bones of the mastodon and the elephant proclaim theirs. 

Long-handed persons, in accordance with this law of proportion, 
have long fingers, toes, arms, legs, bodies, heads, and phrenolog- 
ical organs ; while short and broad-shouldered persons are short 
and broad-handed, fingered, faced, nosed, and limbed, and wide 
and low-bodied. When the bones on the hand are prominent, all 
the bones, nose included, are equally so, and thus of all other 
characteristics of the hand, and of every other portion of all 
persons. Hence, every hand proclaims the general character of 
its owner ; because if it is large or small, hard or soft, strong or 
weak, firm or flabby, coarse-grained or fine-textured, even or 
prominent, rough or smooth, small-boned or large-boned, or what- 
ever else it may be, the whole body is built upon the same prin- 
ciple, with which the brain and mentality also correspond. 



240 ORGANIC CONDITIONS, TEMPERAMENTS, SELF-CULTURE. 

The ancients made all their statuary on this principle, except 
when some other law caused a departure from it. They modeled 
the head of Pericles, their lawgiver, and greatest sage, so dispro- 
portionately larger than his body that he looked top heavy, be- 
cause his mentality equally predominated over his physiology; 41 
yet generally they took the measure of some one part for their 
standard, and made all the other parts to correspond with it. 
Thus, if they made one part long, they made all parts long, or 
one part short and broad, as in Bacchus, they made all parts pro- 
portionally short and round. Jupiter was made massive through- 
out, with a great body, head, hand, foot, everything on the great, 
yet well-proportioned, scale; while Venus was made beautiful, 
not in face, or bust, or limb alone, but in face and bust, limb and 
body. Who would have admired her if her fine figure had been 
marred by a homely face, or if a homely nose or tooth had marred 
an otherwise well-proportioned form, or a great foot had spoiled 
a small ankle or face? We do not always find perfect proportion 
in all persons, because wrong habits often thwart Nature's ten- 
dencies ; yet all her workings are to symmetry. 

The skin is especially significant of the character of its pos- 
sessor. The elephant and rhinoceros, coarse, powerful animals, 
have coarse, powerful skins, almost impenetrable ; while man, 
with a finer-grained skin, has finer feelings, and woman, the most 
sensitive, delicate, susceptible, and emotional being on earth, has 
the softest and most velvety skin ; and the finer the skin of any 
particular person is, the finer the feelings. Skin and brain are 
at two opposite ends of the nervous system. 37 All nerves originate 
in the brain, and must therefore partake of its specialties. Most 
of these nerves run to and ramify on the skin, 36 so that their 
texture and its must needs correspond. A fine, soft, velvety, 
delicate, sensitive skin, therefore, indicates a brain and mentality 
equally so. In diagnosing character, the skin should be one of the 
first things observed. Is it fine or coarse, soft or harsh, smooth 
or rough, velvety or horny, magnetic or half paralyzed, all alive 
or comparatively lifeless ? and how far is it either, or anything 
else? are questions, the right answer to which is the grand, 
primal, basilar, fundamental determiner of the "ground swell" 
of the entire character. 

The existing status of the several functions comes next, and 
is also determinable by the same skin states. 



TEMPERAMENT AS INFLUENCING CHARACTER. 241 

Hair texture comes next, and is like that of skin. When 
either is coarse or fine, harsh or soft, stiff or flexible, all else will 
correspond with it. 

The amount of hair on the head and body is also significant — 
its abundance, of strength and power of function, and its deficien- 
cy, of less functional power. Beard signifies virility, and the 
amount of either can be computed from that of the other, when 
all the other conditions are correctly estimated ; and great and 
little beards indicate a proportionate amount of hair on all the 
other portions of the body. Gorillas are both very hairy, and 
prodigiously powerful. 

Coarse-haired persons should never turn dentists or clerks, 
but seek some out-door employment ; and would be better con- 
tented with rough, hard work than a light or sedentary occupation, 
although mental and sprightly occupations would serve to refine 
and improve them ; while dark and fine-haired persons may 
choose purely intellectual occupations, and become lecturers or 
writers with fair prospects of success. Red-haired persons should 
seek out-door employment, for they require a great amount of air 
and exercise ; while those who have light, fine hair should choose 
occupations involving taste and mental acumen, yet take bodily 
exercise enough to tone up and invigorate their system. 

Generally, when either skin, hair, or features are fine or 
coarse, the others are equally so ; yet some inherit fineness from 
one parent, and coarseness from the other; buKthe color of the 
eye usually corresponds with that of the skin. 

We judge stock correctly by their "coat;" that is, by the 
state of their hair. A glossy coat signifies a good, a rough, a 
poor state of the inspected animat*. 

Shaggy, curly hair signifies an uneven, variable character, and 
when coarse, powerful passions, yet uneven, and preinclined to 
extremes, but not a smooth, harmonious, consistent, proper life ; 
while stiff, straight, black hair and beard indicate a coarse, strong, 
rigid, straightforward character. Mr. and Mrs. Propriety never 
have shaggy hair ; while curls signify snap, spirit, vivacity, im- 
pulse, and variety of traits, never monotony or sameness, or a 
milk-and-water possessor ; while smooth hair, lying so slicklj" 
and evenry down upon the head as to shine, signifies unity, self- 
consistency, and homogeneousness of character. Expect idiosyn- 
31 



242 ORGANIC CONDITIONS, TEMPERAMENTS, SELF-CULTURE. 

crasies and specialties along with curls, but harmony and self- 
control with shining hair. 

The texture of the brain, therefore, corresponds with that 
of the body, and any and every part of itself with every other 
part of both. The mental functions correspond with the texture 
of the brain, and this with that of the body, and all its parts ; so 
that the organic conditions of the body, and of each of its parts, 
indicate the qualities of the mind, and natural bias of their pos- 
sessors. 

This important base of future inferences is strictly scientific, 
and every way a reliable diagnosis of character. 

54. — Form the true Basis for temperamental Clas- 
sification. 

These organic principles underlie and originate the Temper- 
aments, and predetermine the mental manifestations even more 
than the relative size of the organs. 

Each Temperament gives its own tone, cast, and quality to 
the several Faculties. Thus the vital or broad gives the planning, 
common-sense phase of action to Causality, that of adapting ways 
and means to ends, and reasoning on matter; whereas, the same 
amount of this Faculty, with the mental or nervous predominant, 
manifests itself in logic, metaphysics, investigation, the origina- 
tion of ideas, intellectual clearness and power, &c. Examiners 
require the sharpest eye and clearest head to discern the bearings 
and influences of these temperamental and organic conditions on 
the intellectual and moral manifestations ; and the mistakes of 
amateurs, of connoisseurs even, are more temperamental than 
phrenological. 

All former phrenological writers seem to the Author neither 
to have appreciated the influence of the Temperaments on char- 
acter, nor given the best classification of them possible. The 
following is about all they say on this point : — 

" The Temperaments indicate, to a certain extent, important consti- 
tutional qualities. There are four, accompanied by different degrees of 
strength, in the brain — the lymphatic, sanguine, bilious, and nervous. 
They are supposed to depend upon the constitution of particular systems 
of the body; the brain and nerves being predominantly active from con- 
stitutional causes, seem to produce the nervous ; the lungs, heart, and 
blood-vessels being constitutionally predominant, give rise to the san- 



TEMPERAMENT AS INFLUENCING CHARACTER. 243 

guine ; the muscular and fibrous systems to the bilious, and the glands 
and assimilating organs to the lymphatic. 

"The different Temperaments are indicated by external signs, 
which are open to observation. The first, or lymphatic, is distinguishable 
by the round form of the body, softness of the muscular system, reple- 
tion of the cellular tissue, fair hair, and a pale skin. It is accompanied 
by languid vital actions,' and weakness and slowness of the circulation. 
The brain, as a part of the system, is also slow, languid, and feeble in its 
action, and the mental manifestations are proportionally weak. 

"The sanguine Temperament is indicated by well-defined forms, 
moderate plumpness of person, tolerable firmness of flesh, Jight hair in- 
clining to chestnut, blue eyes, and fair complexion, with ruddiness of 
countenance. It is marked by great activity of the blood-vessels, fond- 
ness for exercise, and an animated countenance. The brain partakes of 
the general state, and is vigorous and active. 

" The fibrous generally, but inappropriately, called the bilious Tem- 
perament, is recognized by black hair, dark skin, moderate fullness and 
much firmness of flesh, with harshly expressed outline of the person. 
The functions partake of great energy of action, which extends to the 
brain ; and the countenance, in consequence, shows strongly-marked and 
decided features. 

"The nervous Temperament is recognized by fine and thin hair, 
thin skin, small, thin muscles, quickness in muscular motion, paleness of 
countenance, and often delicate health. The whole nervous system, in- 
cluding the brain, is predominantly active and irregular, and the mental 
manifestations are proportionally vivacious and powerful." — Combe 's 
System of Phrenology. 

"It is important, in a physiological point of view, to take into 
account the peculiar constitution or Temperament of individuals, not as 
the cause of determinate Faculties, but as influencing the energy with 
which the several organs act. Their activity, generally, is diminished 
by disorder in the functions of vegetative life, and it is favored by the 
sanguine, and still more by the nervous constitution." — Spurzheim. 

This is about all these phrenological fathers say about the 
Temperaments, except that Combe copied the above description 
from Spurzheim's, and illustrated it by engravings. The Author 
considers the effects of the various temperamental conditions 
upon the mental manifestations as greater than any of his pred- 
ecessors. They merely mention it, while he considers it funda- 
mental, and more determinative and significant of the character 
than even the relative size of the organs. Still, the respective 
Temperament of each individual acts on all his organs alike. 
That is, that Temperament which renders any of a man's organs 
sluggish, or active, or powerful, or flashy, renders them all equally 
so, and hence in no way countervails the effects of his Phrenol- 
ogy. It modifies his Faculties, but modifies them all alike. 



244 ORGANIC CONDITIONS, TEMPERAMENTS, SELF-CULTURE. 

Force of a given size will resist much more powerfully with an 
energetic than with a, sluggish Temperament, yet so will all the 
other Faculties ; so that the relative size of the organs in every 
person admeasures their relative power of function in that same 
person, though, to compare this power in him with its power in 
another, the examiner must take into account the influence of the 
Temperaments of each on ail their Faculties. 

Lymphatic, sanguine, bilious, and nervous seem to the Author 
both inadequate and insignificant, as descriptions of either the 
Temperaments, or their effects on the mental manifestations. 
Their name should describe them, which these old names do not. 
Each is founded on the predominance of a specific class of the 
physical organs, which this name should also designate, but which 
these old names do not. And we very much doubt the existence 
of anything analogous to the lymphatic Temperament, which we 
think a diseased state, not a normal. We recognize three Tem- 
peraments, which correspond quite nearly with the bilious, san- 
guine, and nervous, yet claim some improvement in describing 
their effects on character. 

Dr. William Byrd Powell has written on the Temperaments 
with not a little flourish, but we confess ourselves incompetent to 
understand his divisions and descriptions of them ; the difference, 
for example, between his bilious and sanguine, while most of his 
engravings seem to be puffs of personal friends. We had expected 
scientific advancement, but did not find it. Yet ours may be the 
fault. 

Form thus obviously becomes the true basis for temperamental 
classification. Shape is as character ; 45 Temperament is as char- 
acter. Then why should not the Temperaments be named and 
described from those forms which accompany them, and are con- 
ferred by them ? They should. At least we make the attempt, 
confident of our ability to give readers a better basis for reading 
character from the Temperaments by this method than by the old. 

One system of the bodily organs is what we mean by a Tem- 
perament, and the predominance of its set of organs over the 
others, we denominate the predominant Temperament. Thus the 
vital organs, those within the trunk, or the lungs, heart, stomach, 
liver, bowels, &c, which manufacture vitality, constitute one 
system, and attains one end, which we denominate the vital, the 



TEMPERAMENT AS INFLUENCING CHARACTER. 245 

predominance of which gives breadth to the entire form. The 
motor organs, or bones and muscles, constitute a second system, 
which accomplishes another great end, its predominance giving 
prominence of form and power of function, and is therefore chris- 
tened the motive, or powerful Temperament. The brain and 
nerves constitute a third system, which executes a third distinc- 
tive life-mission, the mental ; its predominance, creating intense 
mental activity, along with sharpness of form, and is therefore 
called the mental, or sharp Temperament. Or, they might prob- 
ably be christened the broad, prominent, and sharp Tempera- 
ments. 

Reader, is not this a temperamental classification easily under- 
stood, because based in a natural division of the bodily organs, 
besides embracing them all, except the reproductive, which 
is, as it were, a bodily appendix? Each executes a distinct life- 
work, while its predominance gives a clearly defined tone and cast 
to all its manifestations. May we not, as regards the Tempera- 
ments, justly "report progress?" 

Eemember distinctly, while studying the following descrip- 
tions, that none of these Temperaments are or ever can be pure 
and unmixed. No person can exist without having some of all 
of them ; so that the descriptions of their combinations alone can 
disclose a given person's character. Still we describe, as nearly 
as is possible, each Temperament alone, that readers may the bet- 
ter identify the proportions in which each enters into the organ- 
isms of the persons observed. 

55. — The Vital Temperament: its Description, and 
Combinations. 

The vital temperament supplies vitality to the organs ; fur- 
nishes the entire system with that vis naturae, or vital force re- 
quired to carry on the life process ; and is its first and most im- 
portant prerequisite. Formation begins in this apparatus. Break 
an egg at its larger end after it has been incubated three, four, or 
more days, and you will see its circulatory system formed, and 
heart palpitating ; its yolk furnishing the nutrition required. In 
the human being, also, formation begins at the heart, runs along 
up to the base of the brain, and thereby deposits and organizes 
the materials which form the balance of the body. It is the most 



246 ORGANIC CONDITIONS, TEMPERAMENTS, SELF-CULTURE. 

active during childhood ; is the source of all power and energy ; 
sustains the entire animal economy ; creates animal warmth ; re- 
sists cold and heat, disease and death ; resupplies the muscles, 
brain, and nerves, with that life-power expended by their every 
exercise; and is to man what fuel, water, fire, and steam are to 
steam machinery, the pri mum mobile, and first great prerequisite 
of life itself, and all its functions. 

Its predominance gives a brawny, stocky form ; a deep, broad, 
capacious chest; red, or sandy, or chestnut hair; a portly, fleshy 
physiology ; a short and broad build instead of long, and round- 
ness rather than prominence ; a head steep behind and before, and 
well developed throughout its base, and especially in Love, and 
the organs of the animal propensities ; full cheeks and jowls, and 
a rapid widening of the face from the corners of the eyes and 
mouth outwards and backwards ; shoulders set well back ; erectness ; 
a side head spherical, and well filled out; a forehead square and 
broad, rather than high ; perceptives large ; round and short build ; 
broad and deep shoulders ; and all the organs short and broad ; 
and entire organism built on the oval and stocky rather than an- 
gular or elongated principle. 

Breadth of organism throughout, obviously consequent on 
that capacious chest necessary to contain its large vital organs, 
always accompanies and admeasures it. It supplies a great 
amount of digested materials, all of which ample and highly con- 
voluted bowels extract, and turn its unused surplus left dammed 
up there, on the back-water principle, into fat, which is only nutri- 
tion stored up against future need, and packed away in all parts 
of the system ; causing grossness, obesity, inflammation, gout, 
and tendency to apoplexy. What is improperly called 

The Lymphatic Temperament, which is no temperament at 
all, but a state and sign of disease, is created by Nature turning 
a part of this fat into water, in order to excrete it through the 
skin and kidneys; w T hich, when retained, causes palor, sluggish- 
ness, languor, and even downright laziness of mind and body. 
Fat with pallor signifies prostration ; but with redness, that the 
system is consuming this surplus. The practical difference be- 
tween being fat and pale, or fat and rosy, is heaven- wide, and its 
cause here explained. 

Extra large abdomens signify a clogging of all the life func- 
tions from surplus aliment, and are much less favorable to effi- 



TEMPERAMENT AS INFLUENCING CHARACTER. 247 

ciency of mind and body than those medium in size. Better with 
them even extra small than large. Men rarely make much of a 
mark after becoming " pussy." " Stout " persons are much less 
efficient than lean. Brutus feared Cassius on account of his 
leanness. 

" Would he were fatter, but I fear him not; 
Yet if ray name were liable to fear, 
I do not know the man I should avoid 
As soon as that spare Cassius." 
" Such men are never at heart's ease 
While they behold a greater than themselves, 
And therefore are very dangerous." 

Shakespeare. 

Stout and hearty persons eat more food than they use up, 
and should eat less, or else work brain or body, or both, more. 
Even stout persons who eat lightly, over eat ; because their excel- 
lent digestive apparatus extracts more nutrition from that little 
than they consume. 

Breadth of nose usually accompanies this temperament, be- 
cause it indicates large passage-ways to the lungs, and therefore 
large lungs and vital organs, and this, great strength of constitu- 
tion, and hearty animal passions, along with selfishness ; for broad 
noses, broad shoulders, broad heads, and large animal orgaus go 
together. But when the nose is narrow at the base, the nostrils 
are small, because the lungs are small, and need but small avenues 
for air, which indicates a predisposition to consumptive com- 
plaints, 86 along with an active brain and nervous system, and a 
passionate fondness for literary pursuits. 

Enthusiasm, warmth, impulsiveness, ardor, irritability, not in 
temper merely, but in all else, is the specific tone and cast of 
action imparted by its predominance to all the life manifestations. 

Bacchus furnishes an excellent illustration of both* this form 
of body, and its accompanying cast of character. 

William G. Hall furnishes an excellent sample of its predomi- 
nance, a form seen in every-day life, and especially among rich 
business men. It predominated in James Fisk, Jr., the R. R. 
world robber, and the impersonation of selfishness and sensuality. 

Large. — Those in whom it is large* are whole-souled, hot- 

* Hereafter, "Those in whom it is " will be omitted, presupposing that the clause 
is "understood." 



248 ORGANIC CONDITIONS, TEMPERAMENTS, SELF- CULTURE. 

blooded, hearty, hasty, impetuous, impulsive, fiery, as quick as a 
flash to feel, perceive, and do; provoked and pleased instantly 

The Vital, Temperament Large 




No. 47. — William G. Hall. 

and easily, yet soon over ; variable in temper, like April weather ; 
restless ; fond of out-door exercise, fresh air, good living, condi- 
ments, stimulants, and animal pleasures generally ; have a strong, 
steady pulse ; large lungs and nostrils ; a full habit ; florid com- 
plexion ; flushed face ; light or sandy hair or whiskers ; sound 
and well-set teeth ; great endurance of privation and exposure ; 
rarely ever feel fatigue, and when they do, soon rest out ; recu- 
perate readily after sickness and exhaustion ; sleep soundly ; eat 
heartily ; digest well ; often suffer from heat, but rarely from 
cold ; love to knock around on foot, yet can illy endure confine- 
ment ; love to keep doing, yet hate right hard muscular labor, 
but pitch right in with might and main when they do take hold ; 
have great zeal, ardor of desire, and more practical common 
sense than book-learning ; more of general knowledge of men 
and things than accurate scientific attainments ; more shrewdness 



TEMPERAMENT AS INFLUENCING CHARACTER. 249 

and off-hand talent than depth ; more availability than profundity ; 
and love of pleasure than power of thought ; are best adapted to 
some stirring occupation, and enjoy motion more than books or 
literary pursuits ; have great power of. feeling, and thus require 
much self-control ; possess more talent than exhibit to others ; 
manifest mind more in business, creating resources, and man- 
aging matters, than in literary pursuits, or intellect as sUch ; turn 
everything, especially bargains, to good account ; look out for 
self; get a full share of what is to be had ; feel and act out 
"every man for himself," and are selfish enough, yet abound in 
good feeling ; incline to become agents, overseers, captains, ho- 
tel-keepers, butchers, traders, speculators, politicians, public offi- 
cers, aldermen, contractors, &c, rather than anything requiring 
stead}' or hard work ; and are usually healthy, yet very sick 
when attacked ; brought at once to the crisis, and predisposed to 
gout, fevers, apoplexy, congestion of the brain, &c. 

Full, — Are quite full-chested, round-built, and stocky; red- 
faced, and fair-complexioned ; and built on the same general 
principles with large, yet are somewhat less so in degree ; manu- 
facture all the vital force required, except in extreme cases of its 
consumption ; feel " up and dressed " for almost any emergency ; 
love animal pleasures ; have excellent constitutions, and naturally 
quite warm extremities ; vigorous propensities, and a full share of 
ardor and life zest ; are sympathetic, and quite easily and strongly 
affected by temptations, which should be avoided ; generally 
happy, and make the best of what is ; enjoy good and poor ; 
recuperate readily ; and can endure and accomplish almost any- 
thing desired. 

Average, — Have a fair share of vital force, but none to spare ; 
can withstand a good deal, yet must not waste, but need to im- 
prove vitality ; can endure, accomplish, and enjoy much in the 
even tenor of life, but will break down under emergencies ; need 
all the vitality possessed, yet possess all required, except in cases 
of unusual taxation ; need to husband all the vital resources, yet, 
when they are thus husbanded, will rarely suffer for want of 
them; if careless of health and constitution, are liable to lose 
both ; but with care can improve both perpetually up to old age ; 
and have a good constitution to live .on, yet cannot live long on 
it alone, nor abuse it much with impunity. 



250 ORGANIC CONDITIONS, TEMPERAMENTS, SELF-CULTURE. 

Moderate. — Are rather narrow-chested, apt to stoop in sit- 
ting ; narrow and sunken at the cheeks ; wanting in flesh ; more 
pale than rosy; quite preinclined to consumption, dyspepsia, 
sleeplessness, and exhaustion ; rather lack enthusiasm, zest, 
glow, fervor, and ecstasy ; are somewhat weakly and feeble ; often 
half prostrated by a feeling of languor and lassitude ; can keep 
doing most of the time if slow, and careful not to overdo, liabil- 
ity to which is great; need much rest; cannot half work, nor 
enjoy either body or mind ; suffer much from fatigue and ex- 
haustion ; would be glad to do, but feel hardly able to ; must take 
life after a jigjog, so so, commonplace, every-day fashion ; and 
would be greatly improved by cultivating the vital functions. 

Small. — Are too weak and low to be able either to do, enjoy, 
or accomplish much ; should both give the vital organs every 
possible facility for action, and also husband every item of vital- 
ity ; be extremely careful not to overwork, and spend much time 
in listless, luxuriating ease, while nature restores the wanting 
vitality; and are almost dead from sheer inanition. 

To Cultivate. — Ascertain which of the vital organs are es- 
pecially deficient, and take all possible pains to improve them ; 
see directions for increasing the action of the heart, lungs, stom- 
ach, &c. ; alternate with rest and exercise ; "away with melan- 
choly," banish sadness, trouble, and all gloomy associations, and 
cultivate buoyancy and light-heartedness ; enjoy the present, 17 
and make life a glorious holiday, instead of a weary drudgery ; 
if engaged in any confining business, break up this monotony by 
taking a long leave of absence, a trip to Lake Superior, Califor- 
nia, or Europe, a long journey, by horticulture, parties, or frol- 
icking with children ; by going into young and lively society, and 
exercising the affections ; and bringing about as great a change 
as possible in all the habits and associations. Especially cultivate 
a love of everything beautiful and lovely in Nature, as well as 
study her philosophies ; bear patiently what you must, but enjoy 
all you can ; and keep doing only what you can do easily, but 
other things than formerly, and what interests you. You should 
watch and follow your intuitions or instincts, and if you feel a 
special craving for any kind of food or pleasure, indulge it ; es- 
pecially be regular in sleep, exercise, eating, and all the vital 
functions, as well as temperate in all things; and above all, keep 



TEMPERAMENT AS INFLUENCING CHARACTER. 251 

your mind toned up to sustain the body. Aid your weak organs 
by will-power ; that is, bring a strong will to aid digestion, 
breathing, &c, and keep yourself up thereby. 78 Determine that 
you won't give up to weakness or death, but will live on and keep 
doing in spite of debility and disease. Fight life's battles like a 
true hero, and keep the head cool by temperance ; the feet warm 
by exercise; the pores and evacuations open by ablutions and 
laxative food ; and heart warm by cherishing a love of life and its 
pleasures; and often gently pound and briskly rub chest, abdo- 
men, and feet, so as to start the mechanical action of the visceral 
organs. Nothing equals this for revivifying dormant or exhausted 
vitality, and none are too poor or too much occupied to avail 
themselves of its aid. 

To Eestrain. — Those who manufacture vitality faster than 
they expend it, are large in the abdomen ; too corpulent ; even 
obese ; often oppressed for breath ; surcharged with organic ma- 
terial ; too sluggish to expend vitality as fast as it accumulates, 
and hence should work, early and late, and with all their might, 
and as much as possible with their muscles, out of doors ; should 
eat sparingly, and of simple food ; avoid rich gravies, butter, 
sweets, fat, and pastry, but live much on fruits ; sleep little ; 
keep all the excretory organs free and open by an aperient diet, 
and especially the skin by frequent ablutions, the bath, &c. ; 
breathe abundantly, so as to burn up the surplus carbon ; sit 
little, but walk much ; never yield to indolence ; work up en- 
ergy by hands and head, business and pleasure, any way, every 
way, but keep consuming vitality as fast as possible. Some 
fleshy persons, especially females, give up to indolence and in- 
anity ; get "the blues," and louuge on rocking-chair and bed. 
What is wanted is to do, not to loiter around. Inertia is their 
bane, and action their cure. If flushed, feverish, nervous, &c, 
be careful not to overdo, and rely on ah\ warm bath, and gentle 
but continued exercise, active or passive, but not on medicines. 

hb. — The Motive, prominent, or powerful Temperament. 

The motive apparatus constitutes the second system of organs 
or Temperament. Motion is one of the necessary ends or func- 
tions of life. How could we move, walk, work, do, or enjoy 
anything without it? But with it, how much ! How, without it, 



252 ORGANIC CONDITIONS, TEMPERAMENTS, SELF-CULTURE. 

could we even breathe, digest, circulate the blood, or execute any 
other function? 146 

The motive temperament executes all bodily motion, internal 
and external ; gives the body its framework and consistency ; is 
to it what their timbers are to ships ; and mainly creates its form. 
We shall describe it under the head of the organ of motion. 145-149 
Those in whom it is — 

Large — Are large-framed ; of good size and height ; large- 
boned ; muscular and athletic ; and rather spare and lean than 



Motive or Muscular Temperament Predominant. 




No. 48. — Elias Hicks. 



No. 49. — Rev. Alexander Campbell. 



plump or fat ; have high and large cheek bones ; large and broad 
front teeth ; strongly marked features ; a large, prominent, and 
Roman nose ; a strongly marked, expressive face ; distinctly marked 
bones, muscles, and blood-vessels ; large joints ; hard flesh ; deeply 
furrowed and strongly marked visages, and singular counte- 
nances ; great muscular power, and physical strength ; extraordi- 
nary toughness and hardihood of constitution, so that they can 
do and endure almost anything ; great ease of action ; dark or 
black skin, hair, and eyes ; abundance of coarse, stiff, and often 
bushy hair, and a heavy beard, if a man; strong and powerful, 
though usually slow movements, like those of the draught horse ; 



TEMPERAMENT AS INFLUENCING CHARACTER. 253 

and a tough and powerful organism throughout ; in short, a full- 
blooded Ajax. 

The head is usually rather high and long, than narrow, rising 
high at the crown, and projecting well forward over the eyes, and 
behind the ears ; broad and prominent just behind the ears, and 
rising high above them ; and prodigious in Firmness, Force, and 
the Perceptives. 

Biliousness and disorders of the liver and stomach are sup- 
posed to accompany this temperament, and hence its old name ; but 
our observations indicate that it is the strongest, toughest, and 
hardiest of organisms ; a literal sole-leather Temperament, able 
to endure any amount of exposure with comparative impunity. 

Such impose usually on their constitution because so hardy. 
They have learned to do so by this very impunity. Yet when 
thus emboldened, they really outrage the health laws past even 
tlieir power of endurance, for years, their resisting power finally 
gives way for the time being, to throw off its accumulated load 
of disease, when their disease and constitution grapple in fierce 
conflict, the very inherent constitutional power rendering it all 
the more desperate ; so that one or the other must conquer soon. 
If such will only let their constitution alone to grapple single- 
handed with their diseases, it will triumph ; else it would grapple 
less fiercely ; yet their well-meant aids often prove fatal. For 
such, the "Let-alone-cure" is both by far the best of all the 
cures, and sufficient; whereas a "dose of calomel" often breaks 
them down for ever after. They do not need it. 

Homely, outlandish features also usually accompany great 
power of muscle, mind, and character ; and for this precise rea- 
son, that this powerful, fibrous texture makes both powerful bones, 
and these powerful, prominent, projecting features. Talented 
men are rarely handsome. A handsome, pretty man may well 
be prouder of his body than intellect. 

Great noses are consequent on great bones, and indicate a 
predominance of this Temperament, with corresponding power 
of organism and character. Bonaparte chose for his marshals 
men having great noses, and mankind have come to associate 
great power of mind and character with great noses ; not because 
great noses create greatness, but because this powerful motive 
organization causes both. They indicate a martial spirit, love of 



254 ORGANIC CONDITIONS, TEMPERAMENTS, SELF-CULTURE. 

debate, resistance, and strong passions ; while straight, finely- 
formed Grecian noses indicate harmonious characters. Seek 
their acquaintance. We have chosen our illustrations from the 
nose, because it is easily observed. 

Great criminals also often have great noses, and those great 
in any and all departments of human life. Great noses only sig- 
nify great power; other conditions determine its direction. 

Broad noses signify a predominance of the vital Temperament 
thus : Noses are rendered broad by large nostrils. These, when 
large, signify large passage ways to the lungs, and therefore 
large lun^s and visceral organs o-encrallv, on that homogeneous 
principle already presented ; 53 while narrow noses signify small 
avenues for respiration, because moderate-sized lungs require 
only smaller air tubes, and therefore weak vital organs, and a 
tendency to consumption and visceral diseases generally. 86 

The Motive Temperament Predominant. 




No. 50. — Admiral Farragut. No. 51. — General Sherman. No. 52. — General Meade. 



In Commodore Farragut and Generals Sherman and 
Meade, it is unusually developed, all of whom made their poten- 
tiality felt. We shall have more to say of them hereafter. Both 
also have large noses ; as has Hicks, who wielded tremendous 
moral power. 

General Meade has this Temperament, along with that power 
it confers, yet was rather slow, and but for his undue caution 
would doubtless have completely crushed out his antagonist. At 



TEMPERAMENTS AS INFLUENCING CHARACTER. 255 

least, he furnishes an excellent 6ample of this Temperament. 
Lord Brougham, farther on, is its best sample. 

The ladies generally get their tender hearts broken by homely, 
outlandish-looking men. If I wanted to " smash female hearts " 
by the dozen, and be "a stunner," I should prefer to be "as 
homely as a hedge fence." This fact none will deny. Why is 
this true ? Because woman loves poiver in men above all other 
attributes ; and therefore instinctively worships homely men, 
because they are powerful, efficient, highly magnetic, and charm- 
ing. 354 Those in whom this Temperament predominates — 

Are powerful in character ; efficient ; thorough-going ; forci- 
ble ; strongly marked and peculiar, if not idiosyncratic ; deter- 
mined and impulsive, physically and mentally ; evince power and 
efficiency in whatever is undertaken ; are like a fire made of an- 
thracite coal, slow to kindle, and giving off but little blaze and 
smoke, yet pouring out the penetrating heat, and lasting ; slow 
and hard of provocation, but once thoroughly roused, are unfor- 
giving, and rarely ever " make up ; " pursue opponents with relent- 
less pertinacity ; are cool, brave, persistent, inflexible, seemingly 
insensible to pain and hardship ; self-willed ; authoritative ; 
natural leaders among men ; endure any amount of hard work, 
mental and physical ; and have powerful desires and passions, and 
an immense amount of force in whatever they engage ; besides 
usually undertaking a great deal. 

The last Napoleon had this Temperament predominant, and 
must have possessed no little power to have risen from "the 
plebes," made himself monarch of a" then first-class nation, and 
elbowed his way among the powerful potentates of the old world, 
till brought to bay only by imprudently bearding U. S., and was 
finally overthrown by his superior, and one of the really great 
men of this age, backed by a powerful nation. Yet, even then, 
his spent constitution, palsied by hard work and dissipation, was 
the probable cause of that improvident fatuity which exposed him 
to attack. 

In Jay Gould, the wholesale Erie swindler, who probably fur- 
nished the majority of the brains of the stupendous fraud, prob- 
ably the greatest ever perpetrated, and carried on the longest, 
who is now under suit for a ten million robbery, has this Tern- 



256 ORGANIC CONDITIONS, TEMPERAMENTS, SELF-CULTURE. 

perament in predominance, with prodigious Causality. Only one 
with a most powerful Temperament could have been as stupendous 
a villain as is Jay Gould, at least apparently. 



Motive Temperament predominant. 




No. 53. — Emperor Napoleon. 



No. 54.— Jay Gould. 



Motive and vital large* — Are both tall and broad-chested ; 
large-boned and athletic, yet broad-shouldered and deep-chested ; 
prominent-featured, yet fleshy; corpulent and capacious-chested, 
and also well-proportioned throughout ; coarse-grained and rather 
awkward, yet very powerful ; somewhat inert and slow to take 
hold, yet once harnessed are tf a full team and a horse to let," 
carrying all before them ; coarse-haired, coarse-grained, coarse- 
feeling, and strong-minded, and endowed with tremendous power, 
throughout ; usually giant-like in stature, and in everything else ; 
have red or sandy hair, a square, broad, heavy face, with spheri- 
cal cheeks, large jowls, and a florid complexion ; and are en- 
dowed with physical capacities of the highest order. 



TEMPERAMENT AS INFLUENCING CHARACTER. 



257 



Generals Scott, Polk, Thomas, and Burnside furnish excel- 
lent practical illustrations of this temperamental combination, 
particularly Scott and Polk; both tall and prominent, broad, 
stocky, heavy, yet not logy ; giants both in mind as well as 



Vital Motive Temperaments. 




No. 55. — General Scott. No. 56. — General Thomas. No. 57.— General Burnside- 

body, and organically fitted to sway great masses of men. 
Bishop Polk, distinguished about equally on two fields, would 
have accomplished more if more had been intrusted to him. 
Both were great men. Their Temperaments were also well-bal- 
anced, as well as powerful. All this is substantially true of Burn- 
side and Butler. 



Vital Motive Temperament. 




No. 58. — General Butler. No. 59. — General Polk. No. 60. — Phinehas Stevens. 

33 



258 ORGANIC CONDITIONS, TEMPERAMENTS, SELF-CULTURE. 

Mentally — Are powerful and impulsive in all the intellectual 
and passional manifestations, and giant-bodied, headed, and hearted ; 
have tremendous power of feeling, and require proportional self- 
government ; are powerfully sexed, and easily persuaded, moulded, 
and tempted by the opposite sex, and should by all means seek 
the restraints of marriage ; are endowed with good sense, and 
have a good way of showing it; are strong-minded, but joossess 
more talents than power to exhibit them ; manifest talents more 
in managing machinery, creating resources, and directing large 
operations, than in mind as such ; improve with age, growing bet- 
ter and more intellectual ; accomplish wonders ; are hard to beat, 
indomitable, and usually useful citizens, but endowed with strong 
passions when once roused ; and capable of being deeply de- 
praved, especially if given to drink. 

Phineas Stevens had this Temperament, with a good share of 
the mental, and was one of the best of Lowell mechanicians and 
mill builders. 

Motive full — Are like motive large in kind, though less so in 
degree ; have a full share of the hearty, impulsive, enduring, effi- 
cient, and potential ; move right forward with determination and 
vigor, irrespective of hinderances ; and bring a great deal to pass ; 
can work hard, but are loath to begin ; with vital large, are too 
fleshy to be nimble or easy motioned, and rather too fat and 
trudging to love much hard work, yet will feel the better by 
working harder than they incline to ; love a life of ease and pleas- 
ure, but shirk muscular labor, except w r hen driven to it, yet can 
then accomplish great things : with vital moderate, are rather 
prominent featured and spare built, and more active than endur- 
ing, and liable to overdo, because power and action exceed sus- 
taining energy. 

Tweed and Connolly, of tax-robbing notoriety, compared with 
whose stupendous rascalities all ever before perpetrated are utterly 
insignificant, who successfully fleeced yet resisted the shrewdest, 
business men on earth, have this same organism ; and it certainly 
required immense stamina to concoct and engineer such really 
gigantic impositions on nearly two millions of the sharpest, 
shrewdest, most self-protecting citizens on earth. We shall 
mention their phrenologies hereafter. 

Average — Have only fair to middling muscular power and en- 



TEMPERAMENT AS INFLUENCING CHARACTER. 



259 



durance ; are not deficient in strength and stamina of body and 
mind, yet more would be better ; prefer business to labor, and the 
sedentary to the active, and avoid right hard work, mental and 
physical. With the vital large, love ease a great deal better than 
work ; have only fair strength, yet are sparing of that ; manufac- 
ture more vitality than consume, and hence are rather fleshy and 
sluggish ; when wrought up by strong motives can put forth a 
great deal of effort, but it will be spasmodic, and need to be 
"whipped up," yet the power is there. 



The Vital Motive Temperament predominant. 





No. 61. — William M. Tweed. 



No. 62.— Richard B. Connolly. 



Moderate — Have bones and muscles rather inferior in size and 
efficiency; are quite short of stature, and deficient in power and 
stamina, mental and physical ; need much more exercise than in- 
clined to take : with the vital full or large, are rather short, fat, 
round, and stocky; light, sandy, or chestnut-haired; would be 
rendered a great deal the better and happier by more muscular 
exercise ; have gushing, impulsive, hot-blooded feelings, but they 
are short-lived, ephemeral, transient, and flashy ; and may do well 
" on the spur of the moment," yet cannot and will not put forth 
long-continued and sustained or powerful efforts of any kind. 

Small — Walk, work, move, and use muscles only when obliged 



260 ORGANIC CONDITIONS, TEMPERAMENTS, SELF-CULTURE. 

to ; preincline much more to the sentimental than potential ; and 
need to take all the exercise endurable, and much more than is 
agreeable. With the vital large, preincline to fat; and with the 
mental moderate, are downright indolent and lazy. 

To cultivate, take all the muscular exercise you can well 
endure, so as to divert action from the other functions to this, 
and practise daily lifting or dumb-bells exercise and work; walk, 
travel, dance, anything for action, but something, and try to 
enjoy it. 

To restrain, work less, and turn the current of action upon 
other objects. This restraint is necessary only when the muscles 
consume much more than their proportion of time and vital 
force. 

57. — The Mental Temperament. 

Brain and nerves create this Temperament. It is the most 
important of all, because it carries forward by far the greatest 
number of the chief ends of life, namely, the mental and senti- 
mental. 18 With it weak, the others are almost valueless, because 
it alone puts them to practical account. Its production is thought, 
sensation, and emotion. For its structure and functions, see 37 . 

Large — Have a stature larger or smaller, and a complexion 
lighter or darker, according to the other Temperaments, because this 
predetermines the quality mainly ; are sensitive and susceptible in 
the highest degree, and in children precocious ; are strongly pre- 
inclined to mental or literary pursuits, and have a most active 
intellect, along with the utmost pathos and intensity of feeling. 
But its characteristics depend almost wholly on its combinations 
with the other Temperaments. Smallness of stature and sharp- 
ness of feature are its physical characteristics, and acuteness of 
feeling and intellect its mental. 

Sharpness, signifies intensity. The needle is sharp and pen- 
etrating. Sharp noses always, and everywhere, indicate pre- 
mium scolds, who require and evince the utmost fervor of feeling 
and passional intensity. Yet a premium scold is therefore a pre- 
mium lover, scholar, worshipper, &c, as well as antagonist; 
because this sharpness of form indicates the utmost fervor, glow, 
and snap in all the functions, mental and physical. Weasels are 
sharp as weH as long, while turtles are blunt as well as inert. 



TEMPERAMENT AS INFLUENCING CHARACTER. 



261 



Sharp noses indicate a quick, clear, penetrating, searching, 
knowing, sagacious mind; warmth of love, hate, generosity, 
moral sentiment — indeed, positiveness in everything; while 
blunt noses indicate and accompany obtuse intellects and percep- 
tions, sluggish feelings, and a soulless character. 




No. 63. — A. H. Stephens. 



No. 61. — General Sigel. No. 05.— Genekal Fremont. 



A. H. Stephens and Generals Sigel and Fremont furnish 
most excellent illustrations of as pure a mental Temperament as 
we often find in men, and each manifests its accompanying men- 
tality in a high degree. As a cogent speaker, and a clear and 
powerful writer, Stephens is rarely surpassed. Indeed, he was 
accredited with shaping and controlling the policy of his young 
nation from first to last, and has written by far its ablest defence ; 
and Sigel has few equals in the science of warfare, besides pos- 
sessing that quick mental perception, which saw and did instantly 
the best thing possible under all the circumstances, thus often 
turning defeat into victory ; while Fremont, small of stature, yet 
all nerve, evinced that cast of mind which accompanies this Tem- 
perament in a species of intuition and inspiration it created. I 
once told him that this gave him his success, to which he fully 
assented. 

Length and activity go together. A long stick bends easier 
than a broad one. There is that in length of structure which facil- 
itates flexibility and ease of action ; while breadth of form nat- 
urally promotes resistance, self-protection, and immobility. These 
organic principles govern all forms of life, vegetable, animal, and 
human. All long-favored animals are rendered easy-motioned 



262 ORGANIC CONDITIONS, TEMPERAMENTS, SELF-CULTURE. 

and limber-jointed by the very nature of their shape, besides 
always being the most sprightly and quick-motioned. Race- 
horses are always tall and long-bodied, while short and broad 
Norman horses are better for draught than speed. Deer, moose, 
elk, gazelles, antelopes, giraffes, kangaroos, in contrast with bears, 
swine, and elephants, illustrate this law; as do greyhounds in 
apposition with mastitis and buldogs ; weasels and minks in con- 
trast w 7 ith woodchucks ; squirrels and foxes with opossums ; cats, 
and indeed all felines, with bulls and buffaloes ; serpents and 
eels with turtles and catfish ; horses with oxen, and cranes and 
swallows with geese and turkeys. In fact, throughout the animal 
kingdom, length indicates agility and tleetness, and breadth the 
trudging and stiff-jointed. 

Tall and spake persons are accordingly more sprightly and 
agile, limber-jointed and easy-motioned, than short and stocky 
ones. All easy walkers are long-favored and tall. Can or cannot 
long-handed, armed, and lingered persons play on the piano, which 
requires quickness of motion, more dexterously than short? Let 



The Long-fa vorfd or Active Form. 




No. 66. — Jeff. Davis. 



No. 67. — General Terry. No. 68. — General Gillmore. 



facts, on the largest and most varied scale be the umpire, and let 
the very philosophy and fitness of things show why. Reader, 
these forms, the broad as signifying the vital, the prominent as 
indicating power, and the sharp as accompanying zeal and fervor, 
mean something ; and, with their combinations, furnish a scientific 
index of their corresponding physical and mental specialties. 



TEMPERAMENT AS INFLUENCING CHARACTER. 2G3 

Davis, Terry, and Gillmore have this form of body and head, 
along with the motive, and their incessant work evinces the 
corresponding quality. They combine a full share of power, with 
predominant activity and earnestness. Their physiology is quite 
alike, yet their phrenologies differ greatly, of which, hereafter. 
Incessant work, especially mental, always accompanies this Tem- 
perament, particularly mental action. 

Large — With motive large and vital full or average, are full- 
sized ; large, and prominent-featured, but rather spare built ; 
quite tall and long-favored, but rather thin and narrow-faced ; 
have distinct lines of the face, prominent joints, strongly-marked 
features, a large and projecting chin, nose, and cheek bones ; good- 
sized hands and feet, brown hair, inclining to the sandy in pro- 
portion as the vital abounds, but to the flaxen as the mental pre- 
dominates ; are quite broad across the shoulders, yet flat-bodied 
rather than deep or round ; deep-chestecl, because all the bodily 
organs take on the long form instead of round ; slim in the abdo- 
men, because all the life forces and materials are seized and con- 
sumed as fast as eliminated ; have a firm and distinct muscle ; a 
tough, wiry, excellent physical organization ; a firm, straightfor- 
ward, rapid, energetic w T alk; great ease and efficiency of action, 
with little fatigue; a keen, penetrating eye; large joints, hands, 
feet, &c. ; a long head and face, and a high forehead and head ; 
a brain developed more from the nose over to the occiput than 
around the ears ; large intellectual and moral organs ; strong 
desires, and great power of will and energy of character; vigor- 
ous passions ; a natural love of hard work, and capacity for car- 
rying forward and managing great undertakings ; that thorough- 
going spirit which takes right hold of great projects with both 
hands, and drives into and through thick and thin, in spite of 
obstacles and opposition, however great, and thus accomplishes 
wonders ; superior business talents ; unusual strength and vigor 
of intellect ; strong common sense ; good general judgment ; with 
a large intellectual lobe, and a cool, clear, long, calculating head ; 
a reflective, planning, discriminating cast of mind, and talents 
more solid than brilliant; more fondness for the natural sciences 
than literature ; and for philosophy than history ; and the deep, solid 
branches than belles-lettres ; a professional and mental than labo- 
rious vocation ; mental than bodily action ; and the moral than 
sensual. 



264 ORGANIC CONDITIONS, TEMPERAMENTS, SELF-CULTURE. 

William Cullen Bryant furnishes an almost perfect illustra- 
tion of both this Temperament, and its cast of manifestation. 

Hard, steady work, mental and physical, but most mental, 
is its special accompaniment. The mental gives activity, while 



The Mental-motive or Writing Temperament. 



The Writing Temperament. 




No. 09. — William Cullen Bryant. 



No. 70. — Ralph Waldo Emerson. 



its motive imparts power, and the two keep the vitality so closely 
worked up that it, never clogs ; yet the full vital furnishes suffi- 
cient materials and vital force for all practical purposes. It is by 
far the most efficient of all the Temperaments, yet preinclined to 
overdo. 

Thought writers and speakers, and those who make their 
mark directly upon the intellects and inner consciousness of man- 
kind, generally have this organic cast. It is pre-eminently the 
organism for writers on science, and for reviewers. Their 
thoughts are most impressive, and style, mode, and manner of 
expression are peculiarly emphatic. 

Reference is not now had to flippant scribblers of exciting 
newspaper squibs, or even of dashing editorials, or highfalutin 
productions, nor to mere compilers ; but to the authors of deep, 
sound, original, philosophical, clear-headed, labored productions. 
It predominates in Revs. Jonathan Edwards, Wilbur Fiske, 



TEMPERAMENT AS INFLUENCING CHARACTER. 265 

N. Taylor, Dr. E. A. Parke, Leonard Bacon, Albert Barnes, Ober- 
lin, Pres. Day, R. W. Emerson, Drs. Parish and Hush, Pres. 
Hitchcock, Hugh L. White, Dr. Caldwell, Elias Hicks, Franklin, 
Alexander Hamilton, Chief Justice Marshall, Calhoun, John Q. 
Adams, Percival, Noah Webster, George Combe, Lucretia Mott, 
Catherine Waterman, Mrs. Sigourney, and 'many other distin- 
guished authors and scholars. 

Ralph Waldo Emekson furnishes a perfect model of this writ- 
ing organism, and his writings tell their own story. We have no 
one pure thought author who excels him in the condensed ener- 
gy, the breadth and pith of his thoughts, and the logical and forci- 
ble style in which he presents them. Look on his Temperament 
and pages for mutual correspondence. 

This Temperament indicates the utmost of toughness and pow- 
er of endurance. "A lean horse for a long pull," is but its pro- 
verbial expression. 

Those long, sharp, and prominent, are just as quick as a 
flash to perceive and do; agile; light-motioned; limber-jointed; 
nimble; always doing; restless as the wind; talk too rapidly to 
be emphatic ; have no lazy bones in their bodies ; are always 
moving head, hands, feet, something; are natural scholars; quick 
to learn and understand; remarkably smart and knowing; loving 
action for its own sake ; are wide awake ; eager ; uncommonly quick 
to think and feel ; sprightly in conversation ; versatile in talent ; 
flexible ; suggestive ; abounding in idea ; apt at most things ; pre- 
disposed to consumption, because action exceeds strength; early 
ripe ; brilliant ; liable to premature exhaustion and disease, be- 
cause the mentality predominates over the vitality ; clear-headed ; 
understand matters and things at the first glance ; see right into 
and through business, and all they touch, readily ; are real workers 
with head or hands, but prefer head-work ; positive ; the one 
thing or the other ; and are strongly preinclined to the intellec- 
tual and moral. Their characters, unless perverted, like their 
persons, ascend instead of descending; and they are better 
adapted to law, merchandise, banking, or business, than to farm- 
ing, or heavy mechanical work. Yet, if mechanics, should choose 
those kinds requiring more sprightliness than strength, and mind 
than muscle. 

Stonewall Jackson was a perfect example both of this Tern- 



266 ORGANIC CONDITIONS, TEMPERAMENTS, SELF-CULTURE. 

perament, and of its special characteristics. More efficiency and 
executive energy accompanies it than any other whatever. Al- 
lowed my choice of all the Temperaments, this would have my 
decided preference, even over one perfectly balanced ; because 
this gives more snap and character, and combines tremendous 
power with equal action. The vital gives flashy impulsiveness, 
while this gives sustained zeal, what we might call perpetual im- 
pulse, a lasting excitability. When passion takes the reins in 
such, it literally runs riot ; but so does the good. Such organisms 
make their mark somewhere. If Jackson had lived, the southern 
confederacy would have lived. His zeal and power united, would 
have given it victory. 



The Long and Prominent, or Active and Powerful. 




No. 71. — Stonewall 
Jackson. 



No. 72. — Gen'l Rosecranz. 



No. 73. — Gen'l Howard. 



Kosecranz had a kindred temperament, with less zeal, and 
managed admirably till the last, when he failed, probably because 
the long strain his nervous system was obliged to sustain finally 
became too great for even his constitution to endure. Yet his is 
a most excellent organism. 

Howard, too, is long-favored, and prominent-featured, and 
unites great activity with power, and superior planning capacities 
to both. Few equalled him in bringing things about. 

James Gordon Bennett had this organism, with its writing 
cast, and his style w r as very pithy, felicitous, and taking. 

The late Captain Knight, who had a world-wide reputation for 
activity, enterprise, daring, impetuosity, promptness, judgment, 
earnestness, executiveness, affability, and sprightliness, furnished 
a good example of this form, Temperament, and character, but 
died of overwork. 



ORGANIC CONDITIONS, TEMPERAMENTS, SELF-CULTURE. 267 
Prominent, long, sharp, and active. 




NO. 74. — JAM] 



>n Bennett. 



No. 75. —Captain E. Knight. 



With the mental large, vital full, and motive moderate, 
have small bones, muscles, and bodies, and sharp phrenological 



Mental Vital Temperament. 




No. 76. — Dr Isaac Watts. 




No. 77. — Fanny Forester. 



organs ; are rather short, but plump and smooth in form ; have 
short but small features, thin lips, sharp teeth, and liable to early 



268 TEMPERAMENT AS INFLUENCING CHARACTER. 

decay ; a light, bounding walk, and by far too much intensity 
and activity for strength. The accompanying engraving of 
Fanny Forester furnishes an excellent illustration of this combi- 
nation. 

Isaac Watts furnishes a perfect example of this Temperament, 
and of its glowing, enrapturing cast of character. Men may 
differ from him in doctrine, and grumble at the brimstone cast 
of his poetry, yet all will concede to him the utmost glow, fer- 
vor, and emotionality. None could compose poetry thus vivid, 
who did not quiver throughout his whole frame with extreme in- 
tensity of emotion. He was too moody, but at least fervid. 

Mentally ; are characterized by a predominance of mind over 
body, so that its states affect the body more than the body does 
the mind ; arc in the highest degree susceptible to the influence 
of stimuli, and of all exciting causes; are refined and delicate in 
feeling and expression, and easily disgusted with anything coarse, 
vulgar, or out of taste ; enjoy and suffer in the highest degree ; are 
subject to extremes of feeling, and easily disgusted, yet intensely 
sympathetic; experience a vividness and intensity of emotion, 
and a clearness, pointedness, and rapidity of thought, perception, 
and conception, and a love of mental exercise imparted by no 
other Temperament ; have a deep flow of pure and virtuous feel- 
ing, which wiil effectually resist vicious inclinations, with intense 
desires, and put forth correspondingly vigorous efforts to gratify 
them ; are eager in pursuits, and feel that their ends are of the 
utmost importance, and must be answered now; are thus liable 
to overdo, and prematurely exhaust the physical powers, which 
are poor at best ; are very fond of reading and study, of thinking 
and reasoning, of books and literary pursuits, of conversation, 
and all kinds of information, and apt to lie awake at night, think- 
ing, or feeling, or reading; are more given to intellectual and 
moral than animal pleasures, and action than rest; cannot endure 
slow or stupid employees ; and are by far too warm-hearted, im- 
petuous, impulsive, full of soul, and susceptible to external influ- 
ences ; and swayed too much by feeling ; and need much self- 
government and coolness. 

Poetry and eloquence are found connected with this Tem- 
perament* more than with any other. It creates that gushing 
sympathy, that spontaneous overflowing of soul, that high- 



TEMPERAMENT AS INFLUENCING CHARACTER. 



269 



The two eloquent Temperaments. 



wrought, impassioned ecstasy and intensity of emotion in which 
true eloquence consists, and transmit it less by words than looks, 
gestures, and those touching, melting, soul-stirring, thrilling in- 
tonations which storm the citadel of the soul. Hence it can 
never be written, but must be seen, heard, and felt. This sharp- 
ness and breadth produce it, first by giving great lungs to exhil- 
arate the speaker, and send the blood frothing and foaming to the 
brain ; and secondly, by conferring the utmost excitability and 
intensity of emotion ; and it is in this exhilaration that real elo- 
quence mainly consists. This sharp and broad form predominates 
in Bascom, whom Clay 
pronounced the greatest 
natural orator he ever 
heard ; in Chap in and 
Beecher, to-day confess- 
edly our finest speakers 
in the pulpit or the ros- 
trum ; in Everett ; in "the 
old man eloquent," indeed, 
in both the Adamses ; in 
Dr. Bethune and a host 
of others. Still, in Pat- 
rick Henry, Pitt, and 
John B. Gough, each un- 
equalled in his day and 
sphere, the sharp com- 
bines with the lonsr. This 
gives activity united with 
excitability. Yet this 

form gives also the poetic more than the oratorical 
impassioned, which is the soul of both. 

Poetry inheres in both the sharp and broad, and sharp and 
long forms. Some distinguished poets are broad and sharp, 
others long and sharp, but all sharp. Those who evolve the 
highest, finest, and most fervid style and cast of sentiment, have 
more of the long, with less of the prominent, yet with the long 
predominating over the sharp, and are often quite tall. Those 
who poetize the passions are, like orators, broad and sharp, of 
whom Byron furnishes an example in poetry and configuration, 




No. 78.— Henry Ward Beecher. 



the 



270 ORGANIC CONDITIONS, TEMPERAMENTS, SELF-CULTURE. 



and has well said that poetry is but frenzy of passion. The best 
combination of forms for writers and scholars is the sharp pre- 
dominant, long next, prominent next, and all conspicuous. 

Beecher and Henry furnish excellent examples of these two el- 
oquent Temperaments — Beecher of the short, sharp, and broad, 
Henry of the long and sharp. Gough, most eloquent, resembles 
Henry in being tall, spare, and angular, while Chapin, as naturally 
oratorical as any, is formed like Beecher and Bascom, yet Clay 
again resembled Henry. The different kinds of eloquence created 
by these seemingly opposite Temperaments are marked, yet not 
easily described, but coincide with the descriptions already given 
of the broad and short, and long and sharp organisms. The vital 
abounds in both. Clay and Henry were tall, yet had capacious 
chests, which extended low downwards, and were long, while 
Bcecher's, Chapin's, and Bascom's round out at their sides. 
Genuine orators will usually conform to one or the other of these 

forms. 

Rufus Choate furnishes a most 
excellent sample of still another 
eloquent Temperament, in which 
the mental greatly predominates, 
with the motive next and ample, 
but inadequate vital. As a jury 
lawyer, he was unrivalled, owing 
chiefly to that ecstasy of fervor 
and pathos of emotion created by 
this the most active of all the or- 
ganisms. 

Full — Have good natural abil- 
ities, and, with culture, can mani- 
fest excellent talents and capacity 
for study;- are fond of intellectual pursuits, books, the papers, 
&c, yet not a genius; evince more mind in native sense, good 
ideas, conversation, &c, than in public speaking or writing; 
with the vital and motive large, if in any profession must take a 
crreat amount of physical exercise ; will require considerable dis- 
cipline to bring out inherent mental capacities, yet with it, will 
do well in some mental avocation ; with power and vitality av- 
erage, had better adopt a business or a working life than a lit- 




No. 79. — Hon. Rufus Choate. 



TEMPERAMENT AS INFLUENCING CHARACTER. 271 

erary ; and are efficient and capable of accomplishing a good life 
work, yet not great; with the motive large, and vital only mod- 
erate, are sufficiently sensitive and susceptible to exciting causes, 
yet not passional, nor impulsive ; and easily roused, yet not 
easily carried away by excitements ; with activity large, are very 
quick, but perfectly cool ; decide and act instantly, yet know- 
ingly ; do nothing without thinking, but think and do instantane- 
ously ; are never flustered, but combine rapidity with perfect 
self-possession. 

Average — Have a fair share of sensitiveness, and mental 
vigor and activity, yet only fair, and will be what the other Tem- 
peraments may predetermine ; show a good deal of mind with 
education and favorable surroundings, otherwise not; must de- 
pend for talents more on culture and plodding studiousness than 
on native genius ; with the motive and vital large, are far better 
adapted to farming, or mechanical and laborious pursuits, than to 
professional life, and should cultivate intellect and memory by 
reading, conversation, writing letters, &c. 

Moderate — Have little love of literary pursuits ; are rather 
dull of comprehension, and fall asleep over books, sermons, 
papers, &c. ; learn much better by seeing men and things than by 
study or reflection ; cannot marshal ideas for speaking or writing ; 
are like the placid lake, without waves or noise, and evince the 
same quiet spirit under all circumstances ; are rather phlegmatic ; 
slow to perceive and feel ; cold and passionless ; rarely ever elated 
or depressed ; neither love nor hate, enjoy nor suffer much ; are 
enthusiastic in nothing ; and throw little life or soul into expres- 
sions or actions. 

Small — Are exceedingly dull of understanding; slow of per- 
ception, and poor in judgment and memory ; hate books ; must 
be told what and how to do ; should seek the direction and follow 
the advice of superior minds, because lacking in sense; are tor- 
pid, soulless, listless, spiritless, half asleep about everything, and 
monotonous and mechanical, really stupid, and about as dead and 
hard as sole leather — having the texture of humanity, but lacking 
its life and glow, and enjoy and suffer but little. 

To cultivate, exercise the mind and feelings by reading and 
talking on whatever subjects interest the most, such as travels, 
adventures, stories, novels, &c, the most; attend lectures, 



272 ORGANIC CONDITIONS, TEMPERAMENTS, SELF-CULTURE. 

4 

churches, literary societies, parties, &c, and make and improve 
all opportunities for bringing both the feelings and intellect into 
frequent and vigorous action ; yield yourself up to the effects or in- 
fluences of persons and things operating on you ; seek amusements 
and excitements ; and try to feel more than comes natural to you. 

To restrain, read, study, think, and feel just as little as pos- 
sible ; divert action all you can from the brain and nerves by 
directing it to the other parts ; try. to enjoy any, everything you 
can, and allow just as few painful subjects as possible to vex and 
prey upon your feelings; get all the "fun" out of life you can, 
and fret over nothing ; seek agreeable company and pleasant asso- 
ciations ; and exercise the physical man as much, but mental as 
little as possible. Cultivate stoicism, for your feelings are your 
consuming fire. Never read a novel, or love story, or become 
excited. Particular phrenological organs always accompany each 
Temperament, and the organs of each are exactly adapted to carry 
out their qualities. 

The vital gives large Causality, Kindness, Ambition, Vitative- 
ncss, and Force, and a head rendered broad by the predominance 
of the propensities. 

Firmness and Force are always found with the motive Temper- 
ament, and are specifically calculated to put its tremendous power 
to practical operation. Such are always cool and courageous and 
have large Percept ives, with less Beauty. 

The mental Temperament usually gives a high, square forehead, 
full temples, and a broad top head, yet rather short and depressed 
at the crown, or deficient in Dignity, and excessive in Ambition, 
Conscience, Caution, Kindness, Beauty, and Friendship — just 
such organs as are needed to carry out its accompanying traits of 
character. 

58. A WELL-BALANCED ORGANISM BY FAR THE BEST. 

A well-balanced organism, with all the Temperaments large 
and in about equal proportion, is by far the best and most favor- 
able for both enjoyment and efficiency ; to general genius and real 
greatness ; to strength along with perfection of character ; to con- 
sistency and power throughout. The motive large, with the 
mental deficient, gives power with sluggishness, so that the 
powers lie dormant ; when adding large vital gives great physical 



TEMPERAMENT AS INFLUENCING CHARACTER. 



273 



power and enjoyment, with too little of the mental and moral, 
along with coarseness ; while the mental in excess creates too 
much mind for the body, too much exquisiteuess and sentimental- 
ity for the stamina, along with a green-house precosity most de- 
structive of life's powers and pleasures : whereas their equal 
balance gives abundance of vital force, physical stamina, and 
mental power and susceptibility. They may be compared to the 
several parts of a steamboat and its appurtenances. The vital is 
the steam-power ; the motive, the hulk or framework ; the mental, 
the freight and passengers. Predominant vital generates more 
animal energy than can well be worked off, which causes restless- 
ness, excessive passion, and a pressure which endangers outbursts 
and overt actions ; predominant motive gives too much frame or 

A WELL-BALANCED TEMPERAMENT. 





NO. 80. — WASHINGTON. 



No. 81. — General R. E. Lee. 



hulk, moves slowly, and with weak mental, is too light freighted 
to secure the great ends of life ; predominant mental overloads, 
and endangers sinking; but all equally-balanced and powerful, 
carry great loads rapidly and well, and accomplish wonders. Such 
persons unite cool judgments with intense and well-governed feel- 
ings ; great force of character and intellect with perfect consis- 
tency ; scholarship with sound common sense ; far-seeing sagacity 
35 



274 ORGANIC CONDITIONS, TEMPERAMENTS, SELF-CULTURE. 

with brilliancy ; and have the highest order of both physiology 
and mentality. Such a Temperament had the immortal Washing- 
ton, and his character corresponded. 

"If you are presented with medals of Caesar, Trojan, or Alexander, on 
examining the features you will still be led to ask what was their stat- 
ure, and the form of their persons ; but if you discover in a heap of 
ruins the head or the limbs of an antique Apollo, be not curious about 
the parts, but rest assured that they were all conformable to those of a 
God. Let not this comparison be attributed to enthusiasm. It is not 
my intention to exaggerate. I wish only to express the impression Gen- 
eral Washington has left on my mind : the idea of a perfect whole, brave 
without temerity, laborious without ambition, generous without prod- 
igality, noble without pride, virtuous without severity." — Marquis of 
(Jhastelling. 




No. 82.-— Count Von Bismarck. 



Sir Walter and General P. S. Scott, Napoleon, Franklin, 
Bacon, both Websters, Benton, and men of that build, tall yet 
broad, large in stature but well-proportioned, round built but not 
corpulent, stout but not obese, furnish practical illustrations of 



TEMPERAMENT AS INFLUENCING CHARACTER. 



275 



this great development along with this balance of all the Temper- 
aments. 

Major General Robert E. Lee was one of the finest of all 
illustrations of this Temperament. A powerful muscle imparted tre- 
mendous power to his organism ; a fully-developed vital laboratory 
supplied him with all the animal force he could possibly consume, 
without ever any exhaustion ; and a slightly greater mental Tem- 
perament turned all in a purely intellectual direction. This bal- 
ance appertains equally to all his mental Faculties, and gave a 
comparatively perfect character throughout. Did he not make 
the most possible of his situation? But that he had inferior 
Causality and a want of this balance over him, that is, if inferior 
plans had not been imposed on him to execute, he would never 
have surrendered. 

Count Von Bismarck evinces this balance to a remarkable 
degree, though with too much of the vital. Colossal in stature ; 
tall, yet stocky ; with immense vital organs, yet powerful muscles ; 
less of the mental than any other, but sufficient to set and keep 
his elephantine body in powerful action ; a "round" ball, neither 
side the largest, and no hollows ; 
and a giant in every depart- 
ment. Whom he engages in 
combat must fall. Such men 
make no false steps. They are 
slow, but resistless. He only 
needs more action. 

Cornelius Vanderbilt 
evinces this same powerful, yet 
well - proportioned, organism. 
The muscular is better devel- 
oped than in Bismarck ; so is 
the mental. Bismarck has too 
much of the vital. Only abste- 
miousness can prevent its some 
day proving his ruin ; while 

Vanderbilt will work up all his surplus force, yet not overwork. 
Consider what he has achieved, and how hard he still works, 
though over seventy. Some can remember when he was poor. 

Minerva illustrates the feminine application of this perfect 




No. 83. — Cornelius Vanderbilt. 



276 ORGANIC CONDITIONS, TEMPERAMENTS, SELF-CULTURE. 




No. 84. — Minerva. 



proportion between all the Temperaments. She was the ancients' 
model of the perfect woman. They could choose for their 

patron saint in poetry and the fine 
arts only one absolutely faultless 
throughout. Here is their ideal of 
the most elegant female conceivable. 
All the Temperaments are well- 
developed, the muscular falling a 
little behind the others, as it should 
do in woman ; and the vital men- 
tal ascendant. 

Stua'rt's portraits of revolution- 
ary heroes are said to represent them 
with large, portly, strongly-marked, 
and well-proportioned giant bodies, 
but- with only average heads, and 
are probably true to Nature. I have 
found very smart men in all departments of human life with only 
average-sized heads. Benton's was less than average, but his 

capacity of chest was most 

All the Temperaments powerful. l •* 

extraordinary, in fact rarely 
equalled. All three Temper- 
aments were immense in him, 
and well-proportioned, yet his 
head measured less than twen- 
ty-two inches in circumference. 
But his powerful vital organs 
like a tremendous " head " of 
steam or water, made all his 
function, on which this head 
was let, fairly " hum " with 
rapidity and power of func- 
tion, while his mental Tem- 
perament turned it into a 
mental channel. 

Brigham Young has this union of all the Temperaments large, 
yet equal. He is about six feet high, yet perfectly symmetrical, 
though a little way off he seems too stocky. He is broad from 
one shoulder to the other, yet also deep through from breast bone 




No. 85 Brigham Young. 



GENERAL INDICES OF CHARACTER. 277 

to shoulder blades, and his chest rims far down besides. In 1843 
he and most of his present apostles came incog, under my hands ; 
and when I came to him, putting my hands-on his immense chest, 
I exclaimed, "You, sir, have vital force sufficient; to live a hundred 
and fifty years." He is very broad built, yet sharp-featured, and 
has a muscular system of remarkable power ; besides being very 
florid, thus embodying all the conditions of true greatness, or tre- 
mendous power of body and mind ; and only one thus organized 
could have accomplished what he has. His organism corrected and 
greatly enhanced my estimation of him. In figure he bears a 
close resemblance to Thonjas H. Benton, and is remarkably fine- 
grained and delicately organized. Men great in specific directions 
will often have an outlandish look, and be homely and awkward ; 
yet those great in all departments will be found to have harmoni- 
ous, not extreme features. Proportion is one of the laws and 
prerequisites of greatness. 61 

Section III. 

GENERAL INDICES OF CHARACTER. 

59. — Complexions, and what Traits of Character they 

indicate. 

Colors indicate qualities throughout all Nature. We prove 
this principle, and show what colors and characteristics go to- 
gether, under Color; so that here we only describe results. 

Many physiologists classify their Temperaments mainly by the 
color of the eyes, hair, skin, &c, just as though the complexion 
or color originated the Temperaments ; whereas it is only an 
effect, not a cause ; and we think Combe attributes too much rel- 
atively to it as compared with the form. 

Black indicates power, and hence generally accompanies the 
powerful or motive Temperament. Of this, black animals, black 
and grizzly bears, &c, furnish examples, as do the black races; 
and black fruits have a great amount of their peculiar flavors. 

Dark complexioned persons generally wield a powerful influ- 
ence over those with whom they come in contact ; and especially 
over the opposite sex. Daniel Webster was appropriately called 
"Black Dan," and his power over men, and especially women, is 
well known. 



278 ORGANIC CONDITIONS, TEMPERAMENTS, SELF-CULTURE. 

Black-haired speakers carry their audiences with them, and sway 
them right and left, up and down, as they please. This color is 
very appropriate to public men, politicians, generals, &c. The 
light-complexioned races are much more progressive and relined 
than dark, and less sensual. Coarse black and coarse red hair, 
skin, and whiskers, indicate powerful animal passions, together 
with corresponding strength of character; while fine, light, and 
auburn hair indicates quick susceptibilities, together with refine- 
ment and good taste. Fine dark or brown hair signifies the com- 
bination of exquisite susceptibilities with great strength of char- 
acter, while auburn hair and a florid countenance denote the 
highest order of sentiment and intensity of feeling, along with 
corresponding purity of character, combined with the highest 
capacities for enjoyment and suffering. And the intermediate 
colors and textures accompany intermediate mentalities. Curly 
hair and beard indicate a crisp, excitable, and variable disposition, 
with much diversity of character, now blowing hot, now cold, 
along with intense love and hate, gushing, glowing emotions, 
brilliancy, and variety of talent. So look out for ringlets ; they 
betoken April weather. Treat them gently, lovingly, and you 
will have the brightest, clearest sunshine, and the sweetest, balm- 
iest breezes ; but disturb them, and you raise a storm, a very 
hurricane, changeable, now so very, hot, now cold. Better not 
ruffle them. And this is doubly true of auburn curls ; though 
but little gentle, tender treatment is needed to render them just as 
genial and delightful as the balmiest spring morning. 

A dark-haired female is able, if disposed, to control a lover 
or husband as if by magic. He will be as it were spell-bound in 
her company, and feel that he has got to do as she bids and de- 
sires. If she is good, her influence in her family and circle will 
be supreme, }'et most beneficial ; but if she is selfish, she will, by 
hook or crook, by persuasion or force, bring all hands under her 
thumb. If she engages in business, she "puts it through by day- 
light," letting nothing arrest her triumphal march from conquering 
to conquer. If she espouses good ends, none can execute them 
better ; if bad, none can be more successful or desperate. Lau- 
rea D. Fair, of this color, illustrates its workings when wrongly 
directed ; yet turned into good channels, no color is more desira- 
ble. Success, goes with it. Efficiency is its constant companion. 



GENERAL INDICES OE CHARACTER. 279 

Black-haired bachelors usually play havoc with female 
hearts, breaking them right and left, and "smashing" them all to 
pieces, and numbers of them, especially auburn-hair tenderlings. 
Blondes, look out for these dark-haired charmers, or the first you 
know you will find yourselves dead in love, and both unable and 
unwilling to break their magic spell over you, or resist their per- 
suasions. A great amount of gender usually goes along with this 
complexion. It generally accompanies the prominent or powerful 
organism. 

Ked hair and impulsiveness generally accompany each other. 
Heartiness, soul, warmth, and emotionality generally go with au- 
burn hair and blue eyes. v A brunette wife will be the more inde- 
pendent and efficient, a blonde more susceptible, loving, clinging, 
tender, complying, dependent, and plastic. The latter is the 
easier moulded to your taste, the former will mould you to hers. 
If you desire refinement, taste, exquisiteness, gushing emotions, 
sweetness, purity, and pathos, choose the blonde ; if efficiency, 
energy, force, and quantity, choose the brunette. 

Pale black indicates more burning intensity, more fierce, wild 
fervor of desire, and more power to do and dare, in short, more 
desperation than any other. It signifies the white-heat fervor of 
all the mental operations, along with great endurance. 

Pallid blondes are rare, except where exhaustion has sapped 
the constitution. Florid complexions and light hair usually go 
together. 

Dark red, verging towards brown hair, is one of the best of 
colors, and signifies power with purity, strength with goodness, 
and sense with virtue. 

Flaxen hair and a light complexion., verging towards pallor, 
signifies quickness of perception and action, w T arm and gushing 
affections, a bright, clear mind, good, pure motives, taste, and a 
desirable character throughout ; and is rarely accompanied with 
coarseness, organic or passional. 

Gray eyes signify power in all the functions, strong and 
hearty passions, and vigor of intellect. If you possess them, 
keep yourself straight, and avoid dissipation, and you are all 
right ; but be on your guard as to eating, drinking, and fast habits. 
"Touch not, taste not." 

The present status of the various functions, physical and 



280 ORGANIC CONDITIONS, TEMPERAMENTS, SELF-CULTURE. 

mental, are also indicated by the temporary color. As the varia- 
ble colors of the cheek for the time beiug indicate the existing 
state of the health, so they equally indicate mental health and 
disease, or the normal and abnormal states of the Faculties. 28 
Existing color proclaims existing organic and mental conditions. 
The physiology modifies and sometimes overrules the Phrenology ; 
or, rather, directs the Faculties hither and yon. Thus a good 
Phrenology, with a bad facial color, indicates a worse and more 
depraved character than a poor Phrenology with a good physiol- 
ogy. A nervous blonde is very irritable, hateful, and furious ; 
yet the same woman will be as amiable and sweet as the turtle 
dove when her nerves are in a healthy state ; because all abnormal 
physical states abnormalize and vitiate the mental, and especially 
passional manifestations. 30 All physical inflammations create sin- 
ful proclivities. Men's virtues and vices depend far more on their 
existing physical states, — the states of their stomachs, nerves, 
liver, sexualitics, &c, — than on the mere size of their phrenologi- 
cal organs. Or, rather, one state of the stomach, nerves, &c, 
throws a given set of organs into one state, while another nervous 
state will throw the same set of organs into a state of action as 
different as summer is from winter. 
\ When the system is in a perfectly healthy state, the whole face 
will be suffused with the glow of health and beauty, and have a 
red, but never an inflamed aspect; yet any permanent health in- 
jury, which prostrates the bodily energies, will change this florid 
complexion into dullness of countenance, indicating that but little 
blood comes to the surface or flows to the head, with a correspond- 
ing stagnation of the physical and mental powers. Yet, this 
dullness frequently gives way to a fiery redness ; not the florid- 
ness of health, but the redness of inflammation or false excitement, 
which indicates a corresponding demoralization of the mental 
Faculties. Dark or livid red faces, so far from signifying the 
most health, frequently betoken the most disease, and correspond- 
ingly animal and sensual characters ; because physiological inflam- 
mation irritates the propensities more, relatively, than the moral 
and intellectual Faculties, though it increases the latter also. 
When the moral and intellectual greatly predominate over the 
animal, redness may not cause coarse animality ; because, while it 
heightens the animal nature, it also increases the intellectual and 



GENERAL INDICES OF CHARACTER. 281 

moral, which, being the larger, hold them in check ; but when the 
animal about equal or exceed the moral and intellectual, this in- 
flammation evinces a greater increase of animality than intellec- 
tuality and morality. Gross sensualists and depraved sinners 
generally have a fiery red countenance. Stand aloof from them, 
for their passions are all on fire, ready to ignite and explode on 
provocations so slight that a healthy physiology would scarcely 
notice them. 

Bloated drunkards and healthy children illustrate this 
difference as to both complexion and character, in that the former 
have a dark-brown, dingy, bluish-red, or a fiery, livid color of 
face, along with coarse-grained sensual passions and appetites ; 
while healthy children have bright scarlet red cheeks, and purity 
and innocence of feeling. The complexion of healthy maidens, in 
contrast with " women of pleasure," also illustrates this point. AIL 
abnormal mental action is vicious ; and physical inflammation 
causes this abnormal action. 30 The importance of this point war- 
rants its detailed illustration : — 

Force large, with bright scarlet red cheeks, manifests itself in 
self-defence, energy, and virtuous indignation; while this organ, 
equally large, with a dark brown red face, the red diffused all over 
the face instead of confined to the cheeks, and of a dark, bloody, 
muddy hue, signifies physiological inflammation, and this its per- 
verted, depraved action in wrath, violent fits of temper, vindic- 
tiveness, spite, malice, &c. 

Ambition, with bright red cheeks, loves praise, but has no envy 
or jealousy. It likes to be praised, but is willing, even glad, to 
see rivals praised; while this same amount of Ambition, with a 
livid red face, signifies its diseased, distorted, perverted action, 
which creates envy, spleen, rivalry, jealousy, &c. Two charac- 
ters exactly alike phrenologically, one with dark, the other bright 
red, will be about as different from each other as Gabriel and 
Satan. 

Love, however, furnishes our best illustration of this point. 
Pure, angelic, elevated, sanctifying love accompanies bright 
scarlet red in the cheeks, which vanishes off into pink, and then 
into a pure lily white ; while a dark, brown, dull, bloody-muddy 
red, not exactly red, but a dingy, brownish red, signifies the in- 
flamed, but animalized, state of Amativeness or lust, along with 



282 ORGANIC CONDITIONS, TEMPERAMENTS, SELE-CULTURE. 

sexual exhaustion, and that this love element has been so far debased 
and sensualized as to have used itself well nigh up, indicates its 
hail-storm, violent, frenzied action, not its pure, exalted state. 

A good complexion, then, is something more than skin deep; 
so is a poor. Who disputes that the complexion indicates exist- 
ing health states? Who does not know that these very states 
control the temper and morals? 28 Who, then, but can put this 
and that together, and draw their own inferences? One may be 
justly proud of a good complexion, and ashamed of a poor; while 
all should try to keep or make theirs good by observing the health 
lews. 

To thus expose so many is painful, yet imperious ; but those 
are complimented who deserve to be. Truth is " no respecter of 
person*." Blame the Divine Author of this principle, ye who 
blame at all, not its expositor ; and at once set resolutely about 
removing any stigma attached to a poor complexion by removing 
physiological cause. Is it not strange that truths thus appar- 
ent have slumbered on thus long unobserved? 

The estimation of these states is not difficult, because given 
states, with these organs, produce these results ; while these 
states, with those organs and those, produce such and such effects. 
Yet no part of Phrenology will tax every mental power of the 
examiner as will correctly weighing the various effects of existing 
physical states on the mental manifestations in these heads and in 
those. 

Physiognomy naturally embraces this point, yet its exponents 
have not looked and thought far enough to perceive it ; nor had 
time enough yet to copy it into their compilations. 

60. — Beauty, Plainness, Forms, the Eyes, Intonations, Nat- 
ural Language, Modes of Walking, Speaking, Laughing, 
Sneezing, Acting, &c, as signifying corresponding Spec- 
ialties of Character. 

Beauty is much more than " skin deep." Well-proportioned 
Temperaments create harmonious features and symmetrical, well- 
balanced minds ; whereas those, some of whose features stand 
right out, and others fall far in, have uneven, ill-balanced char- 
acters ; so that homely, disjointed exteriors indicate correspond- 
ing interiors, while evenly-balanced and exquisitely-formed men 



GENERAL INDICES OF CHARACTER. 



283 



and women have well-balanced and susceptible mentalities. Hence, 
woman, more beautiful than man, has liner feelings and greater 
perfection of character, yet is less powerful ; and the more beau- 
tifully formed a given woman is, the more exquisite and perfect is 
her mentality. Nature never deceives by clothing that in a beau- 
tiful, attractive exterior which is intrinsically bad or repellent. 
True, the handsomest women sometimes make the greatest scolds, 
just as the sweetest things, when soured, become correspondingly 
sour, and the finest things, w T hen perverted, become the worst. 
Those naturally beau- 
tiful and exquisitely 
organized, when per- 
verted, become pro- 
portionally bad, and 
those naturally ugly- 
formed are naturally 
bad-dispositioned. 

Eugenie illustrates 
both this beauty of 
form, and harmony of 
character. She gave 
good advice, evinced 
no vagaries or imper- 
fections of character, 
and was extremely 
pious and charitable, 
and as perfect in her 
mental manifestations 
as in her person ; yet 
Josephine furnished 
even a still better illus- 
tration of this perfec- 
tion of form united 
with a like perfection 

of character. God has not made beauty so universally overpower- 
ing to savage and civilized throughout all ages only to make game 
of, or entrap its honest admirers. It is as good as it looks ; not a 
living lie. Minerva is another illustration. 

Homely persons, however, are often excellent tempered, bcnev- 




No. 86. — Empress Eugenie. 



284 ORGANIC CONDITIONS, TEMPERAMENTS, SELF-CULTURE. 

olent, talented, &c, because they have a few powerful traits, aud 
also features, the very thing we are describing, namely, that 
they have extremes alike of face and character. Thus it is that 
every diversity of character has its correspondence in both the 
physiognomical form aud organic texture. 

The expressions of the eye convey precise ideas of the exist- 
ing and predominant states of the mentality and physiology. As 
long as the constitution remains unimpaired the eye is clear aud 
bright, but becomes languid and soulless in proportion as the 
brain has been enfeebled. Wild, erratic persons have a half- 
crazed expression of eye, while calmness, benignancy, intelligence, 
purity, sweetness, love, sensuality, anger, and all the other men- 
tal affections, express themselves quite as distinctly by the eye as 
voice, or any other mode, doubtless because the optic nerve is 
located in the midst of the basilar organs. 

Intonations express character. — Whatever makes a noise, 
from the deafening roar of the sea, cataract, and whirlwind's 
mighty crash, through all forms of animal life, to the sweet and 
gentle voice of woman, creates a sound which agrees perfectly 
with its maker's character. Thus the terrific roar of the lion, 
and the soft cooing of the dove, correspond exactly with their 
respective dispositions ; while the rough and powerful bellow of 
the bull, the fierce yell of the tiger, the coarse, guttural moan of 
the hyena, the swinish grunt, the sweet warblings of birds, in 
contrast with the raven's croak and owl's hoot, all correspond per- 
fectly with their respective characteristics. And this law holds 
equally true of man. Hence human intonations are as superior 
to brute as human character exceeds animal. Accordingly, the 
peculiarities of all human beings are expressed in their voices and 
mode of speaking. Coarse-grained and powerful animal organ- 
izations have a coarse, harsh, and grating voice ; while in exact 
proportion as persons become refined and elevated mentally, will 
their tones of voice become correspondingly refined and perfected. 
We little realize how much character we infer from this source. 
Thus, some female friends are visiting you transiently. A male 
friend enters the room, is seen by these females, and his w T alk, 
dress, manners, &c, are closely scrutinized, yet he says nothing, 
and retires, leaving a comparatively indistinct impression as to 
his character upon them ; whereas, if he simply says yes, or no, 



GENERAL INDICES OF CHARACTER. 285 

the mere sound of his voice communicates to them much of his 
character, and serves to fix distinctly upon their minds clear and 
correct general ideas of his mentality. 

Barbarous races use the guttural sounds more than civilized. 
Thus Indians talk more down their throats than white men, and 
thus of all, whether lower or higher in the human scale. Those 
whose voices are clear and distinct have clear minds, while those 
who only half form their words, or are heard indistinctly, say by 
deaf persons, are mentally obtuse. 49 Those who have sharp, 
shrill intonations have correspondingly intense feelings, and equal 
sharpness both of auger and kindness, as is exemplified by every 
scold in the world ; whereas, those with smooth or sweet voices 
have corresponding evenness and goodness of character. Yet, 
contradictory as it may seem, these same persons not unfre- 
quently combine both sharpness and softness of voice, and such 
always combine them in character. There are also intellectual, 
moral, animal, selfish, benignant, mirthful, devout, loving, and 
many other intonations, each accompanying corresponding pecu- 
liarities of characters. In short, every individual is compelled, 
by every word uttered, to manifest something of the true char- 
acter. This sign of character is as diversified as it is correct. 

The underlying principle here involved, and means by 
which these tones proclaim the character, is this : Every Faculty 
pervades the entire character of its possessor, and impresses 
itself, in its relative degree of power, upon all he does, says, and 
is. 13 ' 33 ' 34 Thus Force proclaims its power, relative and absolute, 
in the framework of every sentence, and the very way the words 
are put together. When it is large, besides using positive adjec- 
tives, it hits every word and lisp a sharp crack at its formation, 
as if wadding it up into a hard ball, and pressing it out with a 
distinct form and outline; in bringing down the foot with a 
square, hard stamp, and thus of everything else ; while moderate 
Force lets it slide out, hardly half made up, besides causing a 
lax, loose-jointed, unstrung, lagging, inert, tame, flat, spiritless 
cast of motion. 169 Large Force speaks so as to be heard at a 
great distance distinctly, while this organ moderate can hardly be 
heard across the room. Or thus : — 

Kindness, Devotion, Firmness, Taste, Eeason, the Affections, 
and especially Love, and every other Faculty, manifest their rel- 



2SG ORGANIC CONDITIONS, TEMPERAMENTS, SELF-CULTURE. 

ative power and weakness in every tone, every act. One has 
only to know each Faculty by its palpable signs to be able to de- 
termine, from the merest trifles, and everything one says and 
does, just how much of this Faculty, and how little of that, each 
person possesses, without inspecting their heads. Nor can these 
signs possibly be counterfeited. "Murder will out," and so will 
each Faculty. Only a smattering knowledge of Phrenology is 
necessary to put a shrewd observer upon the track and scent of 
any and every one's character, any and everywhere. That anal- 
ysis of the Faculties we approach will put students of human 
nature in full possession of all the data requisite for this delight- 
ful and instructive study. 

"The natural language" of the Faculties is but a branch of 
that expression we are now considering, and especially declarative 
of the character ; besides constituting an unmistakable proof of 
the truth of Phrenology. The law involved is, that every Fac- 
ulty, when in action, moves the head in a line with itself. Thus 
the intellectual lobe is located in the forehead, and accordingly, 
when in action, directs the motions of the head backward and 
forward in a line with this lobe. Intellectual men never carry 
their heads backward and upward, but always forward ; and logi- 
cal speakers move them in a straight line, usually forward, 
towards their audience ; while vain speakers hold theirs backward 
and upward. Hence to stand so straight as to lean backward is 
a poor sign, for it show T s that the brain is in the wrong place — 
more in the animal than intellectual region. Perceptive intellect, 
when active, throws out the chin and lower portions of the face ; 
while reflective intellect causes the upper portion of the forehead 
to hang forward, and draws in the chin, as in Franklin, Webster, 
and other great thinkers. 

A coxcomb, once asking a philosopher, "What makes you 
hang your head down so ? why don't you hold it up as I do ? " 
was answered, "Look at that field of wheat. The well-filled 
heads bend downward ; only empty ones stand up straight." 
Kindness bends the head and body slightly forward, leaning 
towards the object which excites its sympathy ; while Devotion 
causes a low bow, which, the world over, is a token of respect ; 
yet, when it is exercised toward the Deity, as in devout prayer, 
it throws the head upward ; and, as we use intellect at the same 
time, the head is generally directed forward, yet turned upward. 



GENERAL INDICES OF CHARACTER. 287 

Whoever meets you with a long, low bow thinks more of you 
than of himself: but he who greets you with a short, quick bow, 
making half a bow forward, but a bow and a half backward, 
thinks one of you, and one and a half of himself. Ideality 
throws the head slightly forward and to one side, as in Irving, a 
man as gifted in taste and imagination as any other writer ; and, 
in his portraits, his finger rests upon this Faculty, while Sterne's 
finger rests upon Mirth. Very firm men stand straight up and 
down, inclining not a hair's breadth forward or backward, or to 
the right or left; hence the expression, "He is an up-and-down 
man." And this organ is located exactly on a line with the body. 
Dignity, located in the back and upper portion of the head, 
throws it upward and backward. Large-feeling, pompous per- 
sons walk in a very dignified, majestic manner, throwing their 
heads in the direction of Dignity ; while approbative persons 
throw their heads back, but to one side. The difference between 
the natural language of these two organs is so slight that only the 
practical phrenologist can perfectly distinguish them. 

Money-loving carries the head forward and to one side, as if 
in ardent pursuit of something, and ready to grasp it with out- 
stretched arms ; 163 while Appetite, located lower, hugs itself 
down to the dainty dish with the greediness of an epicure, better 
seen than described. The shake of the head is the natural lan- 
guage of Force, and means, f? No, I resist you." Those who are 
combating earnestly shake the head more or less violently, ac- 
cording to the power of the combative feeling, but always shake 
it slightly inclining backward; while Destruction, located for- 
ward, causes a shaking of the head slightly forward, and turning 
to one side. When a person w T ho threatens you shakes his head 
violently, and holds it partially backward, and to one side, never 
fear — he is only barking ; but whoever inclines his head to one 
side, while shaking it violently, will bite, whether possessed of 
two legs or four. Thus it is that each of the various postures 
assumed by individuals express the relative activity, present or 
permanent, of their respective Faculties. In short, — 

Every primal element in man, of which each phrenological 
Faculty is a representative, expresses itself in everything every 
one says and does, in proportion as it is developed. That is, 
each Faculty declares itself and its relative Force in everything. 



288 ORGANIC CONDITIONS, TEMPERAMENTS, SELF-CULTURE. 

Each appertains to everything in nature, 3 to every individual, 
and to whatever he says and does, down to every tone of the 
voice, every look of the eye, every motion of the body, every 
sentence uttered, thought conceived, feeling felt, and mental and 
physical action whatsoever. 

Those who look like animals, of one kind or another, also 
resemble them in character. That is, some have both the lion, 
or bulldog, or eagle, or squirrel expression of face, and like- 
wise traits of character. Thus Daniel Webster was called the 
"Lion of the North," from his general resemblance in form, heavy 
shoulders, hair, and outline expression to that king of beasts ; 
and a lion he indeed was, in his sluggishness when at his ease, 
but power when roused ; in his magnanimity to opponents, and 
the power of his appetites and passions. 

A distinguished contemporary, whose color, expression of 
countenance, manners, everything, resembled those of the fox, 
was foxy in character as well as looks ; and did he not introduce 
into the political machinery of our country that wire-working, 
double-game policy and chicanery, which have done more to cor- 
rupt our ever-glorious institutions than everything else combined, 
even endangering their very existence? 

Human bulldogs are broad-built, round-favored, square- 
faced, round-headed, having a forehead square, and perhaps 
prominent, but low ; mouth rendered square by the projection of 
the eye or canine teeth, and smallness of those in front ; corners 
of the mouth drawn down ; and voice deep, guttural, growling, 
and snarling. Such, if feed, will bark and bite for you, but, if 
provoked, will lay right hold of you, and hold on till you or they 
perish in the desperate struggle. And when this form is found 
on female shoulders, "the Lord deliver you." 

Tristam Burges, called in Congress the " Bald Eagle," from 
his having the aquiline or eagle-bill nose, a projection in his 
upper lip falling into an indentation in his lower, his eagle-shaped 
eyes and eyebrows, as seen in the accompanying engraving, was 
eagle-like in character, and the most sarcastic, tearing, and soar- 
ing man of his day, John Randolph excepted. Whoever has a 
long, hooked, hawk-bill, or Roman nose, wide mouth, spare 
form, and projects at the lower and middle part of the forehead, 
is very fierce when assailed, high-tempered, vindictive, efficient, 
and aspiring, and will fly higher and farther than others. • 



GENERAL INDICES OF CHARACTER. 



289 




No. 82. — Tristam Burges. 



Tiger men are always spare, THE baldeagle. 

muscular, long, full over the 
eyes, large-mouthed, and have 
eyes slantiug downward from 
their outer to inner angles; 
and human beings thus phys- 
iognomically characterized, 
are fierce, domineering, re- 
vengeful, most enterprising, 
not over humane, a terror 
to enemies, and conspicuous 
somewhere. 

Swine — fat, loggy, lazy, 
good-dispositioned, flat and 
hollow-nosed ; have their 
cousins in large-abdomened, 
pug-nosed, double-chinned, talkative, story-eujoying, beer-loving, 
good-feeling and feeding, yes-yes humans, who love some easy 
business, but hate hard work. 

Horses, oxen, sheep, owls, doves, snakes, and even frogs, 
<fec, also have their men and women cousins, with their accom- 
panying characters. 

These animal resemblances are more easily seen than de- 
scribed ; but the voice, forms of mouth, nose, and chin are the 
best bases for observation. 

Generous persons, in filling }'our tumbler with water, will fill 
it to the brim, and perhaps overrun it ; while stingy ones will fill 
it only about half or two thirds full — the fuller the more whole- 
souled their generosity. 

Paring fruit reveals the character. Frugal, saving, industri- 
ous persons will pare it thin ; while those who cut right in, pare 
it thick, and throw away on the skin much o£ its best part, will 
rarely prosper, because they will not save up, but will use up 
lavishly to-day the means for doing with to-morrow. 

Every emanation of everybody, indeed all the actions and 
movements, proclaim the character, on that general principle of 
homogeneousness already demonstrated. 53 That spirit-principle 
which casts the form in accord with its wants, 50 also casts every 
single emanation from its life centre. It casts every intonation 
37 



290 ORGANIC CONDITIONS, TEMPERAMENTS, SELF-CULTURE. 

and look, every sentence, and the kinds of words used, including 
the very way they are put together, grammar included, the 
laugh, sneeze, everything. Let a few illustrations suffice for all. 

The walk is peculiarly expressive of the character, as is even 
every motion. When the life principle is slack, and its man- 
ifestations are lax, the walk is slipshod, dragging, shuffling, and 
loose-jointed. A walk and cast of motion full of snap and vim 
signify a character full of energy and power; while a shift- 
less, inert person has a shiftless, lagging, dragging walk and 
mode of moving. An abundance of life magnetism keeps every 
muscle taut, and renders the walk light and springy ; and vice 
versa. 

An angular cast of motion, full of short, sharp turns, signifies 
a short, curt, snappy, uneven, ill-balanced, impatient, pert, and 
irritable cast of character ; whereas, an even, gentle, waving, 
spherical cast of character denotes a harmonious, consistent, 
gentle, sweet, and regular sameness of character, analogous to 
the walk. 

A shuffling walk, which often hits the heels, and shoves the 
feet along, striking them every now and then, is a very poor sign, 
a* is stubbing the toes. Those who walk thus will never do or 
make anything of account ; while those who pick their feet up 
clear from the ground, handle them nimbly, and walk with a 
light, tripping, limber-jointed motion, will carry these character- 
istics into and throughout all they do. Fast walkers do every 
thing fast; and slow walkers think, feel, and live slowly; in fact, 
are slow-moulded throughout. 

A genteel, pretty, neat, tasty walk grows out of a like 
fipir it-nature, which executes everything else similarly; while a 
slouching, ugly, ungainly, unsightly walk comes from a slouching 
spirit fountain. Seek the acquaintance of those whose walk you 
admire^ but shun those whose walk is repellent, or has any 
ugly hitch or unpleasant feature about it. 

A nippy, dainty, affected, try-to-move-pretty walk signifies a 
make-believe, artificial life ; one thing inside and another out. 
Such are not genuine heart-in-hand persons, but are sub-rosa, 
insincere, bordering on cunning, and full of "false pretences." 

Powerful and powerless walks signify, the former a power- 
ful character, which would walk right through a stone wall, and 



GENERAL INDICES OF CHARACTER. 291 

i 
carry all opposing bulwarks, and the latter a powerless char- 
acter, stopped by straws, and mindful of trifles, as well as swayed 
by them. 

Other analogous walks and fundamental traits of character 
will be suggested by these examples ; which we leave readers to 
decipher. 

The laugh is peculiarly expressive of character. A loud 
laugh. signifies power; a soft one softness; a coarse, gross horse- 
laugh a coarse, low bred, vulgar person; a hearty, side-shaking 
laugh a whole-souled, ecstatic, energetic character; a muffled 
laugh self-suppression and control ; a spontaneous, outbursting 
laugh spontaneity and sincerity of character; short giggles, with 
little force, but rapid, a rapid way of doing little things, chores, 
&c, without much force or power of character, while loud, 
hearty giggles signify a union of power and speed throughout 
the character ; but a laugh which begins with a spurt and tapers 
off, indicates one who starts in briskly, but soon slackens up, and 
fails to finish ; and vice versa. Refinement, purity, power, firm- 
ness, force, goodness, affection, temper, health, and the want of 
either, as well as their amount, and in fact all other states of all 
the other elements, speak out in the voice m general, and laugh in 
particular, with a distinctness better seen than described. Words 
but mock this subject. 

The very sneeze of everybody literally tells knowing listen- 
ers all about the sneezer. Those who have a loud, powerful, 
hearty, explosive, bursting, tearing sneeze are resolute, strongly 
marked, forcible, and powerful in character, while light, easy 
sneezers are good easy souls, yet not efficient. The reason is 
that the clogged lungs of powerful persons make a like powerful 
effort to eject the intruding matter they sneeze to expel. 

The intuition of each reader will be his own teacher as to 
what laughs, sneezes, walks, and other signs signify what traits 
of character. 

Many kindred signs indicate the general and special traits of 
character, but as they will come up in other connections, physiog- 
nomical tinder Intuition, for example, we dismiss them here with 
this cursory view of them, preferring to present them under those 
special Faculties around which they group themselves, merely 
adding that we here present only a cupful of nectar from that 



292 ORGANIC CONDITIONS, TEMPERAMENTS, SELF-CULTURE. 

great fountain of this well-spring of truth as a sample of its deli- 
cious waters, hoping thereby to tempt tasters to drink deeper of 
this gushing spring of natural truth. 



Section IV. 

PROPORTIONATE ACTION A LAW OF NATURE, AND ITS PRO- 
MOTION. 

61. — A WELL-BALANCED ORGANISM THE BEST. 

Proportion is a law of Nature. What keeps the earth in its 
orbit, and times all its motions, and that of all the heavenly 
bodies to a second ? Proportionate and co-ordinate action between 
the forces of gravitation and repulsion. What makes air air? 
The " fixed proportion " of its constituent gases. Destroying 
this proportion, changes it to something else. What warms our 
bodies? The burning up within us of " fixed equivalents" of 
oxygen and carbon. In fact, Nature is made up of these propor- 
tions. The more or the less of any one function, the more or the 
less of all its co-ordinate functions, is a universal law of things. 
Its philosophy is self-evident, and its necessity absolute. 

As a fact, it is universal. All roots of trees and vegetables 
are in proportion to the tops they nourish, and all tops are the 
larger or smaller according as their roots are either ; while ampu- 
tating either, requires the equal amputation of the other also. 
Hence cutting off a large part of the tops or of the roots of any 
tree or vegetable without amputating the other in proportion, in- 
jures or else kills it. Cutting down a tree kills its roots, because 
it destroys this proportion between its roots and top. The roots 
continue to eliminate their wonted nutrition, which having no top 
to consume it, gorges them to death. Hence transplanted trees 
should have as much of their tops removed as they lose of their 
roots by being taken up ; while cutting off most of the top of 
standing trees is about sure to well nigh or quite kill him. 

The bodily organs and functions furnish innumerable illustra- 
tions of this natural law. Can a small heart serve a large body 
as well as a large one could? Can a weak stomach digest for an 
athletic and powerful frame as well as could a strong one ? Would 
not a powerful stomach with weak lungs be like yoking an ele- 






PROPORTIONATE ACTION A LAW OP NATURE. 293 

phaiit with a sheep ? Since a given amount of oxygen inhaled 
through the lungs can combine with only its "fixed equivalent" of 
carbon supplied by the stomach, a predominance of either over 
the other is inimical to life, by leaving a surplus to clog aud 
derange the whole system. 113 The supply of vitality must needs 
equal its expenditure, or exhaustion must follow; whereas, when 
its supply exceeds its consumption, undue corpulency and obesity 
supervene. Hence extra lean persons need to manufacture more 
vitality, but consume less ; while extra fat ones should consume 
more, or manufacture less, or both, or else become diseased. 

A great head on a little body, and little heads with a great 
body, amount to little, unless the small is strong. At all events 
feeble brains with strong bodies, and strong brains with feeble 
bodies, perform and enjoy much less than average heads with 
average bodies. The amount of either being fixed, the more the 
other predominates over it, the worse. A powerful right hand 
or foot with a weak left, is far less favorable to efficiency than 
would be their equal strength in each. 

Accelerating any function accelerates all the other functions. 
Nature requires and compels us to breathe the more, the more we 
exercise. In all cases, increasing muscular action by running, or 
lifting, or walking fast up hill, redoubles the breathing, circulation, 
perspiration, digestion, &c, in a like proportion; whereas, soon 
after we stop any violent exercise, we cease laboring for breath, 
and the pulse runs down to its natural level. Let universal fact 
attest. 

Most diseases are also consequent on the predominance or de- 
ficiency of one or another of our functions. Consumption con- 
sists in the deficiency of lung action, 86 and dyspepsia in excessive 
nervous and cerebral action over that of the stomach ; 116 so that 
its chief cure consists in diminishing brain action, and promoting 
muscular ; that is, in restoring a balance of action between all the 
functions. 

Fevers are caused by a surplus of alimentation over its con- 
sumption and evacuation, and a consequent thickening of the 
blood ; and by burning up this surplus within the system, they 
promote subsequent health. 23 

That belle, rendered delicate, nervous, sickly, and miserable, 
by excessive nervous and cerebral derangement consequent on 



294 ORGANIC CONDITIONS, TEMPERAMENTS, SELF-CULTURE. 

novel-reading, parties, amusements, and. all the excitements of 
fashionable life, can never be cured by medicines, but can be by 
work. Her malady consists in a predominance of nerve over 
muscle, and her remedy in restoring the balance between them. 
She is doomed either to wear out a miserable existence, or else 
to exercise her muscles; nor can salvation come from any other 
source. One of the great reasons why journeyings, visits to 
spring's, voyages, and the like, often effect such astonishing cures 
is, that they relieve the nervous system, at the same time that 
they increase muscular and vital action. The same exercise taken 
at home, would cure quite as speedily and effectually by the same 
means — a restoration of functional proportion. Nine invalids in 
every ten are undoubtedly rendered feeble by this one cause, and 
can be cured by right exercise. How many thousands, so weakly 
and sickly that they begin to despair of life, finally give up their 
business, move upon a farm, and soon find themselves well? Ex- 
ercise has often cured those who have been bed-ridden many years. 
A doctor in Lowell, Mass., called thirty miles, in great haste, 
to a sick woman, whose case had banied all medical treatment, 
and was regarded as hopeless — all expected being merely to mit- 
igate a disease of long standing, recovery being considered impos- 
sible — saw that she was only nervous, and told her if she would 
follow his directions implicitly, he could cure her ; for he had 
one kind of medicine of great power, but which was useful only 
in cases exactly like hers, in which it was infallible. After telling 
her how often she must take it, he added, that she must get up 
and icalk across the room the second day, and ride out the third, 

"O, that is impossible, for I have not been off my bed in many years, 
and am so very weak," &c. 

"But this medicine will give you so much strength that you will be 
able to do both, and prevent any injurious consequences arising there- 
from. Besides, it will not operate unless you stir about some. Do just 
as I tell you, and you will be off your bed in ten days." 

She sent an express after his bread pills rolled in aloes, took 
them, and exercised as prescribed, and the third day actually got 
into a carriage, in ten days was able to leave her bed, soon after 
was at work, and yet lives to bless her family, and pour upon 
the doctor a literal flood of gratitude for performing so wonderful 
a cure, which nothing but restoring the lost proportion between 
her nerves and muscles could have effected. Nineteen twentieths 



PROPORTIONATE ACTION A LAW OF NATURE. 295 

of our invalids, especially female, become so mainly by excessive 
nervous and deficient muscular and vital action, and can be cured 
by exercise in the open air ; because many are rendered invalids 
less by insufficient exercise tHan by insufficient breath. Females, 
and those who work hard in-doors perpetually, such as clerks in 
packing, unpacking, &c, often lose their health because they 
inhale spent air, and thus do not obtain a supply of oxygen ade- 
quate to its consumption. We breathe the more the more we 
exercise, because we need the more oxygen. Breathing copiously 
without obtaining its due supply, is analogous to a proportionate 
suspension of breath. Such should work less, or ventilate more. 

Consumptives furnish another illustration of this principle. 
They are so, because their brains and nerves predominate over 
their vital and muscular apparatus ; as is evinced by their being 
slim, sharp-featured, small-chested, and having small muscles, 
great sensitiveness, intense emotions, clear heads, and fine feel- 
ings. 86 This disproportion of functions constitutes their con- 
sumptive ^tendency. Their lungs are too small for their brains. 
Restoring the balance obviates this tendency. Apoplexy, gout, 
obesity, corpulency, and the like, are caused by the opposite ex- 
treme, and can be cured by eating less and working more. 

Precocious children furnish another illustration. How com- 
mon the expression "that child is too smart to live;" because 
general observation attests the premature death of most brilliants. 
Hear that broken-hearted mother enumerate the virtues of her 
departed child — tell how fond of books, how quick to learn, 
how apt in remarks, how sweet-dispositioned and good — all pro- 
duced by excessive cerebral action. Its death was caused by the 
predominance of its mind. Its head ate up its body. As the 
vital energies cannot be expended twice, and as an extremely 
active brain robs the muscles and vital apparatus, the latter be- 
come small and feeble, are attacked by disease, and die, and of 
course the brain with it. Such parents, ignorant of this prin- 
ciple, too often ply such prodigies with books and mental stimu- 
lants, and thus aggravate this disproportion, and hasten their 
death ; whereas, they should pursue the opposite course ; should 
use every means possible to restrain cerebral, and promote mus- 
cular action. The order of Nature requires that the great pro- 
portion of their vital energies should be expended in laying a 



296 ORGANIC CONDITIONS, TEMPERAMENTS, SELF-CULTURE. 

deep and broad foundation for a corresponding superstructure of 
mental greatness ; and every item of vitality required by the 
body but expended on the mind on\y weakens both. The great 
fault of modern education is robbing the body to develop the mind, 
or trying to make learned babies and nursery prodigies at the 
expense of health. In doing this, parents often make them sim- 
pletons for life, or else youthful corpses. Just as these children 
become extra smart, they die. Where are those poetic geniuses, 
the Misses Davidson? In their graves at fifteen! What folly 
parental vanity often perpetrates ! No education is better than 
such robbing of the body, ruin of the health, and destruction of 
life ! 

Extra talented youth are also more mortal than others. 
The flower of both sexes are more liable to die young than those 
more coarsely organized ; because of this same preponderance of 
cerebral over muscular and vital power. Many of those who take 
our first college appointments die soon after they graduate, or 
become permanent invalids, because they study, study, night and 
day, year in and year out, thus keeping their brains continually 
upon the stretch, yet using their muscles little more than to go to 
and from their meals and recitations. What wonder that the} r 
pay the forfeit in impaired health, blighted prospects, and pre- 
mature death? Why should their entire range of classical studies 
not embrace a natural law thus important? 

Working men furnish its converse illustration. They exercise 
their muscles too much, and brains too little. They labor, eat, 
and sleep, yet that is about all. To those crowning pleasures, 
the exercise of mind, they are comparative strangers. Their 
muscles rob their brains as effectually as the heads of the literati 
rob their bodies. If they sit down to read or listen, they fall 
asleep. Their finer sensibilities become blunted by inaction, just 
as those of the fashionable classes become morbid by over action. 
Their minds are sluggish, thinking powers obtuse, feelings hard 
to rouse, and all their capabilities of enjoyment partially pal- 
sied ; because most of their energies are absorbed by their 
muscles. Besides this loss of enjoyment, they are much more 
subject to actual disease, and die many years sooner, than they 
would if they labored less and studied more. This principle 
applies still more forcibly to the working classes of the old world. 



PROPORTIONATE ACTION A LAW OF NATURE. 297 

Unhealthy trades, as shoemaking, saddlery, drawing, paint- 
ing, sewing, &c, are generally rendered so by exercising only a 
portion of the system, and can be rendered salubrious by exer- 
cising the dormant limbs and muscles an hour or two per day. 
To seamstresses this advice is particularly applicable and impor- 
tant. Sitting for months together in one posture, arched in- 
wardly, with their shoulders thrown forward, thus doubly imped- 
ing respiration, digestion, and all the vital functions, at the same 
time taking little exercise, no wonder that so many of them 
break down even while learning their trade, and work in misery 
for life. Let such walk at least two miles per day, or dance an 
hour before retiring, and sit straight, and sewing will not injure 
them. They should also restrict their diet. 

Exhaustion invites disease. Fatigue, temporary and per- 
manent, physical and mental, consists in a deficiency of vitality 
as compared with its expenditure, and hence is a violation of this 
law of balance ; and occasions an almost incalculable amount of 
sickness. Vitality resists disease in proportion to its abundance. 
As an active skin nullifies exposures to colds which overcome a 
feeble one ; so strong constitutions withstand exposures which 
break down weak ones. While full of vitality and animal vigor, 
say in the morning, wet feet, malaria, noxious gases, contagion 
of various kinds, extreme cold, and exposures are resisted with 
impunity ; yet when fatigued, deprived of sleep, or hungry, 
comparatively trifling causes, otherwise innoxious, prostrate the 
system with sickness. Hence few persons sicken suddenly, but 
most are ailing more or less for days and weeks beforehand ; be- 
cause debility, by cutting off the supply of vitality, leaves the 
system too feeble to resist renewed exposures. Even in apo- 
plectic and other sudden attacks, disease has been undermining 
the system, perhaps for years. Most ailments, taken in season, 
can be thrown off at once, and protracted illness averted. Ex- 
treme and continued exhaustion generally precedes and induces 
consumption ; many of its victims having first worn themselves 
completely out just before being taken down ; whilst but for such 
fatigue they would have escaped. Many a one has been pros- 
trated by disease after having watched day and night around a 
sick bed, not, as generally supposed, because the ailment was 
contagious, but because their exhaustion left the gates of life 



298 ORGANIC CONDITIONS, TEMPERAMENTS, SELF-CULTURE. 

open to the ingress of the enemy. That excessive labor invites 
disease is a matter of general experience and observation. Our 
army abundantly proves that clerks and professional men, who 
before lived mostly within doors, could march farther, endure 
more exposure, and accomplish more hard army work, fighting 
included, than farmers and lumbermen, whom previous labors 
had broken down. How many, after seasons of unusually pro- 
tracted and arduous labor, first become debilitated, then sick ! 
American females, in particular, contract many of their diseases 
in consequence of previous exhaustion, occasioned by undue con- 
finement within doors, late hours, restless children and consequent 
deprivation of sleep, perpetual kitchen drudgery, unintermitting 
toil, and kindred caused ; and many chronic invalids can be cured 
simply by rest and recreation, whose case medicines can never 
reach. They have expended animal energy faster than supplied 
it, become debilitated, are thus exposed to sickness, and can be 
restored only by restoring this equilibrium. Especial attention 
is invited to the absolute necessity of providing a re-supply of 
vitality. 74 Exhaustion, so fatal to health, so prolific of disease, 
is not generally occasioned by too great an expenditure of vitality, 
as much as by its non-stipply. Invalids might do much more 
than now with impunity, provided they would re-supply more 
vitality by obeying the recuperative laws. Like a poor farmer, 
they take all off, but put nothing on. 

Every weak function brings all the functions down to its 
level. As in case of a dozen vessels filled with water connected 
at their bottoms, when either is tapped one foot or five feet up, 
all must sink to the level of the lowest ; so if all your vital func- 
tions but one are five in the scale of five, while that one is only 
two, none can be exercised above two, unless this weak one is 
first restored. Invalid men and women by millions, all of whose 
functions but one, their liver, heart, lungs, kidneys, &c, are in 
perfect working order, wear out an inert and miserable existence, 
or die, who, by restoring this one weak function, could work on, 
enjoy on, a score or two of years longer. For such no help, no 
salvation, remains but to learn what function is weak, and restore 
it. Almost all are more or less impaired in some one respect, 
and thus maimed in all respects ; wdiereas, restoring this weak 
one would restore all the others. 



PERPETUAL ACTION A LAW OF NATURE. 299 

These proofs of our doctrine of proportion might be extended 
inimitably, but is it not obvious without? Does it not unfold a 
fundamental condition of health, and cause of disease? Is any 
other equally essential to mental or physical capability ? If phy- 
sicians understood this law, and labored to restore this lost bal- 
ance, instead of dosing down powerful drugs, they would save a 
large proportion of those patients they now lose ; and if mankind 
in general would preserve or restore this proportion ; if the sed- 
entary and fashionable would study and fret less, but take more 
exercise ; laborers rest and read more ; those who have over-eaten 
fast, and those who sit much in doors exercise much in the open 
air, the great majority of chronic invalids would soon be glad- 
dened by returning health ; that most dreadful penalty of violated 
law, death, be postponed a score or two of years ; every Faculty 
of body and mind be incalculably enhanced ; and their pains sup- 
planted by pleasures. Proportion between our eating aud 
breathing, between these two and muscular action, and between 
all three and the exercise of mind and feeling, will insure the 
observers of this law a high order of intellectual capability, mora! 
excellence, and a long and happy life. 

How strange that a condition of life and health thus apparent 
and fundamental, should have been wholly overlooked by all 
writers and lecturers on life and health ! And yet it has been. 

62. — Strengthening weak Functions by their Exercise. 

" There is that giveth, and yet inereaseth." — Christ. 

Practice makes perfect. Culture improves. Use strengthens. 
Exercise develops. Those oaks which grow up alone in the field 
are stronger than those which grow in the forest ; because the 
former are perpetually obliged to put forth far more power to 
resist the surging winds than do those protected by each other ; 
»while those nailed to a wall always remain small and weak from 
disuse. Working horses aright strengthens them. Training 
racers increases both their speed and bottom. Wild lions, &c, 
are stronger than tame, because they take more exercise. Train- 
ing walkists, pugilists, dancers, acrobats, &c, redoubles their 
performing powers. All workmen labor with the more skill, 
ease, and power, the more they become accustomed to their 
work. Gymnasts increase their weights at every day's trial, yet 



300 ORGANIC CONDITIONS, TEMPERAMENTS, SELF-OULTURE. 

lift them the easier every day of training. A gymnast developed 
his muscles to extraordinary size and power, but thus robbed his 
stomach so that he became a confirmed dyspeptic ; that is, the 
vigorous culture of his muscles rendered them most powerful, 
while the non-culture of his stomach enfeebled it. Did not a 
like disproportion cause the death of that champion oarsman, 
Renforth? Literary men generally have larger heads and smaller 
muscles than laborers, while the latter have larger muscles and 
smaller heads than literati. When Dr. Windship first began to 
lift, he could raise only four hundred pounds, though he had 
practised gymnastics four years; but towards the end of his sec- 
ond year of training in lifting, he could raise seven hundred, and 
went on increasing every year to ten, twelve, fifteen, twenty, and 
twenty-four hundred, till he can now raise twenty-seven hundred 
pounds/ In 1852 he thought he should be able some day to 
raise a ton, but never more ; whereas, he now confidently expects 
to lift three thousand pounds ! Yet he is not naturally stronger 
than the average of men, except that he has simply developed by 
culture the strength inherent in him by nature. None of us at all 
realize how strong we could render ourselves by right exercise. 

D. P. Butler, of 43 West Street, Boston, in 1860, was com- 
ing down with consumption ; took the lifting cure as his only 
remedy ; recovered ; and though at first he could not raise two 
hundred pounds, yet he can now lift and hold with his hands 
probably more than any other living man; and his consumption 
is all gone. He is curing invalids by thousands solely by lifting. 

A little girl, six years old, put under his training for a cur- 
vature of her spine, could raise only fifty-six pounds ; but after 
practising just one year, could lift and hold two hundred and 
thirty-six pounds ; and her spinal flexure straightened thereby ! 

Professor Hitchcock, who superintends the gymnastic de- 
partment of Amherst College, attests how wonderfully his pupils 
improve in size and power of muscle, lungs, &c, by training. 

The hands and arms of sailors, and the feet and legs of expert 
dancers and pedestrians, are larger, relatively, than their other 
organs, not thus especially exercised. Rowing enlarges the chest 
and arms. Swinging the sledge enlarges and consolidates the 
muscles used. The right hand is generally larger than the left, 
and its fingers than the corresponding ones of the left, obviously 
because used the most. 



PROPORTIONATE ACTION A LAW OF NATURE. 301 

Lions are largest and strongest in their fore quarters, which 
they use most in seizing and tearing their prey ; but kangaroos in 
their hind quarters, their main means of locomotion. 

This law applies equally to all the other bodily organs. The 
lungs can be enlarged and strengthened equally by culture. 
What stentorian voices street pedlers acquire, even though once 
delicate females, by crying "strawberries," "charcoal," and other 
articles, resounding throughout our innermost chambers, and dis- 
turbing our late slumbers. Twice during his collegiate course 
the Author was obliged to fall back on account of consumptive 
proclivities ; but lecturing every evening, and talking profession- 
ally all day, soon not only arrested this consumptive tendency, 
but rendered his lungs, then his weakest part, now his strongest, 
for he lectures two, and often four hours in every twenty-four, 
besides talking very loudly in his office from eight A. M. to ten 
P. M., except when lecturing or eating, without one thought of 
lung fatigue. But for this extra use of his lungs, he would have 
been in his grave thirty-five years ago. Cuvier, and many other 
public speakers, have staved off consumption by public speaking. 

The stomach is governed by this law ; so is the skin. Those 
who are so very particular as to what they eat usually have weak 
stomachs. Those who want good, lusty digestive powers must 
tax, not favor, yet not abuse them. Those catch cold most easily 
who bundle up the most. Exposing the system to colds fortifies 
it against them. Those children guarded the most tenderly and 
assiduously against exposures catch ten colds, while barefooted 
and ragged urchins, out in all weathers, and wet through in all 
rains, catch none. 

Nature's restoring this balance whenever it is impaired, proves 
its necessity. Those children born with too much head for body 
instinctively race and tear around incessantly, but are averse to 
study ; because exercise tends to restore this balance, which study 
prevents. Children and adults often grow out of this and that ail- 
ment. Vigorous exercise of mind or body redoubles appetite", 
breathing, &c. That is, increasing any of our functions increases 
all. An overloaded stomach draws on all the other organs for 
help ; and so of weak or oppressed lungs, heart, &c. Yet — 

Inaction Weakens and Dwarfs. Nothing paralyzes functions 
or diminishes organs as rapidly or effectually as inertia. M Idle- 



302 ORGANIC CONDITIONS, TEMPERAMENTS, SELF-CULTURE. 

ncss trhall clothe a man with" feebleness and disease, as well as 
rags. As work strengthens and enlarges the muscles, so sitting 
renders them small, flaccid, and weak. Nothing impairs the 
stomach equally with fasting — giving it nothing to do. Sheer 
muscular indolence is the cause, as vigorous exercise is the cure, 
of both ailments. Nor do weakly, feeble mortals, unable to walk 
a block or ascend stairs, deserve much sympathy, unless disabled 
by accident or something unavoidable ; because right exercise 
would soon restore the health of most of them. But why labor 
farther, even thus far, to prove a fact and law so obvious as that 
right exercise strengthens all organs, and their functions? As 
well labor to prove that the sun shines. Please think in how many 
thousand forms this great truth is admitted and practised. 

Its personal application to the improvement of our own indi- 
vidual health, therefore, becomes as important as health is valua- 
ble. 69 Each reader should inquire, in the name of whatever value 
he puts upon his own or family's life and health, which of his or 
their organs arc weak, so that, by restoring them, he can improve 
the efficiency of all the others. No other knowledge is more im- 
portant ; nor is ignorance on any other subject equally fatal. 
Hence learning how to cultivate these weak organs takes the first 
step towards success, health, and happiness. 

63. — Proportion a Law of the mental Faculties. 

The mind, equally with the body, is governed by this same law 
of proportionate action among its Faculties. All excesses, all 
defects, mar character and conduct. As lemonade, to be right 
good, must contain about as much sweet as sour, and sour as 
sweet ; so perfection of character requires an equal proportion 
among all the Faculties. An excess of the propensities over the 
moral Faculties predisposes to passional excesses unfavorable to 
happiness and virtue, because unguided and restrained by the 
higher Faculties, and in that proportion puts us on a level with 
"the beasts that perish ; " whilst a marked predominance of the 
upper Faculties over the lower makes one in that proportion too 
good for his own good. Men naturally make game of these very 
good, innocent, harmless people, whose goodness degenerates into 
softness, just as sheep are preyed upon because they lack Destruc- 
tion. All should be executive in proportion as they are good, 



PROPORTIONATE ACTION A LAW OF NATURE. 303 

and the better the more forcible they are, lest their force becomes 
aggression, or else perverted to wrong uses. Avoid both being 
so good as to be good for nothing, and so selfish as to overrule 
goodness ; but be selfish enough to provide well for personal 
wauts, 162 yet moral enough never to allow the selfish Faculties to 
wrong others. 

Insanity, in its most common form of monomania, furnishes a 
perfect illustration of the evils consequent on the excess of one 
or more Faculties over others. 

Criminals generally become so by the predominance in action 
of one or more Faculties over the balance ; yet no matter how 
strong any may be if all the others are equally strong, and nor- 
mally exercised. 30 

"Great men have great faults," has passed into- a proverb, be- 
cause they have some powerful Faculties along with others pro- 
portionally weak. 

One with predominant perceptives and weak reflectives can 
collect and retain knowledge, excel/in scholarship, and talk ea- 
sily, yet is superficial, verbose, unable to ascend from facts 
to first principles, and lacks thought, judgment, and contri- 
vance ; but those in whom the perceptives are deficient and reflec- 
tives large, are theoretical and hypothetical ; have a wretched 
memory, and are unable to command their knowledge, or bring 
their superior reasoning powers into practical use ; are merely 
abstract, speculative, and always impracticable, and though they 
know how to reason, their command of facts is too limited to give 
them the data requisite to form correct conclusions ; whereas, 
when both are equally developed, the perceptives furnish abun- 
dant materials for the reflectives to work up into correct argu- 
ments and sound conclusions ; and the two together give general 
talents, and constitute a well-balanced and truly philosophical 
mind ; creating sound common sense, correct judgment, and en- 
larged views, in place of those warped conclusions, fallacious 
opinions, and abortive efforts consequent on the predominance of 
either over the other. 

Individual Faculties, when both excessive and deficient, illus- 
trate this principle. Large Causality with small Expression gives 
plenty of excellent ideas, which are spoiled by paucity of words ; 
while large Expression with small reflectives talks perpetually 



301 ORGANIC CONDITIONS, TEMPERAMENTS, SELF-CULTURE. 

without saying anything, and gives plenty of words along with 
few and poor ideas ; while their equality gives as many words as 
ideas, and ideas as words. A wife with small Love and large 
Parental Affection, prizes, does for, and dotes on her children, 
vet cares little for her husband ; while one with lar^e Love and 
small Parental Affection loves her husband, yet neglects children; 
whereas, one with both large, worships, does for, and enjoys both. 
How much the happiest is the last in her family, and family in her ! 
Deficient Force leaves wife, children, purse, interests, the op- 
pressed, and the right, undefended ; while its excess creates pug- 
nacity. Small Appetite fails daily to feed the body, but its ex- 
cessive action gorges it, both of which impair all the life func- 
tions ; while its equal action feeds well always, but clogs never. 
Deficient Acquisition leaves one always destitute of the means 
requisite for enjoying the other Faculties, while its excess refuses 
them that means. 

An old miser, near Raleigh, N. C, allowed his only daughter 
to live in utter destitution, &nd finally to go to the poor-house, 
though he was worth twenty thousand dollars, because too penuri- 
ous to let her enjoy any of his hoarded thousands. 

George Rogers, a boyhood neighbor of the Author, had such 
an excess of Acquisition and Fear, that he buried his gold indiffer- 
ent places, and watched it all stormy nights, thus suffering every- 
thing, and enjoying nothing, from this excess. 

A miserly carpenter, in Norfolk, Va., in 1840, lived on cold 
and spoiled victuals which he could get for nothing 1 , and was too 
mean to marry, though worth his twenty thousand dollars ; thereby 
starving all his other life functions ; whilst their balanced action 
would have made him happy in both making and using money, 
and enjoying his other Faculties. 

A Philadelphia miser, worth half a million, often hired his 
children to go to bed supperless for a penny each, which he stole 
from them nights, gave them stale watermelons because unsala- 
ble, and never provided them with decent edibles or clothes. Was 
he, were they, as happy as if his love of money and children had 
been about equal ? 

Excessive Acquisition with minor Caution, speculates wildly 
in mulberry cuttings, &c. ; contracts debts beyond means of pay- 
ment, and loses all ; and with deficient Causality, devises poor 



PROPORTIONATE ACTION A LAW OF NATURE. 305 

ways and means of making money ; forever tantalized, yet always 
grasping one straw after another, only to sink the deeper, while 
these organs, equally developed, love money, but not inordinate- 
ly, lay out good feasible plans, yet pay up all dues, and enjoy 
business and money, thus gratifying both these Faculties, and all 
the others. 

Excess of Ambition over talents makes one a coxcomb laugh- 
ing-stock; of talents over self-trust a bashful genius, who would 
be better off with more brass, even though with less genius. 
How much better equal Dignity and worth, over worth without 
Dignity, or Dignity without worth. Predominant Caution is bad, 
but its conjunction with small Hope is worse ; while all these Fac- 
ulties equally balanced desire and expect distinction, mingle def- 
erence with modest assurance, and with large intellectual organs, 
unite talents with Ambition. Small Acquisition with excessive 
Kindness gives all away, capital and nest egg included ; while ex- 
cess of Acquisition over Kindness hoards all, and gives none ; 
whereas, both equal, make and save enough for use and capital, 
yet give the balance. Those in whom Acquisition predominates 
over Kindness may, indeed, experience a sordid pleasure in mak- 
ing money, but are strangers to the exquisite satisfaction which 
accompanies works of charity, because predominant Acquisition 
holds in its iron grasp the means of gratifying Kindness by giv- 
ing, prevents Friendship from entertaining friends ; Beauty from 
having nice things, and indulging refined taste ; the Intellectual 
Faculties from purchasing books, and taking time to think and 
study ; Parental Love from spending money in educating and im- 
proving children ; Locality and Sublimity from travelling ; Con- 
science from paying debts, and freely discharging all pecuniary 
obligations ; Hope from investing capital in what promises pleas- 
ure to the other Faculties ; Appetite from indulging in table lux- 
uries ; and thus abridges most of the enjoyments of life, besides 
preying ultimately upon itself by grudging every farthing ex- 
pended, and giving its possessor a world of trouble for fear of 
losing his possessions. 

Those who have large Dignity, Firmness, and Force, with 

moderate Ambition, Conscience, and Intellect, are proud, haughty, 

imperative, domineering, insolent, dictatorial, overbearing, and 

selfish, yet have too little intellect and moral worth to support 

39 ■ 



306 ORGANIC CONDITIONS, TEMPERAMENTS, SELF-CULTURE. 

their authoritative pretensions ; whereas, the equal development of 
all these Faculties gives superior talents and moral elevation, along 
with that self-respect and nobleness which superadd the finished 
gentleman to mental and moral greatness ; thereby both being and 
making happy. 

Excessive Firmness with deficient Caution, makes one decide 
without due reflection, and adhere with pertinacious stubbornness 
to previous decisions ; while excessive Caution with deficient 
Firmness, renders one afraid to decide cither way, vacillating 
with false fears, and afraid of shadows ; whereas, those with these 
organs equal, decide carefully, yet hold on persistently ; first mak- 
ing sure that they are right, and then going straight ahead. 
Which is the best? 

Similar illustrations of the importance of this balance among 
the Faculties might be drawn from the social Faculties ; and others 
still from every phrenological and physical element of man. But 
why enlarge upon a principle, the necessity and value of which 
are so self-evident, so powerful and universal, and so inseparably 
interwoven with the perfection and happiness of every human be- 
ing? Have we not already shown why and how well-balanced in- 
tellect is so superior to the same amount unbalanced ; why the 
moral Faculties, when harmoniously developed and exercised, pro- 
duce that moral worth and true piety which constitute the grace 
-of graces, the crowning excellence of man, and especially of wo- 
man, as well as the errors and evils of disproportion? Indeed, 
words cannot express its value and importance. Hence, should 
not parents and teachers, in educating the young, and moulding 
their characters, physical, intellectual, and moral, and, indeed, all 
who seek health, long life, happiness, or self-improvement, be 
guided by it as their polar star, and make it the nucleus around 
which all their self and juvenile improving efforts should cluster! 

Part IV. applies this law of balance to sectarianism and religion, 
and our entire doctrine of the effects of the different combinations 
on the character and talents apply and illustrate this law ; so that 
we do not need, fundamental as it indeed is, to amplify it further 
here. Suffice it that a given amount and quality of brain, with all 
the physical and mental Faculties in due proportion to each other, 
accomplishes and enjoys the more the better balanced it is, and 
the less the poorer. 



PROPORTIONATE ACTION A LAW OF NATURE. 307 

64. — Strengthening Faculties by Culture. 

God creates ; man cultivates. 

The Author's first glance at Phrenology showed that in case 
it taught the doctrine of the improvability of the mental Faculties 
and their cerebral organs, it taught the most glorious doctrine 
known to man, namely, the modus operandi of improving his 
mind and developing his spirit nature. He therefore entered, 
with all his soul, into this inquiry — Can exercising Faculties en- 
large their organs ? 

"Yes, to a remarkable degree," responds every single obser- 
vation of his whole life. Facts by tens of thousands, without one 
opposing, prove incontestably that the more a Faculty is exercised, 
the larger its organ becomes ; and the less, the smaller. Let a 
few suffice. We are not compelled to carry all our faults, ex- 
cesses, and defects to our graves. Though the tendency of all 
large organs is to become larger, and small ones still smaller, on 
the principle that "to him that hath shall be given, and he shall 
have more abundantly, but from him that hath not shall be taken 
away even that he hath," — though the larger an organ is the 
greater the pleasure taken in its exercise, and therefore the more 
spontaneous and continual its action, which naturally re-increases 
its size and activity ; while the smaller an organ is the less pleas- 
ure is taken in its action, and hence the less it is exercised, so that 
it becomes diminished by inaction — yet this tendency can be coun- 
teracted, and the power of any required Faculty be increased or 
diminished at pleasure. 

Any law governing a part of any given class of functions 
always of necessity governs the whole of that class. 19 Then, 
since culture so wonderfully increases the physical capacities, 62 
why not equally the mental? It does. Let universal fact attest. 
That old adage, "Practice makes perfect," is especially true of 
the exercise of all our feelings, passions, tastes, moral sentiments, 
intellectual Faculties, and whole mind, as much as body. A few 
illustrations. 

The more the gallant courts female society, the more he 
loves it ; but the less the constitutional bachelor visits the ladies, 
the less he cares to see them. 






308 ORGANIC CONDITIONS, TEMPERAMENTS, SELF-CULTURE. 

Sociability increases with use, whilst the less the hermit sees 
of his fellow-men, the less he cares to see. 

A fond husband and father loves his family the more the 
more he is with them at home ; while being much from home and 
family, weans any and all from them. 

War wonderfully increases martial courage. Facing danger 
always emboldens. 

The more money the miser makes, the more he loves it ; whilst 
the wants of spendthrifts increase with their expenditures. 

Frightened horses, children, and persons become much more 
timid after, than they were before, their first fright. 

Attending church, from whatever motives, makes us love to 
go the more, and from the same motives ; and vice versa. 

The more we are braised, or indulge in fashionable displays, 
the more we are carried away with them ; and the less, the less. 

The more we use tools, the more dexterous we become in 
their use ; whereas, we grow awkward by their disuse. 

The more bhilanthrobists exercise philanthropy, the more 
philanthropic they become ; and thus of selfishness. 

The more one acts, the better his acting ; and the less, the 
.poorer. 

Our entire educational system is based on this condition 
precedent, that "use strengthens. " The more we read, study, 
speak, or think, the more naturally and skilfully we do either; 
and the reverse. 

The more we sing or play, the more expert singers or players 
we thereby become. Can amateurs in music, in oratory, in draw- 
ing, in anything, at all equal connoisseurs? Does or does not 
" practice make perfect ? " 

All kinds of memory are strengthened by their culture. If 
you really must have your errand done, give it to one who does 
fifty or more errands per day ; but if you give it to one who rarely 
does one, it will probably be forgotten. 

The difference observed between the talents of great men 
and common ones, is undoubtedly consequent more on their dif- 
ferent degrees of culture than on their natural gifts. Nature 
makes some of it, but cultivation causes more. Natural gifts, 
however great, accomplish little, unless disciplined ; while mod- 
erate talents, assiduously cultivated, work well. 



PROPORTIONATE ACTION A LAW OF NATURE. 309 

Natural talents we do not ignore, yet greatness requires su- 
perior natural capacities well cultivated. In short, 

Every Intellectual Faculty, every moral virtue, even every 
animal propensity, can be strengthened by culture beyond our 
highest expectations. 

65. — Does exercising Faculties enlarge their Organs? 

That great changes often take place in the character, is a 
matter of daily observation and experience ; 64 but can the phren- 
ological organs also be increased and diminished ? Can so soft a 
substance as the brain enlarge and contract so hard a substance as 
the skull? "Impossible. I must see that point proved before I 
believe it, much as I am inclined to such belief." To this impor- 
tant point, then, the possibility and evidences of such enlargement, 
we address our next inquiry. 

Phrenology proves that the brain is the organ of the mind, 35 
and that it is divided into as many different organs as there are 
separate mental Faculties, 39 which presupposes that action in 
either, causes action also in the other. 

All exercised Faculties determine a corresponding flow of 
blood to their organs, which deposit proportionally the materials 
of growth. As the greater exercise of the right hand than left 
enlarges it most, by determining more blood to it ; so those who 
exercise generosity more than economy, by determining more 
blood to Kindness than to Acquisition, enlarge it in proportion ; 
and thus of all the other organs and Faculties, while inactive 
Faculties leave their organs inactive, and therefore proportionally 
bloodless, and of course the smaller. Why not? Why should 
not that same law, applicable everywhere else, apply equally to the 
phrenological organs, and enlarge those the most whose Faculties 
are exercised the most ? It does. That it does is proved by ranges 
of facts like these : - — 

That sapling, nailed along up the side of a house as it grows, 
remains small and weak, however large its top ; but planted in 
the open field, where surging winds strain its every fibre and 
rootlet, its body grows large and stocky. Hence trees in forests 
grow up tall and slim, while those standing alone grow large at 
their base, but are short, stocky, and tough. 

Sailors' hands and arms, and the feet and legs of expert 



310 ORGANIC CONDITIONS, TEMPERAMENTS, SELF-CULTURE. 

dancers and pedestrians, are larger, relatively, than their other 
organs, not thus especially exercised. Hatters say that literary 
men have larger heads, as compared with their bodies, than those 
who labor ; while the bodies of manual laborers are largest rel- 
atively. 

In 1835 the Kev. John Pierpont, of Boston, had a bust 
of his head taken by Mr. Bailey, of Manchester, England, from 
life. In 1841 I took from life a bust of it. The latter shows 
a decided increase of the whole intellectual lobe over the former, 
detected instantly by the latter being deeper, broader, higher, and 
every way more ample than the former. Kindness and Force are 
larger, while Caution is smaller in the latter. This increase of 
some organs, and decrease of others, was caused by the vigorous 
and almost continual exercise of his intellectual Faculties in the 
composition of poetry, for which he became justly celebrated; in 
lectures on temperance, truth, and freedom; as well as in his 
severe and protracted intellectual and moral contest with the rum- 
sellers of his congregation. When odes and poems were wanted, 
on occasions like the death of Spurzheim, or Harrison, or any 
national or local jubilee, he furnished the best. His unremitted 
labors in the temperance cause ; the number, power, and eloquence 
of his lectures on various subjects ; and the logical clearness and 
cogency of his letters to his vestry, evince a powerful and contin- 
uous exercise of his intellectual Faculties sufficient to cause and 
account for the increase of his intellectual organs, as well as of 
Kindness and Force, and the decrease of Caution. 

This establishes our position beyond a doubt. Both busts 
were taken when he was upwards of forty-five, and so taken that 
the manner of taking could cause none of this striking difference. 
This case is clear and unequivocal, and subject to the inspection 
of all who wish to examine copies. 

Kev. J. G. Forman took the mask of a woman in Sing Sing 
prison, who, from a child, had seen with the right eye only, and 
whose perceptive organs on the left side were much larger than 
those on the right; Observation, Form, Size, and Locality, the 
functions of which are exercised mainly by means of the eye, be- 
ing much larger on the side opposite the seeing eye than the same 
organs over it; while Order, Computation, and Weight, which 
can act as well without the aid of the eyes as with, or at least 



PROPORTIONATE ACTION A LAW OF NATURE. 



311 



perfectly well with but one eye, are alike on both sides. This dif- 
ference is most striking. Locality rises nearly half an inch on the 
left side, above this organ on the right. Size, on the left side, has 
both elevated and protruded the inner portion of the left eyebrow 
about half an inch, while Expression, Comparison, and Causality 
are equal on both sides. This mask can also be inspected. The 
principle of crossing involved 
in this case is established by a 
great amount and variety of evi- 
dence, to be a physiological or- 
dinance of Nature, 37 and might 
have been easily foretold. 

Franklin's head manifested 
similar changes, except that his 
reflectives increased, but per- 
ceptives diminished. The ac- 
companying engraving of him, 
copied from a portrait taken when 
he was a young man, found in 
his Life published by Hilliard 
& Gray, Boston, represents his 
Perceptives as very large, and 
Causality retiring, so as to leave 
his forehead narrow and sloping 
at the top ; but evinces prodi- 
gious Observation, Form, Size, Locality, and Eventuality, and 
large Comparison, with only fair Causality. 

In a marble bust made in France, by Houdon, whose accuracy 
in sculpture is well known, chiselled after a mask taken from 
Franklin's face, and a perfect likeness of him at that time, his 
perceptives and reflectives are both large, the perceptives rather 
predominating, but reflectives prominent ; but in the statue taken 
of him when old, and placed in a niche in the Franklin Library in 
Fifth Street, near Chestnut, Philadelphia, Causality and Compar- 
ison stand out in the boldest relief, while Observation and Even- 
tuality are less. Most of the busts and engravings of this great 
philosopher found in shops, books, &c, represent him as old, and 
evince predominant Keflective organs, but deficient Perceptives, 
as seen in the accompanying engraving, as does also the portrait 
of him in the Capitol at Washington. 




No. 88. —Young Franklin. 




No. 89. — Old Fhanklin. 



I 

312 ORGANIC CONDITIONS, TEMPERAMENTS, SELF-CULTURE. 

Causality very large. JJlS INTELLECTUAL CHARACTER 

changed correspondingly. Young 
Franklin was remarkable for obser- 
vation, memory, desire to acquire 
knowledge, especially of an experi- 
mental character, and facility of com- 
munication ; while old Franklin was 
all reason and philosophy, rich iti 
ideas, full of pithy, sententious prov- 
erbs, which are only the condensa- 
tion of Causality, and always tracing 
everything up to its causes and laws, 
but less inclined to observe and re- 
member facts as such.* 
The natural language of his organs, an unfailing index of 
existing character, indorses this conclusion. Young Franklin is 
represented as throwing the lower or perceptive portion of his 
forehead forward, which evinces their predominance, as in engrav- 
ing No. 88; while old Franklin, as seen in engraving No. 89, 
throws the reflective organs forward, as if in the attitude of deep 
thought. This shows young Franklin to have been what his por- 
trait evinces, a great observer ; but old Franklin to have been a 
profound reasoner. 

Likenesses of Bonaparte, as stamped upon coins of different 
dates, show a decided enlargement of his forehead, especially of 
his Reflective organs, as he advanced in years. This difference 
is very great ; and, since exercising Faculties enlarges their organs, 
surely those of no other man should be enlarged faster. 

Spurzheim's favorite doctrine was this increase of organs by 
exercising their Faculties. In his excellent work on "Education, 
founded on the Nature of Man," he asserts and argues it thus : — 

"It maybe asked, whether exercising the affective and intellectual 
powers makes the respective organs increase. Each part of the body, 
being properly exercised, increases and acquires more strength. The 
fact is known to be so with respect to the muscles of wood-cutters, 

♦This original marble bust was purchased by some scientific body in Philadel-' 
phia, about 1840 ; and the original mask taken from his face was sold in France, 
among other effects of Houdon, for about two dollars, and taken to Italy. Will not 
some American artist or traveller in Italy procure this original, or a copy? 



PROPORTIONATE ACTION A LAW OF NATURE. 313 

smiths, runners, &c. Now the brain and its parts are subject to all the 
laws of organization ; they are nourished like the arms and legs. Cere- 
bral activity, therefore, determines the blood towards the head, in the 
same way as the blood is carried to any other part when exercised. 
And this law of the organization enables us to account for the develop- 
ment of certain parts of the brain of whole nations, and to explain 
national characters, if individual powers are cultivated during successive 
generations. I can speak with certainty from repeated observations. 
The changes of cerebral development, when the individual powers are 
exercised, or kept quiet, are astonishing. In the former case individual 
organs increase, and in the latter they not only stand still in growth, 
but sometimes become absolutely smaller." 

In illustration of this, he exhibited, at his Boston lectures, 
two masks of Oldham, mechanician to the Bank of England, 
taken twenty years apart. That taken last, after he had become 
celebrated throughout Europe for his mechanical inventions, is 
much wider and fuller at Construction than the first. 

Deville's cabinet in London, contains about seventy busts 
which establish and illustrate this point. Dr. Caldwell brought 
over with him some fourteen of them, and said this increase of 
organs is placed beyond a doubt by these and other specimens. 
Dr. Carpenter, of Pottsville, Pa., and Professor Bryant, of Phil- 
adelphia, and many others who have seen these casts, bring a 
similar report of them. One of these changes occurred in the 
head of Herschel, the great astronomer. Our likeness of him, 
copied from an English engraving, said to be the best ever taken, 
shows enormous perceptive organs in the length and arching of 
his eyebrows, and bears evidence of its having been taken when 
he was about seventy, though in another likeness of him, evidently 
taken when he was about forty, they are only fairly developed. 

I imported some of these casts in 1845, but, unaware of their 
arrival, they were sold for custom-house expenses. 

Like facts by thousands are constantly transpiring in our lec- 
ture-room and professional practice, showing that exercising Fac- 
ulties enlarges their organs, while inaction diminishes. 

A reliable sign of this recent increase of organs by the spe- 
cial exercise of the Faculties is their sharpness, or knotty and 
irregular appearance at their heads, or largest parts. Their dim- 
inution is equally apparent, though not as easily described. 

"What? So soft a substance as the brain press out, and enlarge so 
hard a substance as the skull ? And so perceptibly that these changes 



314 ORGANIC CONDITIONS, TEMPERAMENTS, SELF-CULTURE. 

can be discerned on its external surface? This is unreasonable and 
impossible. This doctrine must be demonstrated before it can be 
accepted." 

The bark of all trees, though three feet thick, the hard shells 
of all Crustacea, turtles, &c, and the skins of all animals, enlarge 
a3 the growth of tree or animal requires. All admit that the 
whole head continues to grow till after thirty ; then why not par- 
ticular portions of it? It is nearly as hard before thirty as after; 
so that, since it can enlarge, despite all this hardness before, why 
not about as easily alter? The reason of its not growing after, 
obviously is, not its hardness, but that it does not require to grow. 

The living skull is not that hard, dry substance seen after 
dissection ; nor are its materials stationary ; but, like the other 
bones, they are constantly changing. Of course this mutation 
allows any part to enlarge or diminish, according as the phren- 
ological organs may require. 

Skull was created to subserve brain action, not to repress it. 
Is it king over brain and mind? Instead, is it not their subject? 
"Was not every portion of the entire body created solely to aid 
the mind, 18 not to stifle it? Then shall skull be the only excep- 
tion to this law? Shall it not rather constitute its highest illus- 
tration? Shall the shells of the oyster, lobster, and turtle, and 
the thick skins of all animals, even that of the elephant, so thick 
and powerful that it stops and flattens the rifle ball, still allow the 
easy growth of the enclosed mass, and shall Nature omit to make 
a like provision for the required growth of the human brain, 
which is so incomparably more important? 

Mechanical pressure enlarges in neither case, but the natural 
process of growth in both cases. The limpid sap of those great 
California trees does not force open its thirty-six-inch bark. Me- 
chanical power does not stretch out or full up the tough hides of 
elephants as they grow fatter or leaner. This would require the 
outlay of tremendous force. Instead, they enlarge or diminish 
with the requirements of the mass they inclose. So the skull en- 
larges and shrinks with that of the brain it encloses, or any of its 
parts. 48 Nature would be seriously at fault if she either could 
not or did not adapt the skull to all the required increase and de- 
crease of its " lord and master," the brain and mind. Another 
means of this required organic enlargement is, that 




PROPORTIONATE ACTION A LAW OF NATURE. 315 

The skull becomes thin over exercised organs. Our collec- 
tion contains twenty or more skulls in proof of this fact, but not 
one contradictory. A physician in Westchester County, Pa., 
kindly presented the skull of a female, respectably connected, 
who, despite the entreaties of her friends, abandoned herself to 
the unrestrained indulgence of Amativeness and Appetite, with 
music. Her skull is as thin as paper, and transparent, where 
these organs are located, but thick elsewhere. 

John Earle, who murdered his wife, and indulged both these 
passions in the most brutal excess, is also thin in the same places, 
as is that of 

Burley, executed at London, Canada, presented by Treasurer 
Harris. Burley coolly armed himself beforehand, and deliber- 
ately shot the sheriff, while arresting him for stealing a calf, and 
killing it for food. He was excessively drunken and licentious, 
yet by turns extra prayerful and religious ; which seeming anom- 
aly Phrenology alone explains by both classes of Faculties being 
active by turns. One of his religious seasons immediately pre- 
ceded his execution. When swung off, the rope broke. During 
the consequent delay he proposed prayer, and was himself en- 
gaged in earnest supplication when the sheriff interrupted him to 
readjust the rope. His skull has a light, thin, transparent spot 
right over Devotion, as well as at Appetite, Destruction, and 
Amativeness. 

The skull of Lewis, that most horid murderer and desperate 
robber, who was executed in 1864, at Trenton, N. J., for murder- 
ing and robbing a Princeton jeweller, as he did many others, to 
get money with which to gratify his extraordinary amatory pro- 
pensity, is the thinnest possible at Amativeness, Destruction, and 
Secretion; but thick and opaque, as well as very low, at Kind- 
ness, and the whole moral region. This corresponds with his re- 
fusing a week's reprieve, procured for him by religious people, 
because his execution had inadvertently been appointed on Good 
Friday. He spitefully insisted on being hung on that religious 
anniversary, in preference to living a week longer, in order, as he 
averred, that he might thereby shock the sensibilities and mar the 
devotions of religious people who had obtained his reprieve. 

L. N. Fowler has the skull of a slave, so notorious for his 
propensity to steal, that after he had repeatedly been whipped 



316 ORGANIC CONDITIONS, TEMPERAMENTS, SELF-CULTURE. 

almost to death for stealing, but to no purpose, on the perpetra- 
tion of a new theft his master seized an axe and struck it through 
his skull into his brain, exclaiming, " I loill break you of stealing, 
if I have to kill you." He lived, but still continued to steal ; 
and his skull is remarkably thin and transparent at Acquisition 
and Secretion. The skull of another slave, noted for goodness, 
is thin where Kindness is located. 

An Englishman had a cast of his head taken annually for five 
years, meanwhile so changing his occupations and associations 
each year as to call a different set of Faculties into action ; and 
every successive cast shows the increase of those organs whose 
Faculties he that year specially cultivated. The first and last 
differ from each other so widely that they would hardly be rec- 
ognized as having been cast from the same head. Of course all 
casts exactly represent that from which they are taken. 

Atmospheric pressure, fifteen pounds per square inch, presses 
in the skull over shrinking organs, a pressure amply sufficient to 
depress anything at all flexible. 48 It depresses the other bones. 

Then why not those of the skull as 
well? Compare these two zygo- 
matic arches, those projecting bones 
between the eyes and ears, which 
enclose the masticatory or chewing 
muscle, as seen in the accompanying 
engraving of a skull, viewed from its 
under side, which had teeth only in 
the left jaws. This arch on the left 
side (A), where there are teeth, is 
unusually large and bowing ; but on 
the right side (B), where there are 
no teeth, it is sunken just where it is 
fullest in A. That is, this bony arch 
is full and round on the side used, 
or where there are teeth, but. small 
on the side where there are no 
teeth, where of course this muscle 
could not be called into action. 

Dissection showed that the masticatory muscle, on the side 
where there were no teeth, was small; on the other side large, 



Large. 



Small. 




No. 90. — Zygomatic Arch. 



PROPORTIONATE ACTION A LAW OF NATURE. 317 

evidently because the former had little action, and the latter a 
double share of it. The bearing of these and thousands of like 
facts is direct and positive. Besides demonstrating that the ex- 
ercise of Faculties enlarges their organs, it strengthens the fol- 
lowing corroborative facts, though perhaps they would be insuffi- 
cient of themselves to establish it. 

Stone-cutters, and especially letterers, have large Form, Size, 
and Locality, as seen in all their heads ; obviously because 
their avocation calls these Faculties into vigorous and constant 
exercise. 

Experienced seamen have Weight large, whilst it is deficient 
in most farmers, merchants, and others; obviously because the 
constant motion of the ship keeps this Faculty in perpetual action 
in seamen to preserve their balance, especially when aloft; 
whereas, ordinary avocations rarely tax it much. It is also large, 
and for the same reason, in engineers, and those who work about 
machinery, in expert marksmen, billiard-players, riders, rope- 
dancers, carpenters, and those whose occupation requires climb- 
ing, as well as in factory spinners and weavers ; yet is usually 
deficient in those whose vocation does not require it. 

Most weavers have large Continuity, which is usually small in 
the American head. At Young's Factory, Delaware, in 1839, I 
selected some fifty weavers, from operatives engaged in other 
branches, just from this sign, and made but one failure ; and that 
on one of thirty, who had woven only fifteen months — hardly 
long enough, at that age, to perceptibly enlarge an organ. The 
reason is obvious ; namely, that weaving keeps the whole mind 
exclusively occupied upon one and the same thing, day after day, 
and year after year. This will serve as a valuable hint to those 
w r ho wish to improve it. Englishmen and Germans generally 
have it large, while it is small in most Americans, which corre- 
sponds with the national habits of both. The former usually de- 
vote themselves exclusively to one study or occupation, and can 
make a living at no other, while the versatile talents of the latter 
enable them to turn 'their hands to almost any and everything 
with success. So strongly marked is this characteristic in Amer- 
icans, that it is a great national fault, and renders us next to 
superficial. 

In pilots, and seamen generally, Locality, Size, and Form are 



318 ORGANIC CONDITIONS, TEMPERAMENTS, SELF-CULTURE. 

large, because called into incessant action in learning and remem- 
bering the beds and turns of channels, the exact positions of 
rocks, shoals, light-houses, trees, and all other signs of their 
positions, distances, and whereabouts. 

L. N. Fowler, on returning, in 1836, from an eighteen months' 
lecturing tour South and West, had enlarged Observation, Form, 
Size, Locality, Eventuality, Language, and Comparison, which 
travelling and examining had called into constant and intense ex- 
ercise more, relatively, than his others not called into special action. 

In 1835 I visited the Deaf and Dumb Asylum of New York 
City, and, to say that the organ of Imitation, as developed in the 
heads of the pupils of this institution, was twice as large as it is 
usually found, would by no means come up to the truth. Such 
a development of this orgd*n I had never seen before ; and, what 
is most extraordinary, it is very large in all the pupils. To the 
question, "How is it possible for you to teach these unfortunate 
beings, who can neither hear nor talk, to communicate their ideas 
and feelings with a readiness and facility almost equal to those 
who can both talk and hear? " Mr. Cary, one of the instructors, 
replied, "We teach them to express themselves by those gestures 
and actions which are the natural expression of their feelings." 
In one of their debating performances, the one who was address- 
ing the rest was all life and animation, and made use of the most 
natural and expressive gesticulations. At their meals and sports, 
all their communications consisted of their ideas acted out. Mr. 
Cary brought one forward who was noted for his wonderful power 
of imitating a man shooting fowls. The Author never before saw 
any specimen of imitative power at all to compare with this, or 
another such an organ of Imitation as this youth possessed. 
That this organ and its corresponding Faculty are not in so high 
a degree innate in them, is evident from the fact that they are so 
much larger in these youth than in others. Hence, this increase 
of the organ in proportion to the exercise of this Faculty, and this 
extraordinary power of the Faculty, which corresponds with the 
increased size of the organ, bring us to the obvious conclusion 
that the reciprocal increase of the two stands in the relation of 
cause and effect. 

In the New York Blind Asylum, the manifestation in the 
pupils of much smaller organs of the Perceptive than of the Re- 



PROPORTIONATE ACTION A LAW OF NATURE. 319 

flective Faculties, is so plain as not to be mistaken by the most 
superficial observer. Now, why is this? Evidently because, in 
consequence of a destitution of sight, they cannot exercise their 
perceptive Faculties, and therefore these remain unincreased ; 
and, on the same account, the reflectives receive the greater 
exercise, and consequently become uncommonly large. 

Color in the blind is universally deficient, indeed almost wholly 
wanting, obviously because, since this Faculty is exercised by 
means of the eyes, their blindness renders it inactive, and therefore 
small. 

Inhabitiveness is generally large in those who have lived in 
the same house till fifteen, because always living there has culti- 
vated this Faculty ; but it is deficient in those who have lived in 
different houses while small, because moving weakened their home 
attachments by disturbing them. A good examiner, by this sign 
alone in children, can tell whether they were brought up in one 
domicile, or have lived in several houses. 

Causality and Conscience are generally large in Scotchmen, 
because they reason so much upon moral and doctrinal subjects. 

Acquisition is usually deficient, because little exercised, in the 
ladies of New York City and the South, but well developed in 
New England and Quaker women, who are brought up in the 
practice of industry and economy. 

Construction is much larger at the North than South, and in 
manufacturing towns, than in those who are "not obliged to work." 

The first ten heads examined in any place tell whether its 
inhabitants are proud, secretive, acquisitive, moral, ingenious, or 
whatever other dominant characteristic they may possess. Every 
community has a distinctive character as much as every person ; 
doubtless because their original founders had certain Faculties 
predominant, which, by being continually exercised, excited the 
same in all new-comers, and thus developed the corresponding 
organs, and thereby stamped the impress of their own minds up- 
on all around them. 

Lawyers and politicians have large Expression, Force, and 
Comparison, because their vocation brings these Faculties into 
constant action ; and the religious denominations have each a char- 
acteristic set of developments, as Part IV. shows, though this 
is doubtless caused in part by hereditary descent. 



320 ORGANIC CONDITIONS, TEMPERAMENTS, SELF-CULTURE. 

These and like facts, weighed by themselves in the scales 
of inductive reason, would be light, and might not even cause it 
to preponderate in their favor, yet thrown into the same balance 
with those already adduced from busts, they acid much weight to 
a scale already weighed down with more conclusive proor. 

Another class of facts, more unequivocal, is found in exam- 
inations of the same head, made at different periods. As the 
public have given me some credit for correct examinations, they 
will doubtless place reliance upon the summary result of my ob- 
servation, which is, that every year's practice increases my sur- 
prise at the number and extent of these changes, a few of which 
I will narrate. 

In 1836 I examined a subject whose Devotion was only three 
in the scale of seven, at the same time putting his finger into the 
marked depression between Firmness and Kindness, and exhort- 
ing him to be more religious. He was examined again, incognito, 
in 1842, and his Devotion marked large, the depression to which 
his attention was called in 1836 being entirely filled up. He then 
stated that he became a praying frian soon after the first examina- 
tion, and had continued so ever since. He called mainly to 
inquire if becoming religious could have caused this change in his 
developments, which he had observed for the last two years. 

TnE head of Mr. S., of R., was examined in 1835, and de- 
scribed as so eminently religions that the whole examination turned 
upon this point. Re-examined in 1841, without knowing him ; at 
the first touch of his head I exclaimed, " Infidel, irreligious, utterly 
destitute of belief," &c. At the first examination he was a very 
consistent professor of religion, and zealously engaged in promo- 
ting revivals ; but, soon after, had become a disbeliever, and at 
length a confirmed infidel, so that he was expelled from the 
church, not for immoral conduct, but solely on the ground of his 
infidelity. 

A young man of intelligence, in 1836, stated that, when a boy, 
he had a schoolmate so exactly his age, size, and height, that their 
clothes and hats perfectly fitted each other ; that his young friend 
w r ent to West Point, and he to a mechanical trade ; that when his 
friend had graduated, they met, and again exchanged hats ; that his 
friend's hat, instead of fitting his head as before, was too large in 
the forehead, and too small over the temples, while his own hat 



PROPORTIONATE ACTION A LAW OF NATURE. 321 

pinched the cadet's forehead, but was loose over Construction, 
which showed, an increase of the intellectual organs, particularly 
of the Reflective, in the cadet, whose studies called these Facul- 
ties into powerful action, but an increase of Construction in the 
head of the mechanic. 

Eventuality is always large in Jews, doubtless because they 
tell the Lord's doings to their children and grandchildren ; in 
doing which they exercise Eventuality. The same is true of 
the North American Indians, who perpetuate their history in the 
memories of the rising race. 

Acquisition is almost invariably small in the children of the 
rich. Having every want supplied, and therefore no occasion for 
the exercise of this Faculty, its organ becomes small from mere 
disuse, Nature thus effectually preventing the continuation of im- 
mense wealth in the "First Families." 

Hope averages muck smaller in Canada than in the States ; obvi- 
ously because it is so much more stimulated to action by our institu- 
tions than by theirs. Here enterprise is the rule ; there the excep- 
tion. Yet this organ is much larger there now than formerly, and 
they are now correspondingly more enterprising in business. 

English soldiers and minor officers have large Firmness, 
Force, Destruction, and Love, with smaller Acquisition, Con- 
science, and Causality, doubtless because army discipline and 
associations cultivate persistency, courage, and gallantry ; but 
diminish moral feeling and industry, by their food and raiment 
being furnished and pay regular, with no opportunity or incentive 
to either traffic or accumulation. 

A youn# man in Omaha, Neb., was told, in 1869, that Hope 
was excessive, and must be restrained, and re-examined in 1872, 
incog., that it was too small, had been lately depressed, and should 
be cultivated, when, to account for this change, he related the 
following intermediate incidents : — ^ 

"I had always possessed very large Hope till just before your first 
examination, when a beautiful young lady, whom I loved to distraction, 
discarded me because she loved another, when, in a fit of frenzied de- 
spair, I shot myself right in front of her father's gate, just after she had 
finally refused me, and lingered long at the point of death, but finally- 
recovered, she meanwhile nursing me. 

"I finally persuaded her to abandon her lover and betroth herself 
to me, which she did solemnly, though most reluctantly. But when she 
told her lover, he and she took this proposed separation so deeply ta 
41 



322 ORGANIC CONDITIONS, TEMPERAMENTS, SELF-CULTURE. 

heart as to almost crush both ; their last parting before her proposed 
marriage having been terribly agonizing to both ; for till then neither 
realized how devotedly they really did love each other. Still she con- 
sidered her betrothal to me sacred, and that every principle of duty re- 
quired her to keep faith with me. 

"Her wedding apparel, edibles, and all, were got ready under her 
assistance and direction ; she meanwhile appearing meekly resigned to a 
hard lot, while I was hopeful and happy beyond all power of words to 
express. 

"Our wedding morning dawned brightly. She arrayed herself 
tastefully for our anticipated nuptials. The fatal hour came. She had 
secreted her father's loaded pistol in her room — he being a police offi- 
cer, — begged to be excused a moment, and shot herself through her 
heart, and expired. 

"This blow was indeed terrible. It crushed and paralyzed my whole 
being. I fell into a moody, hopeless state, feeling as though no earthly 
good remained to me. Instead of hoping for everything as heretofore, 
I distrusted everybody and everything, but anticipated nothing. I 
barely survived, but was heart-broken, wrecked, and no longer myself." 

This touching tragedy, which made a great noise in the papers at 
the time, as well it might, is full of warning and instruction : warn- 
ing to all not to allow their hopes to be crushed out, be their dis- 
appointments however great, and instruction, when our hopes do 
fail to adopt and nurture some other expectations. As we can 
carry a much heavier load by standing upright than by bending 
under it, so hoping on, hoping ever, for that when this hope fails, 
and for something else when both are blasted, will wonderfully 
brace up resolution, and promote subsequent success and happi- 
ness. Never give up in despair, but "look aloft." 

At the South, before the war, Hope was very large in almost 
alb; after it, pitiably small ; obviously consequent on its sudden 
and terrible reversal, because of the collapse of their cherished 
cause, after all their noble, even sublime patriotic sacrifices for in- 
dependence. To behold a great and chivalrous people thus de- 
moralized is indeed painful. Yet should they not "hope on, hope 
ever " for the next best good attainable ? 

Good, loving women, by millions, in marriage and out, but 
most in, lose their hopes, and of course life-zest, by bending 
meekly under the crushing influences and pinings of a former love 
blighted, or deferred ; whereas, they should bury any affection just 
as soon as it becomes hopeless, and initiate another, or, if mar- 
ried, make the best of what remains to them. Crying over spilt 
milk spills more, but gathers up none already spilt. Hopeless 



PROPORTIONATE ACTION A LAW OF NATURE. 323 

women mope everywhere, who might just as well be cheerful and 
happy if they only thought so. They martyrize themselves by a 
forlorn pining, when they might just as well electrify themselves 
and others by hopefully trying to initiate another " love affair." 

Analogous facts by millions prove that all our Faculties can 
6e strengthened, and their organs enlarged, by culture. Every 
species of memory, every intellectual gift, and all our social, 
moral, and human talents and virtues, can be improved inimita- 
bly. Yet discipline redoubles the power of functions much more 
than mere size of organs, because, as Spurzheim says, it renders 
them far more supple and vigorous, as well as susceptible and 
enduring, by enlarging their blood-vessels ; just as muscular cul- 
ture strengthens the muscles much more relatively than it en- 
larges their organs. 

Inquiring reader, are not these proofs of the principle that 
the Faculties and organs can be developed by culture so abso- 
lutely conclusive that we can safely tie to and build on it? 

66. — Value of this self and juvenile improving Capacity. 

Our utter failure duly to estimate the value of life, 15 must 
be repeated in this vain attempt to " cipher out " the worth of this 
self-improving arrangement of Nature. Did you " figure up " the 
sum total of that final valuation you concluded to set upon your 
existence? How great is that sum? How much for each finger, 
limb, function, and Faculty separately? Then how much for all 
collectively? You need not modestly make a low estimate. Will 
you admeasure it by the " almighty dollar " standard ? We gen- 
erally concede that things are worth about what money the pos- 
sessor is willing to take for them ; then pray how many dollars is 
your existence worth to you? Come, you sharp salesman, how 
much will you take for yourself, just as you are? A hundred 
thousand dollars? 

" What ! Do you think me so consummate a fool as to take a hun- 
dred thousand dollars for my body and mind, with all their powers and 
pleasures, and become as if I had never been ? All the dollars of all 
the Rothschilds, and all the valuables on earth 'to boot,' are inadequate 
payment. 

"Besides, after I had 'sold out,' and got my money, however much, 
what would it all be to me ? I should cease to be ! Therefore all else 
would cease to be to me ! Killing the goose that daily laid the golden 
egg was foolish enough, but was wisdom in comparison to the most in- 
ferior of mortals selling their life-force at any price." 



324 ORGANIC CONDITIONS, TEMPERAMENTS, SELF-CULTURE. 

Dollars, dear reader, our usual measure of value, are not 
worth enough to admeasure that of life. Still, since we have no 
better standard, let us do our best to estimate with this, not so 
much the value of life, as that of its improvement by culture. 
To rate the lowest human life at fifty thousand dollars, and the 
highest at a hundred millions. Now rate yourself anywhere you 
please, say a million, just as a base for "reckoning." 

In your Faculties, 33 including their functions, this value in- 
heres ; and is the greater or less in proportion as they are the 
stronger or weaker. You were worth much more yesterday, be- 
cause health rendered your Faculties brisker than you are to-day, 
when sickness enfeebles them ; yet by restoring your functional 
powers to-morrow, you will restore your value ; therefore, — 

Increasing these capacities, now worth a million, twenty-five 
per cent. , which all can do in any year, will make you worth a 
million and a quarter ; and two hundred and fifty thousand dollars 
is quite a " pile," for a moiety of which many would work hard 
and long; and doubling your functional capacities in a year, 
which most can do, would make your annual income one million, 
and render you immensely wealthy, and in the best kind of prop- 
erty, which needs no insurance, besides being burglar proof. All 
your salary, profits, speculations, and incomes combined, then, 
are as a small drop in a large bucket in comparison with self- 
improvement ; so that your best way to get the richest the fastest 
consists in improving your life capacities. What is it worth to 
be able to obviate faults, and augment excellences, day by day, 
all along up through life ! Yet, — 

Your best vocation, for which you have vainly looked so 
long, more profitable and less irksome than your present, consists 
in making self-development your great life business. It is your 
most "paying investment." Whatever promotes it is most 
" profitable ; " whatever prevents it, is unequalled loss and mis- 
fortune. 

All improvements delight their maker. How great the 
pleasure taken in clearing lands, rearing and bettering houses, 
planting trees and seeing them grow, enlarging business, &c. ; 
yet how utterly insignificant are all these in comparison with de- 
veloping intellect, and rearing and beautifying a magnificent spirit- 
temple with those divine bodily and mental materials out of 



PROPORTIONATE ACTION A LAW OF NATURE. 325 

which humanity is composed ! Exult, ho, all ye who live ! shout 
for very joy ! make the welkin ring with huzzas, and fill heaven 
and earth with ecstatic "praise to God," that He thus renders pos- 
sible, and even provides for, our illimitable and eternal improve- 
ment in those all-glorious capacities He has bestowed upon us ! 
" Bless the Lord " that He permits and helps us become more and 
more like angels, and even Himself! This work is the most in- 
spiring in which mortals can engage on earth or in heaven. This 
sight is the most beatific terrestrials are permitted to behold. To 
help lessen human imperfections, vices, and miseries, and perfect 
that magnificent temple, Humanity, now slowly but surely develop- 
ing, as well as to carry our own personal perfection upward to the 
highest pinnacle attainable on earth, should make us exult with 
rapture inexpressible. Shall gettiug or spending money drag 
us down from a labor of love thus delightful and angelic ? 
Shall we reap such a harvest, or let it pass by in arras-folded 
sluggishness? Shall we allow anything whatever to drag 
us down from a natural destiny thus soaring? Shall not such a 
work and prospect nerve us to put forth our utmost self-improving 
effort? We can improve ourselves far beyond anything we now 
deem possible, and we will. Let us be up and doing here, since 
all terrestrial self-culture immeasurably enhances celestial. 

Improving darling children by their culture is equally soul- 
inspiring to parents. The earlier it is applied the greater the 
harvest it yields ; because to develop their yet plastic Faculties is 
easy. How all parents should literally exult in a labor of love 
thus delightful, which angels might envy ! You struggle manfully 
to leave them rich, and literally lavish time and money on their 
scholastic culture, yet strangely omit the only true means of 
evolving their native excellences, from want of knowledge, not 
affection. You grope in the dim twilight of the past, while 
Phrenology is illumining this horizon of the mentality. 

To promote ends thus glorious are these pages written. Yet, 
Self-degeneration is equally possible. This scale can descend 
as well and fast as ascend. We can grow poor as fast by self- 
deterioration, or rich by self-culture. The possibility of making 
thus large "profits" involves that of equal losses. We can no 
more remain stationary in this respect than in age. A terrible 
cold, a night's debauch, a fit of sickness, 38 or constitutional shock, 



326 ORGANIC CONDITIONS, TEMPERAMENTS, SELF-CULTURE. 

by impairing your functional powers fifty per cent., 69 — a frequent 
occurrence, — costs you half your powers to enjoy and accomplish 
forever. How great is that loss ! Half a million loss does not 
measure it, because your life is worth more than one million. 
1. Then,— 

How can we attain ends thus glorious, and avoid those thus 
disastrous ? 

67. — Self-knowledge, as taught by Phrenology, the first 
Step towards Self-culture. 

Attaining a good thus great, and treasure thus precious, would 
seem correspondingly difficult, yet is as easy and simple as 
breathing. We need neither wash in Abana, Parphar, nor Jor- 
dan, nor undergo a pilgrimage to Mecca, nor crusade to Jerusa- 
lem, nor even abridge, but only promote every single life pleasure. 
Not that we have nothing to do, for our progress will just equal 
our right efforts. Having placed the means within our reach, 
Nature leaves us to improve or neglect them, and bide the issues. 
As soil bears the more the better it is tilled ; so having placed 
these self-perfecting ends within our reach, she leaves us to plant 
and nurture them, and enjoy their fruits, or to neglect their cul- 
ture, and embitter their fruits by sin. Let those who are careless 
of happiness idle or trifle on ; but let those who would become by 
culture, what God has made them by Nature, eschew all hin- 
derances, and gird every energy of their beings for this great life- 
work; first entering^ with their whole beings, upon that first 
inquiry, — 

What do I require to cultivate, and what to restrain? 

Your Phrenology answers. Self-knowledge is the first step 
towards self-culture, and a knowledge of children towards their 
improvement. As, before doing anything whatever, we must 
first know just what requires to be done, then how to do it ; so 
the first step in juvenile and self-improvement consists in knowing 
in just what you and they are out of proportion, — what Faculties 
are excessive and defective. 

One single excess or defect often spoils an entire character, 
and renders life a complete failure ; and every excess and defi- 
ciency mars every one, however good otherwise ; just as a good 
horse is spoiled by having one leg broken. None of us at all 



PROPORTIONATE ACTION A LAW OF NATURE. 327 

realize how much we lose by this defect and that excess ; nor how 
much better and happier we should be without them. Excessive 
Hope, or the want of it, will throw away a fortune, or a chance 
to make one ; whilst mending that one fault would bring a fortune. 
Let a few facts illustrate : — 

Mr. Gillmore consulted me in 1863, was told, "Strike 
for a first-class hotel or restaurant;" Though a small baker, 
prompted solely by this advice, he leased a first-class restaurant, 
then the Eutaw House, and is now at the head of the largest and 
best hotel in Baltimore, and clearing fifty thousand dollars per an- 
num. Ask him how many dollars that examination has put into his 
pocket, and he will answer, "It is fast making me a millionnaire. 
But for it I should have continued a petty baker." 

The keeper of the original Willard's Hotel, of Washington, 
D. C, will tell a like story. 

A third-jrate lawyer, in Davenport, Iowa, was told, "Quit 
law, for which you have no talent, and try art, for which you have a 
genius." On the death of Lincoln, happening to be in Washing- 
ton, and desiring a likeness for himself, he tried to make a sketch, 
took the best likeness of him ever obtained, and has taken the 
best of Grant and others. How much was that worth to him? 

Dr. T. Nickol, nominated for public examination in Bellville, 
Canada, and told that he was a natural born physician, and, es- 
pecially surgeon, but had no mercantile talent, then stated to the 
audience : " Seventeen years ago I consulted Professor Fowler ; 
was told the same story that you have just heard ; was a mer- 
chant ; failed ; thought that as this gentleman was right about the 
failing in trade, he might also be right about succeeding in sur- 
gery ; studied medicine ; and you know the rest." He is professor 
of surgery in the medical college there, and the best surgeon in 
that whole section of Canada. 

A candy merchant, on Washington Street, Boston, in 1860, 
brought her two-year-old son, averring that she could do nothing 
with him ; was told how to govern him ; followed this advice ; and 
now attests that she has since not only had no trouble at all, but 
that he is just as good a boy as she could wish. 

Max ! Who has not heard of that brilliant newspaper corre- 
spondent, "Editor of the St. Louis Democrat?" Applying for a 
phrenological examination while a printer's "devil," he was told 



328 ORGANIC CONDITIONS, TEMPERAMENTS, SELF-CULTURE. 

to set type only just long enough to prepare himself to write for 
the papers, for which he had a natural gift. That examination 
" brought him out." Ask him its value. 

Hyram Joy, of Chicago, told one phrenological error, and how 
to mend it, in 1850, cleared one hundred and fifty thousand dollars 
in the next five years, just by following the advice then given, 
based solely on his Phrenology. 

A correct phrenological examination is indispensable to 
Self-Knowledge and Self-Culture ; for, bv admeasuring each 
mental Faculty, it points out our own and children's constitutional 
excesses, errors, defects, &c, and shows how to obviate them; 
reveals natural talents, and thereby in what business, sphere, or 
pursuits we and they can, and cannot, succeed, thus preventing 
failures, and guaranteeing success and happiness ; directs specifi- 
cally just what physical functions and mental Faculties either may 
require to cultivate and restrain ; shows how to make the most of 
whatever inborn capacities and virtues either may possess, as well 
as the best way to influence and govern each ; and is our very best 
means of personal and juvenile improvement possible. In short, 
Phrenology embodies the whole science of human life, which a 
correct delineation applies throughout all our every-day affairs and 
feelings. It is therefore worth a hundred-fold its cost used on 
the body. We spend far too little, relatively, on our minds, yet 
no mental expenditure of time or money bears any comparison to a 
scientific phrenological diagnosis. It will show us our natural 
talents and virtues, and how to cultivate them, and to what faults 
we are predisposed, and how to obviate them, which is worth 
more than all Astor's millions. If followed, it will effect a com- 
plete physical and mental regeneration. 

No other profession bears any comparison with Phrenology in 
the practical good conferred on applicants. Horace Mann, that 
highest educational authority, has well said that young persons 
should spend their last dollar, if necessary, before starting out in 
life, in learning from Phrenology to what pursuit they are natu- 
rally adapted, and justly pronounced its disseminators public bene- 
factors. Nor does he overrate, for it might avert throwing a young 
life away on an unadapted business. Such a loss, how great ! 
How awful ! And how hard to change when we begin wrong ! 
Especially with a dependent family. All easily avoided. 



PROPORTIONATE ACTION A LAW OF NATURE. 329 

A scientific phrenological diagnosis of yourself or child is 
worth immeasurably more than well-stocked farms, full stores of 
goods, corner blocks, stocks and bonds by millions, and all other 
actual and possible pieces of property and human possessions put 
together, because the most useful. 

68. — HOW TO STIMULATE EACH FACULTY TO SELF-DEVELOP- 
ING Action. 

Personal effort alone can secure so great a prize. It can 
neither be bought, nor obtained by proxy, nor even inherited, 
except in its rudiments, but can be acquired; yet only by the pa- 
tient personal culture. Parents can no more become good or bad, 
talented or simple, happy or miserable, for their children, than 
eat or breathe in their stead ; but only supply them with requisite 
facilities and incentives. They can furnish them the means of 
self-development as they do bread, but unless those children 
themselves partake personally of this mental nutrition, it will do 
them no more good than uneaten food. 

Fitful action will benefit little, might even injure when coupled 
with inertia, just as fitful exercise injures more than benefits. As 
Nature's sun does not burst suddenly into and out of earth's dark- 
ness, but is always preceded by increasing dawn, and succeeded 
by darkening twilight ; as vegetation does not spring up and ripen 
in a day, but requires patient culture, so self-growth, more than 
anything else, requires stable, persistent, long-continued effort, 
and the work of a lifetime. As yon towering pine, or that great 
elm, is the work of centuries, so human perfection is no Jonah's 
gourd, springing up in a night, and disappearing before the next 
noon; but, like that great oak, the almost daily accretions of 
ages. A fully developed human being, completely matured by age 
and self-culture, is incomparably the most glorious production of 
earth. A result thus grand but a clay's work ! Nature requires 
efforts in some proportion to the good sought. To become com- 
pletely self-developed, we require to begin early in life, and add 
daily to our talents and moral virtues, clear up to old age, and its 
terrestrial termination in death. Nor should any of us be satis- 
fied to retire at night, unless and until we have improved our- 
selves, lessened some fault, increased some virtue, or capacity, 
and become better since we rose. Not that we must keep on 






330 ORGANIC CONDITIONS, TEMPERAMENTS, SELF-CULTURE. 

sowing a lifetime before, and in order to our reaping a harvest at 
death. Instead, — 

We reap and sow together. Unlike sacrificing the prime of 
life in amassing wealth, and dying when just ready to begin to 
enjoy it, we enjoy the very effort itself which secures the desired 
self-improvement, as well as the improvements themselves after- 
wards. That very action of the Faculties which develops them, 
is itself the most delightful pastime, not task. Self-culture, in 
its very nature, yields this double reward, — pleasure in making 
the self-improvement, and pleasure in it ever after it is made. 
In this respect, all kinds of self-culture are like studying. We 
take intense pleasure in the study itself, and then ever after in 
enjoying the knowledge thus pleasurably acquired. 

The normal exercise of every function, by an eternal ordinance 
of Nature, is pleasurable. 19 Indeed, nothing else whatever is so ; 
and we desire, work, pay for all things whatsoever solely because 
they excite our Faculties to that action which makes us happy, 15 
and also develop our Faculties, and capacitate them for still 
greater action, and therefore pleasure, for all time to come. He 
is a good paymaster who pays once when the work is done ; but Na- 
ture is a better ; for she pays both in and by its doing, and after 
it is done, and then keeps on paying over and over again forever 
afterwards. 220 That very action which develops, makes happy — 
that one end of life, 15 — " both now, and forever." Yet, — 

Overwork weakens the brain, as well as muscles. Too much 
of a good thing is worse than nothing. Many gifted men and 
ambitious youth work so hard as to more or less paralyze their 
brains, and prevent future study, 38 just as men often, by over- 
working to-day, forestall their capacity to work to-morrow. Yet 
this is consequent partly on merging too suddenly from hard 
muscular to excessive mental effort. But of cautions elsewhere. 

How to promote this self-developing action of each Faculty, 
then, is the very chit of this subject, and essence of this section. 
Effort is not enough ; it must be right effort. The means of 
stimulating each Faculty is simple and homogeneous, yet all- 
powerful, and governed by this law. 

The natural aliment of each Faculty provokes it to that 
spontaneous action which develops it. Light is the natural food 
of the visual Faculty, and provokes it to action. Nothing but 



PROPORTIONATE ACTION A LAW OF NATURE. 331 

light can do this ; nor can light be presented to it without causing 
that involuntary action which strengthens it ; yet all else is of no 
avail. 

Musical sounds necessarily provoke that action of the Faculty 
of music which develops it. All else is useless ; yet it so is that 
musical sounds cannot be presented to it without inspiring to 
and compelling self-developing action. All required, therefore, 
in order to strengthen it, is to bring musical sounds before it, 
as in practising music, not mechanically, but a music-enjoying 
zest. 

Conscience can be cultivated by inquiring what is right, and 
then doing it, at all hazards, from love of the right, and aversion 
to the wrong ; while tamely tolerating wrong in ourselves or oth- 
ers blunts and weakens it ; as do all vain self-condemnations for 
having done wrong. That is, its reversed action impairs, its 
normal action develops it. Patiently enduring wrong done to 
ourselves or others humbles and blunts this Faculty almost as 
much as actually doing wrong. Conscientious compunctions 
harden it, while gratifying it by doing right ourselves, and pro- 
moting it in others, improves it. Taking advantages of others 
because they do of us, blunts our own moral tone. 

Doing good from genuine sympathy, being a normal exercise 
of Kindness, develops it; while seeing distress without trying or 
being able to relieve it, blunts and hardens it. Our first sight 
of slaughter agonizes terribly, but blunts, so that subsequent 
sights torture it less and less, till it finally allows Destruction to 
resist it. On this principle, war hardens the sensibilities of both 
soldiers and beholders, and must do great public good to compen- 
sate for its great blunting of the public morals. 

Appetite can be cultivated, not by forcing down food you 
loathe, but by pampering and coaxing up an appetite, by trying 
to enjoy eating, and seeing others eat ; Acquisition, by loving and 
acquiring things of value, not by fearing danger, or feeling pity; 
Causality, by planning and thiuking, not by seeing places ; Force, 
by grappling in with opposition, and defying danger, not by beef- 
steak, or money, or sleeping ; Devotion by thoughts of God ; 
Mirth by what provokes laughter; Locality by travelling, &c. 

Husbands and wives love each other the more tenderly the 
more they are together, while the more they are separated the 



332 ORGANIC CONDITIONS, TEMPERAMENTS, SELF-CULTURE. 

less they miss each other ; thus showing all how to cultivate con- 
jugal affection, namely, by living lovingly together; but warning 
absentees that all absence weakens the affections of both, unless 
kept up by a loving correspondence. Families should be sepa- 
rated just as little as possible. Sending a loving daughter away 
from home to a boarding-school necessarily weakens and dissi- 
pates her fondness for parents and family. Seminary "accom- 
plishments " are not worth these witherings of home ties they 
necessarily occasion. 

Sense of character is strengthened by praise, but blighted 
by blame and chastisement. Commending a child for well-doing 
makes it do the more ever after, so as to get still more praise ; 
while all fault-finding benumbs and hardens it permanently. Par- 
ents, build up this ambitional, aspiring Faculty, by praising where 
you can, but saying nothing when you cannot commend, or else 
telling them how they can get more praise. Spare and nurture 
their ambition just as much, and sear and harden it just as little, 
as possible, all the way up from the cradle. Yet, alas ! how 
many lose their nice regard for their characters by constant sear- 
ings from parental chiding and censure, till, caring little what 
they do, they become completely demoralized ! None should tol- 
erate stigmas, much less do what will occasion them, nor detract 
from their good name, which is worth more than rubies. 

Memory, in each of its kinds, can be cultivated thus : Each 
intellectual faculty remembers its own functions, together with 
any feelings connected therewith ; so that there are as many dif- 
ferent kinds of memory as there are intellectual Faculties : Form, 
recollecting faces ; Locality, places ; Language, words ; Music, 
tunes ; Eventuality, facts ; Causality, thoughts, &c. To culti- 
vate each, bring its natural food before it thus : Form, adapted 
to configuration, remembers all kinds of shapes, persons by their 
faces, &c, and hence can be cultivated by noticing forms, 
charging memory with them, saying to yourself, "Now I will 
scan this man's nose, eyes, chin, face, lips, forehead, cheeks, 
ears, hair, and entire looks and aspect, and so impress them on 
this Faculty, that next time w T hen I see him, I'll remember them 
and him, sure." Detectives possess, because they cultivate, this 
recognizing power to a remarkable extent. " Go, thou, and do 
likewise." 



PROPORTIONATE ACTION A LAW OF NATURE. 333 

Each kind of memory can be cultivated by charging it with 
whatever you would remember. To cultivate memory of facts, 
exercise it in remembering them ; to strengthen verbal memory, 
commit to memory ; to improve expression, talk as much, and 
speak as often as possible in prayer meeting, debating club, po- 
litical caucus, parties, gatherings, &c, and by telling what you 
know, think, have seen, read and heard, by writing, <&c. No one 
can form any adequate idea of. the efficacy of this plan for cultiva- 
ting, disciplining, sharpening, strengthening, and improving each 
mental Faculty by itself, every kind of memory, and the mind as 
a whole. Its trial alone can attest how soon and how effectually 
you can substitute a perfect memoiy for your present poor one, 
and a bright intellect for your present dull, logy one. 

These Faculties are non-transferable. None can either per- 
form the fuuction of Kindness, or any other; or supply its place. 
Those who have Acquisition small may desire money to leave 
their children rich, or to show off, or to aid the poor, or to fur- 
nish the means of acquiring knowledge ; yet these motives nei- 
ther excite this Faculty, nor enlarge its organ ; because the first 
is an exercise of Parental Love ; the second, of Ambition ; the 
third, of Kindness ; and the fourth, of Intellect. To exercise 
Acquisition, therefore, they must make and love money to pos- 
sess and hoard — must love property to lay up, and for its own 
sake. 164 To eat, not because you relish food, but because a cer- 
tain hour has come, is an exercise of Time, not Appetite. Fight- 
ing desperately from motives of honor, and not from love of 
fighting, is no more an exercise of Force, or Destruction, than 
the apparent fondness, in company, of husbands and wives who 
cordially hate each other, is an exercise of pure connubial love. 

Your mode of procedure, then, consists in first learning from 
a reliable phrenological examination which of your Faculties 
require to be especially cultivated, and which restrained ; next in 
learning the precise nature and function of each, which Phrenology 
teaches, and the future pages of this work will expound; and then 
in perpetually provoking your weak Faculties to action by thrust- 
ing their natural stimuli before them, in a form as acceptable and 
tempting to them as possible, through the intellectual Faculties, 
and avoiding whatever excites those in excess. 

When love is feeble, read love stories, novels, and whatever 



334 ORGANIC CONDITIONS, TEMPERAMENTS, SELF-CULTURE. 

promotes it ; but those in whom it is already too large should 
never touch a love story, or think or talk about the other sex, but 
ignore this subject ; and so of the others. 

Intellect is the natural exciter and quieter of all the other 
Faculties. It is installed the vicegerent over all, and their 
natural slave-driver, to whip up sluggish ones, as well as rein 
in those on the rampage, and guide all aright, — a principle we 
shall fully prove hereafter. 

Deficient Hope can be cultivated by intellect perpetually tell- 
ing it — "You look too much on the dark side; come, be encour- 
aged, by fully appreciating that favorable prospect, and the other 
probable good : but in case of its excess, intellect cautioning it 
not again to mar its prospects by exaggerating them as it is wont to 
do, but to "dock" all its calculations, and act as if not half of 
them would be realized. Friendship can be nurtured by opening 
the heart to present friends, and thinking fondly of absent ones, 
as well as by recounting in memory the pleasant seasons enjoyed 
with them ; and restrained by bringing the will into play to resist 
their persuasions and undue influences. In fact, intellect has the 
supreme power to provoke and allay the action of every Faculty 
by placing its natural stimulant before it, which rouses it. 

Subsequent pages will detail this point by giving a full analy- 
sis of each Faculty, and then superadding the means for both pro- 
voking and allaying, cultivating and restraining each ; thus re- 
ducing this self-improving principle to practice, besides teaching 
mothers just what motives, brought daily and hourly before this 
child and that will provoke this Faculty to action in this child, 
and properly guide that in another. All efforts at self and juve- 
nile improvement, not guided by this science, must necessarily 
become either futile or else empirical ; while all thus guided must 
therefore become successful and efficacious*, beyond anything one 
can at all imagine. 

Life is in every deed no trifle ! Instead, it is all that its divine 
Author could render it ! Its improvement constitutes the very 
highest of all human motives and achievements, and immeasura- 
bly augments all its enjoyments forever ! Phrenology is its chief 
instrumentality, and as such becomes God's mental and moral sun 
to man ! Bask ye all in its life, joy, and virtue-promoting beams, 
and let it light up your pathways through earth to the boundless 
and endless mental and moral developments of eternal existence ! 



PART II. 

HEALTH. 
CHAPTER I. 

ITS VALUE, FUNCTIONS, AND PROMOTION. 

Section I. 
attainability, and government by law. 

69. — Value of Good, Sound Constitutional Health. 

Health consists in the normal and vigorous action of all the 
physical functions and organs ; disease in their feeble, imperfect, 
or abnormal action ; and death in their suspension. Life and health 
are proportionate to each other. Viewed in any and all aspects, 

HEALTH IS LIFE. 

Its value, therefore, equals that of all else. It is our richest pos- 
session, because it alone imparts the greatest attainable zest and relish 
to whatever we possess. "Without it, what can man, woman, child, 
or even bird or beast do, become, or enjoy ? Other things being 
equal, our capacities for accomplishing and enjoying are proportionate 
to its vigor, but become enfeebled as it declines. No attainable 
amount of wealth, honor, learning, or anything else whatever can make 
us happy any further than we have health with which to enjoy them; 
and the value of all we possess diminishes in proportion as we be- 
come sickly. With how keen a zest those in health relish delicious 
foods and fruits, which only nauseate those whose diseases have de- 
stroyed their appetite. The rich invalid is pitiably poor, because he 
cannot enjoy his possessions ; while all who are healthy are therefore 
rich, because their fund of life turns all surroundings into means of 
enjoyment. 15 ' The healthy servant is richer, because happier than his 

335 



336 HEALTH : ITS VALUE, CONDITIONS, AND PROMOTION. 

feeble millionaire master, and the robust peasant, than his infirm king! 
Those who have always enjoyed health, little realize its uses or value. 
As we admeasure time only by its loss, so none can duly prize the 
worth of health till it declines. Brought to the gates of death, our 
last hour come, what would we give, what not give, for another year 
of life and health, with all their pleasures! Millions would be cheap, 
because health is so immeasurably more promotive of happiness, that 
only measure of all values, 15 than riches, than all else combined. To 
all, in all conditions, it is life's pearl of greatest price! 

Tins trifling with health, so almost universal, how consummately 
foolish ? Esau's folly was wisdom in comparison with theirs who, in 
sheer carelessness, exchange a lifetime of vigor for one of feebleness. 
And some barter away life itself for some momentary indulgence! 
A foolish ambition breaks down constitutions by thousands. Un- 
willing to be outdone, they work at the top of their strength just as 
long as they can stand, or overheat themselves, or drink cold water 
while too warm, or in one way or another bring on in a day or week 
complaints which debilitate them for life, and hurry them into prema- 
ture graves! 

A good staminate constitution therefore becomes about as 
valuable as that life it manifests. Since good eyes are as valuable as 
are all the'knowledge and happiness they impart, and thus of all the 
other individual organs, 15 of course the value of a good body over a poor 
one is measured by all the increased powers to enjoy and accomplish 
it gives. By over-driving, or foundering, or injuring a splendid 
horse, you take his zest and snap out of him ever after. Before, he 
needed no whip, after, he performs much less with one than before 
without. That one injury diminished his power to accomplish one- 
half or two-thirds, and made him an old horse in constitution, though 
young in years. So when your own constitution is once sapped, fare- 
well to half or more of your life zest, capacities, and enjoyments ! 

An ambitious youth, just to finish cradling before his neighbor, 
worked to complete exhaustion, and finished a few hours the soonest ; 
but in doing so lamed his side for life ; contracted a two months' sick- 
ness, from which he barely recovered with his life, but with a broken- 
down constitution , so that he has since been able to do but little work, 
and many kinds not at all ; besides suffering perpetual pain these 
thirty years since ! That single day's work did him vastly more in- 
jury than any fortune could ever do him good ; because it inflicted on 
him much more pain than any amount of money could ever give him 



ITS ATTAINABILITY, AND GOVERNMENT BY LAW. 337 

pleasure. 15 It weakened all his capacities to do and enjoy, besides en- 
hancing all his sufferings, for life, which it will shorten many years. 
He received no extra pay for this destruction of health, yet sacrificed 
an incalculable amount of happiness and life on the altar of a foolish 
emulation ! But like instances of like folly — folly ? the worst form 
of wickedness — are common. What reader of thirty, if not of twenty, 
by some abuse of health, has not impaired it forever ! How many, 
in how many ways, wickedly squander it, without receiving any return 
for this choicest of all our life possessions ! 

A peime body is a richer treasure than weakly monarchs possess. 
Ladies, first see to it that you have good bodies for your drasses ; be- 
cause a good body poorly dressed is worth a thousand fold more than 
a poor one splendidly attired. And the time is " at hand " when a 
lady's " ton " will depend far more on how good her body is, than on 
how well she dresses it. 

Business men, speculators for a rise, know ye that a splendid phy- 
sique is the finest piece of property you will ever own, while injuring 
it will entail on you a loss far greater than any other ever can be. 
This year you have added fifty thousand dollars to your coffers, but 
in doing so have worn in on your organism, 26 and thereby lost more 
than twice fifty thousand dollars worth of life-force. A little animal 
power is more valuable than dollars can admeasure, and yet men and 
women treat it as they do sole leather — to be worn out by all manner 
of hard usage, and worth no more than old boots. 

The great life art is preserving and improving a good or- 
ganism, if we have one, and recuperating and reinvigorating whatever 
we do have, be it more or less, and should take precedence over every 
other life end and pleasure. Stop instantly whatever interferes with 
it, and do anything, everything to augment it. 

Health is a fortune at interest, the income from which, eco- 
nomically used, will support you ; but it cannot be squandered at any 
period through life, without being brought into the final account, and : 
shortening and enfeebling it in exact proportion. Spending foolishly 
draws on the principal, and every draft, great and little, must be 
reckoned into that last settlement which every draft hastens. As the 
faster you draw the sooner you exhaust it ; so all over-eating, over- 
working, loss of sleep, improper habits, colds, and whatever injures 
health, is a draft on the constitution, cashed at a hundred per cent, 
discount, till, when your life-fund is expended, but not till then, death 
summons you to your final reckoning. Every abuse of health en- 
43 



338 HEALTH: ITS VALUE, CONDITIONS, AND PROMOTION. 

feebles it for life, and hastens its close. Ho! O youth! ho all, be 
entreated to consider the infinite value of health, and the proportionate 
importance of its preservation, before you learn its worth by its im- 
pairment ! Compared with it, millions are trash. Even all else with- 
out it is dross. Gain whatever you may by impairing it, you are an 
infinite loser ; but lose what you may in its preservation or restora- 
tion, you gain more than by acquiring fortunes, or even crowns, and 
worlds ! And how mean one feels and acts when feeble ! 

If you would succeed in life, preserve health. 

If you would get rich, make health paramount. 

If you would enjoy animal luxury, preserve health. 

If you would acquire knowledge, take nice care of health. 

If you would become great or good, vigorous health is first. 

If you live to do good, preserve health, for what good could you 
do if sick ox dead ? 

If you would always be " on hand " for business, pleasure, work, 
whatever may turn up, secure perfect health. 

Whatever may be your life-end or motive, make the preserva- 
tion of health your first business, as it is your indispensable 
instrumentality of all else. 

Sickness is costly. As a pecuniary investment, nothing pays 
the right way like health, nor the wrong like disease, which both 
stops your wages, if you labor ; or if in business, takes you from it 
and compels you to intrust it to others, always disastrous ; besides 
creating heavy expenses for doctors, nurses, medicines, and a thousand 
incidentals. How many, now poor, would have been rich, if they 
and their families had always been well ! 

Sickness is painful. See that sick child. How forlorn and 
woe-stricken its looks ! Mark rheumatic or gouty victims. Every 
motion is painful, and most of their sources of pleasure are converted 
into wormwood ! Behold that wretched victim of disease lying pros- 
trate on a sick bed! Torn from business, society, and all the enjoy- 
ments of life, and racked with pain ! The boiling blood courses 
through his veins, swollen almost to bursting. Hear his piteous 
wail — " My head, O my head ! " See those eyes rolling in agony ! 
Open the windows of his soul, and behold his struggle for life in the 
midst of death, his horrid dread of which far exceeds the torturing 
pains of disease ! Hear him pant for breath ! Witness that gurgling 
in his throat ! Behold the last agonizing struggle between life and 
death, and that final giving up of the ghost ! What is more dreadful 



ITS ATTAINABILITY, AND GOVERNMENT BT LAW. 339 

than sickness ! What horror of horrors at all compares with that 
most awful scene experienced on earth, premature death ! from which 
may God deliver us. Rather, let us all deliver ourselves, by preserv- 
ing OUR HEALTH. 

70. — Health Attainable : and its Amount Possible. 

Health is spontaneous, is our normal state. To preserve it, 
we are not obliged to do some great thing, nor go on a painful or 
costly pilgrimage, nor even to practise the least self-denial, but only 
not to abuse it. Let Nature " have her perfect work," and she will 
furnish it all ready at our hands. It is simply the perfect operation 
of all her organs and functions, which she has taken the utmost pains 
to secure. Behold the labor she has bestowed to construct the body 
with a degree of perfection attainable only by infinite Skill and 
Power ! Since these organs are thus infinitely perfect, are their func- 
tions less so ? "Was not this structural perfection devised expressly to 
secure corresponding perfection of function ? Else what is its use ? 
Unless deranged or prevented by violated law, every organ will go 
on from the beginning of life, until worn out by extreme old age, to 
perform its office with all the regularity of the sun, and with a power 
commensurate to any demand compatible with the laws of our being. 
To argue that health is spontaneous, and as natural as breathing, 
or eating, or sleeping, is, in fact, only these and other functions in 
their natural and vigorous action, is attempting to prove an axiom, or 
that we see what we see. Allowed their natural play, all the organs 
will go on perpetually to manufacture life, health, and happiness, 
which, unless their flow is arrested by violated law, will flow on as 
freely and spontaneously to every human being as the river to its own 
ocean home. A boy once inadvertently whistled in school : — 

11 Angered Teacher. 'John, you rogue, what made you whistle ? ' 
"Boy. ' I didn't, master ; it w t histled itself.' " 

It breathes itself, sees itself, moves itself, sleeps itself, digests 
itself, thinks and feels itself, everything itself; and breathes, sees, 
thinks, feels, everything exactly right, whenever the proper conditions 
are fulfilled. Is it difficult to breathe ? or to breathe right ? or 
enough ? or wholesome air ? Rather, it is exceedingly difficult not 
to breathe, or breathe too little, or a noxious atmosphere. Is it hard to 
eat ? or enough ? or what is healthy ? Yet the converse is always diffi- 
cult. These illustrations apply to every other function of the body. 



340 HEALTH: ITS VALUE, CONDITIONS, AND PROMOTION. 

Every organ is constituted to commence its normal and healthy action 
from the first, and perform it spontaneously throughout life ; and that 
to a much greater age than any now attain. Indeed, it requires 
great, or else long-continued violence, to arrest their healthy and plea- 
surable functions at any time between birth and death. Hence there 
is no more need of our becoming sick, or of these functions being 
enfeebled or disordered, than of our shutting our eyes for weeks 
together, or refusing to breathe, or move, or preventing any other 
function by force. The human constitution has a power to resist dis- 
ease perfectly astonishing. How many readers have abused it out- 
rageously, hundreds of times, with comparative impunity ; and even 
after they have thus broken it down, have still endured sickness and 
suffering till they wonder that they yet live! What would yours now 
have been if you had promoted instead of abusing it ! How many 
hardships could you once endure ! How much it took to break you 
down ! None realize how much they outrage it. Every day and 
night, almost hour, we do something more or less detrimental to it — 
stay in-doors too much ; or remain much in heated rooms; or exer- 
cise too little; or else labor too much, or not exactly right; or sleep 
in close rooms; or over eat, or eat what is injurious, or at least a diet 
less beneficial than some other things ; or overtax the mind, or per- 
haps exercise it too little ; or sit in an unwholesome posture ; or neg- 
lect the skin ; or dress too warm ; or take cold ; or one or another 
of those ten thousand kindred things, more or less injurious to it, 
which all perpetrate almost perpetually. All this, in addition to those 
extreme imprudences of which almost all are frequently more or less 
guilty. And yet, in spite of all this abuse of it, see how healthy many 
remain, often eighty or a hundred years ! Alcohol and tobacco poi- 
son the human constitution ; 123 - 126 yet see how many consume them 
daily, often to drunkenness, for thirty, and even fifty years, without 
destroying their health, though they greatly impair it. See what poi- 
sonous drugs some will swallow, and yet live ! In short, Nature has 
done her utmost to bestow vigorous and uninterrupted health on every 
member of the human family, and to ward off disease and prolong 
life. Behold and wonder at the physical stamina and energy provided- 
for by her, and then say whether every human being is not consti- 
tuted for health. Even admitting that children often inherit diseases 
from parents, yet the fact that parents have health sufficient to become 
parents, is abundant proof that their offspring, by a careful observ- 
ance of the health laws, can both ward off their inherited predisposi- 
tions, 86 and enjoy excellent health to a good old age. 



ITS ATTAINABILITY, AND GOVERNMENT BY LAW. 341 

Behold that steeling boy ! See him race and jump, run and 
tear, with might and main, from morning till night, literally just 
crazy with action, and boiling over perpetually with life ! It would 
seem as if health were literally bursting through every pore of his 
skin, and venting itself on this, that, and the other, but on something 
continually. What is all his mischief but health expending itself! 
See what bounding elasticity of step ! What snap in every motion, 
as if all his muscles were taut with energy and power ! His voice, 
how shrill, how powerful ! When he works, see how he " puts right 
in;" when he plays, just see how much life-power he throws into 
every motion. See him now, mounted on top of that tall tree, next 
on the ridge poll of that building! Did you see that jump down ! 
Would you not expect it to crush every bone in his body ! But 
no ; see him spring instantly to his feet, and bound off like a deer in 
some new ebullition of animal vigor and power ! 

" Wall, I du declare, I should think our Jonny would get tired tu 
death sometime ! " 

" Tired ! " There is no such word in his dictionary. Is he not a 
literal marvel of activity, power, endurance, and all the indices of 
perfect health ! 

What ! That mere boy healthier, more efficient, aye, even more 
enduring than that fully-developed man I Not yet one-third grown, nor 
half matured, his bones yet in their gristle, his muscles growing, not 
yet grown, to the man what summer twig, still soft and brittle, is to 
that hardened, full-grown limb ! All this but the merest beginnings 
of what he can and will become if he simply fulfils the health laws 
of his being ! 

Young men and maidens, you little realize how full to overflow- 
ing with health, glow, ecstasy, and animal power you are capable of 
becoming. You should be as far removed from sickness as the North 
pole is from the South, and as much above it as the heavens are above 
the earth ! Every single one of you should be as much spryer, more 
athletic, robust, glowing, strong, and rampant with life as you are 
older ; and all middle-aged persons stronger, tougher, hardier, healthier 
yet ! And retain all till past seventy. Behold how hale, hearty, 
and enduring of hard work many old people are ! And yet even 
they might have been much more so but for their life-long violations 
of many health conditions. Though fortunately they were not suffi- 
cient to break them down. In short, literally and truly — 



342 HEALTH: ITS VALUE, CONDITIONS, AND PROMOTION. 

All should fairly ache with surplus health and vitality, all 
the way up from the cradle to " three score years and ten," and then 
gradually sink like the setting sun into twilight's balmy shades, 
without an' ache, or pain, or even weakness ; conscious only of the 
still increasing pleasures of existence, and scarcely knowing when 
they breathe their last ! And death itself the crowning luxury of 
life ! Yes, literally a crowning luxury ! " 169 Thus, O ye who live, 
hath God made man physically! 

Workmen might labor " from early morn till late in e'en " with- 
out one thought of fatigue, and from puberty till eighty, performing 
ten times more hard work than now, and in perpetual delight, not in 
weariness or pain. 

Behold that California horse galloping nimbly in from a 
hundred and twenty mile stretch, without food or rest, and surmounted 
by a two hundred pound rider ! 

Behold that fallow-deer, moose, or reindeer ! Far to the 
north ; the winter temperature generally below zero, and often below 
forty; without shelter or fire; snow many feet deep, and food poor 
and scant; what physical stamina is required even to keep alive 
through an eight months' winter ! And yet, attacked by that fierce 
pack of ravenous wolves, he bounds off, seemingly as light as a 
feather ; runs many miles per hour, day in and out, night in and out. 
He finally stands at bay, and smites now one and then another of his 
fierce pursuers dead with one blow of his still powerful fore leg. And 
if at last, taken unawares, he succumbs, how perfectly amazing the 
energies he first puts forth ! as is also that of his hungry pursuers. 
Like illustrations hold true of all wild animals, lions, tigers, hyenas, 
wildcats, elephants, zebras. But why specify any, since all are about 
equally robust ? What wonders our domestic animals, despite all the 
abuses suffered at the hands of careless or heartless taskmasters, 
endure and accomplish ! 

Does God confer this " greatest good " more bountifully on 
beast than man ? Every single fact and principle in the natural 
history of both, thunder " No." Is not his entire physical organism 
better, and every way more perfect, than theirs ? In what else is he 
their inferior ? Then why should he be in health ? Is he not God's 
special fav&ritef 

Human facts shall decide. Are wild Hottentots, Moors, Arabs, 
Indians, etc., less powerful or enduring than moose ? Let Black- 
hawk's account of his long marches, and his feats of endurance and 



ITS ATTAINABILITY, AND GOVERNMENT BY LAW. 343 

privation, answer. Keokuk had a physique of marvellous power and 
endurance. What splendidly " made up " men are the Comanches ! 
We shall yet give facts bearing on this subject, but the natural ro- 
bustness of the human constitution is apparent without. All children 
having sufficient natural health to be born alive, can grow stronger 
and more healthy every year, up to life's full meridian ; and then 
retain it till they die of sheer old age. Only a long outraging of the 
health laws ever prevents this delightful result. Sickness and prema- 
ture death constitute no part of Nature's ends. Instead, both are ab- 
normal ; are punishments for infringements of the laws of health, and, 
of course, avoidable by obeying these laws. No wonder that men, 
women, and children are sick, and die thus suddenly and early, con- 
sidering how perpetually they violate the health prerequisites. Their 
enduring so much with comparative impunity, only shows how per- 
fectly healthy conformity to them would render all. « 

71. — Diseases Curable: Hygene better than Medicines. 

Most civilized persons are more or less ailing or diseased. To 
say how many and how much, is utterly impossible ; for no language 
can depict either the number or the aggravation of human maladies. 
Those who are down sick constitute only a very small proportion of 
those who are more or less enfeebled, or disabled, or have this 
weakness and that ailment, and yet keep about. They work on, 
indeed, but in perpetual pain. Even those called perfectly well fall 
far below the standard of physical vigor possible to them. 70 

A remedial principle is incorporated into the human constitu- 
tion. Health is restorable, and disease curable, to a degree far ex- 
ceeding our most sanguine hopes. Abnormal action always flexes 
towards normal. Nature invariably seeks to right up all wrong func- 
tions. Pain itself is a curative process. 23 The existence of reme- 
dial agents is not a matter of doubt, but is an experimental fact. 
Nature might justly have left all broken bones, severed nerves and 
blood-vessels, and all other results of violated natural law, in what- 
ever state they might have occurred ; whereas our infinitely benevo- 
lent Father has invented remedies, and made provision for re-uniting 
broken bones, and ruptured blood-vessels, repairing lacerated muscles 
and nerves, and restoring debilitated and disordered functions. Re- 
gaining health is possible, though much more difficult than its preser- 
vation. Whilst an ounce of its preservation is worth more than 
pounds of cures of disease; yet Nature's recuperative provisions are 



344 HEALTH : ITS VALUE, CONDITIONS, AND PROMOTION. 

indeed marvellous. Her restoratives are neither few, nor feeble, nor 
restricted. Though she punishes some violations of her health laws, 
such as an amputated head, a pierced heart, etc., with death; yet most 
diseases, if taken in season, and managed rightly, can be cured or 
mitigated. Rank poisons can be neutralized or expelled. Fevers 
are a curative process. 23 In fact, pain signifies that the system has 
life enough left to undertake restoration. " While there is life, there 
is hope." 

The victims laid low in death by allopathy, despite the curative 
powers of Nature, and those walking wrecks whose constitutions 
it has ruined, should warn the well to keep well, and the sick to try 
some other, any other mode of cure, in preference; as well as make its 
practitioners pause and tremble at its many fatal results. How can 
they hold up their heads as honest, straightforward men ? And the 
facts that so many of them are turning homceopathists, hydropathists, 
eclectropathists, etc., and all giving so little medicine now, when they 
once gave so much, prove that their own faith in its virtues is waning. 
Patients had better let nature alone, than incur all this life and death 
risk. Doing nothing surely cannot be worse. 

Doctors often pronounce death on patients who afterwards recover. 
Nature has taken the utmost pains to so vary her remedies as to heal 
most of the ills to which man is subject. Some restoratives act as if 
by magic; and in most cases are found in those particular localities 
where the diseases they cure abound. As, wherever any poisonous 
serpent crawls, there grows some weed specifically adapted to cure the 
venom of its bite ; so we may look for some antidote to fever and 
ague, rheumatism, consumption, etc., in their localities; so that home 
remedies will generally be found better than imported. 

He who shows men how to keep well will be the greatest bene- 
factor of the race, while he who shows all how to get well is next. 
Of course this direction is most important. Diseases teach us the 
value and laws of health, and Nature then teaches us how to cure 
them. All are most deeply interested practically in the problem, 
How can diseases be cured, and health restored ? 

Not by medicines mainly. Men generally think them their only 
curative reliance, especially in extreme cases. All run at once to the 
doctor and to the apothecary shop, as if their very life depended on 
their speed. Do such ever stop to consider just how medicines act? 
They may purge the alimentary canal, and infiltrate themselves 
throughout the body by means of the blood ; but do they mend mus- 
/ 



ITS ATTAINABILITY, AND GOVERNMENT BY LAW. 345 

cles, nerves, and organs ; scrape up and eject disease ; or change the 
organic particles ? All this, and much more, is the exclusive work of 
Nature. Work thus delicate she alone can execute. Medicines may 
neutralize poisons and acids, and supply Nature with required mate- 
rials, but this is about all. 

Mineral medicines are especially noxious to life. What ! actu- 
ally poison the system in order to cure it? Shall we destroy life to 
enhance it? Does that which is constitutionally hostile to it promote 
it? This is perfect nonsense, and in the teeth of every principle of 
Nature. Besides, her entire economy is pleasure, never pain, 15 while 
poisons generally cause pain, besides being nauseous to the taste, 
which of itself condemns them. As those kinds of food which the 
system requires relish best, 93 so we shall crave what medicines we re- 
quire. The curative process is constitutionally pleasurable, never 
painful. So treat a wound as to heal it in the best manner possible, 
and it will feel good and comfortable. Only what interferes with its 
restoration occasions pain. And this law holds true of all forms of 
convalescence. This new view of the restorative process is true, theo- 
retically and practically. 23 Shall obeyed law give us pleasure, and a 
return from transgression to obedience necessarily occasion pain ? 
Does anything but violated law cause suffering? 21 Of course, then, 
medicines bitter to the taste or painful in their operation, Nature con- 
demns in and by the very pain they occasion. Since obedience to law 
is followed by pleasure, therefore whatever the system requires 
will give only pleasure. What medicines it needs it will crave 
and love. Not that nothing bitter should never be taken, but 
that, when required, bitterness itself will be sweet. Otherwise 
Nature inflicts pain to secure pleasure ; which she never does. Her 
motto is, all good, no evil. Any other view of her misrepresents 
and belies her ; or, rather exposes him who makes it. Though she 
often brings good out of evil, and makes even the wrath of man serve 
her, yet she brings still greater good out of all good. Our shortest 
and surest road from sickness to health, therefore, never conducts us 
through what is repulsive or painful, but only through what is plea- 
surable. This fully established principle unequivocally condemns : — 

Poisons, Calomel, and Depletions. The very principle upon 
which they act is their destruction of life. Taken in health, they 
induce sickness ; then how much more aggravate it ? And their 
reputation for curing diseases is due mainly to abstinence from food, 
perspiration, and emptying the stomach, all of which can be effected 



346 HEALTH : ITS VALUE, CONDITIONS, AND PROMOTION. 

by processes entirely harmless. Their effect upon the teeth alone 
brands them with unequivocal condemnation; for whatever injures 
them, first disorders the stomach. Their decay foretokens incipient 
dyspepsia. Hence, since they are always impaired by these medi- 
cines, of which all who take poison are living witnesses, they of course 
always enfeeble the stomach. 

Calomel powerfully stimulates the liver, but stimulates by poi- 
sotiing it. Hence liver affections almost always follow its administra- 
tion — always, except when both stomach and liver are extra powerful. 
Mandrake root, made into pills, or steeped, and the decoction drunk, 
touches the liver as effectually as calomel, yet leaves no poisonous 
after-claps. Tomatoes also promote liver action, as do quassia, hops, 
col umbo root, ginseng, etc. Then why not provoke that action by 
these innocuous vegetables, which do not, like calomel, expose, by tak- 
ing cold, to life-long suffering ? Dyspepsia follows its use almost as 
surely as sunrise daylight, because induced thereby. Let observation, 
the more extensive the better, pronounce the verdict. Language can 
never adequately portray its ravages on health and life. 

" Gentlemen : If you could see what I almost daily see in my pri- 
vate practice, persons from the South, in the very last stages of 
wretched existence, emaciated to a skeleton, with both tables of the 
skull almost completely perforated in many places, the nose half gone, 
with rotten jaws, ulcerated throats, breaths most pestiferous, more 
intolerable than poisonous upas, limbs racked with the pains of 
the Inquisition, minds as imbecile as the puling babe, a grievous bur- 
den to themselves, and a disgusting spectacle to others, 3^011 would 
exclaim, as I have often done, ' Oh, the lamentable want of science 
which dictates the abuse of that noxious drug, calomel, in the Southern 
States ! ' Gentlemen, it is a disgraceful reproach to the profession of 
medicine, it is quackery, horrid, unwarranted, murderous quackery. 
What merit do southern physicians flatter themselves they possess by 
being able to salivate a patient? Cannot the veriest fool in Christen- 
dom salivate — give calomel ? But I will ask another question. Who 
can stop its career at will, after it has taken the reins into its own 
destructive and ungovernable hands ? He who, for an ordinary cause, 
resigns the fate of his patient to mercury, is a vile enemy to the sick ; 
and if he is tolerably popular, will, in one successful season, have 
paved the way for the business of life ; for he has enough to do ever 
afterwards to stop the mercurial breach of the constitutions of his 
dilapidated patients. He has thrown himself in fearful proximity to 
death, and has now to fight him at arm's length as long as the patient 
maintains a miserable existence." — Professor Chapman. 

" They affect the human constitution in a peculiar manner, taking, 
so to speak, an iron grasp of all its systems, and penetrating even to 



ITS ATTAINABILITY, AND GOVERNMENT BY LAW. 347 

the bones, by which they not only change the healthy action of its 
vessels, and general structure, but greatly impair and destroy its 
energies ; so that their abuse is rarely overcome. When the tone of 
the stomach, intestines, or nervous system generally, has been once 
injured by this mineral, according to my observation, it pan seldom 
afterwards be restored. I have seen many persons to whom it has 
been largely given who, before they took it, knew not what indigestion 
and nervous depression meant only by the description of others ; but 
they have since become experimentally acquainted with both ; for the}' 
now constantly complain of weakness and irritability of the digestive 
organs, of frequent lowness of spirits and impaired strength ; all of 
which they will ever experience. Instances of this description 
abound. Many of the victims of this practice, are aware of this ori- 
gin of their permanent indisposition, and many more who are at 
present unconscious of it, might here find, upon investigation, a suffi- 
cient cause for their sleepless nights and miserable days. We have 
often had every benevolent feeling called into painful exercise, upon 
viewing patients already exhausted by protracted illness, groaning 
under the accumulated miseries of an active course of mercury, and 
by this forever deprived of perfect restoration. No words can suffi- 
ciently describe the inconsistency, folly, and injury of this barbarous 
practice." — Dr. Graham, of Edinburgh. 

This is the testimony of its friends — of distinguished members of 
the medical faculty — and is true of the principle on which calomel and 
all mineral poisons act. And the more virulent the poison, the worse. 
Those who take them may recover, yet it will be in spite of both dis- 
ease and medicine ; but their recovery will be slow, and constitutions 
impaired. 

It wrecks venereal patients, however, the worst. The combi- 
nation within the system of this virus with calomel, just about uses 
up the life force, and ravages the organism far worse than either taken 
separately. Far better let that virus, terrible as it is,! 35 ravage the 
organism all it may, than try to neutralize it by calomel ; because those 
two life antagonists united produce effects far more deadly than either 
alone. We commend this declaration to both the medical profession, 
and this class of patients. 

The vegetable kingdom furnishes most required medicines, and 
since some are there, why not all f Since Nature has prepared them 
all ready at our hands, why resort to art? Can man compound and 
prepare them better than his Maker ? The simple fact of the exis- 
tence of vegetable remedial agents already prepared, shows that we 
must not take Nature's work out of her own hands. Does the labora- 
tory of art surpass that of Nature? And since she undertakes to 
cure, w T hy not trust to her mainly? "Why not, after furnishing her 



348 HEALTH: ITS VALUE, CONDITIONS, AND PROMOTION. 

with the right materials and conditions, let her mostly alone f She 
does well whatever she undertakes. 

The power of constitution yet remaining effects this recupera- 
tion ; those having good ones obviously recovering much faster and 
more fully than those with weak. 69 But our purpose is rather to state 
the possibility of such restoration than to discuss its " ways and 



72. — Sickness and Death governed by Law, not Providence. 

11 ! but health and sickness, life and death, are wise yet Mysterious 
dispensations of Divine Providence. ' The Lord killeth, and maketh 
alive; He bringeth down to the grave, and bringeth up.' Our clays 
are all numbered, so that we must die at our appointed time." 

Does law, or chance, govern the world ? 19 Does every effect 
have its cause, and every cause its effect? or does this most important 
of all effects occur without cause, by " Providential interposition," 
perhaps in the very teeth of causation ? Does God violate His own 
laws? This doctrine is preposterous, false in fact, injurious in its 
consequences, subversive of all causation, conceived in ignorance, and 
brought forth by bigotry ! Our world is governed throughout only 
by law. All is cause and effect. 19 We see, feel, and know that some 
causes promote health, while others retard it; certain causes always 
occasioning death, and others averting it. If sickness and death are 
providential, why ever give medicine to remove the former, or prevent 
the latter? What! vainly and impiously attempt to arrest by medi- 
cine a dispensation of an all-wise Providence! Fear and tremble lest 
He smite you dead for giving remedies to thwart His unchangeable 
decrees ! # 

Sickness and death, irony aside, are no more providential than 
is the rising of the sun, or any fixed operation of nature, but the legi- 
timate and necessary effects of their procuring causes. None practi- 
cally consider them as providential, but all treat them as effects, in 
their very attempts to obviate them by removing their causes. All 
mankind do something — apply causes to the relief of pain and pre- 
vention of death, as spontaneously as they breathe. What stronger 
evidence could be required or had that all instinctively feel and know 
them to be effects governed by causation ! Are deaths caused by 
poisoning or shooting providential ! Then are all the operations of 
Nature equally providential. Call them caused providences if you 
will, but they are effects. We often know by what causes particular 



ITS ATTAINABILITY, AND GOVERNMENT BY LAW. 349 

sicknesses and deaths were produced, and are all internally conscious, 
that highest order of proof, that they are effects, equally with all the 
other operations of Nature. To argue this point is to argue what is 
self-evident. To suppose that a single glow of health or twinge of 
pain is not an effect, but a providence, is supposing that this incal- 
culably important department of Nature is without the pale of causa- 
tion and law — a doctrine utterly untenable. 19 His Causality must be 
feeble, and mind weak or unenlightened, who entertains a doctrine 
thus hostile to all order, and to universal Nature. 

Occasional providences are impossible. The doctrine that they 
are sometimes providential, and sometimes caused by violating the 
organic laws, is equally irrational with supposing that the sun rises 
one day in obedience to the fixed laws of gravity, and another by 
" special providence," wholly without means ; and thus of all the other 
operations of Nature. Does the Deity trifle thus ! Does He half do, 
and then undo ! Does He ever begin without completing ! Does 
not that same utility and even constitutional necessity of things which 
renders it best that sickness and health, life and death, should be 
caused in part, as we know they are, should also be caused in whole ! 
The principle that whenever a part of a given class of operations, as 
of seeing, motion, and the like, are governed by causation, that entire 
class is governed by the same law, is a universal fact throughout na- 
ture. 19 That causation governs sickness and death in part is self- 
evident : therefore all sickness, all death, premature and natural, are 
equally the legitimate and invariable effects of violated physical laws. 
In one sense they may be called " divine chastisements," because they 
are consequent on breaking the divine laws, but in no other. Both 
reason and fact impel us to this conclusion. No middle ground re- 
mains ; in fact, no ground but to ascribe all health and sickness, life 
and death, to inflexible causation. How strange that moral and in- 
tellectual leaders and teachers, pseudo "educated" men even, should 
entertain and promulgate a doctrine as injurious and utterly absurd 
as that sickness and premature death are providential ! 

Countless thousands kill themselves or children, often with 
kindness, and then throw all the blame off from their own guilty 
heads, by ascribing all to " divine Providence ! " What downright 
blasphemy ! Though being clerically exhorted to " submit to this 
afflictive dispensation meekly, trusting that this chastening rod of 
your Heavenly Father may teach you resignation to His will," may 
console the sick more than being reproved for their having inflicted 



350 HEALTH : ITS VALUE, CONDITIONS, AND PROMOTION. 

this distress on themselves and inconvenience on others by breaking 
Nature's health laws ; yet the latter would tend to prevent future 
sickness by inculcating subsequent obedience. 

" But, Professor, these views really shock our most sacred feelings." 

Then rectify your " most sacred feelings," till they will not be 
thus shocked by truth. Telling the Turk that Alia is no God, would 
shock his " most sacred feelings," because they are wrong. Telling 
the idol-worshipping Chinese that their brazen images are only brass, 
would shock their sacred feelings. Our sacred, and all our other 
feelings, should be guided by reason. m All " sacred " prejudices ought 
to be shocked, till they are abrogated. 

A Baltimore girl, told if she would hang up her stocking, 
Santa Glaus would fill it with good things, did hang it up, and Santa 
Glaus, or some other claws, did fill it. Calling for her stocking the 
moment she awoke, it was tossed upon her bed, when she greedily 
ate down its entire contents of almonds, raisins, nuts, candies, cakes, 
etc. ; ate a hearty breakfast ; was plied with titbits between breakfast 
and dinner ; and an hour after was taken with convulsions, and in 
another hour died. Though a post-mortem examination demonstrated 
that the unchewed raisins eaten in the morning had dammed up their 
passage and caused her death by swelling, yet the pious Rev. Dr. 
Musgrave preached her funeral sermon from the text : " The Lord 
gave, and the Lord hath taken away " from evils to come, ascribing 
this afflictive bereavement to a merciful Providence, sent to wean 
stricken parents from earth, and prepare them for heaven ! What 
sacrilege ! what falsehood ! thus to charge the Almighty with killing 
this dear child, when the post-mortem examination proved that its 
careless parents hilled their own child by giving it the raisins, just as 
much as if they had unwittingly given it arsenic ! If, after stating 
the coroner's verdict, he had said, substantially, " Behold, O weeping 
parents, and all, in this cause of this child's untimely death, a warning 
to feed your still living children aright, so as to save them from pre- 
mature death" — if all ministers would make the known causes of the 
early death of the corpse before them an occasion for warning the 
living not to hasten their own death by a like disease, there would 
be few deaths this side of a worn-out old age. Teaching men that 
nothing but violating the natural laws can possibly occasion sickness 
or premature death, especially juvenile, will enforce, by the most 
powerful of all motives, the study and observance of these laws, 24 and 



ITS ATTAINABILITY, AND GOVERNMENT BY LAW. 351 

thus ward off sickness and preserve life ; but these false consolations 
lull parents and destroy children by scores of thousands annually ! 
Mankind need, and will some day have, a new set of funeral sermons, 
instructing the living how to live. 

Dr. Reese, Methodist Episcopal Bishop of Maryland, after listening 
in a public lecture to the preceding story, was introduced to the Author, 
when the following dialogue occurred : 

" Bishop, I fear, these views of special Providence conflict with your 
own religious ideas and feelings on that subject." 

" Not at all, Professor, for I believe many delicate ladies, accustomed 
to high dresses and covered arms, array themselves for a ball or party 
in low dresses, short sleeves, and thin slippers ; dance to complete ex- 
haustion ; carelessly expose themselves while going home tired after 
profuse perspiration ; catch a severe cold, which of course strikes to 
their throats and lungs ; and die of quick or slow consumption in con- 
sequence ; when a ' Lord's will ' sermon is preached at their funerals, 
whereas it should be — committed suicide with low dresses and thin 
slippers. Natural effects are not special providences." 

Be especially careful, first, to ascertain whether " the Lord " 
did kill a given child or an adult before thus accusing Him of doing 
so. To charge Him with killing those who were killed or kill them- 
selves by breaking His health laws, is pious yet profane blasphemy, as 
horrid as man can well perpetrate. Hear Mrs. Sedgwick on this 
point : 

" Was it Providence? Take, for example, a young girl bred deli- 
cately in town, and shut up in a nursery in her childhood, — in a boards 
ing school through her youth, — never accustomed to air or exercise, 
two things that the law of God makes essential to health. She marries ; 
her strength is inadequate to the demands upon it. Her beaut}^ fades 
early. She languishes through her hard offices of giving birth to 
children, suckling and watching over them, and dies early. 'What a 
strange Providence that a mother should be taken in the midst of life 
from her children ! ' Was it Providence? No! Providence had as- 
signed her threescore years and ten ; a term long enough to rear her 
children, and to see her children's children, but she did not obey the 
laws on which life depends, and of course she lost it. 

" A father, too, is cut off in the midst of his da} T s. He is a use- 
ful and distinguished citizen, and eminent in his profession. A general 
buzz arises on every side : ' What a striking Providence ! * This man 
has been in the habit of studying half of the night ; of passing his 
days in his office or in the courts ; of eating luxurious dinners, and 
drinking various kinds of wine. He has every day violated the laws 
on which health depends. Did Providence cut him off? The evil 



352 HEALTH: ITS VALUE, CONDITIONS, AND PROMOTION. 

rarely ends here. The diseases of the father are often transmitted ; 
and a feeble mother rarely leaves vigorous children behind her. 

" Young ladies in some of our cities often walk in thin shoes and 
delicate stockings in mid-winter. A healthy, blooming } 7 oung girl 
thus dressed in violation of Heaven's laws, pays the penalty in a 
cheeked circulation, colds, fever, and death ! ' What a sad Providence ! ' 

\ exclaim her friends. Was it Providence, or her own folly ? 
" A beautiful young bride goes night after night to parties, made 
in honor of her marriage. She has a slightly sore throat ; perhaps 
the weather is inclement ; but she must go with her neck and arms 
bare ; for who ever saw a bride in a close evening dress ? She is con- 
sequent^ seized with an inflammation of her lungs, and the grave re- 
ceives her before her bridal da3 r s are over. ' What a Providence ! ' 
exclaims the world. • Cut off in the midst of happiness and hope! ' 
Alas, did she not cut the thread of life herself? 

" A girl in the country, exposed to our changeful climate, gets 
a new bonnet instead of getting a flannel garment. A rheumatism is 
the consequence. Should she sit down tranquilly with the idea that 
Providence has sent the rheumatism upon her, or should she charge 
it on her vanity, and avoid a like folly in future ? Look, my young 
friends, at the mass of diseases incurred by intemperance in eating and 
drinking, in study or business ; by neglect of exercise, cleanliness, and 
pure air; by indiscreet dressing, tight-lacing, etc. ; and all is quietly 
imputed to Providence ! Is there not impiety as well as ignorance in 
this ? Were the ph} r sical laws strictly observed, from generation to 
generation, there would be an end to the frightful diseases which cut 
life short, and of the long list of maladies which make it a torment or 
a trial. It is the opinion of those who best understand the physical 
system, that this wonderful machine, the body, this ' goodly temple,' 
would gradually decay, and men would die as if falling asleep." 

Lord Palmerston, the great English Premier, when petitioned 
by the Scotch clergy to appoint a day for fasting and prayer, to avert 
approaching cholera, replied, in effect : 

" Clean your streets and disinfect your houses ; promote cleanliness 
and health among the poor ; see that they are plentifully supplied with 
good food and raiment ; and employ right sanitary measures gene- 
rally, and you will have no occasion to fast and pray : nor will the 
Lord hear your prayers while these His preventives remain unheeded." 

Life and health, sickness and death, are invariably the legiti- 
mate effects of their specific causes. Nature's health laws reign as su- 
preme as any other. From them there is no appeal, and to them no 
exception. 19 Observing them renders health just as sure as the rising 
of the sun ; because both are equally governed by inflexible causation. 

73. — Health a Duty: Sickness and premature Death sinful. 

The solemn and imperious duty of all is to preserve it if good, 

and regain it if impaired ; otherwise, there is no such thing as obliga- 



N 



ITS ATTAINABILITY, AND GOVERNMENT BY LAW. 353 

tion ; because we can discharge no duty and accomplish no end with- 
out it, and only in proportion to its vigor. Is it not our duty to do good, 
worship God, love and provide for family, reason, enjoy the bounties 
of Nature, and exercise all the powers and Faculties God has graciously 
bestowed upon us ? If it is not sinful to impair these divine gifts by 
debility, or bury them in a premature grave, then nothing can be sin- 
ful. Is it not our duty to give our fellow-men pleasure instead of 
j>ain ? Is it not then wrong to subject them to all the care and weari- 
ness of watching around our sick bed, and to all the anxiety conse- 
quent on our sickness ? And is it not almost the climax of crime to 
break down the spirits of dear friends, especially of our own families 
and companions, with anguish by our death, whereas we might, by 
obeying the laws of health, gladden them with our friendship, sup- 
port them by our labor, sustain them by our sympathies, and guide 
them by our counsels ! 

The pains accompanying disease and death, constitute the highest 
order of proof that they are sinful ; because no pain can ever exist ex- 
cept induced by violated law, 21 and violating law is sin itself. 19 Avoid 
sinning and you escape suffering; but all suffering is the consequence 
of sinning. The very painfulness of sickness is therefore the witness 
of its sinfulness. Sickness is caused by violating the laws of health. 
Such violation, all violation, of law, is wrong ; therefore all sickness is 
sinful, and the pain consequent is its penalty. Health is the ordinance 
of nature, 70 and the great instrumentality of performing every other 
obligation, and therefore our first and highest duty to our fellow-men, 
ourselves, and our God — to our fellow-men, because we cannot dis- 
charge our obligations to them without it, and our sickness wrongs 
them by occasioning them pain ; to ourselves, because we can perform 
no duty, and enjoy no blessing, without it ; and to our God, because 
we are under the most imperious obligation to obey His laws, 20 those 
of health, of course, included. Ye who demur, say what "divine 
right " have you to violate God's laws ! Show u indulgences " from 
the court of heaven, granting permission to trample on divine ordi- 
nances, or else admit such trespass and its consequent sickness to be 
wicked. None have any business to be sick ! 

Premature death is still more sinful, because occasioned by a 
yet greater violation of law ; is indeed the chief of crimes. Is not sui- 
cide most wicked ? Yet it consists in this same breach of these same 
laws, the breach of which causes premature death. Since to shorten 
life by self-murder is a sin of the highest grade ; shortening it by in- 
45 



354 HEALTH : ITS VALUE, CONDITIONS, AND PROMOTION. 

juring health, is equally wicked; because both result precisely alike, 
namely, in the destruction of life ; and by similar means, namely, a 
breach of the health laws. Unless we have a divine " right " to com- 
mit suicide, gradual or sudden, we have none to incur premature death ; 
and since suicide is most heinous, by so much, and for precisely the 
same reason, is inducing death by the careless exposure or wanton in- 
jury of health equally wicked. The extreme painfulness, too, of pre- 
mature death, is Nature's proclamation that its cause is proportionately 
sinful. Fraud, robbery, and the like, are as trifling sins when compared 
with the destruction of health, as life is more valuable than property. 
It is high time we considered sickness as it actually is, high-handed 
rebellion against God, and a crime against man ! 

Exceptions indeed occur, whenever unavoidable accidents, or 
causes beyond our control transpire ; yet they do not invalidate this 
doctrine. 

Preserve and improve health then, old and young, one and 
all, by every possible means. Behold the infinite perfection of these 
bodies! Behold the variety and power of their functions! 70 Be 
astonished at their almost angelic capabilities for enjoyment! 15 O, 
who can contemplate this highest piece of divine mechanism without 
overflowing wonder and gratitude ! And was such a structure made 
to be abused! Shall we bandy about so delicate, so complicated, so 
infinitely valuable a gift as if it were an old box ! Shall we undo all 
He has done to secure the invaluable blessings of health and happi- 
ness ! Shall we impair, vitiate or break down functions thus inimi- 
tably perfect in themselves, and thus laden with all the enjoyments 
of life ;! Shall we not rather cherish and enhance them as our richest 
earthly treasure! Shall we nurture our land and trees, and neglect 
our own bodies ! Shall we not love and keep a present thus divine, 
on account of its own intrinsic worth, and of its Bountiful Giver ! 
Shall we cherish rich earthly legacies, yet abuse a divine legacy which 
is perpetually bringing forth, from its exhaustless store-house, every 
enjoyment, actual and possible, of life ! Shall we love earthly donors 
the more the greater their gifts, and not worship, with our whole 
souls, the Author of that life so infinitely above all other bestow- 
ments ! Life, O, how precious ! u Its wanton waste, how infinitely 
foolish and wicked ! 16 Let others do as they list, but let our great 
concern be to occupy this heaven-conferred talent while it lasts, and 
to guard against its injury with Argus vigilance. God forbid our 
doing or allowing the least thing to impair its efficacy, or neglecting 



VITALITY : ITS NECESSITY, ORGANS, AND PROMOTION. 355 

any means of enhancing its capabilities. This sacred duty, this para- 
mount obligation to God and our own souls, let us study and fulfil. 
O, thou Bestower of this " pearl of greatest price," grant or deny 
whatever else Thou wilt, but give us intellect to know, and the in- 
flexible determination to practice, the laws and conditions of health 
and life. 

Section II. 

vitality: its necessity, organs, and promotion. 

74. — Vitality the first Prerequisite of Life. 

Manufacturing vitality is life's first and greatest work. Man, 
and all animated beings, are so constituted that every exercise of all 
muscles, nerves and organs, whatever we say, do, and are, and all the 
operations of our entire and complicated mental and physical nature, 
expend vitality. As no machinery can be propelled without consuming 
that power which impels ; so this wonderful mechanism which mani- 
fests life, mind included, cannot move one iota, in whole or in part, 
without thereby using up that vitality or animal energy which con- 
stitutes its motive principle. And since life consists in a vast variety 
and complication of functions, some of which are often most power- 
ful and intense, of course its consumption of vitality must be propor- 
tionally great; even though individual functions expend but little. 
And this consumption is in the exact ratio of that life which it pro- 
pels ; because the latter consists in the former. We sometimes think, 
feel, do, and therefore live more in one hour than at other times in 
ten or twenty hours ; and of course consume vital energy proportion- 
ally faster. 

The greater its abundance the more rapid and efficient all 
these functions, just as machinery works the more powerfully when 
the " head " of steam or water is great, than when it is low ; and for 
a kindred reason. Except in cases of corpulency, 55 we think, feel, 
perform, and therefore live more or less easily, vigorously, and effec- 
tually in proportion as this supply is abundant ; but become enfeebled 
in proportion as it declines. Hence its re-supply is paramount, else 
exhaustion must inevitably follow ; which of course proportionally 
reduces life, and invites disease, 61 and if carried too far, suspends life 
altogether. 

The great art of living and working then consists in keeping 



3*56 HEALTH : ITS VALUE, CONDITIONS, AND PROMOTION. 

up a full supply of this vital force. Many break down seemingly 
from over-work, but really from want of vitality, who could have 
done all they did do, and twice as much more, with perfect ease, and 
without sustaining the least injury, if they had simply taken fair 
care of their re-supply functions. Both the preservation and the re- 
storation of health depend more on this vital re-supply than on all other 
causes combined. What would you think of that teamster who should 
work his team up to the top of its strength without ever stopping to 
rest or feed, until they thus became unable to work any longer ? 
Then what do you think of yourself for pursuing a like course? As 
the very way to get the most work out of his team consists in keep- 
ing it in good working order ; so the great art of doing the most work 
possible with head or hands consists in keeping on a full head of 
life-power with which to work. As the best way to " whip up " a 
jaded horse is to give him food and rest ; so the best way to urge on 
any work in hand is to put and keep yourself and workmen in good 
working order. On no account work when " all tired out." Few 
things are equally injurious. Keep up a full head of vital steam. As that 
engineer would be foolish who should run his engine away out upon 
the prairie, far from wood and water, till he had used up all of both, 
so that he could go neither way ; so many men and women work on 
with all their might till they can work no longer, without taking any 
time to recuperate. The secret of Benton's extraordinary working 
capacity consisted in his having a vital laboratory of marvellous size 
and efficiency, and then in his taking good care of it besides. As, 
though you had a machine the most perfect possible, it would be use- 
less without motive power ; so, though you have an organism and a 
brain of the very best quality, they are useless except as far as they 
are supplied with that vitality which sets and keeps them at work. 
They are to life and all its functions what capital is in business, indis- 
pensable. No comparisons, no amplifications, can possibly do justice 
to this important subject. Why has it been so long overlooked ? 

Promoting this re-supply, therefore, becomes the first, as it is 
the most neglected, art of living, and of course our first topic. 

The vital organs, those located within the ribs and pelvis, 55 are 
created solely to manufacture this vitality. Of course showing how 
to promote their action is first in order, and first in practical import- 
ance. 



VITALITY : ITS NECESSITY, ORGANS, AND PROMOTION. 357 

75. — Each vital Function has its mental Faculty, cere- 
bral Organ, and facial Polarity. 

Every class of the mental functions is executed by its own 
mental Faculty, 33 while each Faculty achieves some end indispensable 
to human existence ; u therefore every physical class of functions, 
being indispensable to human existence, must needs have both its men- 
tal Faculty and cerebral organ. This reasoning is conclusive. Hitherto, 
phrenologists have applied it only to all the mental operations, 
whereas it must necessarily apply equally to all the physical as well. 

Some of these physical functions are known to have each its own 
mental Faculty and cerebral organ : therefore all have. Thus alimen- 
tation, one of those necessary physiological functions, has its specific 
mental Faculty and cerebral organ in Appetite ; therefore each of the 
other physical functions, respiration, circulation, excretion, sleep, ani- 
mal warmth, and all the others, must needs have each its own men- 
tal Faculty and organ. The stomach, one of the visceral organs, has 
its Faculty in the mind and organ in the brain ; therefore the heart, 
lungs, diaphragm, liver, bowels, pancreas, kidneys, skin, muscles, 
nerves, bones, and every other physical organ must also have its 
Faculty and organ. They have not yet been, but soon will be, dis- 
covered, this being the first hint that they exist. 2 • 

The base of the brain is the obvious seat of all the cerebral 
organs of these physical functions. This is proved by the ramifica- 
tion on it of nerves from all parts of the body. 37 We shall give 
other proofs of this truth, and the location of some of these 
organs, when we reach them. The necessity for such Faculties and 
organs is obvious in order to carry out Nature's grand policy of a 
Faculty for every class of functions, 33 and a cerebral organ for every 
mental Faculty. 39 

A facial polarity accompanies each mental Faculty. Thus the 
lungs are obviously connected with the face just where that hectic 
flush appears during consumption, and at the reddest part of the rosy 
cheeks of health. That this hectic flush is caused by lung inflamma- 
tion, is demonstrated by its always accompanying it. That this par- 
ticular part of the face is in sympathy with the lungs is proved by 
its being always pale whenever they are inert ; red and rosy whenever 
they are vigorous and healthy ; and hectic whenever they are inflamed. 
Need any proof be stronger ? We will then call this part of the 
cheeks the facial pole of the lungs. 



358 HEALTH: ITS VALUE, CONDITIONS, AND PROMOTION. 

This proof that this one of these physical organs has its facial 
polarity, proves that each and all the others likewise have their facial 
connection. 

The stomach has its facial pole about half way between the corners 
of the mouth and lower part of the ears, opposite the molar teeth, or 
in the middle of the cheeks. Those who are full there have naturally 
excellent digestive powers; while constitutional dyspeptics fall in 
there, that is, are lantern -faced, and sunken-cheeked. It is remarka- 
bly apparent in Hall, Bismarck, Young, Scott, Butler, Tweed, Min- 
erva and others, but deficieut in Mellen, Stephens, and some others. 
Yet we shall illustrate the pole of each under their respective heads. 
Here, only of the existence of this polar principle, there of its de- 
tailed applications. 

This polarity shows why and how all the minutest shadings and 
phases of all the health conditions report themselves in the face ; that 
is why the countenances of all proclaim so perfectly all their bodily 
conditions, including their precise existing states of health and dis- 
ease ; and thereby incidentally why a good complexion is a paramount 
condition of beauty, 59 and beauty a sign of lovableness, because it 
indicates normality, and this purity. 30 

i. vitativeness: 

Its Necessity, Adaptation, Office, Analysis, and 
Cultivation. 

The Doctor ; love of life ; natural longevity ; toughness of con - 
stitution ; tenacity of life ; that clinging to existence which involuntarily 
resists disease and premature death by force of will ; instinctive pre- 
servation of life and health ; mental resistance to all conditions 
antagonistic to life, not actually fatal ; that which will not give up to 
sickness or death till the very last. 

76. — Love of Life a Primary Prerequisite of Existence. 

Some head must needs preside over life, and all its functions, just 
as the president does over the republic, and the monarch over his 
realm. Leadership is necessary in everything. What the body 
would be without its head, everything else would be without this its 
head centre. Some executive officer must preside over whatever acts, 
to issue mandates, and control all those individual parts of which every 
whole is composed. 



AND CULTURE OF VITATIVEXESS. 359 

Life must therefore have its presiding officer to issue required 
mandates to all its parts ; start up this whole machinery of existence ; 
repair damages ; and keep all its individual functions running till they 
can run no longer. We showed that the spirit principle of all things 
creates its organism to its own requirements; 50 yet pray, what sets 
this life chit itself to work ? 

Love of life. As love of eating presides over eating, love of the 
opposite sex over propagation, 329 and so of every other function ; so 
life must be and is presided over and carried forward as one great 
whole by a love of living. 

Self-love is the strongest instinct of whatever lives. And well 
it may be ; else how could or would it do any thing to prolong its 
own existence, or do any one thing whatever, even breathe, or eat, 
to continue life ! It is the paramount function and chief agent of all 
existence ; and yet is but this identical love of life ! 

All must possess it in sufficient force to triumph over cold and 
heat, snow and rain, and all those myriads of surroundings inimical 
to life, sickness included. It must therefore be the paramount and 
ruling element of all that lives ; for its preservation is the sine qua 
aon of all their pleasures and ends. It should therefore be as all pow- 
erful in every form of life as that life is valuable. 15 Accordingly — 

Life is sweet. O how sweet ! Premature death is dreadful. 
O how awful ! Since happiness is the only love of all forms of exis- 
tence, and existence that cord by which all hangs, and its breach their 
destruction, Nature guards it by a love of it far surpassing all other 
loves. What will a man dare and do, and what possible things not 
do and endure, to save his life ! 

How horrible is premature death ! That identical rationale 
which preserves life by rendering it so infinitely precious, avoids 
death by making it so instinctively abhorrent. How terrific, frantic, 
and desperate the sight of blood and apprehension of slaughter ren- 
ders the docile ox ! How fierce the sluggish swine become in view 
of impending death ! What astonishing swiftness, what mighty leaps, 
what desperate exertions, the hunted stag puts forth when fleeing for 
life ! nor does he surrender till every resource of his nature is com- 
pletely exhausted ! How terribly wild and fierce that placid kitten 
is rendered by attempts to take its life ! With what fiendish ferocity 
it bites and tears with teeth and claws ! What superhuman sagacity, 
what well-directed, potential, and protracted efforts of body and mind 
men, and even timid women, put forth when threatened with death, 



360 HEALTH : ITS VALUE, CONDITIONS, AND PROMOTION. 

yet retaining power to fight for dear life ! What but actual impossi- 
bilities do they not accomplish ! What terrific looks ! What agony 
of despair ! Who can stand before their wrath ! What fiends are 
as fiendishly malignant as all are rendered in defending their own 
lives ! What consternation and dismay, what phrenzied horror reign 
on board that sinking ship ! Reader, may you never be brought sud- 
denly face to face with this dread "king of terrors ; " may you be 
mercifully spared that climax of all human agony ! Yet what is all 
this fear of death but this identical love of life by which it is pre- 
served ! How great this end ! How appropriate and efficacious this 
means ! But for some such ever-vigilant sentinel it would be destroyed 
daily and hourly, if that were possible. How ever on the alert is 
every animal, fowl, fish, even insect, lest it should lose its life! That 
musquito loves your blood much, but its own life more. 

Even trees and vegetables evince it. That tree taken up 
early in the fall from the French nursery, stowed away in the hold of 
a ship, pressed down with many tons, and carried around the globe, 
yet retains sufficient vitality to live and grow on, if only properly re- 
planted ! Seeds from the hecatombs of Egypt have clung to life these 
three or more thousands of years, so that, when planted, they grow 
and bear! Onions fight off frost and snow all winter long, in the 
open ground, and grow on in the spring ! The wonders achieved by 
this love of life are as universal as they are thus marvellous. No 
other sentiment bears any comparison with this in its herculean 
feats. 

This distinct class of the mental operations must therefore needs 
have its Faculty and organ. Phrenology has discovered them. They 
are located in the base of the brain, behind the ear, and as near as 
possible to that foramen magnum or aperture in the base of the 
skull (seen in engraving 90); through which the body and brain 
intercommune with each other. How appropriate is this location ! 

77. — Descriptions, Combinations, Discovery of Vitativeness. 

The rule for finding it is this : Starting at the middle of the 
posterior part of the ears, pass straight backwards half an inch, and 
you are on it. 

The mastoid processes, on which those powerful muscles at the 
sides of the neck fasten, are right over it, on each side, and the 
more prominent the larger this organ ; for it pushes them out. 



ANALYSIS, OFFICE, AND CULTURE OF VITATIVENESS. 361 

Your life line, reader, is easily admeasured, and you told about 
how long you will naturally live, accidents and extra conditions 
excepted, thus : Take the juncture of that bony projection formed by 
your eyebrow and that ridge which comes down the outer portion of 
your forehead, at Order, for one starting point, and that sharp, bony 
projection in the lower back portion of your skull, just above the 
nape of the neck, called the occipital spinalis, for the other, and draw 
a line between them, and you will ordinarily live the longer the 
higher this line rises above the opening, of the ears ; at the rate of 
about forty years per inch, or ten years per quarter inch. That is ; 
this organ is located right back of and above the opening of the ears, 
which it pushes the farther down the larger it is. As the life force 
declines this organ shrivels, like love in old age, and this meatus audi- 
torius rises. You can thus admeasure the natural longevity of any one 
in whose life you are especially interested. It fills out and widens 
the head just behind the lower part of the ears. 

Vitativeness was discovered by Dr. Andrew Combe, in 1826, 
thus : In dissecting the brain of an elderly lady who had long been afraid 
of death, he discovered "an enormous development of one convolu- 
tion at the base of the middle lobe of her brain, on its inner side, 
towards the mesial line, inside or back of Destruction, and between it 
and Force.* The corresponding part of her skull showed a very deep 
and distinctly moulded cavity or bed, running longitudinally, with 
high and prominent sides, and much more striking than in any skull 
I ever saw." Love of life was her preeminently active sentiment, and 
in her brain this lobe was very large. 

" It is highly probable that there is a peculiar instinct to live, and 
I look for its organ at the base of the brain, between its posterior and 
middle lobes, inwardly of Force." * — Spurzheim. 

" In 1825 I killed several tame rabbits, in one of which I had previ- 
ously observed the utmost fear and flight when any seeming danger 
threatened its life. Yet it would tamely allow itself to be caught so 
as to be put into its box at night ; and this lobe in its brain was 
nearly double that of the same lobe in its brother rabbits. It is also 
enormous in those animals which flee wildly from danger of death, 
such as the stag, roebuck, ape, fox, badger, cat, polecat, marten, mar- 
mot, hare, etc., and also in birds. It is situated in the lateral sphenoid 
fossa."* — Dr. Viremont. 

* In quoting authors we must of course substitute our names of Faculties for 
theirs ; and we often omit unnecessary phrases and sentences, thus always giving 
their ideas with scrupulous fidelity, yet sometimes condensing their style. Many 
writings can be shortened up one-half, and yet improved thereby. 



362 HEALTH : ITS VALUE, CONDITIONS, AND PROMOTION. 

Dr. George McLillan, whom I saw almost daily between 1838 
and 1841, and whose bust I took, declared to myself and to George 
Combe that those of his mortuary patients in whom it was large, 
lived on many days longer than they were expected to live, consider- 
ing their symptoms ; while those in whom it was less developed, would 
die suddenly, without any adequate perceptible cause, and long before 
their death would ordinarily be expected. 

The existence and location of this Faculty are undoubted, and 
its present size can be easily and correctly admeasured during life. It 
is also located precisely where we might infer it would be, and where 
it can execute its function to the best advantage. Its proximity to 
Force and Destruction, Faculties with which, as we have just seen, it 
defends life so fiercely, is especially noteworthy. Those in whom 
it is — 

Large — Cling most tenaciously to life, and fight off disease and pre- 
mature death with desperate determination and energy ; endure pain, 
wounds, amputations, etc., with heroic fortitude, without seeming to 
mind them, and bear up under what is obnoxious to life with won- 
derful resolution ; keep about just as long as possible, and never give 
up to die till the very last, and then only by inches ; regard life as 
the king of luxuries, and death as " the king of terrors ; * wear on 
and work on long after others expect them to die ; and after those 
with less Vitativeness would die ; have a most remarkable power of 
constitution to withstand malaria, contagious diseases, wounds, etc. ; 
need not fear cholera, yellow fever, or anything else, because well 
nigh proof against them ; feel that life is indescribably sweet and 
precious ; and have the constitution of an alligator. 

Large, with Hope large, hope to live on even against hope, feel- 
ing as though there were no danger of their dying ; and hope for 
" life everlasting ;" but with Hope moderate and Caution large, shud- 
der at thoughts of death, and are perpetually harassed with appre- 
hensions lest they might die ; with Hope, Devotion, and Spiritu- 
ality full or large, anticipate pleasures in the world to come ; with large 
Conscience and Caution, and moderate Hope, experience an indescriba- 
ble dread of death, and shrinking from entering upon an untried 
future state ; with large Force, fight most desperately for life, and with 
large Destruction added, would kill others to save themselves ; and 
with any of their other organs large, love to live both for life's own 
sake, and to enjoy their stronger Faculties. 

Full. — Love life and cling to it strongly, yet not with desperate 



ANALYSIS, OFFICE, AND CULTURE OF YITATIYENESS. 363 

energy ; repel sickness and keep about with no little resolution, and 
" take to bed " only when obliged to, yet sooner than if this Faculty 
were stronger ; and will live on in spite of no little constitutional injury, 
to a good age, unless for some serious and sudden cause. 

Its combinations are like those under large, except less in 
degree. 

Average. — Enjoy life, and cling to it with a fair degree of earnest- 
ness, yet by no means with passionate fondness ; and with a given 
constitution and health, will die easier and sooner than with it large. 

Moderate. — Like to live, yet care no great about existence for its 
own sake ; with large animal or domestic organs, may wish to live on 
account of family, or business, or worldly pleasures, yet care less about 
it for its own sake, and yield it up with little reluctance or dread. 

Small. — Have little desire to live merely for the sake of living, 
but only to gratify other Faculties. 

To cultivate, reflect on the preciousness and pleasures of life, 
and resolve to do your utmost to preserve it in spite of all noxious 
conditions ; look out well for health ;] think how many valuable 
ends you can gain by living which you must lose by dying ; when 
unwell, fortify and brace up yourself against disease and death, and 
determine to live on and struggle through in spite of both ; " grin 
and bear" life's ills, but on no account think of drowning them in 
death ; and make the most possible out of life and its pleasures. 

Its cultivation becomes as important as the life it preserves is 
valuable. 15 Our first duty is to prolong our lives and promote their 
efficiency, of which the cultivation of this Faculty is by far the 
greatest means. None can imagine its recuperative power. Such 
culture is our imperious duty. It was created and rendered thus 
potential in order to be exercised, instead of lying dormant within us. 
A means thus efficacious of warding off disease and prolonging life, 
it is our solemn duty, our greatest interest, to cultivate. Many think 
clinging to life a sin — that we should be passively " resigned to die, 
whenever God calls us to go." 

What pious blasphemy ! For what did God create this pow- 
erful Faculty in all His productions but to be cultivated, not crucified ! 
Willingness to die is practical suicide, because both hasten death; 
while cherishing a desire to live promotes life, and all the good we 
can thereby do. 

When " God calls," did you say ? God gave us life that we 
might live as long as we can, so as to fulfil our duty to Him and His 



364 HEALTH : ITS VALUE, CONDITIONS, AND PROMOTION. 

creatures ; nor does he ever call any to die till they are worn out, and 
sink gradually into the grave under the weight of years, and when 
death becomes a luxury, or else till they have so far outraged His 
health laws as to oblige Him to take from them His greatest boon, 
because they have violated His divine requirements. A Christian virtue 
to " rush upon the thick bosses " of death's grim buckler, is it ! A 
pious merit to crucify our most powerful instinct given us for that 
noblest of all ends, the prolongation of life, its powers and labors ! 
When will men be done with this pious twaddle ! Does committing 
suicide by longing to die fit us for heaven ! But we have just 
touched a kindred point under "special providences." 72 

To restrain, is never necessary, unless it becomes morbid, and 
haunts, as it sometimes does, with morbid and groundless apprehen- 
sions of death. This is its abnormal action, and requires righting up, 
more than restraining. A morbid dread of death is to this Faculty 
what panic is to Caution, and most fatal to life, as fright is to Safety. 
To obviate this phase of it, offset it by intellect. 68 

78. — The Will Cure, and the Let- Alone Cure. 

God's specific panacea, invented for the express purpose of re- 
sisting and curing all forms of diseases, and prolonging life to its 
maximum length possible, is this identical remedy. As a city must 
be defended from within, so must the citadel of life. It is by far the 
most efficacious of all remedies and cures, and pleasant to take, as well 
as "dirt cheap." The Great Doctor of this whole universe "fore- 
knew" that men would so outrage His health laws as to become sick, 
and hence need a remedial agent both always " on call," and the best 
restorative He could devise, and " invented" this. Its curative prin- 
ciple is based in the magic power wielded by the mind over the body, 
and each of its parts. This great truth has come up twice before, 2 18 
but cannot be cited too often or forcibly. Those who think they are 
sick, are sick, although perfectly well, while those who think they are 
well, are well, even though sick. Imagination makes sick and well, 
ad infinitum. 

Yitativeness puts forth this will to live, and contributes essenti- 
ally to the preservation of life by creating a resistance to disease. 
Thus two persons, A and B, exactly alike in constitution, kinds of 
sickness, and all other respects, except that A has Yitativeness large, 
and B small, are brought equally near the grave. A loves life so 
dearly, and clings to it with such tenacity, as to struggle with might 
and main against his disease, and lives through it; while B, 



ANALYSIS, OFFICE, AND CULTURE OF VITATIYENESS. 365 

scarcely caring whether he lives or dies, does not stem the downward 
current, does not brace himself up against it, but yields to its sway, is 
borne downward, and swallowed up in death. An illustrative anec- 
dote : — 

A rich maiden, who had already lived twenty years longer than 
her impatient heirs desired, finally fell sick, and was evidently just 
breathing her last, but on overhearing one of her bystanding heirs 
congratulate another that she was now dying, so that they could enjoy 
her fortune, and feeling indignant, replied, " I won't die ; I'll live 
to spite you;" meanwhile putting forth a powerful mental struggle 
for life, recovered, and lived many years, evidently in consequence of 
this powerful determination to live. 

Mrs. Runkle, struck with consumption, kept trying to persuade 
her husband to promise her, in the event of her death, not to marry 
again ; to which he kept replying, evasively, that they were trying to 
cure her, and hoped to succeed, but evaded a direct reply. When 
almost dead, determined with her last breath to extort from him a 
categorical answer, he finally frankly replied, — 

"Well, Mrs. Runkle, if I should make a promise to a dying wife, 
which I consider you are, not to marry again, I should feel bound to 
fulfil it. Since you oblige me to say yes or no, I had rather not 
promise." 

" Well, Mr. Runkle, if you don't promise me not to marry again, 
then I won't die." 

And she didn't — didn't because she wouldn't; and is alive and 
well to-day, just because she wouldn't die. (Hadn't he better have 
promised her ?) 

Mrs. Gunn, of Painsville, Ohio, struck with consumption, a most 
devoted mother, tried to induce her husband, in case she died, to 
keep the family together, instead of putting the children out ; but he 
would not absolutely promise. At last, though actually struck with 
death, her extremities already dying and sight failing, replied to his 
" don't know" answer, " Well, if you won't keep this family together 
then I will; " and suiting the action to the word, by a powerful effort 
of will, drove the retiring blood back through her system, got well 
because she willed to, lived to keep her family together till all were 
married, and procuring a manikin, lectured many years to the ladies 
on health. 

The world is full of kindred facts. All must know of wonderful 
analogous cures. The Author has seen them by thousands. This 



366 health: its value, conditions, and promotion. 

vitative Faculty causes and explains them, and even when medicines 
benefit, this "Will-cure is the main cure. Its power is literally magi- 
cal. Without it other cures are useless, and with it, unnecessary. 
Nature can beat doctors. What she undertakes to do she does well. 
Vitativeness is her doctor and materia medica. Then put yourself 
under her sole care, just as you would under any other medical prac- 
titioner, and not insult her by mixing up her restoratives with 
doctor's drugs. 

The Let-alone Cure is but the outgrowth of this Will-cure. 
How many millions have grown worse by doctoring till they had no 
more means or hope, given up, did nothing, waited to die, kept on 
living to their wonderment, and finally got well. What a pity ! not 
their getting well, but keeping themselves sick so long by so expen- 
sive a practice. 

Faith is only another form of this Will-cure and Let-alone cure 
combined. A calm, serene trust in the recuperative powers of Nature 
is both the best of all cures, and only another expression for faith in 
God and trust in Providence. This " faith" was the essential and 
curative ingredient in Christ's miracles. But for it would the man at 
the pool have been able or disposed to "take up his bed and walk ?" 

Noyes, the leader of the Oneida Community, heard these views 
from the Author's lips, while in Brooklyn, before he formed his Com- 
munity, and has made this "Let-alone" "faith" cure its only reme- 
dial agent. The Mormons also make it theirs. They do indeed 
work miraculous cures, by making their patients believe they can cure, 
which belief revives and inspires Vitativeness to that action which 
cures. 

Laying-on-of-hands doctors all cure by this same Will-power 
principle. See how applicants crowd their rooms, entries, and even 
adjacent sidewalks, awaiting their " turn ! " Behold the cords of 
crutches and canes of those who could hardly walk there with them, 
but " arise and walk" home, and go to work without them ! Their 
cures are amazing, in both number and efficacy. Effected on what 
principle f By inspiring desire and hope of life. If these patients, if 
all patients, will get and nurture this same desire and hope without 
these "laying on" mummeries, they will get well just as soon as with 
them. But God bless them ; for without them patients would not 
get up this faith and hope, and hence must remain sick. 

Trust in the doctor amounts to the same thing. His medicine? 
act like a charm, because the patient thinks he knows precisely what 



RESPIRATION, ITS LAWS, ORGANS^ AND PROMOTION. 367 

to give ; whereas, that same medicine, taken without hope or confi- 
dence, would be useless, whereas the same hope and faith would cure 
just as well without any medicine, as with. 

Readers are respectfully invited to scan this Will-power-faith-let- 
alone pathy, and if well, apply it to keeping well, but if sick, to res- 
toration, by a quiet mental resisting and stemming of the current of 
disease, and by a firm, resolute, mental clasp, hold on to life by 
resolving that you will get well, and fight off disease any how; by 
sending life-force to your stomach, bowels, lungs, head, hand, foot, 
even little-finger nail, or any other part affected. This will wonder- 
fully promote all other pathies, yet interfere with none. 

This great motor wheel of life must, like that of machinery, 
have its cogs, belts, and other means for transferring its vis animce to 
all functions. This grand life executive must be somehow inter-re- 
lated to all the other functions, so that when it bids them start up and 
work on they will obey its imperious mandates. One of its chief cabi- 
net officers is — 



Section III. 



79. — Breathing a paramount Life Necessity. 

All that lives breathes, and must keep on breathing till death, 
and respiration is as necessary to vegetable life as to animal, and to 
fish and fowl as man. Trees, vegetables, mosses, etc., breathe through 
their leaves, or those blades of grasses, grains, etc., which subserve the 
same breathing purpose. Fish fulfil this identical function by respir- 
ing water instead of air, through gills in place of lungs. The first 
post-natal function of every new-born babe, is to take a good long 
electric breath, which sets the blood bounding off through its system 
with a rush, and starts every other function into instantaneous action. 
It so is that the most important function of terrestrial life, from first 
to last, is deep, copious respiration ; and some would live on longer if 
they could only keep on breathing still longer. Would you get and 
keep warm when cold, breathe copiously, for this increases that car- 
bonic consumption all through your system which creates all animal 
warmth. 132 Would you cool off and keep cool in hot weather, deep, 
copious breathing will burst open all those myriads of pores, each of 



368 HEALTH : ITS VALUE, CONDITIONS, AND PROMOTION. 

which, by converting the water in the system into perspiration, casts 
out heat, and refreshes mind and body. Would you labor long and 
hard, with Intellect or muscles, without exhaustion or injury, breathe 
abundantly ; for breath is the great reinvigorator of life and all its 
functions. Would you keep well, deep breathing is your great pre- 
ventive of fevers, consumption, and " all the ills that flesh is heir to." 
Would you break up fevers, or colds, or unload the system of morbid 
matter, or save both your constitution and doctor's fee, cover up 
warm, drink soft water — cold, if you have a robust constitution, suf- 
ficient to produce a reaction ; if not, use hot water — then breathe, 
breathe, breathe, just as fast and as much as possible of fresh air, and 
in a few hours you can " forestall and prevent" the worst attack of 
disease you ever can have; for this will both unload disease at every 
pore of skin and lungs, and infuse into the system that vis animce 
which will both grapple with and expel disease in all its forms, and 
restore health, strength, and life. Nature has no panacea like it. 
Try the experiment, and it will revolutionize your condition. And 
the longer you try, the more it will regenerate your body and mind. 
Even if you have the blues, deep breathing will soon dispel them, 
especially if you add vigorous exercise. Would you even put forth 
your greatest mental exertions in speaking or writing, keep your 
lungs clear up to their fullest, liveliest action. Would you even 
breathe forth your highest, holiest orisons of thanksgiving and wor- 
ship, deepening your inspiration of fresh air will likewise deepen and 
quicken your divine inspiration. Nor can even bodily pleasures be 
fully enjoyed except in and by copious breathing. In short, deep 
copious breathing is the alpha and omega of all physical, and thereby 
of all mental and moral function and enjoyment. 

The elements furnished to the blood by the breath are more, and 
more perpetually indispensable to life than those derived from di- 
gestion, because we can live longer without food than air. Starva- 
tion is terrible, and soon fatal; but suffocation is worse, and 
despatches its victims a hundred fold more quickly and certainly. 
Indeed mankind can live but a few minutes without breath ; and 
those deprived of it die the soonest who are the most active. Thus 
the slow-moulded Malay can stay under water seven and eight to ten 
minutes, and then rise without injury, whereas the more active Cau- 
casian suffocates if he remains under five or six minutes — the differ- 
ence being one quarter in favor of the sluggish ; because the more 
active the subject the more rapidly he consumes the energies derived 
from breath, and therefore the more frequent and copious must be 



RESPIRATION, ITS LAWS, ORGANS AND PROMOTION. 369 

this re-supply. The faster we live, the more and oftener we must 
breathe. As the shake, frog, alligator, and other cold-blooded, slug- 
gish animals can live a long time without breath, especially while 
torpid ; so the more stupid the human animal the less breath he re- 
quires. Hence, ability to hold the breath a great length of time is a 
poor recommendation. 

Oxygen, in large and perpetually renewed quantities, is the first 
prerequisite of the vital process. Without it, all the other materials 
of life would be of no avail. They are the timber and the tools of 
the vital organs; while oxygen is the master workman, the grand 
motive-power of the animal economy, indeed, of universal nature. 
The vital process closely resembles combustion, of which oxygen is 
the great agent and promoter. Even cotton, combustible as it is, can- 
not be ignited when well baled with iron hoops ; because they keep 
it so closely packed together that the air, and therefore oxygen, can- 
not well penetrate it ; whereas, when the bands burn off, so that the 
cotton is opened up to the air, it burns fiercely. As fire goes down 
with the scarcity of oxygen, and goes out when it disappears ; so the 
fire of life wanes in proportion as its supply is diminished, and death 
supervenes almost immediately when it disappears. This imperious 
demand of the system for it renders the requisition for breath abso- 
lute, and its suspension soon fatal. A demand thus imperious signi- 
fies ihat its office is equally absolute. 

Breath is the source from which it is obtained. Air always con- 
tains it, being composed of twenty-one parts of oxygen to seventy- 
eight of nitrogen ; the other hundreth being carbonic acid gas, and 
going to support vegetation. Air, wherever found, and under all circum - 
stances, is composed of these substances always in the same proportion 
Any variation destroys it, or makes it into something else. Air, and 
of course oxygen, abound wherever man can go, unless artificially 
excluded. Being highly fluid, it can penetrate the least possible 
crevice, and even some solid substances. It not only surrounds the 
earth, extending some forty-two miles, and probably many more, 
above it in all directions, but its great heft presses with immense 
weight upon every part of the surface of the body. Its quantity is, 
therefore, as illimitable as its demand is imperious. 

Innate love of breathing, then, becomes as important practically 
as breathing itself is necessary ; because but for this love who would 
ever breathe? Man is created with a breathing instinct, which is evei 
on duty, except while taking a short nap at every breath, when the 
lungs do. 

47 



370 HEALTH : ITS VALUE, CONDITIONS AND PROMOTION. 

A mental faculty with its cerebral organ, obviously executes 
this necessary office. The location of this organ has not yet been dis- 
covered, but it probably resides close by Love of life and near the 
origin of the eighth pair of nerves which ramify on the lungs. See 
engraving No. 7, at figure 8. 

Large. — Have either a full, broad, round chest, or a deep one, or 
both ; breathe freely, but rather slowly ; fill the lungs clear up full at 
every inspiration, and empty them well out at every expiration ; are 
warm, even to the extremities; red-faced; elastic; buoyant; rarely 
ever subject to colds, and cast them off readily ; feel buoyant and ani- 
mated, and are thus capable of great vigor in all the functions, physi- 
cal and mental. 

Full. — Have good sized lungs and use them easily and freely; 
suffer for want of breath only when long overworked ; need not fear 
consumption unless you greatly abuse your health ; will often unload 
disease through them by expectoration, and even experience that 
spent, tired, used-up feeling consequent on deficient lung action. 

Average. — Are neither pale nor flushed, neither ardent nor cold, 
but a little above medium in these respects, and somewhat liable to colds. 

Moderate. — Breathe little, and mainly with the top of the lungs ; 
move the chest but little in breathing, and the abdomen less, perhaps 
none; are often pale, yet sometimes flushed because feverish; fre- 
quently do and should draw in long breaths ; are quite liable to colds 
and coughs, which should be broken up at once, or they may induce 
consumption ; often have blue veins and goose-flesh, and are fre- 
quently tired, listless, and sleepy, and should take particular pains to 
increase lung action. 

Small. — Are strongly predisposed to lung diseases; have blue 
veins and sallow complexion, and are very subject to coughs and 
colds ; are often dull, and always tired ; frequently catch a long 
breath, which should be encouraged by making all the breaths long 
and frequent ; are predisposed to consumptive diseases, but can stave 
them off, provided proper means are adopted ; 86 break up colds as 
soon as they appear, and take particularly good care of health. 
Have barely lung action enough to live, and every function of body 
or mind is poorly performed? 

To cultivate. — First and mainly breathe deeply and rapidly ; 
that is, draw long and full breaths ; fill your lungs clear up full at 
every inspiration, and empty them out completely at every expiration ; 
not only heave the chest in breathing, but work the abdomen. To do 



RESPIRATION, ITS LAWS, ORGANS AND PROMOTION. 37] 

this, dress loosely and sit erect, so that the diaphragm can have full 
play ; begin and keep up any extra exertion with extra lung action ; 
often try how many deep and full breaths you can take ; ventilate 
your rooms, especially sleeping apartments, well, and be much of the 
time in the open air ; take walks in brisk weather, with special refer- 
ence to copious respiration ; and everywhere try to cultivate full and 
frequent lung inflation, by breathing clear out, clear in, and low 
down ; that is, make all your breathing as when taking a long 
breath. 



80. — The Lungs, their Structure, Location, etc. 

Lungs execute this all important breathing function. They are 
located in the very top of the chest, extending from beneath the first 
ribs downward about one- 
third the length of the ^°* 91, — Shape and Structure op the Lungs. 
body proper, occupying 
most of the chest. They 
are composed of two hemi- 
spheres, the right con- 
taining three lobes, as seen 
in engraving No. 91, 
while the left has only 
two ; it being scooped out 
in the middle, so as to 
allow the heart to be 
partly enveloped in it. 

The Trachea, or 
windpipe, is an air tube, 
connecting between the 
mouth and nose above, 
and lungs below, branch- 
ing at its bottom into the 
bronchia; the inflamma- 
tion of which causes bron- 




a, The trachea, or windpipe. 

b, Its branch to the right and left lung, 
c c c, The three lobes which compose each right lung. 
e e e, The air cells of the lungs dissected. 
d, The pulmonary arteries, or entrance and egress 

of the b!God from and to the heart. 



chitis, while consumption 
consists in the inflamma- 
tion and suppuration of 

the lungs. This trachea conducts the air into and out of the lungs.. 

It branches into the right and left hemispheres of the lungs,. 

and then re-branches into each lobe, and continues to bifur- 



372 HEALTH : ITS VALUE, CONDITIONS AND PROMOTION. 

cate and ramify into air-cells smaller and still smaller, until 
they become too small to be seen by the naked eye, amounting to six 
hundred million in a single pair of lungs ! This air cell branching is 
evinced in the right-hand hemisphere of engraving No. 91, and the 
three lobes of the right lung, as well as their genenal external appear- 
ance, are shown in the left hand. 

Blood-cells also ramify throughout these same lungs ; each set 
of cells occupying about half of them. These blood-cells have their 
entrance from behind at d, and 14 and 15 in engraving No. 92, 
which ramify like the air-cells into the minutest conceivable cellules, 
and lie along, side by side, with the air-cells. 

The office of the lungs is to bring the air in the air-cells just as 
closely alongside of the blood in the blood-cells as possible, yet keep 
them separate. The main body of the lungs themselves consists of a 
gauze membrane, containing, if spread out, from fifteen to twenty thou- 
sand square inches, according as the lungs are larger or smaller in 
different persons. This membrane is folded up so as to form two sets 
of tubes or cells by means of cartilage, on one side of which the 
blood, and on the other the air, are constantly rushing in and out, by 
inspiration, expiration, and palpitation. 

Nature economizes everything, space included ; and by this 
folding contrivance of this membrane, presents a large amount of 
surface in a small compass — a contrivance akin to that by which she 
has folded the intestinal canal, and still further folded its mucous 
surface, so that a great amount may be contained within a small com- 
pass. m But for this arrangement, the size of the lungs must have 
been immense ; just as, but for the similar structure of the intestines, 
mankind must have been six or eight times taller for the same weight 
than now. A large surface is thus provided for the juxtaposition of 
the air in the air-cells, side by side with the blood in the blood-cells. 
The right lung is somewhat larger than the left, and the two envelope 
the heart; so that this juxtaposition may facilitate their combined 
functions. 

They resemble the finest gauze membrane, the interlacings of 
which are so fine that the oxygen, or electricity of the air, but not the 
air itself, can pass through i? into the lungs, and the carbonic acid gas 
pass out through it, but not the blood ; nor can the two commingle. 
It resembles a strainer so fine as to keep the air in its air-cells, and 
yet allow the gases, oxygen and carbonic acid, to pass in and out at 
pleasure. 



RESPIRATION, ITS LAWS, ORGANS AND PROMOTION. 373 



Muscular fibres ramify throughout all these cells to contract 
and eKpand them ; while cartilage is employed to form tubes, and 
embody them into lobes. 

Engraving No. 92, after Bourgery, gives a posterior view of the 
heart and its blood-vessels entering and returning from the lungs. 
It is well worth studying sufficiently to understand this wonderful 
process, the arterialization of the blood. 

\ / 

No. 92 — Posterior View of the Heart, Lungs, 
Trachea, and Larynx. 



1. 


Epiglottis cartilage. 


2,3. 


Arytenoid muscles. 


4. 


Trachea, with its mu- 




cous follicles. 


5. 6. 


Right and left bronchi 


7, 8, 9. 


Right lobes of the 




lungs. 


10, U. 


Left do. * 


12, 12. 


Their base. 


13. 


Heart. 


14. 


Aorta. 


15. 


Left subclavian artery. 


18. 


Right do. 


16. 


Left primitive carotid 

do. 
Right do. do. 


17. 


19. 


Venn cava descendens. 


20. 


Right vena innominata 


21. 


Right subclavian vein. 


24. 


Left do. 


22, 23. 


Right and left jugular 




veins. 


25, 26. 


Pulmonary do. 


27. 


Pulmonary artery bi- 




furcating as it enters 




the left lung. 




These lungs must next be filled with air, and emptied every few 
seconds, or from eight to fourteen times per minute, from birth to 
death, so as perpetually to introduce this oxygen into their air-cells. 

81. — Means by which the Lungs are inflated. 

A vacuum, made by the contraction of the diaphragm and hoisting 
of the ribs, introduces this air, freighted with oxygen, into the lungs 
Air is neither stringy nor solid, so that we cannot get hold of it to 
draw it in ; but its great weight, caused by its great height, presses it 
against all it touches at the rate of about fifteen pounds per every 
square inch, which of course crowds it into all crevices and openings. 
All required is to make an opening for it into the lungs, when this 
pressure drives it in. 

The diaphragm and ribs produce this required vacuum, into 



374 HEALTH: ITS VALUE, CONDITIONS AND PROMOTION. 



No. 93. — The Lungs; Diaphragm, Stomach, 
Liver, Gaul Bladder, and Intestines. 



which this atmospheric pressure pushes it, thus : The diaphragm is a 
thin, broad, dome-shaped muscle, located between the heart and lungs 
above, and the stomach, liver, and visceral organs below, attached 
across the back posteriorly, and to the abdominal muscles anteriorly, 
represented in engraving No. 93, by that rainbow-shaped body, D D, 
as it appears when cut down through its middle from right to left. 

Suppose a broad, strong, 
dome-shaped muscle should 
be thrown over a head, and 
attached around at the chin, 
jaws, ears, and nape of the 
neck, thus covering the face 
and whole head ; and suppose 
this head to be taken out, 
leaving this muscle in the 
same shape, fastened only at 
its bottom, or lower edges, and 
you have the shape of the dia- 
phragm. All muscles con- 
tract, diaphragm included. 
This hauls its upper portion 
downwards till it brings it 
nearly on a level with its 
lower fastenings. 

The base of the lungs (12 
in engraving No. 92) fits right 
down all around the top of 
this diaphragm, the contrac- 
tion of which causes what 
would be a vacuum, only 
that the atmospheric pressure 
pushes that portion of the air 
nearest to the mouth and nose 
into the lungs. The dia- 
phragm inflates the lower, which is by far the larger portion of the 
lungs ; while their upper part is worked by muscles between the ribs, 
called intercostal, the contraction of which lifts the ribs, which 
removes all pressure from the upper and outer portion of the lungs; 
thus allowing the air to rush in and fill up these upper and outer por- 
tions, as the simultaneous contraction of the diaphragm fills their 




R, Right, and L, left hemispheres of the lungs. 

H, Heart, being between them, but most on the 
left side. 

D, Diaphragm, or midriff, below, and separa- 
ting them from L, the liver. 

G, The gaul-bladder. 

Stm., Stomach. 

1,1,1, Intestines. 



RESPIRATION, ITS LAWS, ORGANS, AND PROMOTION. 375 

lower portion. Yet these intercostal muscles do not sustain the ribs 
in this hoisted condition long. They hoist them at every inspiration, 
but soon leave them to drop back into their normal position, which 
presses the spent air out of the lungs again, ready for another infla- 
tion ; at the same time that the diaphragm springs back to its place, 
and then takes a nap, — a very short one, though, — to enable it to con- 
tract again. These muscles, the diaphragm and intercostal, cause 
that heaving motion of the chest seen in breathing. 

One fifth only of the air in the lungs is expired. An ordinary 
pair of lungs, when inflated, contains about one hundred cubic inches, 
while the amount expelled at each expiration is generally about twenty 
cubic inches ; so that only about one fifth of the air in the lungs is 
changed at each breath. The object of this large remainder is pro- 
bably twofold — to prevent the collapse of the lungs, and to keep a 
perpetual supply of oxygen in them. 

82. — How Oxygen is introduced into the Circulation. 

By what means is the oxygen thus inducted into the lungs, in- 
duced to leave the air it loves, and enter into the blood? What 
coaxes it through this lung membrane from the air-cells into the 
blood-cells ? But for some efficient means of such transfer, blood and 
air might lie side by side on a surface of twenty million, instead of 
twenty thousand, square inches, and forever, instead of a few seconds, 
without the transfer of this oxygen from the air, from which it can- 
not part without destroying that air, into the blood. How, then, is 
this blood oxygenated ? 

By iron in the blood. Its red globules contain so much iron that 
many of the ex-French nobility were wont to wear rings made from 
the iron extracted from the blood of their friends, for the same keep- 
sake purpose for which we wear rings enclosing a lock of a friend's 
hair. Now, though the oxygen of the air loves its mate, nitrogen, 
right well, yet it loves iron better ; so that, when the oxygen con- 
tained in the air in the air-cells of the lungs is brought alongside of 
the iron contained in the blood in the blood-cells of the lungs, the two 
rush into each other's arms. But the blood being unable to pass 
through this membrane which separates them, while the oxygen is 
able to pass, the oxygen jilts its mated nitrogen, and elopes with the 
iron into the blood, changes that blood from its dark venous to a 
bright red color, thins it, and inspirits it with life and action ; so that 
it is now all prancing with vitality, eager to rush throughout the 



376 HEALTH: ITS VALUE, CONDITIONS, AND PROMOTION. 

system on its mission of life. As the powerful Achilles, having 
seized the beautiful Helen, carried her off from Troy ; so the iron of 
the blood, having loaded itself with all the oxygen it can carry off, 
employs the heart and lungs as its coach-and-four to transport its 
new bride through the arteries into the capillary system, there to 
deposit this instrumentality of heat. 

Oxygen is thus transferred from the air in the lungs into the 
blood, as is proved by the fact that when air is inspired, it con- 
tains twenty-one per cent, of oxygen, while expired air contains only 
twelve per cent. ; it having lost nine per cent, of its oxygen, but 
none of its nitrogen. Not till thus supplied with oxygen, is the 
blood completely freighted with the materials of life. Though it 
derives from food fibrine, bone, hydrogen, nitrogen, carbon, etc., yet 
all these are of no avail until it adds to its cargo this grand motive 
principle of the animal economy, oxygen, which now goes frothing, 
rushing, and bounding throughout the system, on its life-imparting 
mission. By what means is the blood circulated? 

83. — The Circulation of the Blood effected mainly by 
Breathing, instead of by the Heart. 

Blood is the grand porter of the system — that transfer agent 
which supplies all parts of the body with required life materials, and 
also takes up and carries to their outlet all its waste or used up 
materials. Its presence is life, its absence death, and its rapid circu- 
lation a paramount condition of all life and all functions. 

Breathing propels this blood. The received theory that the 
heart propels it, is erroneous. Let us show that the blood is not pro- 
pelled mainly by the heart ; next that it is propelled chiefly by the 
breath. The importance of the problem, just what propels the blood, 
is immeasurable, for it vitally concerns all human beings throughout 
all times and places, in order that they may promote this function by 
aiding its agent. All who think will eagerly search out the philosophy 
of the circulation as one of the most wonderful operations of Nature. 
And the advancement made in modern science demands that it be 
applied, de novo, to this, as well as to all other questions and theories 
handed down from former generations. To allow their mere anti- 
quity to overawe or impede their canvass, and, if needs be, their over- 
throw, is both self-injurious, and unworthy this age of progress; to 
which we are immeasurably indebted. Surely we can well afford 
to look new problems squarely in the face, and canvass their intrinsic 
merits. 



RESPIRATION, ITS LAWS, ORGANS, AND PROMOTION. 377 

The modern theory is that the heart, by mere muscular contrac- 
tion, furnishes motive-power sufficient to push the blood, by vis a 
tergo, or pressure- from behind, on through the arteries, and the long, 
fine capillary blood-vessels, and then through the veins bach again to 
the heart. It is estimated that, in eifecting this herculean task, it 
exerts a power at every pulsation equal to fifty pounds, varying in 
different persons, degrees of health, labor, etc. ; and therefore equals 
some three thousand five hundred pounds every minute, two hundred 
thousand pounds every hour, awake and asleep, and^ve million pounds 
per day ! This amount is absolutely impossible. The energy put 
forth by the heart is reputed to be sufficient to raise its own weight 
twenty thousand feet every hour, whereas, an active pedestrian can raise 
himself only about one twentieth of that distance, and a locomotive 
only twenty-seven hundred feet. All such estimates refute them- 
selves, by their own sheer impossibility. Think of the heart putting 
forth twenty times more relative energy than an active pedestrian 
climbing a mountain, and a third more than a racing boatman's arm, 
which is ten times as heavy ! 

These estimates are deduced, not from the size of its muscles, 
nor from what it is actually known to accomplish, but from what is 
necessary in order to propel the blood throughout the system as fast 
as we know it actually does circulate. That all this amazing force is 
required in order to accomplish this circulation, is admitted ; but that 
the heart does not put it forth is proved by its size. Beyond all 
question, size, other things being equal, is a measure of power. 40 
Then why should a half-pound heart put forth as much muscular 
force perpetually as an arm weighing ten times more, while taxed to 
its utmost during a short boat-race? No argument is necessary to 
prove that this is not, and cannot possibly be the case. The more so 
since the heart, like every other muscle, must and does take about a 
quarter of its time for sleep. It lies down and takes a nap after 
every pulsation, to enable it to execute the next. 

That some tremendous force propels the blood quite equal to 
preceding estimates, is rendered obvious by the force with which this 
blood spirts out a yard or more, and flies all around, when arteries 
or veins are punctured, as in bleeding, stabbing, cutting the throats of 
animals, etc., and this even after the power just previously expended in 
forcing it through those long and infinitesimal capillary blood-vessels, 
too fine to be seen by the naked eye. 

How could arteries and yeins withstand all this dynamic 



378 HEALTH: ITS VALUE, CONDITIONS, AND PROMOTION. 

pressure from birth till death, and yet grow besides ! No, medical 
savans, your theory is preposterous. What life-fountain could sup- 
ply all the vital force requisite for all this perpetual effort ! And what 
machinery could endure all this terrific strain ! Sensible men should 
cast about to see whether Nature has not provided some other means, 
less absurd and more rational, less liable to derangement and affected 
by other derangements, as well as not contradicted by every known 
law of dynamics. 

This rational theory of the circulation we propound. The 
office of the heart is to regulate, cut off, and admeasure the blood, not 
to create its propelling power. Such regulation requires no little pro- 
pulsive force, of which the heart has considerable, as is evinced by 
the size of its muscles, and power of its pulsations, as proved by ex- 
ternal observations, and in other ways. Yet its main office is regula- 
tory, not propulsive; its propelling power barely sufficing for such 
regulation, yet little more. 

Then since the heart does not, pray what does generate that tre- 
mendous power necessary to propel the blood throughout the system ? 

Breathing. The lungs, not the heart, generate this motive power, 
thus : — 

Electricity constitutes this motive agent ; besides being the great 
generator of the motive powers of the universe, that of the muscles in- 
cluded. The modus operandi of that generation, as applied to the 
blood, is this : — 

All positive electric bodies proportionally repel, while all nega- 
tives and positives attract each other. This is both a fundamental law 
of electricity, and a generator of illimitable motive power throughout 
Nature — is self-acting " perpetual motion " personified, and undoubt- 
edly can and will yet be employed to generate any required amount 
of motive-power, at little cost, just when and where men require it 
for use. It furnishes propulsion to the blood, thus : — 

A vast quantity of oxygen, or electricity, both elementarily the 
same, that chief agent and means of life, is introduced into the system 
by breathing. Indeed, it does nothing else. That is, it charges the 
air-cells of the lungs with electricity to their fullest extent. 

The iron in the blood attracts about half of this electricity through 
that thin film which separates the air-cells from the blood-cells. This 
charges both sets of cells positively, which generates a powerful self- 
acting propulsive force by the electricity in each repelling that in the 
other. This electricity, not the muscular contractions of the heart, 



RESPIRATION, ITS LAWS, ORGANS, AND PROMOTION. 379 

generates that tremendous power necessary to push the blood along 
through all that inconceivably fine network of long capillary blood- 
vessels throughout the body j besides stimulating the heart to put forth 
whatever muscular efforts it does put forth. And this force, unlike 
dynamic pressure, does not strain or burst the heart, because it works 
on a different principle — that of mutual electric antagonism, not of 
pressure. 

" But why should the electricity in the air-cells drive off that in 
the blood-cells ? and why not that in the blood-cells drive off that in 
the air-cells ? " 

Because drawing in the breath keeps crowding electricity into 
the lungs, and holding it there for the instant, keeping the " better 
half" of this electricity in the filling air-cells, at the same time that 
the electrified blood moves off, or rather rushes away from this air-cell 
electricity, just as fast as it gets charged positively ; this repulsion 
being instantaneous when the breath strikes the lungs. In other words, 
breathing first crowds the air-cells full of electricity, which keeps 
passing through into the blood-cells, these air-cells being kept charged 
by the breath. This leaves no escape for the electricity in the air- 
cells, while that in the blood-cells has full liberty to rush away from 
that in the air-cells, and does rush on to the extremities of the system. 
Doubtless those rings found throughout the whole arterial system, 130 
stimulated by this electricity to contract, aid this rush of blood along 
through them. 

The muscles and nerves now seize this electricity thus brought 
to their hands, and consume it in carrying on the various operations 
and functions of the life process, which leaves this blood negative by 
the time it gets through these capillaries into the veins. Of course 
this negative state of the venous blood now attracts it back to the lungs. 
That is, this very electricity in the air-cells which drives off the arte- 
rial blood freighted with life, at that very instant, as powerfully 
draws in this venous or negative blood, only to recharge it positively, 
and send it off again on its life-sustaining circuit ; thus " killing two 
birds with this one stone," and " making each hand wash the other." 

How much more rational and obvious is this theory than that the 
heart furnishes all this force ! 

How vast AN amount of power is required, not only to propel 
the blood to the surface through these long infinitesimal capillaries ; 
but also to overcome all the obstacles it has to encounter ! Just think 
of the pressure of a person weighing two or more hundred pounds 



380 HEALTH : ITS VALUE, CONDITIONS, AND PROMOTION. 

when sitting on a board, all this weight pressing upon a few square 
inches perpetually, for hours ; and yet the blood must be pushed 
along through this point of pressure, between board and bone, in 
spite of this heavy, steady weight, else its death and mortification must 
ensue ; and thus of thousands of like obstructions. What an amount 
of internal circulatory power becomes necessary to resist a lady's 
tightly-drawn stays, or even a man's suspenders ; or to keep the blood 
flowing through the soles of the feet while we stand ; or even to resist 
the pressure of the air on the body, which is over one ton on every square 
foot of the body's whole surface ! Yet this electric principle furnishes 
power enough for all this, without any bursting of blood-vessels, or 
strain anywhere. The old theory, taught by those medical schools 
which oppose Phrenology, is both obviously absurd, and an absolute 
physical impossibility. Medical colleges, why have you taught these 
absurdities thus long? Why have you not discovered this new prin- 
ciple, which is right in your line, before ? Because you do not know 
enough, and don't think; for if you did, you would neither teach such 
nonsense, nor oppose Phrenology. 

Proof of this new theory, however plausible, is demanded, and 
furnished in any required amount, and as patent as the unclouded 
noonday sun, in the following ranges of facts. 

Those who are well breathe enough at each inspiration to 
last them till the next breath, and therefore have a pulse perfectly 
regular ; whereas those any way ailing, show it by a pulse rendered 
irregular , thus ; The air, the moment it strikes their lungs, creates 
a strong, quick pulse, while the next pulse is lower and slower, and 
the third still feebler and longer; till the instant the next breath 
strikes the lungs it sends off the blood in another rapid and power- 
ful pulsation. What evidence could or need be stronger in proof 
that this propulsive force is derived from the lungs, not heart, than 
this fact, which all can perceive in their own persons? 

Mark the conclusiveness of this proof by a supposition pre- 
cisely analogous. On your left stands a steam-boiler, ever heated 
up, and generating a powerful head of steam, and on your right a 
complicated machine which consumes an immense amount of motive 
power in running. A steam pipe conducts this steam upon this 
motor wheel of this machinery, having a valve by which you can 
shut this steam off from this machinery at pleasure. You find that 
whenever you shut off the steam this machinery slackens up till it 
finally stops ; yet starts up again the instant you let on this steam ; 



RESPIRATION, ITS LAWS, ORGANS, AND PROMOTION. 381 

would you, would any sane person maintain that this machine was not 
moved by this steam, but that it moved itself! And yet this identical 
experiment proves that breathing circulates the blood. 

Holding the breath furnishes this same proof, by this same 
means. The longer it is held, the slower and feebler the pulsations 
become in every single person, well and sickly, in every single in- 
stance. Try it, but not too long, and note the diminution of the 
pulse, till a full breath restores it. Is not the heart's force as great 
just before breathing as after ! 

Drowning is effected by depriving the lungs of air, and thus ar- 
resting the circulation, and the way to resuscitate those almost dead 
is to inflate their lungs ; which restores life by reinstating the circu- 
lation. Where have medical professors, doctors, and others kept their 
eyes and senses, not to have long ago discovered a principle and its 
proofs so obvious, and established by facts so patent and universal ? 
Every pulse they feel proves it! 

The office of leaves in trees and vegetables also proves that 
the lungs mainly propel the blood. All concede that sap is to vege- 
table life precisely what blood is to animal, while leaves are to the 
former what lungs are to the latter. Assuming what all concede, 
that leaves and lungs fulfil the same office, we assert that leaves cir- 
culate the sap; therefore the lungs circulate the blood. It must 
take immense power to draw maple, and all other sap, along up under 
tight-pressing bark. This power must be put forth by its own agent 
or organ. 25 But trees have no heart, actual or rudimental. Roots 
do not propel it, for their sole office is to supply nutrition. Then, since 
heart does not, what does propel this sap ? 

Leaves. This is proved by this fact, that though, as in starting 
hot-house grapes, the ground around their roots is frozen, yet the 
hot-house heat starts action and growth in the leaves, and these leaves 
propel the sap down to the roots, and back again. Maple sap, in 
running freely while the ground is yet frozen two feet deep, proves 
this same theory. If these horticultural facts, patent to all, do not 
prove, they at least strongly confirm our theory, that the main circu- 
latory agent is the lungs instead of the heart. 

84.— Increasing Respiration by Diaphragm Breathing. 

Promoting respiration promotes every life capacity, function, 
and enjoyment. Yet many breathe so little that the heaving of their 
chests is scarcely perceptible, while their abdominal motion is imper- 



382 HEALTH: ITS VALUE, CONDITIONS, AND PROMOTION. 

ceptible. They seem " too lazy " to breathe deeply, apparently intent 
on doing with as little breath as possible. How amazing, when breath 
is so important, and cheap ! And most of us might live many times 
faster and better, solely by redoubling our breathing. How can this 
be done? 

By diaphragm breathing. All animals, without any exception, 
breathe with their diaphragms, even more than with their ribs ; while 
most men, and nearly all women, breathe almost wholly with their 
ribs, but scarcely at all with their diaphragms. This is consequent 
mainly on sitting bent forward in the school-room, and on females 
suspending their apparel mostly from their hips, by bands which press 
just below the diaphragm, so as to prevent its easy downward motion, 
till they fall into the habit of breathing without it. All apparel of 
men, women, and children should depend from the shoulders, not hips; 
and its weight should be made to pass down more behind than before, 
so as to help keep the body straight, not bend it forward. 

Most ladies, by noticing their own chests as they disrobe, will see 
that their breath goes down only five or six inches ; whereas every 
breath should move their whole chest, bowels included. Learn, then, 
to fill the lungs full, as in taking a long breath ; that is, make every 
breath a long one. 

This experiment will tell all whether and how far they breathe 
with their diaphragm : Press your hand on the lower part of your 
bowels, and note whether, and how far, they heave at every breath ; 
for in right breathing they heave as much as the chest. Those in 
whom they do not heave thus should inhale full, deep, long inspira- 
tions till their bowels do move ; and keep on trying and observing 
till they have formed the habit of breathing as deeply as possible. 
That is, they should press in, and press out, all the air they can at 
every breath. See how heavy horses heave their abdomens ! The 
lower lobes of the lungs are by far the largest ; so that diaphragm- 
breathing gives twice or thrice more breath than rib-breathing. We 
all need all the breath we can get from both sources. 

The bowels also require motion, in order to help push the food 
forward through them. 115 Their dormancy renders all the other func- 
tions dormant, while their action vivifies all. Diaphragm-breathing 
also prevents and cures dyspepsia, which mere rib-breathing oc- 
casions. 116 

Breathing through the nose is far better than through the 
mouth. Any dust in the air lodges in the nose, whence it is easily 



RESPIRATION, ITS LAWS, ORGANS, AND PROMOTION. 383 

expelled. What animal ever breathes through the mouth, except in 
lolling, or almost overcome from heat? 

Indian mothers are very particular to teach their children to 
breathe only through their noses ; and Indians consider those anta- 
gonists who breathe with open mouths weak, and easily conquered. 

Open mouths look badly. Please note how awkwardly and 
badly gaping mouths appear. 

All fragrance is caught and appropriated by nasal breathing, 
which undoubtedly, as it were, electrifies the system with odors, good, 
bad, and indifferent. Breathe bad-smelling air through your mouth, 
and then spit right afterwards. 

85. — The Breathing Cure. 

' The breathing pathy is by far the most efficacious of all the 
cures. The Author hit upon it thus. When he first established his 
Philadelphia office, in January, 1838, he opened courses of lectures in 
several places at once, thus lecturing every evening. They brought 
such crowds for examinations, as finally to completely exhaust him, 
compelling him, with all his hardihood, to dismiss callers, crawl up 
stairs by the banisters, and throw himself upon the lounge ; when he 
involuntarily fell to panting, or breathing deep and fast, as if perishing 
for more breath, as one sometimes will when all beat out. 

This extra breathing soon made him dizzy, by thinning a part, 
but only a part, of his blood. Reaction presently sent the blood 
bounding and rushing throughout his system, producing a prickling 
sensation all through those parts most exercised. 

Lecture time arrived, after about half an hour's breathing. He 
arose, and walking on to find a cab to take him to his lecture-room, 
was surprised to find himself so much stronger than he had supposed 
possible, that he walked on and on, two and a half miles, to Northern 
Liberty Hall, gave altogether the best lecture of the course, and 
walking home, set down to his desk and wrote with all his might, 
seemingly as by inspiration, until after sunrise the next morning, with- 
out food or sleep, just on the extra strength he had derived from that 
extra breathing. And thousands of times since, when " all beat out " 
by office labors, though it takes something to tire him, throwing himself 
on his back, first opening doors and windows, by thus breathing 
deeply and fast, he has established this reaction and consequent glow, 
risen in from five to fifteen, sometimes in two minutes, completely 
rested and re-invigorated, and been able to hold his audience for 



384 HEALTH: ITS VALUE, CONDITIONS, AND PROMOTION. 

hours. Pie considers, as all who know him consider, his ability to 
endure labor, not merely astonishing, but seemingly in defiance of all 
known laws of physiology, due mainly to this mode of respiration. 

General Lyon incidentally confirmed and illustrated this breath- 
ing cure thus. At dinner, in Detroit, in 1849,! he said, — 

" Professor Fowler, I love to ask scientific men hard questions, 
and want 3-011 to explain this physiological anomaly. Almost ever 
since you examined my phrenology in Washington, ten years ago, I 
have been the surveyor-general of three new States, and spent most 
of my time in the woods surveying; have taken corps after corps of 
men from behind the desks of lawyers and counters of merchants, 
many of them city reared and white livered, right out into the woods 
in mid-winter, with one buffalo robe spread upon the snow under, and 
another over us, often soon snowed under, without even a tent, and 
perhaps wet up to their waist besides in traversing swamps and 
marshes, and yet never knew one of these city pampered men to 
catch cold on going into the woods ; but I never brought a corps of 
young men info a city but in three days every one of them was bark- 
ing with a cold. Now \x\\y should none take cold on going into the 
woods, but none escape it on coming out ? " 

" Your puzzle, general, is easily solved by this physiological fact, 
that since breathing thins the blood, their extra breathing of fresh 
cold air in the woods sent their blood bounding to their skin so 
thinned by oxygen that it circulated freely at the surface, thus both 
protecting it against changes of temperature, and converting external 
cold into internal warmth ; whereas, on coming into the city, they 
breathed the spent air of a stived-up seven by nine bed-room, which 
left their blood too thick to flow to and protect their skins, and thus 
predisposed them to colds." 

Army experiences also illustrate the efficacy of this breathing 
cure on a large scale. Soldiers by the hundred thousand find them- 
selves immeasurably better in the field, notwithstanding all their 
exposures, than when at home ; because, breathing copiously of fresh 
air promotes every other function, and expels disease with marvellous 
efficacy. But for its dysentery, consequent on its poor and changed 
water, army life would he healthier than city. 

Twenty-four years ago, in his phrenological journal, the Author 
propounded this breathing-cure tonic and restorative, which is often 
quoted, in common with others having a like origin, minus the origin. 
Still the ideas are just as good without credit as with. Thanks for 
their dissemination. 

All cures will be aided by this breathing cure. Whether you 



consumption; its causes, prevention, and cure. .385 

take " calomel and jalap," or little pills, or all sorts of pills, or the 
water cure, or any other cure, just superadd this deep and fast breath- 
ing cure, and you will recover as if by magic, yet probably attribute 
your cure to other sources. It is at least both cheap and handy. 



Section IV. 



86. — HOW TO STAVE OFF A TENDENCY TO CONSUMPTION. 

Suppuration of the lungs, and their consequent destruction, is 
called consumption; though sometimes other organs are similarly 
consumed. 

A tendency to consumption is sometimes inherited, 512 that is, often 
attacks the children and relatives of those who die with it ; yet, 
strictly speaking, Nature never transmits diseased organs, but only 
weakly ones. No matter how consumptive your parents and relatives 
may have been, you can escape it altogether by giving Nature a 
chance to counteract this tendency. She will not begin any life she 
cannot consummate. " Passably good, or none ; nothing rather than 
bad," is her motto. All endowed with v strength enough to be born 
alive, can, by proper regimen, attain full maturity, and grow stronger 
up to a good age ; for Nature interdicts parentage to those either too 
young or old, or too debilitated, diseased, deformed, or depraved, to 
impart sufficient vigor to offering to allow them to live a good life ; 
thereby forestalling whatever imperfections would otherwise spoil her 
children. 

Growth also counteracts even this entailed lung weakness, as it 
does all others, by causing all weak organs to grow relatively the 
fastest, and then compelling all strong ones to succor all the weak 
ones; on the well-known principle of balance already demonstrated. 5861 
How often do weakly children grow stronger with age, and make 
healthy adults ? No matter how consumptive you are by nature, ob- 
serving the health laws and cultivating your lungs will enable you 
to surmount all such consumptive tendencies. 

Those who inherit this consumptive taint absolutely must do 

these two things — keep up a good supply of vitality 74 by nurturing 

all their recuperative functions, and break up colds as soon as they 

contract. 141 But if thev work themselves clear down, which they are 

49 



386 HEALTH : ITS VALUE, CONDITIONS, AND PROMOTION. 

apt to do, because this consumptive taint consists in more activity than 
vitality, and then allow colds to set in and redouble on them, they 
endanger consumption. They must not become. permanently tired out, 
nor worn down, nor used up ; but must keep well rested up and slept 
out. 143 

Lung exercise is another great preventive. Those thus predis- 
posed should read loud daily, sing loudly, hallo, talk much, speak 
in public, breathe deeply, anything demanding lung action; yet be 
careful not to tax them beyond their strength. 62 

Warm extremities are to such most important, as cold hands and 
feet accompany, if they do not even constitute the first stage of this 
malady, by signifying a susceptibility to colds, because the surface cir- 
culation has become impaired. Such should promote circulation, and 
keep warm at any cost. 

However consumptively preinclined, as long as you keep your 
pores open, you may snap your fingers at consumption and the 
doctors. 

A foul stomach often causes expectoration. Good lungs expel 
the foul matter generated by food decaying in the stomach, or by al- 
coholic drinks, etc., occasioning consumptive symptoms simply because 
the lungs are strong enough to expel this corruption, not because they 
are consumptive. 23 

The signs of consumptive tendencies are, that those thus prein- 
clined are generally tall, slim, long-fingered and limbed, spindling, 
small and narrow-chested ; inclined to sit and walk stooping, with 
their shoulders thrown forwards and inwards, because their small 
lungs and stomachs cause a pectoral caving in; sink in where the 
arms join the body ; have a long neck, sunken cheeks, long faces, 
sharp features, a pallid countenance, light complexion, a thin, soft, 
and delicate skin, light and fine hair, a somewhat hollow, exhausted, 
ghastly aspect; long and rounding finger nails; cold hands and feet, 
with general chilliness and wakefulness at night ; great excitability ; 
very active minds; clear thoughts; excellent natural abilities; intense 
feelings ; rapidity of motion, and a hurried manner ; are easily 
startled and inspired ; and have a decided predominance of the men- 
tal temperament over the vital, and head over body. 

The facial polarity of constitutional consumptives is always 
sunken. In proportion as, when laughing, that muscular ridge 
running across the face from nose to cheek bones is the larger the less 
consumptive tendency there is. and the thinner and small this 



CONSUMPTION y ITS CAUSES, PREVENTION, AND CURE. 387 



A CONSUMPTIVE VICTIM. 



muscle the more consumptive one is by Nature. I never yet missed 
telling by this sign, whether any person was or was not from a con- 
sumptive stock. Those sunken below their eyes, where this hectic 
flush appears, and falling in at L, or under the cheek bone, and 
between it and the middle of the nose, are predisposed to consumption ; 
while those full there are not. This sign is infallible. 

Granville Mellen, the poet, who died of this disease, gives a 
good general idea of the form of the face and person of consumptives ; 
yet those of full, fleshy habits may be predisposed to pneumonia or 
quick consumption, though 
equally so to all other local 
inflammations and diseases, 
because their systems are ex- 
ceedingly excitable. 

The small lungs and 
hearts of those predisposed to 
this disease render their circu- 
lation imperfect. To promote 
this should then be their first 
end. Whatever, therefore, 
tends to retard the flow of 
blood, especially at the surface, 
such as sedentary pursuits, 
confinement within doors, and 
particularly in heated rooms, 
habitual sewing, a cramped 
and bending posture, severe 

mental application, impure skin, sudden atmospheric changes, colds, 
and the like, should be sedulously avoided ; whereas, a light diet, 
fresh air, out-of-door pursuits, abundant sleep, vigorous exercise, a 
warm climate, and free circulation tend to prevent it. Keep the 
SKIN clean and active, and you are safe. 139 

Tight-lacing is most pernicious to those thus predisposed, because 
it cramps the lungs, prevents their inflation, inflames them, shuts out 
oxygen, the deficiency of which is the great cause of this disease, cur- 
tails the action of the whole vital apparatus, and consequent supply 
of vitality, occasions adhesions, and in many other ways induces this 
disease. No language can tell the number of premature deaths, of 
both mothers and their offspring, occasioned by this accursed practice. 

To girt up the vital organs is to commit virtual suicide. 606 




No. 94. — Granville Mellen. 



388 HEALTH : ITS VALUE, CONDITIONS, AND PROMOTION. 

Hot drinks, especially tea and coffee, are also injurious, because 
they increase the liability to take colds, and fever the nervous system, 
already far too excitable. By causing a hot flush of perspiration, 
followed by cold chills, their effects are really awful. Brink warm 
drinks only when you wish to perspire. 

Exercise in the open air is also especially beneficial. Yet be very 
careful not to overdo, which is the great fault of consumptives, because 
their nerves are too active for their strength. Alternate rest and ex- 
ercise, with abundance of fresh air, are your best preventives. Com- 
pared with them medicines are powerless. Doctor little, but invigo- 
rate your general health. 

The chest should be rubbed often, with the hand of a healthy and 
robust friend. Let mothers and nurses rub narrow-chested children. 

Full and frequent breathing is especially advantageous. In 
this alone consists the virtue of Ramrnage's tube. Yet it can be 
effected better without than with any kind of tube. Sit or stand 
straight, throw the arms back and chest forward, and then draw in 
slowly as full a breath as possible, and hold it for some seconds, mean- 
while gently striking the chest, so as to force the air down into the 
extremities of all the air-cells of the lungs, as well as enlarge the 
lungs, and keep up this practice habitually, and consumption will 
pass you by. Few practices contribute more to general health. An 
erect posture is especially important, and warping forward and inward, 
which consumptives are apt to do, very detrimental, because it cramps 
and impairs the lungs. 

Sea voyages are much recommended, and also southern climates. 
Both, by promoting surface circulation and perspiration, are emi- 
nently beneficial. Yet if the same ends can be obtained at home the 
effect will be the same, and all the evils incident to voyages, absence 
from home, exposures, etc., be avoided. Southern climates are even 
less favorable to consumptives than northern, because of the rarefied 
state of the atmosphere, and consequent deficiency of oxygen, one of 
the main elements required by consumptives. Inhaling oxygen gas, 
perhaps, somewhat diluted, will prove eminently serviceable. What- 
ever will cure this disease will prevent it, and the reverse. 

87. — The Cure of Consumption. 

Colds begin, and consummate this terrible business ; hence, to 
prevent it, they absolutely must be prevented somehow. Anything, in 
fact, everything to prevent, and after they are taken, to break them up. 
Unless you do prevent them, expect to be overtaken by consumption. 



consumption; its causes, prevention and cure. 389 

A uniform temperature is their first and best preventive, while 
sudden changes in the weather are most detrimental. One uniformly 
warm is the best. Probably Santa Fe, San Diego, and the Pacific 
coast below San Francisco, Gal., are the best places in the world for 
consumptive patients, for their temperature is about 75° the year 
round, and nearly the same night and day. This is substantially the 
case with the city of Mexico, and pre-eminently of Lower California. 
Florida is also even in temperature, but damp, while the base of the 
Rocky Mountains is dry, yet changeable. But those who must stay 
where they are, should house themselves when it is cold, keep their 
room about so warm, and use clothing enough not to take any more 
cold ; varying it according as the weather is warmer or colder. 

A change of climate will often effect a radical cure. Thousands 
who cannot live at the north, on account of these changes and colds, 
live and are healthy at the south, or south-west, north-west, or Cali- 
fornia. But don't 

Wait too- long before you emigrate. You must never go to the 
north-west unless you have sufficient vitality to withstand its bracing 
cold, or it will hurry you right off; and those struck with a consump- 
tive attack generally would live longer at home, and better. 
f Hop syrup, made by boiling hops in water, straining, boiling 
down, adding molasses, simmering down, then superadding lemon, 
and taking enough to keep the bowels free, its proportions, whether 
more sweet or more bitter, immaterial, taken on retiring, will promote 
sleep, the hops quieting, besides unloading disease through the bowels. 
It must be made fresh every three or four days, or preserved by 
adding spirits, or boiling down till it will keep. / 

Spirituous liquors will benefit those whose stomachs do not fur- 
nish sufficient carbon, but injure those in whom carbon super-abounds, 
as it generally does. But when the stomach supplies too little carbon, 
they furnish it, help warm, and prolong life, and even restore it. 125 

Buttermilk and bonnyclabber, sweetened, will sometimes 
effect a cure, and at all times benefit. The Author, at sixteen, in- 
duced a very consumptive attack ; took only bread and sweetened 
buttermilk, prescribed by a neighbor, an elderly lady ; was benefited 
by it from the first day of its use, and every day, and recovered in 
about three months. It soon becomes palatable. 

The great principle of the cure centres just here. As the lungs 
waste away, they furnish the less oxygen. A given amount of carbon 
can combine with only its " fixed equivalent" of oxygen. 132 There- 



390 HEALTH: ITS VALUE, CONDITIONS, AND PROMOTION. 

fore, since feeble lungs introduce but little oxygen, of course the 
stomach must introduce only a proportionate amount of carbon. All 
must eat the more or the less, accordingly as they breathe the more or 
the less. Since consumptives can breathe but little, they must eat but 
little. Yet many of them have a ravenous appetite, consequent on an 
inflamed stomach, 124 which loads down their systems with surplus 
carbon, only to compel their small and inflamed lungs to cast it out 
in addition to supporting them. Starvation is bad, so is surplus ali- 
ment. If, and as far as, this yellow matter comes from surplus car- 
bon, the more food the more carbon and expectoration. 113 Abstemi- 
ousness is the remedy for such. 

Tins experiment will furnish a decisive test. Eat very little for 
several days, and if you feel lighter, calmer, pleasanter, and better, 
know that you are eating too much relatively for your breathing. 
The patient can determine this important matter better than the 
doctor. 

Copious night sweats probably consist in an effort of Nature to 
carry off disease through the skin, which they leave peculiarly suscep- 
tible to colds ; so be doubly careful to keep warm by tucking in your 
bed-clothes till after they have subsided. 

Don't cough any more than you really must, and then only to 
raise. To cough because you feel a tickling irritation, only increases 
it. Breathe on as long as possible without coughing, raise all you can 
while coughing, and stop coughing as soon as possible. 



Section V. 

ventilation, its necessity, means, etc. 

88. — Requisition for fresh Air. 

Well- oxygenated air is alone fit for breathing ; which is neces- 
sary chiefly because oxygen is necessary. But breathing consumes 
about half its vitalizing properties ; besides charging it with carbonic 
acid gas. About five-sixths of the oxygen imbibed is excreted in this 
gas, which is most deleterious. A good pair of lungs, in average 
action, consumes about two hundred and fifty cubic feet of air every 
twenty-four hours, and expires about eighteen thousand cubic inches 
of carbonic acid gas; enough to make 'five and a half ounces of solid 
carbon ! Breathing both oxygenizes and decarbonizes the blood. 



VENTILATION, ITS NECESSITY, MEANS, ETC. 391 

Arterial blood contains of oxygen T 2 o 3 o> carbonic acid only T Vo> while 
venous blood contains of oxygen but jVu, yet of carbonic acid rVo- 
These figures show how great is the consumption of the vitalizing 
properties of the air breathed, as well as how great its vitiation by 
breathing ; while the perpetual experience and instinct of all human 
beings and animals attest the absolute necessity for constant and 
copious re-supplies of fresh and well-oxygenated air. How dull and 
stupid all feel after sitting awhile in a hot room, especially if heated 
by an air-tight stove, which is unfit for use ; because, while it rarefies 
the air so that we breathe but little, it prevents its circulation in the 
room, so that we soon breathe out most of its oxygen. Hence the accom- 
panying stagnation of the blood, and lethargy of body and mind. 
But strike out into the fresh air, and how differently you feel ! How 
lively in body ! How brisk in all the feelings ! How clear in 
mind! How happy the whole man ! Every human being ought to 
spend several hours every day, cold and warm, in the open ajr, 
coupled with much bodily action. Four hours of out-door breathing 
daily, is the least time compatible with health for adults, though ten 
are better; while children require a greater amount of both, because 
they have, or ought to have, a higher temperature and greater circulation, 
which has more to do in them than in adults — has to build up, as well 
as sustain their system. This shutting them up in the house, even in cold 
weather ; this being so afraid of a little fresh, cool air, is consummate 
folly — is downright murder ; for there is no numbering the deaths 
this extra carefulness occasions. Cool air is not poisonous, but more 
healthy than warm ; because, for its bulk, it contains more oxygen, 
that great quickener of the blood, aiad stimulator of muscular, nervous, 
and cerebral action. 82 If a heated atmosphere had been best for man, 
Nature would have heated it ; but it relaxes. All the inhabitants of 
the tropics are indolent, mentally and physically. All northerners, 
however active, are rendered inert in warm climates. Hence the re- 
quisition of more or less cold to stir up the system. Unless you would 
make stupid blockheads of your children, do not keep them shut up in a 
hot-stove room. However cold it is, let them go out, as all children 
delight to, and their lungs will soon warm them up and keep them 
warm. If your dear, darling, delicate, puny child is indeed so weak 
that fresh air gives it a cold, you ought to be sent to prison for ren- 
dering it thus tender ; rather, ought not to have any child. 

Schools are great disease breeders. Children require an abun- 
dance of exercise and fresh air, instead of being packed into small and 



392 health: its value, conditions and promotion. 

over-heated rooms, just to " sit on a bench, and say A." To keep 
them thus pining for breath and action one quarter of their lives, and 
the balance hardly better, signs, seals, and delivers the death-warrant 
of many a loved and lovely bud of humanity. Our children do not 
get half air enough. This occasions their being puny, sickly, and 
mortal. No wonder that half of them die in childhood. The wonder 
is that more do not. All children should be rosy ; while most juve- 
niles, in these days, look pale and haggard. The city is no place to 
bring up children. They cannot go out of doors for fear of getting 
lost or run over; nor play within, because ma, grandma, or aunt is 
sick. Nor can they obtain fresh air in coal-heated nurseries or 
kitchens. God made the country, man the city. The country is the 
place for them. But, parents, whether you inhabit city or country, 
see to it that your children have a full supply of fresh air daily and 
perpetually. Hear Andrew Combe on this subject of ventilation : — 

" The fatal effects of breathing highly vitiated air may easily be 
made the subject of experiment. When a mouse is confined in a large 
and tight glass jar full of air, it seems for a short time to experience 
no inconvenience ; but in proportion as the consumption of oxygen 
and the exhalation of carbonic acid proceed, it begins to show S3^mp- 
toms of uneasiness, and to pant in its breathing, as if struggling for 
air, and in a few hours it dies, convulsed exactly as if drowned or 
strangulated. The same results follow the deprivation of air in man, 
and in all animated beings ; and in hanging, death results not from 
dislocation of the neck, as is often supposed, but simply because the 
interruption of the breathing prevents the necessary changes from 
taking place in the constitution of the blood. 

" The horrible fate of the one hundred and forty-six Englishmen 
who were shut up in the Black Hole of Calcutta, in 1756, is strikingly 
illustrative of the destructive consequences of an inadequate supply 
of air. The whole of them were thrust into a confined place, eighteen 
feet square. There were only two very small windows by which air 
could be admitted, and as both of these were on the same side, venti- 
lation w r as utterly impossible. Scarcely was the door shut upon the 
prisoners when their sufferings commenced, and in a short time a de- 
lirious and mortal struggle ensued to get near the windows. Within 
four hours, those who survived lay in the silence of apoplectic stupor ; 
and at the end of six hours, ninety-six were relieved by death! In 
the morning, when the doors were opened, twenty-three only were 
found alive, many of whom were subsequently cut off by putrid fever, 
caused by the dreadful effluvia and corruption of the air. 

" But it may be said, such a catastrophe as the above could happen 
only among a barbarous and ignorant people. One would think so ; and 
yet such is the ignorance prevailing among ourselves, that more than 
one parallel to it can be pointed out even in our own history. Of two 
instances to which I allude, one has latety been published in the ' Life 



VENTILATION", ITS NECESSITY, MEANS, ETC. 393 

of Crabbe,' the poet. When ten or eleven } T ears of age, Crabbe was 
sent to a school at Bungay. ' Soon after his arrival, he had a very nar- 
row escape. He and several of his school-fellows were punished for 
playing at soldiers, by being put into a large dog-kennel, known by the 
terrible name of the " Black Hole." George was the first that entered, 
and the place being crammed full with offenders, the atmosphere soon 
became pestilentially close. The poor boy in vain shrieked that he 
was about to be suffocated. At last, in despair, he bit the lad next to 
him violently in the hand ; " Crabbe is dying, Crabbe is dying !" roared 
the sufferer; and the sentinel at length opened the door, and allowed 
the boys to rush out into the air.' My father said, 'A minute more 
and I must have died.'" — Crabbe's Life, by his Son. 

11 The other instance is recorded in Walpole's Letters, and is the more 
memorable, because it was the pure result of brutal ignorance, and not 
at all of cruelty or design. ' There has been latety,' says Walpole, ' the 
most shocking scene of murder imaginable : a parcel of drunken con- 
stables took it into their heads to put the laws in execution against 
disorderly persons, and so took up every person they met, till the}' had 
collected five or six and twenty, all of whom they thrust into St. Mar- 
tin's round-house, where they kept them all night, with doors and win- 
dows closed. The poor creatures, who could not stir or breathe, 
screamed as long as they had any breath left, begging at least for water ; 
one poor wretch said she was worth eighteen pence, and would gladly 
give it for a draught of water, but in vain ! So well did they keep 
them there, that in the morning four were found stifled to death ; two 
died soon after, and a dozen more are in a shocking wa}'. In short, it 
is horrid to think what the poor creatures suffered : several of them 
were beggars, who, from having no lodging, were necessarily found on 
the street, and others honest, laboring women.' 

" I do not mean to say, that in all the above instances the fatal results 
were attributable exclusively to vitiation of the air by breathing. Fixed 
air may have been disengaged also from some other source, but the 
deteriorating influence of respiration, where no ventilation is possible, 
cannot be doubted. According to Dr. Bostock's estimate, an average 
sized man consumes about 45,000 cubic inches of oxygen, and gives 
out about 40,000 of carbonic acid in twent} T -four hours, or 18,750 of 
oxygen, and 16,666 of carbonic acid in ten hours, which is nearly the 
time during which the sufferers had remained in the cabin before they 
were found. As the}' were two in number, the quantity of oxygen 
which would have been required for their consumption was equal to 
37,500 cubic inches, while the carbonic acid given out would amount 
to upwards of 32,000 inches — a source of impurity which, added to the 
constant exhalation of waste matter and animal effluvia from the lungs, 
was manifestly quite equal to the production of the serious consequen- 
ces which ensued from it, and which no one, properly acquainted with 
the conditions essential to healthy respiration, would ever have wil- 
lingly encountered. Even supposing that the cause of death was some 
disengagement of gas within the vessel, it is still certain that, had the 
means of ventilation been adequately provided, this gas would have 
been so much diluted, and so quickly dispersed, that it would have 
been comparatively innocuous. 

" The best and most experienced medical officers of the army and 



394 HEALTH": ITS VALUE, CONDITIONS AND PROMOTION. 

navy, are always the most earnest in insisting on thorough ventilation 
as a chief preservative of health, and as indispensable for the recoveiy 
of the sick. Sir George Ballingal recurs to it frequently, and shows 
the importance attached to it by Sir John Pringle, Dr. Jackson, Sir 
Gilbert Blane, and others of equalh r high authority. Sir John Pringle 
speaks of hospitals being, in his da} r , the causes of much sickness, .and 
of frequent deaths, ' on account of the bad air, and other inconvenien- 
ces attending them ;' and Dr. Jackson, in insisting on ' height of roof 
as a property of great importance in a house appropriated to the recep- 
tion of the sick of armies,' adds as the reason, that 'the air being con- 
taminated by the breathings of a crowd of people in a confined space, 
disease is originated, and mortality is multiplied to an extraordinary 
extent. It was often proved in the history of the late war, that more 
human life was destroyed by accumulating sick men in low and ill-ven- 
tilated apartments, than by leaving them exposed, in severe and incle- 
ment weather, at the side of a hedge or common dike. 1 

"In the same volume (p. 114) the reader will find another example 
not less painful than instructive of the evils arising, first, from crowd- 
ing together a greater number of human beings than the air of the 
apartment can sustain, and, secondly, from the total neglect of scientific 
rules in effecting ventilation. In the summer of 1811, a low typhoid 
fever broke out in the 4th battalion of the Royals, then quartered in 
Stirling Castle. In many instances violent inflammation of the lungs 
supervened, and the result of the two diseases was generally fatal. 
On investigating the circumstances of this fever, it was found that 
rooms of twenty-one feet by eighteen were occupied by sixty men, and 
that others of thirt3 T -one feet by twenty-one were occupied by seventy- 
two men ! To prevent suffocation the windows were kept open all 
night, so that the men were exposed at once to strong currents of cold 
air, and to 'the heated and concentrated animal effluvia necessarily 
existing in such crowded apartments ; thus subjecting them to the com- 
bined effects of typhus fever and of pneumonic inflammation. In the 
less crowded apartments of the same barrack no instance of fever 
occured.' The men who were directly in the way of the current of cold 
air, were of course those who suffered from inflammation. 

" Mr. Carmichael justly regards impure air as one of the most power- 
ful causes of scrofula, and accounts for the extreme prevalence of the 
disease in the Dublin House of Industry at the time he wrote (1809), 
by mentioning, that in one ward of moderate height, sixty feet by 
eighteen, there were thirty-eight beds, each containing three children, 
or more than one hundred in all! The matron told Mr. Carmichael, 
that ' there is no enduring the air of this apartment when the doors are 
first thrown open in the morning ; and that it is in vain to raise any 
of the windows, as those children who happened to be inconvenienced 
by the cold, close them as soon as they have an opportunity. The 
air they breathe in the day is little better : many are confined to the 
apartments they sleep in, or crowded to the number of several hun- 
dreds in the school-room.' Can any one read this account, and won- 
der at the prevailence of scrofula under such circumstances ? " 



VENTILATION, ITS NECESSITY, MEANS, *ETC. 395 

89. — The Ventilation of Dwellings, Dormitories, Churches, 
and Lecture-Rooms; Blue Veins; Posture, etc. 

Citizens spend a large part of their time within doors, in domiciles 
and places of business, amusements, etc., and countrymen average over 
half; while the ladies of both city and country live mostly within their 
own homes or churches ; and many children are perpetually housed. 
All this, though wrong, is a fact, and likely to continue. 

The ventilation of houses, then, becomes as important to those 
who live mostly within doors, as good breathing timber is valuable. 79 
This subject is beginning to engage public attention, but by no means 
in proportion to its intrinsic merits. All the rooms in all houses 
should be furnished at their top with a ventilator for the escape of foul 
air, which will allow fresh air to enter ; while the bad air which settles 
at their bottom can easily be drawn off by suction, and made to sup- 
port the combustion of the fires used about the house. We shall treat 
the means of effecting this desirable end hereafter, 189 but simply show 
its importance here. He will prove a great public benefactor who 
propounds some simple yet efficacious means of domiciliary ventilation ; 
and all architects should give this subject their special attention. 

Dormitory ventilation is of course equally important, yet more 
neglected. Opening outside doors often by day helps to change the 
air of sitting-rooms in the daytime, but not of bed-chambers. 

Texans, when asked why they lived in houses with openings large 
enough to crawl through, replied : 

" Because they are more healthy than tight ones." 

Northern houses take too much pains to keep out their best doctor, 
cool air. No medicines are equally efficacious to prevent or cure any 
and all ailments. 85 And this doctor charges as much less than nothing 
as it costs to shut him out. 

Small bed-rooms, ten feet square and seven high, contain seven 
hundred cubic feet of air. Two persons sleeping together in it con- 
sume about one hundred and sixty feet in eight hours' sleep, and prob- 
ably more ; for we naturally breathe deeper and more when asleep 
than ordinarily when awake. The two have inhaled about one-fourth 
of its air, excreted about twelve thousand square inches of carbonic acid 
gas, or nearly enough to make four ounces of solid carbon ! Car- 
bonic acid gas is a deadly poison. This is what kills those suffocated 
by the burning of charcoal in close rooms ; and turns the venous blood 



396 HEALTH* ITS VALUE, CONDITIONS, AND PROMOTION. 

dark. Perhaps a light burning for hours in your bedroom has already 
both consumed its oxygen, and loaded it with carbonic acid gas. Per- 
haps others have been sleeping in it night after night for months with 
little ventilation ; so that its stench is intolerable till you become ac- 
customed to it. On no account sleep in any dark bed-room, which 
does not allow of through ventilation, by windows and fireplace, if not 
by one or more doors and windows, so as to keep changing your air 
perpetually during the night. Make ample provision for this change 
before you retire. Most persons spend one-third of their lives, two in 
a bed, in little eight by ten bedrooms, containing only five or six 
hundred cubic feet of air, and that vitiated to begin with, and stuff 
every crevice and key-hole besides ; breathing over and over one-third 
of this poor air, making it almost thick with carbonic acid gas, 
and then wonder why they fall sick, — perhaps ascribing to divine 
Providence what belongs to foul air ! n 

Six operatives often sleep all night in a little room not exceeding 
ten feet square and seven high ! No wonder their vocation is un- 
healthy. How repulsive is the smell of bedrooms generally in the 
morning, observable on quitting them a few minutes and returning. 
Instead of being thus miserably supplied with fresh air, they should 
be large, and especially high, and arranged so as to admit free venti- 
lation. A draught directly upon you may be objectionable, yet even 
this is far better than confined air, and can be rendered harmless by 
a good supply of bed-clothes — though the less of these, and keep com- 
fortable, the better. Large, airy sleeping apartments would add one- 
fourth to the aggregate duration and efficiency of life. They should 
be the largest rooms in our houses. 

Night air is generally considered unwholesome, and often pesti- 
lential ; than which nothing is more unfounded. What ! the Deity 
render night air unwholesome, and yet compel us to breathe it! 
This supposition conflicts with the whole economy of Nature. If it 
had been really injurious, she would have allowed us to sleep with- 
out breathing; for she never compels the least thing detrimental. 
It is equally as wholesome as day air. It may be damper, but that 
does not hurt it for breathing. It is usually cooler, and, therefore, 
contains more oxygen, and hence is even better than day air, at least 
for sleeping purposes. Why are we so restless in hot summer nights, 
and why do we sleep so sweetly, and awake so invigorated in cold 
fall nights, but because the needed supply of oxygen is so much 
greater in the latter? So far from its being injurious, sleeping with 



VENTILATION, ITS NECESSITY, MEANS, -ETC. 397 

open windows greatly promotes health, even in stormy, boisterous 
weather. Many who sleep thus summer and winter are remarkably 
robust and healthy. Yet this practice should be adopted by degrees, 
so as not to give cold. 

We should attend to breathing even more than to eating ; and 
make provision for a constant re-supply of fresh air even more 'than 
for good food. And parents, see that your children have it in luxurious 
abundance, night and day. 

Churches, lecture-rooms, theatres, vestries, billiard-rooms, depots, 
and places of public resort require more ventilation. A public place, 
forty by sixty, ten feet high, containing twenty-four thousand cubic 
feet of perhaps poor air, is packed for two hours with a thousand persons. 
This gives twenty-four square feet to each one, barely enough for 
one hour's breathing timber. If it is fifteen feet high, it contains 
only enough for an hour and a half. All are breathing over and 
over again the identical air just expired by their tobacco and rum- 
feted listeners on both sides. Each expires about three thousand cubic 
inches of carbonic acid gas, — three hundred thousand in all, — enough 
to make seventy-five ounces of solid carbon ! All this, besides all the 
other fetid and noxious gases emptied into the room from foul breaths, 
and still fouler stomachs ! To eat and drink after others, even though 
tidy, is considered really vulgar ; but to breathe after them, however 
reeking with tobacco and bad whiskey, is " all right ; " while, in point 
of fact, to breathe the foul, spent air, just robbed and vitiated by 
another, is far more utterly " nasty " than to eat out of their unwashed 
dishes. 

Blue veins signify insufficient breath. The darker the blood, 
the greater the amount of carbon it contains. Now this carbon 
should pass off through the lungs, and it will do so when we breathe 
abundantly. But when too little nitrogen is brought alongside of the 
carbonic acid contained in the blood to carry it off, it must return with 
the blood into the system ; and, being a rank poison as well as stag- 
nating, it poisons and prostrates the vital organs, diminishes life, and 
engenders disease. Blue veins in children or adults indicate this 
poison, or insufficient breathing. Let such both eat less and breathe 
more, so as to thin and redden their blood. True, the blood in the 
veins should be dark, but not dark enough to show through. And 
when visibly dark, see to it, as you value life, that this powerful 
disease-breeder is removed. 

Posture thus becomes immeasurably important. Sitting, walking, 



398 HEALTH: ITS VALUE, CONDITIONS, AND PROMOTION. 

working, etc., bent forward, presses the shoulders and ribs in upon 
the lungs, which of course so cramps them as to retard their full in- 
flation. One in an erect posture will naturally breathe about one- 
fourth more continually than in a stooping, and of course live, enjoy, 
and accomplish that much more. Think what a difference ! See 
that it makes for life in your case, not against it. 

Looks, in these days, too, are everything. Think what men, and 
especially women, spend solely on appearances in dress, furniture, style, 
etc. ; and then think how immeasurably better the same person looks 
when erect than when bent forward. Erectness signifies nobleness 
and pride, while crouching expresses either humility or feebleness, as 
in declining age. 

Sit, stand, work, w t rite, lie, and walk erectly always ; and 
train your children up in this habit. The Author has known many 
dyspeptic and consumptive ladies cured solely by wearing suspenders 
which attached their apparel to their shoulders, and passed back down 
over their shoulder-blades, thus pressing them inwards and keeping 
them straight. Only seeing or experiencing the different effects on 
mind and body of different postures, can at all impress the practical 
importance of a position permanently erect, especially in juveniles. 



\ 

APPETITE : ITS ANALYSIS, ADAPTATION, AND DESCRIPTION. 399 



CHAPTER II. 

FOOD : ITS NECESSITY, SELECTION, MASTICATION, DIGESTION, AP- 
PROPRIATION, AND EXCRETION. 

Section I. 

appetite ; its analysis, adaptation, office, and description. 

90. — Necessity for organic Material. 

Organic material is as indispensable to life as are organs them- 
selves ; and for precisely the same reason. 25 Before the life germ can 
execute any of its functions, and in order thereto, it must have organs ; 
but must manufacture them before it can have them, and must first 
obtain materials out of which to make them before it can make them ; 
so that supplying it with these organic materials is Nature's first and 
most important means of manifesting life. Food supplies this mate- 
rial and its necessity is paramount. 

Fitness is her first organic prerequisite. The life force cannot use 
any and everything ; but must have just the precise materials neces- 
sary for manufacturing bones, muscles, brain, nerves, tissues, skin, 
hair, nails, etc. Where can they be obtained ? Nature has laid up 
no specific storehouse where alone they can be had ; unless all Nature 
is such a store. They must be brought to the life germ, all solved, and 
ready to be made into organs, and it must make up, before it can 
put forth functions. Parental agency supplies enough merely to 
start its first rude tenement, till it can construct one more perfect than 
finite minds can imagine. Babes are a constructive marvel. What 
human workmanship bears any comparison with their organic con- 
struction? 633 

Individual life, in which each one is allowed to go, come, and do, 
in propria persona, necessitates an early parental separation, which 
presupposes a supply of the raw organic material to each human 
being. An entire chapter in "Sexual Science" is devoted to the 
proper feeding of children. 633_647 



400 FOOD : ITS SELECTION, MASTICATION, AND DIGESTION. 

Substances previously organized are alone edible, alone can 
feed man, beast, fish, fowl, and insect. Rocks are formed from gases, 
a cubic foot of limestone rock containing fifteen thousand cubic feet of 
various gases. Rocks, decomposed by time and atmospheric agencies, 
make soil, from which vegetables derive their growth and properties. 
Rocks compose and feed the soil, which feeds vegetables, and they 
support animals and man. Worms, grasshoppers, etc., feed on vege- 
tables, fowls on them, and man on fowls: all food being derived from 
the vegetable kingdom. Of course vegetable seeds, such as grain, nuts, 
etc., constitute the heartiest kind of vegetable food. Nearly all that 
grows feeds something ; for Nature is a great practical economizer of 
all her time, space, materials, resources, and everything. 

The repair of organs is about as important as their manufacture. 
All use, whether of tools, apparel, or bodily organs, wears them out 
— fritters away their materials. Every function of the body and 
mind uses up its organ. If all organs wore on forever, remaining just 
as good as new, they would never need repair, but every organ is per- 
petually consuming its own materials, and must be constantly " under- 
going repairs." 

A full supply of food, first to manufacture organs, and then 
to keep them in perfect " running order," all through life, there- 
fore, becomes, next to breathing, " first among equals" in the life 
process. 

Albumen contains most of these organic ingredients. Dirt, stones, 
minerals, earth, glass, etc., do not, but vegetables do, eliminate them 
from the soil by means of light, heat, air, moisture, etc., and thus be- 
come edible, because they possess the organic ingredients needed by 
the human organism. 

One kind of vegetable contains, as one kind of animal requires, 
one proportion of these ingredients, and another another; so that 
each kind of animal, fish, fowl, reptile, worm, insect, etc., must have, 
and is thus supplied with, a kind of food exactly adapted to its specific 
needs. 

To assure this required supply, and that of the right kind, be- 
comes as necessary as life itself is important. No casual nor temporary 
provision will at all answer this great purpose. It must accompany 
life everywhere, and even constitute an integral part of it, as well as 
be inseparable from it — must needs form a constituent of the mind, 
and be executed by one of its primary Faculties. 34 

Here is a distinct class of functions to be carried forward, and a 



APPETITE : ITS ANALYSIS, ADAPTATION, AND DESCRIPTION. 40] 

great and indispensable end to be attained — that of feeding ; both of 
which presuppose a primary mental power. 

Appetite is this Faculty. It creates a relish for food, hankers 
after it, and when denied it, begets hunger, one of the fiercest and 
most resistless of all the human desires and passions. Without it, 
little eating would ever be done. Neither reason, nor observation, 
not even experience, could ever guarantee the proper feeding of the 

ALMENTIVENESS VERY LARGE. 




No. 95. — The Emperor Vitellius. 



body. Only a powerful propensity to eat could possibly render this 
feeding sure, and predetermine its best time, amount, kinds, etc. 



ii. appetite or "alimentiveness." 
91. — Its Description, Combinations, Discovery, etc. 

The feeder ; the eating instinct ; heartiness ; epicurean relish ; 
taste ; enjoyment of fine flavors ; craving for table luxuries ; greed ; 
hunger; natural digestive capacity. Gormandizing and gluttony, 
result from its perversion and excess. 
51 



402 FOOD : ITS SELECTION, MASTICATION, AND DIGESTION. 

Its natural language draws the head downwards towards the 
relished morsel as in greedy boys, hungry dogs in gnawing bones, 
cats in eating mice, etc. 

It is located in the base of the brain close by the foramen mag- 
num, or great opening in the base of the skull, see 1 * in engraving 90, 
right in front of the ears, but under and internally of them. It is 
immense in the preceding engraving of Yitellius, the gormandis- 
ing Roman Emperor, who ordered two thousand different kinds and 
preparations of fish, and seven thousand of fowl, served up at a single 

APPETITE AND DESTRUCTION LARGE. 




No. 96. — Feejee Chief. 



feast ; and expended on his table alone at the rate of one hundred mil- 
lions annually ! till his exasperated subjects tore him in pieces, lest in 
another year he should consume on his table the opulence of the 
whole Roman Empire ! 

It is immense in Louis XIV., called the banqueting monarch, 
from his love of feasting. It is also large in all Indians, especially 
the Gross Ventres, or Great eaters, a cut of a lad of which we subjoin. 



APPETITE : ITS ANALYSIS, ADAPTATION AND DESCRIPTION. 403 

Desire to eat must needs be commensurate with the system's need 
of food. This need is as important as is that life it sustains, 15 and 
accordingly the cravings of unsatisfied appetite are beyond description. 
We call them hunger, which is caused by the accumulation of gastric 
juice in the cells of the stomach. They cannot discharge except when 
food is deposited in it. When the system needs aliment it forewarns 
the nerves, which telegraph to the stomach, and excite the manufac- 
ture of this gastric juice, which seeks that food by which alone this 
fluid can be discharged. Undischarged gastric juice creates hunger, 
which, however, differs materially from relish of food. Most have expe- 
rienced more or less hunger, even in this land of alimentary abundance ; 
then how much fiercer must its cravings become in protracted fasting 



APPETITE VERY LARGE. 



APPETITE LARGE. 



Small. 




No. 97.— Louis XIV., the Banqueter. 



A Root-eating Indian. 99. — A Poor Feeder. 



from famine, imprisonment, etc. In such cases, fine-grained, good men 
lose all their higher refined sentiments, and become like famished 
wolves ; oblivious of the sufferings and rights of others. Eye-wit- 
nesses attest that prisoners, too feeble to scramble or even crawl for 
their scant rations, would pick beans from the excrement of fellow-sol- 
diers, which, swallowed unchewed, had been voided whole. Cats, 
dogs, etc., often evince an almost ravenous appetite, and the fierce 
voracity of famishing wolves is proverbial. Even men have been 
known, in the extremity of their hunger, to put their own teeth into 
their oivn flesh, gnaw their own bones, and lap their own blood! 
Think how ravenous they must first become. Yet all this only ad- 
measures the necessity of food, and the proportionate importance of 
eating right. 

Food, then, including its raising, marketing, cooking, serving, and 
partaking, constitutes a staple institution of society. 



404 FOOD : ITS SELECTION, MASTICATION, AND DIGESTION. 

" All know how greedy children are. Desirous of seeing how far" 
appetite in them coincided with the size of this organ, I examined the 
heads of forty-eight, from five to twelve years old, and found it large 
in every one. It is also large in eleven skulls of children in my col- 
lection from two to seven years old, yet not equally large in all. — 
Dr. Virmont." 

"It is located in the fossa zigomatica, exactly under Acquisition, 
and in front of Destruction. I was struck with the remarkable breadth 
of the face of a friend of mine, and great convexity of the zigomatic 
arch, caused, not by prominent cheek bones, but more towards the ears. 
He was exceedingly fond of good living, and in spite of a powerful 
intellect, and propensities moderate in almost every other respect, was 
prone to indulge too freely in the joys of the table ; and in some other 
acquaintances, notoriously fond of good eating and drinking, I 
found this view confirmed. 

" Having found this part more compressed in some, and less in 
others, with corresponding dispositions, and having found no excep- 
tions, I consider it established." — Dr. Hoppe, of Copenhagen, Den. 

" The olfactory nerve in man is composed of two nervous portions, 
one deeply hid in the brain, and springing from three distinct roots, 
two of which run outward towards the fissure of Sylvius, while the 
other, taking an opposite course, is covered by the optic nerve. These 
three roots, after advancing forward, join into one, and form the ol- 
factory nerve, which terminates in a slight pulpy swelling of an oval 
form, from which soft filaments proceed through openings of the ethnoi- 
dal bone to the mucous membrane of the nose. The outer one of these 
roots loses itself in the fibres of those cerebral convolutions which 
select food ; thus showing why smell excites appetite. 

"All concur to prove that this is the location of the organ of nutri- 
tion. It exists alike in carnivorous and herbivorous animals. The 
goose, turkey, ostrich, kangaroo, beaver, horse, etc., have this lobe 
large, as well as the eagle, tiger, lion, dog, etc. It is developed from 
birth, and proportionally larger in all young than in adults. It is 
particularly assisted by smell, and the olfactory nerve of all animals 
is in the most intimate communication with this middle lobe; so 
much so that in the ox, sheep, horse, dog, fox, hare, rabbit, etc., the 
internal part of the middle lobe seems to be almost the mere continua- 
tion of the olfactory nerve. In man also the external and larger root 
of the olfactory nerve connects with this lobe ; which communicates 
with the crura; in other words with the intellectual Faculties; and 
this feeding propensity puts the perceptives into action." — Dr. Spurz- 
heim. 

"Three persons with whom I became acquainted in 1819, led me 
to think that a portion of the brain situated near the front of the ear 
next to Destruction, is connected with the pleasures of the festive 
board. Above a thousand other observations, made before 1823, con- 
firm this conclusion, which was embodied in a paper read to the 
Phrenological Society of London in 1825." — Dr. Cook, of London. 

"In lecturing on Phrenology, I had for some years pointed out 
this part of the brain as the probable seat of this Faculty, and Dr. 
Hoppe, without being aware of this circumstance, or the reasons on 



APPETITE : ITS ANALYSIS, ADAPTATION, AND DESCRIPTION. 405 

which this conjecture was founded, arrived at a similar conclusion." — 
George Combe. 

" It is nearly parallel to the zigomatic arch, which its large develop- 
ment renders prominent. When it is larger than its neighbors, it 
pushes the lower part of the temporal muscle forward, making it 
appear as if lying on a pyramidal instead of a vertical-sided column, 
the base of the pyramid being downwards. When very large it pushes 
the sockets of the eye-balls up and forwards, not as in Expression, down 
and forwards ; and when both are large they seem to imprison the 
eyes by a fulness extending all around them." — Edinburgh Phreno- 
logical Journal. 

Three men, Combe, Hoppe, and Virmont, made and published 
the same views of this Faculty, without either ever having learned 
those of the other two. Gall left this part unmarked. My own ob- 
servations abundantly confirm the existence of this primitive Faculty, 
and the correct location of its organ. I regard it as fully established. 

This organ, oftener probably than any other, becomes morbid from 
inflammation of the stomach, with which it is most intimately re- 
lated. 124 The Edinburgh Phrenological Journal,* vol. vii., p. 64, 
records the case of a patient of the Royal Infirmary, who, at 5 A. m., 
awoke craving food, ate voraciously all day till taken to the asylum 
about noon, yet still complained that he was dying of hunger, though 
his stomach was greatly distended from the quantities already eaten ; 
became first delirious, then stupid, and when roused, muttered, 
" hunger, hunger, hunger ; it is hunger," meanwhile complaining of 
pain in the exact location of this organ only. 

A woman named Dennis, in whom it was very large when an 
infant, exhausted the milk of all her nurses, devoured the bread of 
all her school mates ; would not be satisfied with less than eight and 
ten pounds per day ; experienced weekly excessive cravings which it 
took twenty-four pounds to satisfy ; devoured at once all the soup 
prepared for twenty guests, along with twelve pounds of bread ; and 
at another time the coffee for seventy-five children ! 

In Dr. J. S. Morton's collection, often examined by the Author, 
was the skull of a Dutch officer, in whom this organ was very large, 
and who gave himself to those convivialities and dissipations which 
destroyed his excellent constitution, and finally his life ; and also of 
Peirce, a convict, transported to Van Diemen's Land, who with others 

* No sets can now be had, but few having been published, one of which the 
Author succeeded in obtaining, very fortunately for himself and readers, because 
its possession enables him greatly to enrich his works. 



406 food: its selection, mastication, and digestion. 

escaped to the woods, became famished, killed and ate one after 
another of their number, till Peirce alone was left. He thus became 
so fond of human flesh that he decoyed one after another of his ac- 
quaintances into the woods, and hilled and ate them ! Both Appetite 
and Destruction are very large In this skull. 

A cannibal girl about ten years old, having this organ very 
large, was brought to my New York office in 1842, picked up on a 
city wharf one morning, where she said she had been landed from a 
row boat that night ; was taken to the orphans' home, and thence by 
two maiden friends ; and kept perpetually teasing, begging and clam- 
oring for " man's meat," to get which she wanted to kill an infant she 
sometimes attended ; kept telling how good " man's meat" was ; said 
she used to live on it ; that her parents kept a tavern in the woods 
near the sea shore, where the tide washed away everything; that 
they would kill travellers who stopped there ; save and make pud- 
dings of their blood ; cook and eat their meat, and even described the 
kind of butcher knife used by her mother, who was the chief manager, 
butcher, and cook ; that their brains were their best part ; that the 
meat of red-haired persons was the sweetest ; that they killed only 
plump, fleshy persons ; and gave many other like details with that 
child-like, straightforward artless innocence, which proved conclusively 
that she was telling what she had often seen, and to her only ordinary 
occurrences, all showing that there were some dreadful deeds enacted 
near New York, probably on Long Island, about 1830 to 1842. 
Her " man's meat" craving was incessant and resistless ; like that of 
Peirce. 

The Feejee chief, whose bust I took in 1842, engraving No 96, 
then on exhibition in " Barnum's Museum," had this organ and Des- 
truction larger than I have ever seen them elsewhere, declared human 
flesh to be far more palatable than any other, and said he had often 
feasted on it. He said he saw two of his comrades disputing, one 
that a young woman was with child, the other that she was not ; call 
her to them ; cut her open as she stood, to prove this point by sight ; 
while she crawled into the bushes, dragging along her dangling 
entrails ; and soon became fly-blown ; then full of maggots ; till she 
finally mortified ; and at length died ! 

Ancient sacrifices to Jupiter probably originated quite as 
much in this love of " man's meat" as in Devotion, yet in both con- 
joined with Destruction ; the latter enjoying the killing, and Appetite 
the feasting on their flesh, and both in the name of piety. 



APPETITE : ITS ANALYSIS, ADAPTATION, AND DESCRIPTION. 407 

An old African was executed in New Orleans for binding, fatten- 
ing, and killing an eighteen-year-old negress, and serving her up at an 
animal religious feast, to which he had been accustomed in Africa, 
before he was brought to America ; thus showing that his appetite for 
human flesh still remained. There would thus seem to be something 
about it peculiarly fascinating. 

Large. — Have a Jiearty relish for food ; set much by table luxu- 
ries; enjoy good living exceedingly; eat with real zest and luxury; 
digest well except when the stomach has been broken down ; are 
liable to clog mind and body by overeating ; need to guard against 
its excess ; will feel the better by occasionally going without a meal, 
and are liable to induce dyspepsia by overloading the stomach ; can 
eat anything with impunity, and digest it perfectly ; live on little, or 
eat much, and need not be very particular as to diet ; both relish and 
dispose of food to perfection ; have good blood and plenty of it ; pre- 
fer the substantiate to knicknacks ; hate a scanty meal ; and have 
plenty of energy and good flesh. 

Large in combination with large Acquisition, lay up abundantly 
of all edibles in their season, provide a plentiful store of "the 
good things," and save the odds and ends left at one meal for future 
use; but with Acquisition moderate, eat freely to-day without duly 
providing for to-morrow's table wants, wasting food left over, and 
living beyond means; with Friendship full, cannot enjoy eating 
alone, and are very hospitable, besides giving friends the very " best 
the house affords ; " with a full social lobe, enjoy eating in the bosom 
of the family and at home much better than at a hotel ; with full Paren- 
tal Love, feed children, pets, stock, etc., liberally, and love to see them 
eat.; with full Construction, are good cooks, and with full Acquisition, 
often have picked up dinners made " as good as new," and provide a 
bountiful table as economically as possible ; with Kindness large, 
give food freely to the hungry ; with Ambition and Beauty large, are 
ceremoniously polite at table, and must have everything clean and 
nice ; with Friendship moderate, are more ostentatious than hospi- 
table at table ; and with Force full or large, become very angry when 
food is poor, etc. 

Full. — Eat freely what is proffered, " asking no questions," and 
finding little fault ; enjoy food well, but not extravagantly ; and usually 
have good digestion. Its combinations are analogous to those under 
large. 

Average. — Enjoy food passably well, and eat with a fair relish, 



408 FOOD : ITS SELECTION, MASTICATION, AND DIGESTION. 

yet nothing more, and rarely ever over-eat ; and must not abuse the 
digestive organs, lest they break down, because their natural vigor is 
only average. 

In its combinations it is affected more by the other Faculties 
than they are by it. Thus, with full or large Friendship it may relish 
food well when eaten around the social board, yet would eat sparingly 
with strangers, alone, etc. 

Moderate. — Rather lack appetite, and eat with " long teeth," or a 
moderate relish ; feel little hunger, and eat to live, instead of living 
to eat ; cannot relish eating unless all its conditions are favorable ; 
are constitutionally liable to indigestion, and naturally dainty, fussy, 
particular and whimsy at table ; have a weak digestive apparatus, and 
variable appetite, very good, or else very poor ; are a good deal pre- 
inclined to dyspepsia; often feel a goneness and sinking at the 
stomach, and a general lassitude and inertia ; sleep poorly, and feel 
tired and qualmish in the morning ; have either a longing, hankering, 
pining, hungry feeling, or a loathing, dainty, dormant appetite ; are 
displeased and dissatisfied with everything ; irritable and peevish, 
dispirited, discouraged, gloomy, and miserable ; feel as if forsaken 
and neglected ; are easily agitated, and oppressed with an indefinable 
sense of dread, as if some impending calamity awaited ; and should 
make the improvement of digestion the first business of life. 

With FULL Friendship, may eat fairly well with friends, but 
poorly without ; with moderate Eventuality, can hardly remember 
afterwards what has just been eaten ; with Beauty and Order full or 
large, cannot eat much unless everything about the table is very nice 
and tidy, and just so throughout, etc. 

Small. — Are almost wholly destitute of appetite ; eat with dainti- 
ness and too little to properly nourish the body ; hardly know or 
care what is eaten, or when or whether you eat or "let it alone;" 
and should pay much more attention to properly nourishing the 
system. 

Its combinations resemble those of this Faculty moderate. 

Appetite is subdivided into quantity and quality; greed and 
flavor; hunger and relish; the former located nearest to the ears, 
and securing something to eat, while the latter selects the best attain- 
able. The first, which might properly be called Greed, is the most 
important, and therefore universal. All possess the second, which 
might be called Flavor, yet it increases in proportion as its possessors 
advance. Coarse-grained persons eat almost anything, intent chiefly 



APPETITE : ITS ANALYSIS, ADAPTATION, AND DESCRIPTION. 409 

on getting enough ; while those of refinement become proportionally- 
fastidious in their choice, and being particular promotes refinement. 
At all events there are obviously two distinct classes of analagous func- 
tions, which are of course executed by two separate Faculties, and 
their contiguous cerebral organs, 

92. — The natural Food of each Species feeds its own Speci- 
alties. 

Why should or does one kind of animal relish one kind of food, 
and another another, but because the natural food of each sustains and 
develops its own specalties ? The end of all eating is the nutrition 
of the eater's peculiarities. Fitness appertains to all Nature does and 
requires. Lions love raw flesh, and horses grain, because raw flesh 
is precisely adapted to sustain and develop the peculiarities of the 
former, and grain of the latter. One animal relishes that peculiar 
kind it needs, while another loathes this same food, but enjoys what 
the other loathes. Thus the lion craves raw meat, warm with life, 
but loathes vegetable food ; while the horse loathes flesh, but craves 
vegetables. Could grass nourish the physiology and mentality of the 
hyena, eagle, and whale, or flesh those of the sheep and ox, equally as 
well as the converse now does ? Is not meat adapted to sustain the 
functions of carnivorous animals, herbage that of herbivorous, nuts of 
the rodentia, insects and seeds of birds, and so of all that eats ? Else 
why their respective appetites for their natural diets ? What stronger 
proof could be required or had that the natural food of all animals is 
constitutionally calculated to nourish their respective characteristics, 
mental and physical, than that furnished by this law of adaptation ? To 
argue a principle thus self-evident, the truth of which is guananteed by 
Nature's universal economy, is like arguing an axiom. It is obviously 
a dietetic law and guide. 

This principle is still further proved by the fact that the food of 
all animals bears a close resemblance to their natures. Thus, sprightly 
animals generally live on a sprightly diet ; as the cat on mice, the 
tiger and lion on the antelope, etc. Tall animals, as the giraffe, live 
on what grows high, and moles on what grows close to or in the 
ground. Fish live mostly on what swims, and the swallow on fly- 
ing insects ; whereas birds which fly less live more on worms and 
seeds ; and domestic fowls, which fly little, live mainly on what flies 
but little. The natural diet of swine is chiefly roots — a coarse animal 
feeding on coarse food. Strong animals, as the mastodon, moose, ele- 



410 FOOD : ITS SELECTION, MASTICATION, AND DIGESTION. 

phant, elk, etc., live much on the ends of soft limbs, about the firmest food 
eaten ; while horses and cattle relish hay, which is fibrous and tough, 
as its consumers are hardy and muscular. Strong and fleet sharks 
feed on other fish next in speed and strength to themselves. Monkeys, 
confessedly the highest order of animals except man, feed on fruit and 
nuts, obviously the best of food, except grains and the first class of 
fruits, reserved for man. The nutrition of nuts, too, is highly concen- 
trated. 

Animals confessedly higher in the scale of capacity and enjoyment 
than vegetables, accordingly feed on what has already been Organized ; 
whereas vegetables, being lower in structure and function, can sustain 
themselves by a far lower order of nourishment — that drawn from 
the earth, organized too low to support animal life. And, in general, 
the higher the grade of any animal, the higher the order of its food. 
Even the vegetable kingdom observes this law of correspondence with 
nutrition. Thus the grape, an exceedingly juicy fruit, seeks a humid 
atmosphere, and so do pears and plums; whereas apples, less juicy, 
thrive best on dry soils. Though apparent exceptions may perhaps 
be cited, yet the general law is perfectly obvious, that there is some- 
thing in the natural diet of all that eats and grows peculiarly adapted 
to sustain both their physical and mental characteristics. 

93. — Normal Appetite and Smell the ultimate Arbiters 
of whatever appertains to aliment. 

"But all this leaves us about as much in the dark respecting our 
food as it found us. Though it sheds some dietetic light, yet it is 
often self-contradictory, and befogs about as much as it enlightens. 
Does not Nature provide some infallible guide to right eating, which 
tells us not only what is generally best, but always just what is re- 
quired at any and all times? Our systems need one thing to-day, 
another to-morrow, and still other kinds at other times ; then does 
Nature provide a sure feeding formula adapted and applicable to 
all cases ? " 

Normal appetite furnishes this formula. Would Nature, after 
having predetermined every minute particular, throughout all her 
vast domains, leave a matter thus important at loose ends ? Surely 
not. If appetite simply created an indiscriminate greed for any and 
all kinds of food, it would often lumber up the system with gross 
materials, the digestion and expulsion of which would exhaust its 
energies. Instead, each individual requires to eat just what, and only 
what, but no more than, is then and there required for special and im- 



APPETITE : ITS ANALYSIS, ADAPTATION, AND DESCRIPTION. 411 

mediate use. This same alimentary instinct which preinclines us to 
eat, must also select just the kind, quality, and amount of food thus 
needed, and eschew all else. 

A special hankering and relish in each species, and in all in- 
dividuals of each, for just that aliment demanded by each at that 
particular time, accomplishes all this. This feeding institute, without 
this provision, would be most imperfect ; but with it, like all else in 
Nature, becomes perfection personified. Hence appetite is a specific 
as well as general dietetic guide. It not only creates in carnivorous 
animals a relish for flesh, in graminivora for grains, etc. ; but if, at any 
particular time, any one individual of any species, man included, needs 
any special aliment, each will experience a craving for the kind of 
food which contains the ingredients required. This is equally true of 
liquids — is a law of all alimentation. Whatever eats needs it, and 
Nature thus furnishes to each an infallible directory, which rightly ap- 
plied, will select the best kinds of food in detail, as well as in general, 
and tell us all just what to eat, when, how much, how, and everything 
appertaining to a perfect diet. 

Instincts are as destinies. Every animal, every human instinct, 
subserves some necessary purpose ; and every necessary end is carried 
forward by some instinct. u Appetite is expressly adapted to execute 
whatever is necessary to perfect nutrition. In short : 

Science governs alimentation equally with every thing else in 
Nature. There is as veritable, as infallible a natural science of right 
eating as of mathematics ; because both are equally governed through- 
out by first principles. Normal appetite expounds these fundamental 
laws of right eating, and instinctively applies them to the best possible 
feeding of the body. This almimentary science of eating has its sum- 
mary in this laconic edict : 

Eat what relishes. That is best which tastes best. 

Then why is not this science of right eating taught, along with the 
other sciences ? Is it less important than they ? or less promotive of 
life than grammar, than school studies? Yet what physiologist or 
teacher teaches, what preacher preaches, this science as such ? 

Smell constitutes another reliable umpire in selecting our food. 
All animals smell of their food before they venture to taste it, and 
predetermine its utility as food by its smell. The universal conti- 
guity of the mouth and nose, and their nerves, signifies that they should 
work in concert. Smell detects incipient decomposition even sooner 
and more effectually than either sight, touch, or taste. If smelling of 
food is not polite, it is at least natural to man and beast. 91 



412 FOOD: ITS SELECTION, MASTICATION, AND DIGESTION. 

This experiment will show how important a dietetic part smell 
plays. Let one accustomed to drink liquors, or taste of fruits, or any- 
thing else, close eyes and nose, and taste of this and that without seeing 
or smelling of them, and he can scarcely tell whether he is tasting of 
brandy, whiskey, or rum, or of this, that, or the other kind of fruit. 

Smell should obviously be brought into perpetual requisition in 
selecting our food, and also be assiduously cultivated. 91 

94. — The Discipline, or Culture and Restraint, of Appetite. 

Culture improves all to which it is rightly applied. It increases 
the size and lusciousness of wild fruits ; makes wild animals tame ; 
augments the products of fields ; beautifies flowers ; redoubles the size 
and efficiency of the muscles, and all other physical organs; 62 and 
improves each of the mental Faculties, 64 Appetite of course included. 
Men properly expend much time and pains in cultivating memory, 
language, reason, taste as applied to beauty, etc., but little ever in culti- 
vating taste as applied to food ; excepting those who make a business of 
tasting teas, liquors, and other articles of diet in order to their pur- 
chase. Is Appetite less important than these other Faculties ? Does 
not its right exercise, by feeding the body in the best manner, redouble 
the vigor and efficiency of all the other functions of body and mind? 
One can live twice as long, fast, and well, with as without a discrimi- 
nating Appetite. Its right exercise promotes, while its wrong impairs, 
every life function, as it were by magic ; but indiscriminate eaters can 
hardly half live, enjoy, or accomplish. Its culture thus becomes a 
sacred duty, as well as real life-luxury ; for we can thereby live the 
longer, work the harder, and be the happier and better. Table luxu- 
ries are as legitimate as any other. Food was created palatable to 
be enjoyed, not neglected. Eating was made a great luxury for the 
wise purpose of nourishing the body. All should enjoy each successive 
meal, 17 and feed themselves in the very best manner possible. 

To cultivate. — Consider before you provide or order your meals 
what would relish best, and as far as possible provide what you think 
will taste good ; pamper Appetite ; eat leisurely, and as if determined 
to extract from your food all the rich flavors it may contain, and in 
eating be governed more by flavor than quantity ; endeavor to coax 
an appetite, even when you feel none, by eating some dainty, as if to 
see if it were not good ; do by food and drinks as wine connoisseurs do 
in tasting viands ; taste things with a view of ascertaining their relative 
flavors; in 'short, exercise and indulge Appetite; eat discriminatingly; 



APPETITE : ITS ANALYSIS, ADAPTATION, AND DESCRIPTION. 413 

that is, " smack your lips " over this, that, the other kind of food, to 
see which has the genuine flavor ring ; and partake only of those kinds 
for which you have a keen relish ; and eat what you eat, not as the 
gormand eats pork and beans, uat just as the epicure eats woodcock, 
as if bound to obtain from it whatever gustatory relish it possesses. 
Most persons eat as the hen eats beans, with a grab and swallow, 
without once stopping to enjoy its flavor. Many eat like coarse- 
grained swine under a pear-tree, from one limb of which have fallen 
delicious Seckles, and from another hard, sour-pucker pears, craunching 
both equally, noting little difference in their flavor, though one Seckle 
pair contains more genuine lusciousness of flavor than a whole bushel 
of choke pears. Deposit in your stomach only what " goes just to the 
right spot." Horses are very particular as to what they eat ; then 
why should not man be far more so ? All we eat must permeate our 
entire system, and exert its legitimate effects upon every fibre of the body, 
every emotion and action of the mind ; so be careful what you eat. 

Few facui/mes are as generally perverted as this ; and only one, 
Love, stands in greater need of right direction. The Bible tells us 
that the sin of our first parents consisted in wrong eating. Both physio- 
logy and fact attest that perverted appetite, or the enormous gorman- 
dizing of rich and stimulating kinds of food, in connection with alco- 
holic and other noxious drinks, causes a great proportion of the de- 
pravity of mankind. Paul meant something when he commanded, 
" Be ye temperate in all things ; " nor does the Bible condemn glut- 
tony and wine-bibbing, from first to last, for naught. Indeed, its 
narrative of the eating of the forbidden fruit as introducing- into our 
world " death and all our woes," obviously means that perverted Appe- 
tite, or wrong eating, caused the fall of man, and most of his subsequent 
depravity and consequent suffering. This is certain, that the starting 
point of human reformation and restoration is the stomach. Its in- 
fluence in inflaming the system, and the irritated state of the body as 
inflaming and perverting the animal propensities, has already been 
so effectually demonstrated as completely to establish this point. 28 The 
due regulation of Appetite, then, is the great instrumentality of all 
self-improvement. To become good or great, men must first learn how 
to EAT. 

Good tasting organs are of course indispensable to right eating. 
None can feed themselves properly without keeping the nerves of the 
tongue and mouth in a sensitive, susceptible, exquisite, tasting state. 
None who chew, smoke, or dip, can possibly feed themselves discri- 



414 FOOD: ITS SELECTION, MASTICATION, AND DIGESTION. 

minatingly, or keep their functions in the best working order. Keep- 
ing these tender mouth-nerves soaking in this pungent narcotic must 
needs blunt them, and thus impair the taste, and thereby the alimen- 
tation ; and of course every function of mind and body. Tobacco 
chewers, smokers, and dippers chew, smoke, and dip that, and then 
stop chewing, smoking, and dipping ; and you will experience a " re- 
vival " throughout all your functions. 

Restraining Appetite is necessary much oftener than its culture, 
because it is more excessive than deficient ; and because it is usually 
more or less inflamed in consequence of stomachic inflammation. 
Appetite and the stomach are in the most intimate mutual rapport ; 
else how could the former crave and loathe food according as the 
stomach needs or does not need it? We have already shown why 
and how this is, namely, because the pneumogastric or eighth pair of 
nerves ramifies from this organ upon the stomach. 37 Of course the 
inflammation of either must of necessity inflame the other likewise. 
Both were made for each other, and together conjointly subserve one 
end — the perfect feeding of the body, which demands this mutual 
svmpathy, and that it should be, as it certainly is, perfect. 

All inflammation of the stomach, therefore, inflames Appetite, 
which creates a morbid craving for food, akin to Appetite, yet to 
hunger what fever is to health. Excess of food inflames the stomach, 
and this creates these morbid hankerings, which most mistake for 
hunger, yet they are caused by a surfeit This renders their Appetite 
morbid, and its cravings insatiable. And the more such eat, the 
more they crave. Let them eat and eat by the hour together, they 
still feel what they call hungry, though it is an insatiable morbid 
voracity. True, they feel weak, gone, faint, ravenous, and that they 
shall drop down, unless they can get something to eat soon ; yet the 
more they eat the more they crave, because the more they inflame 
both their stomachs and, of course, Appetite. Cannot they see that 
they eat twice as much as others, and four times more than many 
around them who enjoy uninterrupted health ? How can they require 
so much, when others do so much better with so little? What could 
more conclusively prove that both their craving and diseases proceed 
from gluttony? Protracted absteminousness will surprisingly di- 
minish these stomachic gnawings, as a trial will show. And, in gene- 
ral, those who feel faint in the morning till they eat, ravenous before 
dinner, and hungry before supper, should attribute these cravings to 
an overloaded stomach instead of to an empty one. Those who suffer 



APPETITE : ITS ANALYSIS, ADAPTATION, AND DESCRIPTION. 415 

much from omitting a meal may rest assured that they over-eat. Fast- 
ing gives little inconvenience to healthy stomachs. There is no surei 
sign of a surfeit than these hankerings and this faintness, when a 
meal is omitted. Contradictory though it may seem, yet of all such 
cravings persevering absteminousness is a perfect cure ; because it al- 
lays that irritation of the stomach which causes them, and which full 
feeding enhances, and thereby reinflames Appetite. Let those thus 
afflicted only fast instead of feast, and keep fasting till they, like those 
in health, can omit a meal with little inconvenience. 

Many readers, conscious of excess, would give something to know 
how they can govern this incessant craving. Every little while they 
suffer from excess ; firmly resolve to eat less, and succeed at a single 
meal, only to eat the more afterwards. Indeed, few things are more 
difficult than governing a morbid Appetite, whether for alcoholic 
liquors, or unhealthy viands, or excessive quantities of food. He who 
can do this, can march to the stake. To rule a kingdom is play com- 
pared with controlling a morbid appetite. Yet this is not difficult to 
those who know how. Many try hard enough, but do not try right. 
Follow these directions, and this task will soon become easy. 

1. Take upon your plate, in one or two parcels, all the food except 
the dessert, you think best to eat at a meal, and leave off when that is 
finished, instead of " backing up " for another load. By this means 
alone can you fully realize how much you do eat. When this is im- 
practicable, notice how much you have previously taken, so as to bear 
in mind the sum total consumed. But if you take potato after potato, 
and slice after slice of meat, and bread, and the like, relying upon an 
already inflamed Appetite for your guide as to quantity, or till your 
stomach, stretched by a thousand surfeits, is pained by fulness, be 
assured you will over-eat. Weighing a few meals, till you have learned 
to estimate correctly by the eye, will aid you in curtailing Appetite. 

The Scotch custom of placing before each child all it is to have 
at that meal, every mother should apply to her children, and all adults 
to themselves. Never make them eat food to save it. 

2. Take small mouthfuls. Those who pile in great mouthfuls, 
chew only till they can barely swallow, and then hurry in as much 
more as their mouths will hold, eat far more in a short time than they 
suppose ^ whereas taking a small quantity at a time, and chewing it 
well, makes a little go a great way, both in satisfying Appetite, and in 
nourishing the body ; meanwhile strengthening instead of impairing 
digestion. See children take a small bite, and laugh, play, and talk, 



416 food: its selection, mastication, and digestion. 

perhaps even while chewing it, and then take a little more, and thus spin 
out their eating a long time. Do likewise, and you will find it easier to 
stop eating a small meal than now a large one. The stomach of those 
who eat fast, and in large mouthfuls, hardly realizes how much food 
it has taken until it is almost crushed under its burden. Following 
these simple directions of parcelling out your meal at the commence- 
ment, then eating in small mouthfuls at a time, and masticating 
thoroughly, will render the government of Appetite easy, while res- 
straining a craving appetite with fast eating is next to impossible. 
3. Eat seldom. But this calls up for canvass frequency, — 

95. — How often should we eat? — Luncheons, etc. 

Let Nature, not habit, answer. Her division of time into 
twenty-four hours plainly indicates that we should eat, sleep, exercise, 
study, etc., only once per diem. If she required additional frequency, 
she would have divided time accordingly. By eating every two hours, 
we should soon become habitually hungry that often. We consume 
more food in winter than summer, yet live comfortably on two meals. 
Habit makes us desire two, three, or six meals and luncheons. A tribe 
of trapper Indians eats once daily, and that after hunting from day- 
light to dark. Col. Taliferro, Senator in Congress from North Carolina 
for many years, a remarkably hale man, at about seventy had eaten but 
one meal per day for forty odd years, and could never be pursuaded to 
taste food twice the same day, though he cared less what part of the day 
he ate ; and the Author greatly improved his own digestion by eating 
but once daily for fifteen years, though he now eats twice, and thinks 
this the best, since we are brought up to it. 

The English, from habit, think they must eat six times, while 
the Thracians thanked their gods publicly that Cyrus and his army 
ate but once, exclusive of a morning luncheon. Let all objecting labor- 
ers think how utterly puerile are their labors compared with the her- 
culean exertions of ancient soldiers, whether marching or building, 
besieging or fighting. Since they endured so much on one meal, can- 
not you so little on two? Your stomachs, like your muscles, must 
have about eight hours' rest diurnally. To digest and discharge each 
meal requires about six hours ; so that two meals and resting would 
nearly fill in all the time, and allow a little extra to finish off digesting 
each meal. 

" But why not eat less and oftener ? " 



APPETITE; ITS ANALYSIS, ADAPT ATION, AND DESCRIPTION. 417 

Because we are much less liable to over-eat at two meals than at 
three ; the food sours less ; can be digested easier and more completely, 
and the digestive organs have ample time to rest. 

Invalids should eat seldom and little, because their debility or 
disease prevents their consuming much food. A light diet is one of 
the best of cures, because most diseases come from over-eating. Why 
take more food than can be digested, only to clog and irritate? Still, 
a sudden change from three meals and a lunch to two, is not advisa- 
ble. Better begin with a light supper, then postpone dinner, and after 
a year or two, omit supper. 

Luncheons are objectionable. Since two meals are sufficient, a 
lunch between three must be injurious. The stomach, on receiving 
its allowance, empties into itself a copious discharge of that gastric juice 
which dissolves the food, and does not secrete another supply till all 
that meal is disposed of, and another demanded. Hence, what we eat 
between meal times must lie in the stomach undigested, only to irri- 
tate and disease. Besides, to interfere with this process by introducing 
a fresh mass into one partly dissolved arrests its action, and causes 
that first received to lie until incipient fermentation takes place. 
Nuts, cakes, candies, oranges, fruits, etc., should be eaten with meals, 
not between them ; and giving " pieces " to children will derange theii 
stomachs, and breed worms. Dainties, ice-creams, etc., should be eateu 
at meal times only. 

The best times for eating are probably eight or nine A. M. and 
three or four P. m. An early breakfast or dram is said to prevent 
fever and ague, etc. Let temperance men answer the dram part, and 
their answer will apply to the early breakfast. My own experience 
favors a late breakfast. 

Late suppers are injurious, except in cases of genuine hunger. 
Those whose business precludes their eating till just before they must 
retire, had better eat then than go to bed hungry ; for the stomach can 
work while asleep — indeed, works the best then ; but those who can 
eat when they prefer, should eat at least three hours before retiring. 
An overloaded or inflamed stomach interferes with "Nature's great 
restorer/' and often engenders bad dreams, which sometimes culminate 
in nightmare. Especially eschew apples, nuts, cakes, etc., at night. 
Eat no supper, or if any, three or more hours before retiring, and you 
will feel far better the next day, because your night's sleep will be 
the sweeter and sounder. 

If three mealt are eaten, about seven, one, and six are their best 
53 



418 FOOD: ITS SELECTION, MASTICATION, AND DIGESTION. 

hours; yet those literary and business men who can get along with 
from eight to ten hours' work, should do up their eating before they 
begin, and after they have finished, but not disturb their stomachs by 
either dinner or luncheons during their working hours. Even labor- 
ers, if once accustomed to it, could work more, and easier, without than 
with stopping for dinner ; that is, by doing their whole day's work at 
one time. So can horses. In Texas they never stop to feed at noon. 



Section II. 

is man naturally graminivorous, or omnivorous ? 

96. — Human Teeth not carnivorous. 



What food is best for human development, physical and mental, 
becomes a problem as practically important to every man, woman, and 
child, as is life itself, 15 which depends much on what we eat. 90 

Normal appetite will settle this issue correctly, yet it is so uni- 
versally perverted, by both hereditary entailments and wrong habits 
from the cradle, that it needs to be aided by philosophy. Indeed, all 
our propensities require the gui-dance of reason, man's highest tribu- 
nal. 200 What, then, is its dietetic verdict? 

The first point to be decided is, whether man is naturally adapted 
to eat vegetables alone, of course including grains, nuts, fruits, gums, 
vegetable oils, sweets, and all farinaceous edibles ; or whether a mixed 
diet, including flesh, fowl, fish, etc., is best? And if so, mixed in 
what proportions f That is, what are the respective effects, on mind 
and body, of a diet wholly vegetable, as compared with mixed ? 

The teeth of all animals are adapted in structure to their natural 
food. As the construction of fish adapts them to swim, of birds to 
fly, of animals to walk, etc., and as every part of each is expressly 
adapted to its specific phase of function, — as all of Nature's structures 
specifically adapt them to the ends she thereby effects, 53 — of course the 
teeth of all flesh-eating animals expressly adapt them to seize, hold, 
and tear their prey; while those of all grass and grain-feeding animals 
fit them to bite oif and crush grasses and grains. The former should 
be, and are, sharp, the latter flat. The eye-teeth of the former are by 
far their largest, besides projecting much farther than the others, and 
being very sharp, so as to grasp and hold their prey. Touching this 
adaptation of teeth to the natural food of all animals, President 
Hitchcock, the highest geological authority, observes : 



IS MAN NATURALLY GRAMINIVOROUS. OR OMNIVOROUS? 419 



V From a single bone or tooth of any animal, its character, food, ha- 
bits, haunts, and all the circumstances of its existence may be cor- 
rectly inferred. Comparative anatomists have, from a single tooth, 
described, and made drawings of the extinct creature to which it be- 
longed, which have been found to agree exactly with skeletons after- 
wards discovered." 

View op the Human Teeth:. 




No. 100. — Names of the Human Teeth. 



1, 1. 

2,2. 
3, 3. 



Middle incisors. 
Lateral incisors. 
Canine. 



4, 4. First bicuspidate. 

5, 5. Second bicuspidate. 
I, 6, 7, 7. Molars. 8, 8. Wisdom. 



The teeth of every animal, known and unknown, accord per- 
fectly with its natural food. This is universally admitted ; so that 
the form of the human teeth wilt determine, with absolute certainty, 
the natural dietetic character of man. If he is constituted to eat meat, 
the shape of his teeth will appoximate towards that of lions and tigers. 
His front teeth w r ill be small and sharp ; his eye-teeth, which corres- 
pond with the tusks, hooked, long, and enormously large; and his 
back teeth sharp for tearing, instead of broad for crushing ; whereas, 
if his natural diet is vegetable and farinaceous, his back teeth will 
be adapted to grinding, and his eye-teeth not longer than their neighbors. 

Teeth are composed of bone, cased with the hardest substance 
in the human body, called enamel, to prevent their breaking. They 
are kept in their places by prongs and muscles, and rendered sensitive 



420 FOOD: ITS SELECTION, MASTICATION, AND DIGESTION. 

by nerves, shown in engraving No. 100, fig. 5, which pass into them 
by fissures or holes in the centres of their prongs. The inflammation 
of these nerves occasions the toothache. 

The following engraving of the cow furnishes a standard sample of 
herbivorous teeth, as do those of the tiger, engraving No. 29, of the 
teeth of the carnivora. 




No. 101. — Under Jaw of the Cow. 



See for yourself towards which of these two forms the teeth 
of man approximate — that his front teeth are usually larger than 
his eye ; and his double teeth flat for grinding, instead of sharp for 
tearing. Not one index of the carnivorous form is found in his 
teeth. Now this principle constitutes a final umpire, from which 
there is no philosophical appeal. The absence of claws has a kindred 
bearing. 

The monkey tribes, contrasted with those of man, render this 
assurance doubly sure. Though they will eat flesh rather than starve, 
yet it is not their natural diet, else they would kill and eat animals. 
Now the form of their teeth, as seen in engravings Nos. 13 and 16, 
approximates towards that of the carnivora much more nearly than 
that of man does, the engravings of the monkey, baboon, and ourang- 
outang, Nos. 13, 16, and 18, fully evince. 

" But man has hands and tools with which to kill, and sense to 
supply by knives and cookery his want of claws and teeth." 

This objection leaves the teeth argument wholly untouched. It 
simply excuses the admitted omission of carnivorous teeth and claws. 
As far as it has any anti-meat eating force, it makes against the 
obvious and conceded principle that the forms of the teeth of ani- 



IS MAN NATURALLY GRAMINIVOROUS, OR OMNIVOROUS? 421 

mals indicate their natural kinds of food — a principle too firmly 
established to be shaken by this may-be assertion. 

Since the form of the human teeth recedes from that of the 
carnivora far more even than that of monkeys, which are confessedly 
not carnivorous ; therefore human teeth were not made to eat meat. 
What proof can more conclusively attest anything, than this estab- 
lishes the natural diet of man to be herbivorous ? Nearly every sound 
physiologist has been impelled to this conclusion by this dental, and 
other kindred arguments. The immortal Linnaeus sums them up 
thus : — 

" Fruits and esculent vegetables constitute the most suitable food 
for man." 

"The natural food of man, therefore, judging from his structure, 
appears to consist of fruits, roots, and other succulent parts of vege- 
tables ; and his hands offer him every facility for gathering them. His 
short and moderately strong jaws on the one hand, and his cuspidati 
being equal in length to the remaining teeth, and his tubercular molars 
on the other, would allow him neither to feed on grass nor devour 
flesh, were these aliments not prepared by cooking." — Guvier. 

" The teeth of man have not the slightest resemblance to those of 
carnivorous animals, except that their enamel is confined to their ex- 
ternal surface. He possesses, indeed, teeth called canine, but they do 
not exceed the level of the others, and are obviously un suited for the 
purposes which the corresponding teeth execute in carnivorous ani~ 
mals." "Whether, therefore, we consider the teeth and jaws, or the 
immediate instruments of digestion, the human structure closely re- 
sembles that of the simise or monkeys, all of which, in their natural 
state, are completely frugivorous." — Lawrence. 

"Every fact connected with human organization goes to prove that 
man was originally formed a frugivorous animal." — Dr. Thomas Bell, 
" Physiological Observations on the natural Food of Man, deduced from 
the Character of his Teeth. 11 

Cullen and Lamb take similar ground, and the Abbe Galani 
ascribes all crimes to animal destruction. Pope protests against 
" kitchens sprinkled with blood/' and insists that animal food en- 
genders crime. Plutarch tells us that Pythagoras ate no pork, and 
wondered what first " led man to eat carcass." 

These conclusions, however unpopular, have been extorted 
from every rigid physiologist who has ever examined this subject, 
and are confirmed by the length of the alimentary canal, which is 
short in the carnivora, long in the herbivora, and intermediate in 
man — about six or seven times the length of his body. These two 
arguments, derived from the structure of the teeth and of the alii- 



422 FOOD: ITS SELECTION, MASTICATION, AND DIGESTION. 

mentary canal, of themselves prove that the dietetic character of man 
is mainly vegetable. 

97. — A mixed Diet can feed the greatest Number. 

WHATEVER diet will sustain the greatest number of human beings 
is therefore the best. That our earth is destined to be crowded with 
as dense a population as its utmost capacities for sustaining human 
life, combined with the most rigid husbandry of its necessaries, will 
support, is undoubtedly the economy of Nature. Hence, since a given 
amount of land can be made to sustain more human beings, by about ten 
to one, if its products are consumed directly by man than when fed 
to animals, and they eaten as food ; the economy of Nature could never 
have ordained this thousand per cent, loss in order to sustain flesh- 
eaters ; unless one of them enjoys as much as ten vegetable-eaters. If 
Nature really requires and favors a flesh diet, she would have arranged 
to support a far greater number of flesh-eaters than vegetable-eaters j 
whereas, since she can sustain ten times as many exclusively vegetable- 
eaters as exclusively flesh-eaters, therefore a mainly flesh diet is in op- 
position to Nature's general economy. 

A given territory will sustain probably a thousand Anglo- 
Americans by agriculture, to one Indian by the chase. Suppose the 
earth already fully stocked with human beings, shall this one Indian 
be allowed to engross what would support a thousand human beings 
better than he is sustained? If he is content with his thousandth 
past of territory, let him remain ; but he has no right to prevent the 
existence of nine hundred and ninety-nine human beings, still better 
capacitated to enjoy life than himself. Hence Nature compels him to 
recede before the march of civilization, unless he incorporates himself 
with it. And this sentence is just. 

Carnivorous animals furnish another illustration. To support 
one lion requires thousands of acres. Hence, since Nature abhors 
prodigality as much as vacuums, she ordains that lions and all beasts 
of prey shall retire at the approach of man; that is, yield their domi- 
nion to him as fast as he requires it, because he puts it to so much 
better use than they. The principle here stated is a law of things. 
Shall, then, one flesh-eater be allowed to keep ten vegetable-eaters 
from enjoying all the luxuries of life? Human happiness is Nature's 
paramount object. 15 To this, numbers are indispensable. Since, 
therefore, ten vegetable-eaters can enjoy more than one flesh-eater, 



IS MAN NATURALLY GRAMINIVOROUS, OR OMNIVOROUS? 423 

they should take precedence; hence flesh-eating must decrease as 
population increases. In fact, since one of the former enjoys much 
more than one of the latter, this waste of the necessaries of life by 
flesh-eating, and this deterioration of human enjoyments, clash funda- 
mentally with human numbers and happiness; which condemns a 
mainly flesh diet as contrary to the nature of man. 

A mixed diet, however, will sustain more than one composed ex- 
clusively of either flesh or vegetables. One almost all vegetable, 
with a little animal, the latter including the products of the dairy, 
poultry and eggs, will sustain the most, and is therefore the best. A 
few, yet not many, domestic animals and fowls can be kept on offal 
food, unfit for man, and their manure made to increase the produc- 
tiveness of land more than they diminish its products, so that they 
augment the aggregate supply of human food. Grasses and vegeta- 
tables also grow on salt and other untillable marshes, on which a few 
cattle can be kept, aud their flesh, butter, and cheese be made to in- 
crease human sustenance. This argument favors eating some meat, 
but not much. 

Fish, which by culture can be obtained in great quantities from 
both salt water and fresh, can be made to add materially to human 
food; besides containing that phosphoric element which promotes 
cerebral action, and sustains the mental manifestations. Fish raising 
should by all means be encouraged publicly and privately ; and all 
dams be so constructed as to allow them to ascend rivers for breeding. 

98. — Fruits and Grains more palatable than Meat. 

Man relishes fruits and farinaceous food, interspersed with vege- 
tables, nuts, eggs, and the products of the dairy more than meats. 
The unbolted flour of wheat, rye, oats, barley, corn, buckwheat, etc., 
made into bread and puddings in various forms, and seasoned with 
fruits and sweets, should constitute the main bulk of his diet because 
they taste the best ; 93 and to it should be added potatoes, beans, peas, 
beets, carrots, turnips, parsnips, nuts, and a limited supply of milk, 
cream, butter, cheese, and some meat. The warrant for this dietetic 
system is, first, its far greater palatableness_ than flesh. 92 That it is 
relished better, is proved by our always reserving the best part of 
meals for dessert — though we ought to eat the best first — which con- 
sists of fruits, pies, puddings, cakes, oranges, nuts, raisins, apples, 
peaches, pine-apples, berries, and the like, but rarely of meat — never 



424 FOOD : ITS SELECTION, MASTICATION, AND DIGESTION. 

except in minced pies, from five-sixths to nine-tenths of which are 
composed of flour, apples, sugar, cider, and spices. Flesh is almost 
excluded from our list of desserts, because less palatable than flour 
and fruit. We paraphrase good living by " roast beef and plum pud- 
ding." Why place the plum pudding last? Because it is best, and 
therefore brought on after the roast beef; yet it is composed of flour 
and fruit sweetened. Similar remarks apply to all other kinds of 
puddings. At extra good dinners, almonds and raisins are brought 
on last, because the best of all. How much better fruit and flour 
desserts relish than meats and gravies, even after the appetite is glutted 
with the latter? But meats brought on last would scarcely be touched. 
We all know how much keener Appetite is at the beginning of meals 
than at their close ; and yet though sated we like the flour and fruit 
preparations eaten last, much better than meat dishes first. Hence, as 
that tastes best which is best, 93 fruits and flour constitute the natural 
diet of man. 

Bread, milk, and berries, and also meat, set before children, 
telling them to make their meal wholly of the one they like the best, 
yet to eat but one, all will prefer the former. This is true of most 
adults. Many readers can testify that suppers composed of milk, 
bread, and fruit relish better than any other meal. Peel, cut, and 
sweeten peaches, and tell children they can eat them with bread and 
butter, or that they can have meat and butter with bread, but if they 
choose the meat, must not have the peaches, and not one in hundreds 
will prefer the meat. Not one in millions prefer all meat to all vege- 
tables and fruit. 93 So of dried peaches or apples, stewed with raisins, 
and sweetened. Many kinds of pears are still better. Give adults 
the same choice, and in spite of their perversion of Appetite conse- 
quent on eating so much meat, most prefer the bread and fruit. Or 
set apple-dumplings and good sauce upon the table with meat, it 
being understood that all can have their choice, but must partake of 
only one dish, and most will relish the fruit and flour preparations 
better than the meat. Or make a stew pie of flour with apples, cher- 
ries, berries, peaches, green or dried pears, raisins, or any other kind 
of fruit, well sweetened, and most persons will prefer it to all other 
edibles; while all would eat a much greater proportion of these 
various preparations of fruit and flour than they now do, but that 
they are considered too choice and scarce to constitute a full meal ; 
and thus of nuts and raisins. But for the impression that these des- 
serts are not substantial enough for laboring men, and that they are 



IS MAN NATURALLY GRAMINIVOROUS, OR OMNIVOROUS ? 425 

the most expensive, that is, if Appetite had its choice, it would eschew 
meat, and prefer sweetened preparations of bread and fruit almost al- 
together. 

Contrast the relish with which most people eat short cake with 
butter, or griddle cakes and molasses with honey, as compared with 
meat and gravy. Not that these cakes are recommended, yet they 
show that preparations of flour and fruit relish the best, especially with 
children. 

Cakes are to our daintiest meal, supper, what desserts are to dinner, 
namely, the very climax of all. This is doubly true of wedding cake. 
Weddings are among the most important events of life, and nuptial 
suppers are important items of weddings ; 537 and hence no expense or 
pains are spared to render them the .very acme of luxurious eating. 
Do they consist in roast beef? or in any preparation of flesh ? No ; 
but in wedding cake. If meat were generally esteemed to taste the 
best, the married pair would send out cuts of meat instead of cake. 
These tests are infallible, though so common as to have escaped general 
observation. What supper can relish better than bread, butter, and 
honey, except it be short cake, or some other cakes in place of bread ? 
How insignificant is meat in comparison ! 

Finally, after we have eaten our steak breakfast, fruit and flour 
or meat dinner and dessert, and short-cake-and-butter supper, "topped 
off" with preserves and cake, we stroll out in the evening with some 
loved one, and wishing to heighten our friendship by partaking to- 
gether the very daintiest morsel known, we step into a confectionery, 
the sole object of which is to gratify the palate, and call for what? 
Meat in any form ? No, but ice creams, etc., or strawberries and cream, 
other berries in their respective seasons ; because they furnish the 
highest gustatory enjoyment known, not to a few, for they would not 
then be kept, but to all, because preparations of meat are rarely kept 
by confectioneries proper, and when kept, are designed for food, not 
as relishes merely. Who loves roast beef better than rich Yergaloo 
pears, golden apricots, Morris White peaches, or grapes, and other 
delicious fruits ? If meat tasted best to the many, it would be the 
" crack dish ; " but ice creams, berries and cream, berry short-cake, 
jellies, preserves, cakes, custards, macaronis, floating islands, blanc- 
mange, candies in various forms, oranges, lemon pie, and like prepa- 
rations of flour, sugar, eggs, nuts and fruit, make up what all regard 
as the real dainties of the palate, to the exclusion of flesh preparations. 

The Bible says, " Butter and honey shall He eat," because these. 



426 FOOD : ITS SELECTION, MASTICATION, AND DIGESTION. 

were the daintiest luxuries it could name, and Christ's prophetic 
feeding on them indicated his super-regal rank. " What is sweeter 
than honey?" Many kindred allusions, the twelve bringing back 
grapes on returning from surveying Palestine included, show that 
it considered farinaceous food and grapes far more delicious than 
meat. « 

This experiment shall be the final umpire. Strawberries, 
mashed, sweetened, and watered, with unleavened bread, make as 
delicious a breakfast as one can well eat. Black and red raspberries, 
dewberries, blackberries, peaches, pears, sweet apples, baked or raw, 
eaten with milk and sugar, are equally delicious; as are potato starch 
puddings, jelly cake, Washington pie, etc. Stewed prunes, with 
bread, furnish another variation; as do bread crumbed into the juice 
of delicious grapes. Neither beefsteaks, chops, ham and eggs, fowls, 
pigeons, canvass-back ducks, quails, woodcocks, etc., yield more gus- 
tatory relish, or more substantial food. Make meals of them, not 
desserts merely, and eat them with the keen relish of a fresh, not 
with a sated Appetite. 

Expense favors a mainly vegetable and farinaceous diet. Fruits, 
grains, and vegetables can be raised far more easily and cheaply than 
meat ; and grain would be much cheaper still if less were fed to stock 
and distilled. Though expense is nothing where health is concerned, 
and that diet is cheapest, in the end, be its first cost what it may, 
which feeds mind and body the best ; yet meat is annually growing 
scarcer and dearer, and when the West and South become well settled 
up, must be so very dear as to preclude its use by all but the wealthy 
few ; as many readers will live to see. 

99. — Animal Food promotes the Animal Propensities. 

Lion and Tiger food, and that of carnivora generally, feeds and 
develops their specialties. 92 Accordingly all flesh-eating animals, 
without one single exception, are fierce, savage, remorseless, devoid of 
all kindness, treacherous, stealthy, cunning, rapacious, selfish, malig- 
nant, and ferocious ; while graminivora are usually docile and servile. 
Compare felines with bovines, hawks with hens, weasels with squir- 
rels, wolves with sheep, sharks and alligators with turtles, and learn 
therefrom that, in proportion as man eats meat, he develops those 
selfish qualities which always attend it; but that a vegetable diet 
fosters goodness. This inference cannot be controverted. All that 
eats attests that animal food constitutionally develops Force, Destruc- 



IS MAN NATURALLY GRAMINIVOROUS, OR OMNIVOROUS ? 427 

tion, Secretion, etc. The very existence of carnivorous animals de- 
pends upon and requires their predominance. Without them their 
sharp claws, hooked tusks, and powerful muscles, all adapting them to 
pounce upon and slay their prey, would be as useless as swords with 
cowardice. What could a sheep do with claw T s and tusks ? or lions 
and tigers without Destruction ? Would Nature create these instru- 
ments of death without also creating ferocious Faculties to accompany 
them ? Destruction and a flesh diet are as universal concomitants as 
fire and heat ; else Nature is not adapted to herself. Separating them 
destroys both. 

The hoah of chafed lions, how frightful ? How terrific the horrid 
yells of exasperated tigers ? Because they are the expressions of their 
terrible Destruction. You provoke them at your peril. Is there a 
reasonable doubt that warm blood and raw flesh, still quivering with 
life, are constitutionally adapted to enhance animality ? 92 Does not. 
this concouiitance carry its warrant upon its very front ! Animal 
food, therefore, stimulates animal propensity. 

Facts, those stubborn way-marks of first principles, also still fur- 
ther attest this concomitance. Thus, feeding a dog for months or 
years on vegetables alone, increases his docility ; but exclusively on 
raw flesh, renders him fierce and dangerous ; because me it inflames his 
Destruction. Hence the known ferocity of butchers' dogs. Slaugh- 
ter-houses are often left with both doors wide open to air the meat, 
yet arrant thieves are kept at bay as effectually as if an unchained 
tiger guarded the premises. The ferocity of meat -glutted, blood-fed 
dogs is proverbial. Not so with those fed on vegetables. Why is 
this known difference ? Our principle answers. 

A young tiger, fed on farinaceous food from weaning, became so 
tame that it was allowed to go unchained about the premises, and ate 
its food from the hand, even after it was grown up. Yet this taming 
of that fiercest of all animals, by a vegetable diet, is no more extra- 
ordinary than its converse of increasing the ferocity of the dog by ani- 
mal food, which all can see daily. Both are counterparts of each 
other, and of this same great dietetic law. 

The ancients, in training their public fighters for their bloody 
arenas, in which strength and ferocity were mainly required, fed them 
chiefly on raw flesh ; and at the ferocity thereby produced, all after 
ages have been and will be shocked. Diversified experience taught 
them that the diet of the lion and tiger kindled in man that ferocity 
which predominates in beasts of prey. 



428 food: its selection, mastication, and digestion. 

This experiment might seem too restricted for reliance if it had 
not been tried, in every variety of modification, over and over again, 
thousands of times, on the largest and most extensive scales, from 
the earliest records of humanity to the present time. Contrast the 
peaceable, life-sparing Egyptians, throughout their entire history, 
with the animal and man-slaughtering Jews. The former considered 
the killing of animals a crime, the latter a religious ordinance. The 
former ate little or no meat, and were amiable and harmless, while 
the latter, from pastoral Abraham, shepherds throughout all their 
generations, lived mainly on the flesh of their flocks; besides slaugh- 
tering immense herds of cattle and sheep on their altars, and then 
consuming the greater part of their sacrifices for food ; and a more 
warlike race is not on record. Look at David, truly "a man of 
blood;" at their ravaging wars, internal and external, throughout 
their national history ; including that terrible carnage which accom- 
panied their final overthrow. Was ever the " trump of war " sounded, 
from the time Abram " armed his own household " and slaughtered 
five kings at once, till the destruction of Jerusalem, without being re- 
echoed throughout hill and dale, till it swept the entire land, and 
brought together old and young, in martial array, eager to rush upon 
the field of deadly combat ? 

Cause and effect in a vegetable diet created this peaceable char- 
acter of the Egyptians on the one hand, and a carnivorous diet the 
destructive disposition of the Jews on the other ; especially since a 
flesh diet is constitutionally promotive of ferocity, and a vegetable of 
docility. 

Greeks and Romans ate meat in abundance, and the terror of 
their arms attests a corresponding ferocity of temper. The ancients 
generally lived on animal food, and accordingly were exceedingly 
sanguinary. A similar contrast of those who inhabit the middle and 
northern latitudes, who generally eat meat freely, with the inhabitants 
of the tropics, who eat little flesh, establishes a similar conclusion. 
But we need not look to other climes or eras for " evidence strong as 
Holy Writ/' that animal food excites the propensities, and especially 
Destructiveness. 

Savages generally live mostly on meat ; hence, to a great extent, 
their savage disposition. The war-loving Indian lives mainly by the 
chase ; and behold his unrelenting revenge ! See him bury his teeth 
in the live flesh of his captured enemy, and, tiger-like, suck out his 
warm blood, exultingly exclaiming, "The sweetest morsel I ever 



IS MAN NATURALLY GRAMINIVOROUS, OR OMNIVOROUS ? 429 

tasted ! " Hear him powwow around his helpless victims, and, fiend- 
like, torture them slowly to death, by the most excruciating cruelties 
possible to inflict. Revenge is the food of the mind whenever flesh 
is that of the body. Savage ferocity is the natural product of animal 
food. Point to the flesh-eating nation, now or ever, not destructive. 
And those are the most so who live the most on flesh. Does not 
"John Bull's" " roast beef" bear some cause-and-effect relationship 
to his warlike valor on the field of slaughter, and domination at 
home? 

Vegetable-eating nations furnish a contrast. Hindoos neither 
eat meat nor love war ; and Chinese eat but little meat, and are in- 
ferior fighters. Hence their unprecedented numbers. Contrast the 
amiable Japanese, who eat little meat, with New Zealand cannibals, 
who eat little but meat, and even his own species. 91 The fact is no 
less remarkable in itself than true to this principle, that all savage 
nations are flesh-eaters, and the more ferocious the more exclusively 
they live on meat ; whereas, all humane, good-dispositioned, peaceable 
nations, live on farinaceous food. As in all carnivorous animals, De- 
struction predominates, in head and character ; so all flesh-eating na- 
tions have, likewise, great Destruction in organ and disposition ; while, 
as this organ is small and Faculty weak in herbivorous animals, so 
are they also deficient in graminivorous nations. In short, Destruc- 
tion is the constitutional concomitant of animal food ; and necessary 
in procuring meat. 

Animal food inflames Destruction, rendering it morbid as well 

as large ; so that a given amount of it is proportionally far the most 

destructive in meat eaters. Thus, this organ is relatively less in 

Anglo-American heads than in German, Scotch, Russian, and many 

others; yet it is relatively more excitable, as is evinced by their 

greater harshness, hatred, and severity of temper. Behold how all the 

different facts and bearings of this great truth correspond with all the 

others. 

* Animal food promotes force, one of the most important of all the 
human attributes. 169 Shall we make ourselves pusillanimous, like 
Hindoo and Chinese, by abstaining from flesh, or robust and efficient 
by its use? George Combe lived almost wholly on rare meat during 
his production of that great work, 'The Constiution of Man.' Meat 
is absolutely necessary in order to impart great power to human 
effort." 

Meat does indeed promote force, yet force also accompanies a 
vegetable diet. How much more forcible are lions than elephants, or 



430 FOOD : ITS SELECTION, MASTICATION, AND DIGESTION. 

tigers than buffaloes? How much more do meat-eating Laplanders 
and Indians accomplish than vegetarian Chinese? One John China- 
man will achieve more work than a score of Indians. What have 
these forest meat-eaters ever accomplished, except with the tomahawk 
and scalping-knife? 

If meat alone gave force, one Indian should master two " pale- 
faces ; " whereas, one white man is equal to a score of red ones. 
White men ear less meat, yet, under every disadvantage, have driven 
Indians hack and hack, farther and still farther upon the setting sun, till 
they bid fair — foul? — to exterminate his race. Or is Indian charac- 
ter in itself desirable? Is it not, in common with that of all other 
flesh-eaters, hateful ? Are New Xealandcrs so very forcible, at least 
for good? or the Chinese so pusillanimous, except in war? If China 
is not forcible in butchery, human included, yet is she wanting in any 
of the essential elements of energy? Look at her canals, commerce, 
and products. To call her inefficient is to misapply terms. Knock off 
those shackles of antiquity which bind her hand and foot to past ages, 
and she would soon vie with our own nation in energy and produc- 
tiveness. Or hamper us with her fetters of more than three thousand 
years, and see how every species of public and private enterprise 
would be held stationary as in a vice. Feeding all China on meat, 
would undoubtedly cripple instead of excite ; would, indeed, render 
the masses too turbulent to submit to authority, engender private ani- 
mosities, and foment public rebellions, and by thus changing their 
government and laws, promote ultimate energy ; yet this would be 
incidental, not legitimate. The turbulence of our ancestors, fostered 
by flesh-eating, has so changed the governments and institutions of 
antiquity, as to have ultimately substituted our own republican in- 
stead of their druidical, narrow, and restrictive; but we owe our 
energy partly to these governmental changes. 

The kind of force meat imparts is analogous to that of the tiger 
and wolf — force to dare and kill, rather than to do. Is the wild bull 
tame or feeble ? Do not both the strongest and the fleetest of ani- 
mals live on vegetables? The elephant and rhinoceros eat no meat, 
yet their muscular power and endurance far transcend those of lion 
and tiger. Deer, antelope, and gazelle feed on herbage, yet distance 
all flesh-eating animals in the open chase. What flesh-eater is more 
sprightly and nimble than gazelle and chamois? Since, therefore, 
the fleetest and strongest of animals eat no meat, must man eat it, or 
else be weak or sluggish ? 



IS MAN NATURALLY GRAMINIVOROUS, OR OMNIVOROUS ? 431 

Are Highland Scotchmen, brought up on oatmeal, and to taste 
meat no oftener than the moon quarters, so very inefficient ? Are 
the potato-fed Irish weak ? Can our own beef-gormands dig or cany 
more? The strength champion of Philadelphia, in 1839, had never 
tasted meat. The rice-fed Chinese will out-do " John Bull " and 
"Uncle Sam," except in shedding blood. So will the herbivorous 
inhabitants of the Pacific isles. Not that animal food does not de- 
velop muscular strength. Carnivorous animals are strong, but herbi- 
vorous are stronger, yet have less propensity. Hence, since meat is 
not necessary to either strength or force, since it animalizes and de- 
praves, and thus does a positive damage but not a necessary good, 
why injure ourselves by its excessive consumption ? 

If man's constitution demands meat, those who fulfil this ordi- 
nance of Nature would far exceed those who do not ; whereas, the 
fact is the reverse ; which proves a meat diet unnecessary to strength, 
or vigorous propensities. 

100. — Animal Slaughter blunts the moral Sentiments. 

Active Kindness shudders to see calves, sheep, and fowls, tied 
by their feet, and tumbled together into carts, on top of each other, 
banged about as if only boxes, kept for days without food, and, after 
all this living death, hung up by their hind legs in excruciating tor- 
ture, their veins punctured, faint from loss of blood, struggling for 
life, yet enduring all the agonies of a lingering death for hours ; 
meanwhile pelted, so as to render their meat white and tender, every 
blow extorting a horrible groan, till tardy death finally ends their 
sufferings ! All perpetrated on helpless, unoffending beasts, agonizing 
Kindness only to blunt it ! Hear the piteous wails of these wretched 
animals, on their passage from the farmyard to the slaughter-house ! 
See their up-turned eyes rolling in agony ! Witness the desperate 
struggles, and hear the terrible bellowings of the frantic bullock, who 
apprehends his fate, as he is drawn up to the fatal bull-ring; or even 
look at the awful expression of all amputated heads, as seen in market, 
or carted through streets, and then say whether this slaughtering of 
animals is not a perfect outrage on every feeling of humanity. What 
well-organized child ever beholds it for the first time, without almost 
an agony of sympathy? Or can any highly-benevolent adult, espe- 
cially female, endure the distressing sight, unless accustomed to it ? 
How tender-hearted woman shudders thereat, and shrinks therefrom ! 
Yet she is not unduly sympathetic. If animals must die, at least let 



432 FOOD: ITS SELECTION, MASTICATION, AND DIGESTION. 

them suffer as little as possible ; and their meat will taste and nourish 
much the better, the better they are cared for up to the last. 

Meat blunts the morals, but inflames the propensities, whereas 
human perfection requires the converse. Man is almost all propensity 
now. His animality vastly predominates over his morality ; whereas, 
to be happy, morality must predominate. 200 All justly complain of 
the evils of society. The best are depraved enough, and the worst 
almost devils incarnate. What but perverted propensity causes the 
aggravated evils under which society groans ? In what else does de- 
pravity consist? Or how can human wickedness and woe be ob- 
viated, except by subjugating and purifying propensity by intellect 
and promoting moral sentiment? How despicable the disposition of 
tiger, hyena, and shark ! Does man require to approximate himself 
thereto? Would becoming more tiger-like render humanity more 
perfect ? Is predominant propensity human glory and happiness ? 
Would you have your children become more turbulent, quarrelsome, 
fierce, revengeful, hating, and hateful; more like beasts of prey ? 
Then give them the more meat. Would you not rather render them 
more lamb-like ? Then feed them more on a vegetable diet. 

" But brute kills brute. Then why not man kill beast ? Has God 
denied us a privilege He accords to beasts ? " 

Coarse-grained persons can do many things which excite disgust 
and repugnance in those keenly sensitive and fine-feeling; hence 
brutes can do what would shock the keener susceptibilities of huma- 
nity. Beasts of prey have little Kindness, hence violate none when 
they slay to eat, but fulfil one. If man had no sympathy for distress 
— yet what would he be better than beast without it — he, too, might 
prey upon brute and man ; but he has, and therefore must not abuse 
it by butchering inoffensive animals. 

"But flesh-eaters neither kill, nor blunt their moral sentiments." 

" The bloody Mary " did not bind the martyrs, nor light the 
fires of Smithfield, yet signed their death-warrants. As Robespierre 
only ordered the beheading of the victims of the French revolution, 
yet both were the virtual executioners ; so flesh-eaters are the real 
slaughterers, because they give the order. The butcher is to the slaugh- 
tered what the torch-carrier was to the martyrdom of John Rogers, 
and the hired servants employed to ply the guillotine are to the exe 



IS MAN NATURALLY GRAMINIVOROUS, OR OMNIVOROUS? 433 

cution. All these are only the paid agents, whereas the responsibility 
falls mainly on those who order, not who execute under authority. 
The butcher kills mainly by proxy. The consumer is the virtual 
butcher ; because he both requires the slaughter itself, and directs its 
kind, time, quantity, manner, and everything about it. Unless he 
demanded it, the poor beast would not bleed. He is the " Mary " 
and the " Robespierre " of the slaughter-house ; because every pound 
of flesh he eats increases the demand, and thus becomes a virtual 
death-warrant issued against helpless brutes. 

" If man did not raise beasts for slaughter he would raise but few ; 
and those raised and slaughtered enjoy much more from birth to 
death than they suffer in their slaughter; so that being raised and 
killed is better than neither. 

" Besides, man's Destruction was created to be exercised, and by 
placing Appetite at its side, 91 Nature sa} r s, ' Slay all you need to eat,' 
while Kindness says, 'Cause them as little pain as possible.' " 

If man's best good demands flesh, let them die, for beasts and 
all else terrestrial were created for man. He has a better natural right 
to kill and eat fowls than they worms. Destruction forms as consti- 
tuent a department of Nature and of man as does Kindness, and 
therefore has its right sphere. Animals preyed on are usually so 
prolific that, unless Destruction killed them off, they would soon so. 
exhaust their food as to starve to death, and starve man ; just as the 
excess of canker-worms over leaves sometimes exterminates the wo*rms 
by starvation. 

Procuring vegetable food, as in farming, also promotes- morality 
and goodness, as well as intellect; while killing animals for food pro- 
motes the propensities ; which constitute an integral of man, so that 
their legitimate exercise is as right and proper in its place as is thai 
of his moral sentiments. 

101. — Vegetables contain all the nutritious Elements 
required to sustain llfe. 

Liebig's Animal Chemistry, one of the most profound and phi- 
losophical of works, completely settles this point thus: — 

"Two substances require especial consideration as the chief ingre- 
dients of the blood ; one of these separates immediately from the 
blood when withdrawn from the circulation. It is well known that in 
this case blood coagulates, and separates into a 3'ellowish liquid, the 
serum of the blood, and a gelatinous mass, which adheres to a rod or 
55 



434 FOOD: ITS SELECTION, MASTICATION, AND DIGESTION. 

stick in soft, elastic fibres, when coagulating blood is briskly stirred. 
This is the fibrine of the blood, which is identical in all its properties 
with muscular fibre, when the latter is purified from all foreign matters. 

"The second principal ingredient of the blood is contained in the 
serum, and gives to this liquid all the properties of the white of eggs, 
with which it is identical. When heated, it coagulates into a white, 
elastic mass, and the coagulated substance is called albumen. 

" Fibrine and albumen, the chief ingredients of blood, contain, in 
all, seven chemical elements, among which nitrogen, phosphorus, and 
sulphur are found. They contain also the earth of bones. The serum 
retains in solution sea salt and other salts of potash and soda, in 
which the acids are carbonic, phosphoric, and sulphuric acids. The 
globules of the blood contain fibrine and albumen, along with a red 
coloring matter, in which iron is a constant element. Besides these, 
the blood contains certain fatty bodies in small quantity, which differ 
from ordinary fats in several of their properties. 

" Chemical analysis has led to the remarkable result, that fibrine 
and albumen contain the same organic elements united in the same 
proportion ; so that two analyses, the one of fibrine and the other of 
albumen, do not differ more than two analyses of fibrine or two of 
albumen respectively do, in the composition of one hundred parts. 

" Both albumen and fibrine, in the process of nutrition, are capable 
of being converted into muscular fibre, and muscular fibre is capable 
of being reconverted into blood. These facts have long been estab- 
lished by physiologists, and chemistry has merely proved, that these 
metamorphoses can be accomplished under the influence of a certain 
force, without the aid of a third substance, or of its elements, and 
without the addition of an}?" foreign element, or the separation of an} r 
element previously present in these substances. 

u The nutritive process in the carnivora is seen in its simplest form. 
This class of animals lives on the blood and flesh of the graminivora ; 
but this blood and flesh are, in all its properties, identical with their 
own. Neither chemical nor physiological differences can be discovered. 

" In .a chemical sense, therefore, it may be said that a carnivorous 
animal, in supporting the vital process, consumes itself. That which 
serves for its nutrition is identical with those parts of its organization 
which -are to be renewed. 

" Chemical researches have shown, that all such parts of vegetables 
as can afford nutriment to animals contain certain constituents which 
are rich in nitrogen ; and the most ordinary experience proves that 
animals require for their support and nutrition less of these parts of 
plants in proportion as they abound in the nitrogenized constituents. 
Animals cannot be fed on matters destitute of these nitrogenized 
constituents. 

" These important products of vegetation are especially abundant 
in the seeds of the different kinds of grain, and of peas, beans, and 
lentils; in the roots and the juices of what are commonly called 
vegetables. They exist, however, in all plants, without exception, 
and in every part of plants in larger or smaller quantity. 

"When the newly expressed juices of vegetables are allowed to 
stand, a separation takes place in a few minutes. A gelatinous pre- 



IS MAN NATURALLY GRAMINIVOROUS, OR OMNIVOROUS ? 435 

cipitate, commonly of a green tinge, is deposited, and this, when 
acted on by liquids, which remove the coloring matter, leaves a gray- 
ish white substance, well known to druggists as the deposit from 
vegetable juices. This is one of the nitrogenized compounds which 
serves for the nutrition of animals, and has been named vegetable 
fibrine. The juice of grapes is especially rich in this constituent. 
but it is most abundant in the seeds of wheat, and of the cerealia. 
It may be obtained from wheat flour by a mechanical operation, and 
in a state of tolerable purity ; it is then called gluten, but the gluti- 
nous property belongs, not to vegetable fibrine, but to a foreign sub- 
stance, present in small quantity, which is not found in the other 
cerealia. 

11 The second nitrogenized compound remains dissolved in the juice 
after the separation of the fibrine. It does not separate from the 
juice at the ordinary temperature, but is instantly coagulated when 
the liquid containing it is heated to the boiling point. 

"When the clarified juice of nutritious vegetables, such as cauli- 
flower, asparagus, mangel-wurzel, or turnips, is made to boil, a coagn- 
lum is formed, which it is absolute^ impossible to distinguish from 
the substance which separates as coagulum, when the serum of blood 
or the white of an egg, diluted with water, are heated to the boiling 
point. This is vegetable albumen. It is found in the greatest 
abundance in certain seeds, in nuts, almonds, and others, in which 
the starch of the graminese is replaced by oil. 

" The third nitrogenized constituent of the vegetable food of ani- 
mals is vegetable caseine. It is chiefly found in the seeds of peas, 
beans, lentils, and similar leguminous seeds. Like vegetable albumen, 
it is soluble in water, but differs from it in this, that its solution is 
not coagulated by heat. When the solution is heated or evaporated, 
a skin forms on its surface, and the addition of an acid causes a 
coagulum, just as in animal milk. 

" These three nitrogenized compounds, vegetable fibrine, albumen, 
and caseine, are the true nitrogenized constituents of the food of gra- 
minivorous animals ; all other nitrogenized compounds, occurring in 
plants, are either rejected by animals, as in the case of the character- 
istic principle of poisonous and medicinal plants, or else the}^ oceur 
in the food in such veiy small proportion, that they cannot possibly 
contribute to the increase of mass in the animal body. 

" How beautifully and admirably simple, with the aid of these dis- 
coveries, appears the process of nutrition in animals, the formation 
of their organs, in which vitality chiefly resides ! Those vegetable 
principles, which in animals are used to form blood, contain the chief 
constituents of blood, fibrine and albumen, ready formed, as far as 
regards their composition. All plants, besides, contain a certain 
quantity of iron, wiiich re-appears in the coloring matter of the blood. 
"Vegetable fibrine and animal fibrine, vegetable albumen and animal 
albumen, hardly differ even in form ; if these principles be wanting 
in the food, the nutrition of the animal is arrested ; and when they 
are present, the graminivorous animal obtains in its food the very 
same principles on the presence of which the nutrition of the carnivora 
entirely depends. 



436 FOOD: ITS SELECTION, MASTICATION, AND DIGESTION. 

" Vegetables produce in their organism the blood of all animals, 
for the earnivora, in consuming the blood and flesh of the graminivora, 
consume, strictly speaking, only the vegetable principles which have 
served for the nutrition of the latter. Vegetable fibrine and albumen 
take the same form in the stomach of the graminivorous animal as 
animal fibrine and albumen do in that of the carnivorous animal." 



102. — Facts, and the Experiences of the Author and 

others. 

The Author's dietetic experience deserves insertion, partly as a 
guide, but perhaps equally as a beacon. In March, 1835, on his 
first opening in New York, Mrs. Nicholson, of vegetarian boarding- 
house notoriety, called for a phrenological consultation, and indoc- 
trinated him with her anti-flesh eating ideas ; which he adopted 
practically. The effect of bathing and no meat acted like magic in 
improving his health. He was never as well before, and but once 
since. Before, he was unmistakably in a consumptive decline, which 
must soon have terminated fatally, but for this timely rescue. After 
two or three years he began gradually to decline again, yet lived a 
rigid vegetarian for over twelve years, when he again ate some, yet 
for about eight years more, but little meat. About 1855 he returned 
to an ordinary mixed diet with a most decided improvement in his 
health, and still continues to eat about as much meat as others. He 
has meanwhile noted the effects of abstinence from meat on others, 
and come to these conclusions : — 

1 . Abstaining from meat, when one has been accustomed to it, 
will sometimes have a beneficial effect almost magical, but after months 
or years of such abstinence, a return to a mixed diet will again also 
re-improve health ; on the principle that horses, kept on oats, when 
turned out to grass, at first often grow poor and weak, but, on return- 
ing to oats, are decidedly better than if they had been kept on them 
all the time. 

2. All eat too much meat, else, abstaining from it would injure, 
not benefit. 

3. Those who abstain from meat often fail to supply its place, 
and thus suffer. Certain it is, that as a general thing, vegetarians 
become extremely irritable, and often die suddenly. Where is Graham? 
Dead long ago, though just before his death, at fifty-six, he was as 
sprightly as a boy ; and a post-mortem examination showed no vital 
organ diseased. Shame, that he should so mortify his disciples and 



IS MAN NATURALLY GRAMINIVOROUS, OR OMNIVOROUS? 437 

nullify his doctrine by his own premature death. He was always one 
of the most irascible and pugnacious of men, and forever at war with 
everybody, friends and foes equally. He alienated every one of his 
admirers ; told everybody how cordially he hated his wife, and she 
him ; and died one of the bitterest of misanthropists possible. Hea- 
ders curious on this point will find its proofs in two of his poems, 
published in a Northampton paper about four months before he died ; 
which evince a gloom, misanthropy, melancholy, morbidity, and con- 
sequent mental agony, rarely ever expressed to a like extent. Why ? 
Because his system lacked and intensely craved some dietetic aliment 
his food had failed to supply ; on the principle that a craving child is 
always intolerably cross. If his anti-flesh diet was as beneficial as he 
maintained, why should he both become so bitter with spleen, and 
then die in his prime ? Why did he not live to be ninety, and live 
and die serene, genial, and jubilant? 

Where are hts disciples ? Nearly all are dead, or backslidden. 
Drs. Shew, Burdell, and others who lived out his doctrines, died 
younger than their leader, and just when they became fully matured, 
and prepared for work. Let their early death be the commentary on 
their doctrines. 

Dr. Trall, about the only public living advocate of this doctrine, 
is reputed, with what truth deponent saith not, to be extremely ner- 
vous and impatient, if not irritable. Let his personal acquaintances 
attest. And vegetarians generally, judging from long observation, 
are a dyspeptic, moody, crotchety, dissatisfied set; at least neither 
genial nor companionable. Facts do not favor their doctrines. 

The Bible Christians, per contra, in Philadelphia, many of 
whom have tasted no meat for two, three, and four generations, are so 
remarkably good, devout, and pleasant, that a given amount of De- 
struction and Force in them, sufficient to render meat-eaters violent 
tempered, only makes them forcible, yet amiable. 

" You contradict yourself. You argue one way theoretically, 
and the opposite practically. Thirty years ago you gave out in your 
lectures and writings, that you were a thorough vegetarian, but now 
' back down ' on yourself and disciples. Be consistent, at least with 
yourself, by sticking to your old landmarks." 

Truth is infinitely above persons. The Author has rather added 
to former views than changed them ; but wrote then, writes now, from 
conviction. Let his right hand perish sooner than knowingly mislead 



•138 FOOD: ITS SELECTION, MASTICATION, AND DIGESTION. 

mankind. Public men little realize what momentous responsibilities 
inhere in leadership. They should first make very sure that they are 
right, and then swear eternal fealty to truth. Let O. S. Fowler perish, 
if needs be, but let eternal truth prevail ; as prevail it surely will. 
To see and frankly admit an error, is noble ; to knowingly propagate 
one, accursed. 

103. — Summary of this flesh-eating Argument. 

Previous reasonings seemingly contradict each other, while 
truth is always self-consistent ; yet are reconcilable thus — and to these 
conclusions all of the Author's experiments and observations have 
finally brought him, that: — 

1st. The same person requires different kinds of food at different 
periods of life — milk during infancy, more and stronger food during 
growth, the heartiest during middle life, but those less rich as life 
declines; and that the race was originally adapted to eat some meat 
throughout all its history ; enough, though only enough, to use up 
what fish, flesh, fowl, eggs, milk, butter, cheese, etc., can be produced 
without curtailing the fullest supply of grains, vegetables, and fruit; 97 
yet most during its early meridian, while clearing off, draining, and 
subduing the earth, and fitting it up for future use. Thus men should 
eat meat as long as they must go to war; or till all wrongs are righted 
and evils obviated, or all concerned agree to submit to arbitration. 
Men need meat as long as they have much rough hard work to do, 
which will be some time yet; and while they require self-protection, 
which will be till all concede all natural rights to all ; which will 
not be in our day. Yet the great body of human food should be 
mainly vegetable, w T ith the less meat as man advances. Hence the 
structure of his teeth is mainly graminivorous, yet they allow of his 
eating cooked meats, but do not fit him to seize, tear, and swallow 
living animals. 96 

2d. At all times he is adapted to eat much less meat than 
he now eats, and much more in winter than summer ; and very little 
if any in the tropics, but to subsist mainly on those juicy fruits which 
resupply the perspiration incident to high temperatures ; while those 
of high latitudes should eat meat and fat, the growth of which fall 
promotes. Siberians and Kamtchatkans would find it difficult to 
obtain from vegetables all the carbon they require. 

3d. To nurture the moral nature and subdue the animal, forego 
meat ; while all should partake the more of fruits and vegetables the 
warmer the weather 



THE PREPARATION OF FOOD BY COOKING, ETC. 439 

4th. Sour stomachs, that is, those troubled with wind, should eat but 
little meat; because its fermentation, or, in plain terms, its rotting in 
the stomach, and the distribution of this putrid mass throughout the 
whole system, is really horrible, and much worse than that of vege- 
tables. The stench of decaying meat out of the system is awful ; then 
how much worse within it ? No more meat nor anything else should 
ever be eaten than can be digested before it ferments ; yet souring 
vegetables are not as bad in the system as decaying meat. 

5th. Finally, when Appetite is normal, and well disciplined, 93 
natural relish, in all persons, at all times, and during all ages, will 
render an infallible verdict as to whether, and what kinds of meats, 
vegetables, and fruits, are for the time being best for each. 

Some kinds of meat are better than others ; beef and mutton than 
pork, ham, and bacon, at least in warm climates. Yet in Texas, where 
beef is plenty and pork scarce, all who can afford it eat " hog and 
hominy ." Negroes there will not work on beef; while " up north" 
none will eat pork who can afford beef and mutton. 

" Pork and beans " is a favorite dish everywhere, and very hearty. 
Lumbermen live almost wholly on it, with hot saleratus bread* and 
strong coffee ; yet their hardy habits, exercise in the cold, etc., would 
make even invalids healthy. The Chinese live and work very hard 
mainly on pork and rice, probably for the same reason that South- 
erners relish hog and hominy, namely, because the hominy furnishes 
muscle and organic materials, while pork furnishes carbon to heat up. 

Buffalo meat should give strength, and has a delicious flavor; 
while antelope steak has no equal. 

Goats, deer, and all kinds of game, are better than veal, which 
is yet immature. 



Section III. 



104. — Desiccation absolutely necessary. 

Atoms, the minutest possible, constitute all food. These particles 
often adhere together very firmly, as in grain, which is hard when 
dry, and dry so as to " keep " during transportation and use. How 
could they possibly enter into the organic composition until they are 
separated? True, the stomach can accomplish this, but has quite 



440 FOOD: ITS SELECTION, MASTICATION, AND DIGESTION. 

enough to do without. Obviously this should be done as much as 
possible beforehand. Men have adopted grinding and cooking to 
effect this desiccation. Seeds swallowed whole often pass clear through 
the alimentary canal and are voided intact, thus yielding none of their 
nutrition. Hence grinding and cooking a given amount of grain 
makes it go further in feeding and fattening animals than if eaten 
whole. In fact, the chief end attained by mastication is this disinte- 
gration, which grinding and cooking greatly aid. Throughout all 
ages, nations, and families, mankind have adopted both the grinding 
of grains into flour and the cooking of their food, before eating it; 
obviously in order to disintegrate its particles. 

Some let meat hang just as long as it will hang without falling; 
that is, till its particles have been loosened from each other by incipient 
decay. 

Pulpy food, like most fruits, do not need cooking, unless they 
are so sour as to require to be sweetened, like cranberries, or else mixed 
with other food, as in making pies, dumplings, puddings, etc. Good 
fruit is injured in flavor and quality by being cooked ; yet tough fruits, 
like some leathery kinds of apples, are improved by baking. Toma- 
toes are better raw than cooked, while cooking potatoes right makes 
them so mealy that the gastric juice can penetrate among and attack 
all the particles at once. 

105. — Flour and Bread, their Materials, Manufacture, etc. 

Bread is the veritable " staff of life." From time immemorial, 
and throughout all nations and tribes, except , the most degraded 
savages, some kind of bread has been the staple article of human diet, 
and will doubtless so continue while men eat. Bread therefore de- 
serves primary consideration, especially since its chief materials are 
incorporated into most other kinds of food. Other edibles may be gene- 
rally introduced, as potatoes have lately been, yet never to take the 
place of " flour victuals," but only to accompany them. With many 
kinds of food we do not eat meat, yet we eat bread with all kinds, 
and more bread usually than anything else. 

Grain, as wheat, rye, oats, barley, etc., crushed and ground into 
flour, constitutes the chief ingredient of bread. It consists simply of 
seeds, and all seeds contain nourishment, in order to feed the sprouting 
chit, till it can put forth its roots, and draw sustenance from the earth. 
This nutritious principle, stored up for nourishing the plant in its 



THE PREPARATION OF FOOD BY COOKING, ETC. 441 

embryo, is what sustains human and animal life ; and the probable 
reason why the flour of grain forms the best species of nourishment 
for man is, that it is so highly organized, and so condensed. It can 
also be ground fine, and by proper management, preserved for years. 

Wheat, the best of the entire cereal family, chemically analyzed, 
contains about four-fifths of nutritious substances ; rye, barley, and 
oats, about the same; rice nine-tenths, and Indian corn about seven - 
tenths, while meat contains only about five and a half tenths. 

Flour, both fine and coarse, bolted and unbolted, is made into 
various forms of food, both with and without shortening and sweet- 
ening, with various kinds single and mixed, as all wheat, rye, Indian, 
barley, oatmeal, rice, etc., or " wheat-and-Indian," or "rye-and-Indian," 
or " wheat-and-rye." We also boil each of these kinds of flour into 
puddings, the main ingredients and dietetic uses of which are the 
same as bread ; or sweeten, shorten, and fry in fat, making doughnuts; 
or shorten and add fruit, as in the manufacture of apple fritters, and 
also of pies of all kinds, pot and meat pies included ; or thickened 
into soups, or made into " dressings ; " and thus work them into nearly 
all the food eaten. Even meat-eaters live mainly upon them, and so 
do many species of animals. Undoubtedly after ages will discover 
and perfect many other kinds of grain now growing wild in our 
swamps, mountains, and forests, as a recent one has Indian corn ; but 
cereal grains will always be a staple article of food. 

The preparation of flour, in the best and most nutritious form, 
is thus commensurately important. Two egregious errors are usually 
committed in grinding. The weight of the upper stone, and the ra- 
pidity of its motion, usually both grinds it so fine, and heats it so 
hot, as to more or less " kill " its life, and impair its nutritive pro- 
perties. Coarse ground corn meal is much sweeter than fine ground 
— proof enough that fine grinding injures. 

Fine ground flour makes whiter bread than coarse, because it 
can be bolted more closely ; yet shall looks be allowed to impair 
quality? A good portion of the bran left in greatly improves its 
nutritive capability; else Nature would have allowed its separation 
from the flour without grinding. Its presence also greatly promotes 
that intestinal action so essential to digestion, 114 while its absence faci- 
litates that torpor of the bowels and consequent constipation, which 
paves the way for those stomachic complaints soon to be discussed. 116 
Fine flour given to hens, cattle, horses, and all other animals, will 
soon disorder them effectually, and breed disease ; and unless men were 



442 FOOD: ITS SELECTION, MASTICATION, AND DIGESTION. 

stronger eonstitutioned than they, it would break down and bury all 
who use it. Indeed, it is now effectually consuming its consumers 
by hundreds of thousands; not suddenly, but gradually, by impairing 
digestion, and thus inducing other diseases to which their death is 
ascribed. Those who eat coarse and unbolted flour bread obviate 
half their sickness, by keeping the intestinal canal open, and thus 
carrying off those causes of disease which fine flour bread, by inducing 
constipation, retains in the system to engender sickness. Nothing 
but dire necessity should induce one to live habitually on fine flour 
bread. It directly causes intestinal sluggishness, stomachic disorder, 
and dyspeptic troubles. 

Brown bread also tastes better than white superfine, as all who 
make trial can perceive ; which is another conclusive proof of its 
superiority. 93 New England's ancestry ate coarse bread, made of rye 
and Indian, and lived longer, besides enjoying far better health, than 
their fine-flour-fed descendants have any prospect of living; and 
Scotch oat-cake and porridge eaters rarely know how dyspepsia feels 
till they exchange them for " killed " flour bread. Dyspeptics also 
find coarse bpead indispensable; and what is thus necessary to weak 
stomachs would of course go far towards keeping strong ones strong. 
Even sailors cannot live on fine flour bread ; much less can sedentaries. 

The nutriment of fine flour bread is also too condensed ; just as 
sugar is highly nutritious, yet eaten alone soon disorders digestion; be- 
cause there is too much of it in too small a compass. A due amount 
of bulk is as essential to perfect digestion as the nutrition itself. The 
bran helps to " fill up," and, besides restraining over-eating, gently 
irritates the intestinal coating, and provokes action. Lovers of fine 
flour are quite welcome to their insipid and half " killed " ^white 
bread ; yet only partial starvation should induce one to partake of it 
more than a few meals in succession. Those whose bowels are too 
tender and aperient, that is, who are inclined to diarrhoea, may eat 
fine flour bread ; but twenty-five years hence very few will be ignorant 
or foolish enough to do so. 

106. — Leavened and unleavened Bread. 

To raise the bread is the next process in its preparation. This 
consists in causing fermentation, by which a gas is generated through- 
out the doughy mass, which raises it, or renders it porous. 

Bread rising is also greatly overdone. Fermentation is the first 
stage of decay ; and creates the gas by souring the dough. To raise 



THE PREPARATION OF FOOD BY COOKING, ETC. 443 

dough without proportionally souring it, is not possible ; because, from 
the souring alone is this raising gas derived, though habit blunts our 
taste of it. Yet when it stands a little too long, it tastes very sour. After 
eating unleavened bread a few months, long enough for your vitiated 
taste to become normalized, all will utterly loathe and reject the best 
of yeast bread. Thus from the gas evolved during the baking, alcohol 
in large quantities can be manufactured ; and alcohol is the creature 
of decomposition. Yeast is obtained by excessive fermentation; and 
the world over fermenting is rotting. This incipient decomposition 
is introduced by the yeast into the dough, and of course impairs its 
virtue. Hence, excessive fermentation is highly injurious. 

All raised breads, milk emptyings risings included, are soured 
in and by the act and fact of being raised, and, deposited in 
the stomach pre-soured, of course turn the rest of the contents of 
the stomach sour much sooner than unleavened bread. Nature 
keeps the stomach very warm. This fermented bread is what causes 
most of this modern dyspepsia, on the principle that putting sour 
milk in with sweet, turns the whole mass sour sooner than putting in 
sweet. 

Bakers' bread is fermented almost to death in order to make the 
greatest possible loaf out of the least flour. People love to be gulled. 
If two loaves, both containing the same quantity and quality of flour, 
but the one puffed up by excessive fermentation, while the other is 
not thus injured, though abundantly light for utility, were proffered 
for selection, nearly all would prefer the hollow bulk, though they 
knew it to be inferior to the smaller, though better loaf. This tempts 
bakers to contrive all sorts of devices to swell their loaves ; yet neu- 
tralize the souring, by putting in alum to absorb more water, so as to 
weigh more, along with ammonia and other things, which leave the 
bread vitiated by deleterious compounds. Eating bakers' bread is 
better than actual starvation, yet nothing but dire necessity should 
induce one to live habitually upon it. 

Sour milk and saleratus bread is less objectionable, because 
the gas which raises it is created, not by decomposition, but by the 
chemical combination of the acid of the sour milk with the alkali of 
the saleratus, and raised too quickly to allow the dough to sour, and 
hence preferable to bread raised with turnpike, yeast, and the like. 
" Milk emptyings " bread, besides being whiter and sweeter than that 
made with other emptyings, becomes light before it sours much, and 
is universally used throughout the West. 



444 food: its SELECTION, MASTICATION", and digestion. 

Make bread of coarser flour, unbolted, or bolted but little, raised 
with saleratus or milk emptyings, and not unduly bloated, thoroughly 
baked — and its crust is its best portion — and never eaten warm, for 
then mastication rolls it up into firm masses which the gastric juice 
penetrates with difficulty ; and then eat it more abundantly than any 
other article of diet. 

Unleavened bread is by far the best ever eaten. It keeps sweet 
from twice to twenty times longer than leavened, of which ship bread, 
wafers, etc., furnish ample proof. , 

* The best recipe for making bread, is : Take what flour is re- 
quired for a meal ; add a little salt, though the less the better, for 
salt is very irritating; superadd barely water enough to make a thin- 
nish batter, only a little thicker than for ordinary griddle cakes ; beat 
and work it, the more the better ; have your oven and pan sissing 
hot; make a thin loaf, only about a quarter of an inch thick ; and 
when put into the oven, its strong heat will instantly strike a steam- 
tight crust over bottom, top, and sides, and then turn the water in the 
dough into steam, which this crust retains, and which puffs up all 
parts of the dough, and lightens the bread. A thick loaf would press 
out this steam, and leave the bread heavy; whereas, the crust of a 
thin loaf confines it where it is generated, namely, throughout every 
part of the dough, and thus leavens the entire mass. 

Even a sour stomach will digest this bread instead of passing it 
off by fermentation. Crumb it into one tumbler of warm water, and 
leavened bread into another, and keep both equally warm, and two 
batches of the leavened bread will ferment to one of the unleavened. 

Baking irons, in pairs, with cups in the lower one, opposite to 
like cups in the upper, the lower cups filled with dough, the upper 
put on, both pre-heated, and the steam will puff up the dough suffi- 
ciently to fill both halves. This is better than a pan. 

A month's or year's supply can thus be baked at once, but must 
be baked hard, like ship-bread, and ground in your coffee-mill, or 
softened by hot water, as wanted for use, or eaten crisp. Bakers 
should prepare flour this way, instead of by fermentation. It can 
thus be transported like ship bread. 

Crisp bread is better than soft, because mastication renders it finer, 
and mingles the entire mass with saliva better, besides provoking the 
salivary glands to greater action. This is equally true of all other 
kinds of food. Toasting bread therefore benefits it. 

Aerated, or patent bread, is every way better than fermented, and 



THE PREPARATION OF FOOD BY COOKING, ETC. 445 

made upon a right principle, yet not always made just right. As a 
general thing, it merits commendation and use. 

Flannel, cakes, buckwheat cakes, and all cakes raised with yeast, 
or fermented, are liable to the same objection just urged against leav- 
ened bread, yet are usually worse, because still sourer. 

" Hot saleratus biscuit" is about as bad as fermented bread ; 
because potash, in all its compounds, whenever it gets access to flesh, 
eats and keeps on eating, without diminution ; and most persons have 
some crack somewhere in their alimentary canal into which this sale- 
ratus will work, and eat on to their perpetual injury. Hence it ag- 
gravates bronchial difficulties, and provokes a hacking cough. All 
hot raised bread also wads up, while being eaten, into doughy masses, 
which sour before they can be digested from their outside. 

Rice contains a greater proportion of nourishment than any other 
article of diet, and the virtue of oatmeal is attested by the powerful 
frames and strong constitutions of Highland Picts. Fortunately it is 
coming into general use. Promote its introduction. As a diet for 
children, when eaten with milk, it probably has no superior, if equal. 

Rye is not generally appreciated. Unbolted rye flour, made into 
hasty-pudding, is one of the most easily digested food dyspeptics can 
eat ; and palatable. Rye bread is nutritious, aperient, and, but for 
its color, would undoubtedly rival wheat. Try it as a change. 

Barley bread was once a staple article of diet. May it again be- 
come a general favorite. The distillery should no longer be allowed 
to consume so wholesome, palatable, and excellent an article of food. 

107. — Pastry, Eggs, and Spices. 

Cakes and pies are rarely eaten as food, but usually as relishes 
merely. They are generally deemed unwholesome, and justly so, be- 
cause composed of flour and grease, or shortening sweetened, which is 
exceedingly difficult of digestion. Flour sweetened is all right ; but 
when shortened as well as sweetened, the stomach dissolves it with 
difficulty ; and hence cake is unfit for children. 

Bakers' cake is still worse. Quantities of ammonia, of which 
hartshorn is made, are put in to render it light ; and to all this is 
added colored coatings, composed of poisonous ingredients. Domestic 
cake is bad enough, but bakers' is utterly unfit even for adult 
stomachs, much more for juvenile. The following receipts must 
effectually obviate all doubts as to its unwholesomeness : — 

Pound cake. — " A pound each of butter, sugar, and flour, with 



446 FOOD : ITS SELECTION, MASTICATION, AND DIGESTION. 



, ^^^XX^^^O.V/X.J 



ten eggs." As ten eggs weigh a pound, of course half the cake is 
butter and eggs, and only one quarter flour, and that completely satu- 
rated with sweet, grease, and eggs, baked an hour. Now we know 
that eggs cook abundantly in three minutes, and become extremely 
tough and hard in six ; and since hard-cooked eggs are universally 
conceded to be difficult of digestion, what must they be after being 
baked an hour, and in fat and flour ! 

Sponge cake consists of only one-fifth flour, two-fifths eggs, baked 
to a crisp, and the balance sugar. Shrewsbury cake contains one- 
third flour, above one-third butter and eggs, and the balance brandy, 
sugar, and nutmeg. Jumbles are composed of about one-third flour, 
one-quarter sugar, and above one-third of eggs, milk, and butter. 
Soft cakes contain nearly half melted butter. Batter and eggs make 
up above half of a cake called " wonders ; " and wondrously unhealthy 
ifc must be. Even plain gingerbread consists of above half cream, 
butter, molasses, and ginger. Composition cake takes only one- 
fourth flour, and nearly three-fourths eggs, butter, cream, and brandy ; 
a full quarter being melted cream and butter. Since melted butter, 
fat, and cream compose about half of most cakes, while about one 
quarter consists of eggs baked nearly or quite an hour, is not cake, of 
necessity, most unwholesome? Add to all this, that nearly a fifth of 
the frosting of bakers' cakes is composed of oxides of lead, to impart 
color ; who that eats it but must thereby impair the stomach, engender 
disease, and hasten death ? Our ancestors ate little cake, yet their des- 
cendants think they cannot live without it ; and a mistaken kindness 
feeds it to children as freely as if it were the staff of life, and the evil 
is aggravated by feeding it between meals. 

Pies may be rendered wholesome or unwholesome, at the option of 
the maker. The union, however intimate, of bread and fruit, forms 
the best diet in the world ; you may live wholly on it. An excellent 
crust can be made of flour, potatoes, and milk, or water, without 
shortening. Yet all pies should be eaten, not after a full meal, but 
as a part of it— and as the first part rather than the last ; because we 
eat them mainly as a relish ; and all know how much keener the ap- 
petite is at the beginning than close of meals. If cakes must be eaten, 
let them be eaten when the Chinese eat their relishes — first, not last ; 
and at breakfast instead of supper. 

Eggs, properly cooked, are undoubtedly as wholesome and nutri- 
tious as palatable. 93 They contain quantities of carbon, and also 
gluten, fibrin and the very compounds required by the animal 



THE PREPARATION OF FOOD BY COOKING, ETC. 447 

economy, and are especially good for children. Yet very much de- 
pends on how they are cooked. Fried in grease, as " ham and eggs," 
or " pork and eggs," they aje hard of digestion, as well on account of 
being generally over-done, as saturated with melted grease. Poached 
eggs are liable to a similar objection. But soft-boiled eggs, eaten 
with bread or other substantial food, are as useful as delicious. Use 
little butter or salt, because a little practice will render them better 
alone than seasoned. Butter, salt, pepper, everything mixed with 
them, takes from, or obscures their egg taste ; yet this taste is what 
makes us relish them. 

Spices and condiments are injurious. Their very nature is irrita- 
ting, heating, and feverish. Like alcoholic liquors, they stimulate 
temporarily only to debilitate ultimately. They impart no inherent, 
protracted vigor to the system, but only goad, lash up, and then pros- 
trate. Especially do they irritate the stomach, besides blunting the 
taste, disordering the appetite, benumbing the nerves they touch, and 
of course deteriorating natural relish. 93 They induce us to eat too 
much, because we eat, and keep on eating ; vainly attempting to make 
up in quantity that gustatory pleasure lost by this blunting. They 
also weaken the salivary glands.. Mustard, peppers, cloves, ginger, 
cinnamon, and the like, deteriorate relish and promote dyspepsia ; 
except that red pepper, in some states of the stomach, provokes its 
action without exhaustion, and benefits. 

Vinegar, pickles, etc., are undoubtedly beneficial, their acid being 
just what the stomach sometimes .needs; yet chow-chow gives dys- 
peptics more trouble than anything else they eat. Still, in these and 
all like cases, normal appetite is an infallible guide. 93 

Whatever detracts from or obscures the natural taste of food, 
thereby impairs the luxury of eating. The deliciousness inheres in 
food, not the spices ; in the bread, not butter, or gravy, or sauce, or 
other things often eaten with it as relishes. When we cannot enjoy 
simple food simply prepared, we, cannot enjoy it with all the " season- 
ing," improperly so called, with which it can be cooked or eaten. 
Whatever is fit for food, Nature has already seasoned for us infinitely 
better than art can season it. Condiments both obscure Nature's rich 
flavors, and also blunt our powers of perceiving them, to say nothing 
of their deleterious consequences ; hence practical wisdom dictates 
that food should be eaten with as few spices as possible. Yet modern 
cookery is all seasoning, a total perversion of Nature's dietetic sim- 
plicity. 



448 FOOD : ITS SELECTION, MASTICATION, AND DIGESTION. 

Confectionery is so closely allied to pastry as to deserve a pass- 
ing remark. Ice creams are not objectionable, except when the 
stomach is overheated. Their being frozen is their greatest objection. 
They may be eaten at, or right after meals, with comparative impu- 
nity, provided they are allowed to melt first, or else are eaten so 
slowly, that they warm in the mouth. But candies in all their forms 
are detrimental, because so very rich, and colored with poisonous in- 
gredients; because usually eaten between meals or late at night; and 
especially because they pervert the relish, so that natural food tastes 
insipid, and rich food is sought to fill the vacuum they create. They 
are exceedingly liable to sour on the stomach, which they always 
overload, and thus stupefy the brain, breed worms, and incite disease. 
Children especially should never be indulged in them. They also 
soon ruin the teeth ; which is a sure sign that they first impair the 
stomach. 

108.— Fruits. 

Good fruits are one of the most delicious articles man can eat. 
Of this all are practical witnesses. Their lusciousness guarantees their 
utility, to which it is proportionate. Honey and sugar are most deli- 
cious at first, but soon cloy, because their nutrition is so highly con- 
centrated. Not so with good fruits. Let a person moderately 
hungry, sit down to a plate of honey, or butter, or sugar, and he loses 
his relish before he enjoys a tithe of the real gustatory pleasure he can 
take in as many first-rate peaches, pears, apricots, nectarines, or even 
apples or berries, as his stomach will bear. Than delicious fruits 
what greater dainty can be served up to man throughout Nature's 
ceaseless round of alimentary bounties ? For what other luxury do 
men pay as high a price ? Vergaloo pears often command one dollar 
per dozen. Fifty cents apiece are often given for a peach or pear, 
more than treble the cost of ice cream, than which they are certainly 
more delicious. Yet there are still better fruits than these. All love 
good fruits. See how fruit-crazy all children are, and what enormous 
quantities of pears, peaches, strawberries, apples, etc., are annually 
consumed in our cities. That is best which tastes best, 93 and since 
fruits relish better than anything eaten, therefore they are the most 
wholesome ; prevent or remove constipation ; and often act like a 
charm upon both the body and mind. Different constitutions require 
different kinds, yet ripe fruits of the right kind, are better even in 
sickness than medicine; and when eaten with good bread, nothing is 
equally palatable or wholesome. They rarely cloy the appetite or 



THE PREPARATION OF FOOD BY COOKING, ETC. 449 

clog the stomach, but tend to keep the bowels open, head clear, pas- 
sions cool, and the entire man healthy and happy. Just try this 
experiment. Sit down to a breakfast of first-rate fruit and unleavened 
bread, and say if it is not the best breakfast you can have. Than 
peaches cut up and sweetened at supper, what is more delicious? Or 
than strawberries and cream with bread ? Of choice pears this is still 
more true. Berries with bread and milk are good eating. When 
none of these can be obtained, good apples, baked or raw, relish well. 

A perpetual round of fruit is served out to man. Apples keep 
the entire year, and pears of the very best varieties till strawberries 
appear. A friend of the Author had Coe's golden drop plums the 
first of June, which he had kept perfectly sound all winter, and the 
frost damson keeps till November; while the Amber primordium 
ripens early in July. Many other kinds ripen along through the 
winter and spring. Pears and plums can be kept the year round as 
easily as apples; and summer fruits, by canning, keep perfectly fresh, 
and improve, for years. And hot-houses give fruit in winter and 
spring. We can also preserve, or make them into jellies. Yet this 
process, besides deteriorating from their flavor, impairs their digesti- 
bility. Preserves are too rich. Their nutrition is too much concen- 
trated. Yet the virtue of the juice can be extracted and then dried, 
so as to preserve its original flavor and dietetic utility. Most kinds 
of fruit can be dried, and thus kept, though this process destroys much 
of its goodness and sweetness ; yet dried fruits, stewed, is far better 
than none. 

Stewed apples, sweetened, make an excellent relish with bread ; 
yet apple-sauce should be made every few days, instead of being made 
so rich as to keep all winter. But, after all, nothing equals simple 
bread and choice fruit, if people only knew it, both for health and 
luxury. 

Cooking dissipates much of the flavor and virtue of good fruits, 
yet poor can be improved by being cooked and sweetened ; but first- 
rate fruit and bread are good enough for a prince, and the best pie, 
cake, and dessert, in the world. 

Green fruit, however, is most pernicious. None realize how 
many lose their lives directly or indirectly thereby. When it does 
not kill immediately, it often deranges the stomach, breeds worms, 
and induces other diseases, which, sooner or later, complete the work 
of death it begins. Adults are really culpable for eating fruit before 
it is fully ripe. No children would ever eat it if supplied freely w : th 
57 



450 FOOD : ITS SELECTION, MASTICATION, AND DIGESTION. 

ripe. Parents should see to it that their children have good ripe 
fruit as much as bread. 

Most city fruits, especially peaches, are picked green, before 
they get their flavor, that they may keep the longer. Those who 
would have good early fruits, must raise and pick them from their 
own vines and trees. 

Foreign fruits are good, but indigenous better. Nature adapts 
the products of every clime to its dietetic requisitions ; and hence has 
made those fruits to flourish best in every clime which its inhabitants 
require. Yet imported fruits augment variety, and those which will 
keep well may be eaten freely with profit. Of these, oranges, lemons, 
pine-apples, bananas, and nuts, are as healthy as delicious, yet are 
picked too green. 

Pears contain iron, which has been shown to be one of the most 
important agencies for carrying forward the life process. 82 The most 
delicious of them, as the Seckle, Rostizer, Beurre Bosc, Beurre d'Anjou, 
and others, are among the most delicious morsels with which man can 
regale his palate. They are thus luxurious because they are propor- 
tionably beneficial. 93 So, raise and eat them in abundance. And they 
ripen off the tree. 

Grapes probably stand at the head of all fruits. The ancients 
celebrated their first ripening annually by their most hilarious feasts, 
and worshipped Bacchus because he worshipped wine. They at first 
used grape juice just pressed, but found that what was left over, and 
fermented, also relished, and made wine of it ; the consumption of 
which has descended to us, and extended to most civilized countries 
and peoples. Grapes thin the blood, and also enrich it, thus doubly 
improving it; and can be so eaten as to produce almost any physio- 
logical effect desired. Eaten with the skins, they relieve constipation, 
and promote evacuation ; while ejecting the skins, after chewing them 
well, so as to extract the part immediately under them, causes as- 
tringency. 

Fevers are mitigated, and often broken up, by their use. The 
^grape cure restores chronic invalids, whom other cures fail to benefit. 
In their season, which can be made to last the year round, they should 
constitute an important part of human diet. 

The Walter grape, originated and propagated by A. J. Cay wood, 
of Poughkeepsie, N. Y., is said to dry on the stem, that is, make rai- 
sins, by which they could be had everywhere, year in and year out, 
if extensively cultivated ; to grow farther north and south, and on a 



THE- PREPARATION OF FOOD BY COOKING, ETC. 451 



greater variety of soils, than any other kind, besides ripening earlier, 
keeping longer, growing better, and being more prolific and luscious. 
It is a seedling of the Diana and Delaware, and is the ne plus ultra 
of all the modern varieties ; besides being a first best wine grape. 

The whole of the grape was undoubtedly made to be eaten, as a 
general thing, and its parts only when special physiological results are 
required. When the Deity created it, he compounded all its ingre- 
dients with a view to their highest combined utility. 

109. — Sweets, Milk, Butter, Cheese, etc. 

Sweets are as healthy as palatable. 93 They contain starch and 
carbon in great abundance, which are two of the principal ingredients 
required in the nutritive process. Yet they should be commingled 
with food just as Nature has mixed them with all kinds of edibles. 
Sugar is extracted from sorghum, the cane, beet, and maple, and even 
from cornstalks, and can be made out of almost anything which will 
serve for food. It should therefore be duly diluted, and then rarely 
cloys, but greatly enhances the palatableness of almost everything 
eaten, especially of " flour victuals." Sweet apples and fruit are much 
more nutritious than sour, and greatly facilitate the fattening of stock. 

Molasses is good, because, besides yielding a great amount of 
nourishment, it stimulates the intestinal canal, and thus helps to 
evacuate obstructions and waste matter. Eaten with Indian meal 
made into puddings or cakes, it becomes highly aperient, and thus 
carries off causes of disease. Let children be served with it at least 
once or twice a week, nor should adults eschew it. But that made 
every few days directly from good sugar, especially loaf, by adding 
water and boiling, is very much better than that made down South, 
and exposed, during transportation, to the hot sun, till it ferments or 
sours, when it has a like effect with fermented bread. 106 Those who 
eat sweets while making sugar, stock included, thrive remarkably. 

Honey is also most delicious, and, duly mixed with other things, 
may be eaten with profit, especially in winter, but not in summer ; 
because it is highly charged with carbon, little of which is required 
in summer, but much in winter. Indeed, sweets generally should be 
eaten more sparingly in warm weather and climates than in cold. Yet 
when honey and other sweets sour on the stomach, they should not be 
eaten. 

Milk is highly nutritious. It contains caseine, and this fibrine and 
albumen, in a highly soluble state, so that they can be easily carried 



452 FOOD: ITS SELECTION, MASTICATION, AND DIGESTION. 

to all portions of the system, and also nitrogen, a superabundance of 
which, so that it can be deposited and remain, is essential to growth. 
A milk diet is therefore peculiarly adapted to promote the growth of 
children and youth; and the fact that Nature has ordained it as the 
natural food of infants, is no mean guaranty of its utility. Its pro- 
motion of the growth of all young still further recommends it. It 
also increases sleep, and hence is the better for supper, especially that 
of children, and probably for the wakeful. Sour milk and butter- 
milk, sweetened, are nutritious and more healthy than sweet milk, 
which must be curdled before it can be digested. The Author attri- 
butes his recovery from a consumptive attack to the use of buttermilk, 
and relishes sour milk sweetened much better than sweet. The Ger- 
mans strain all their sweet milk into sour, and thus curdle it. Some 
cannot eat it unless it is previously curdled. Eaten with sweet cider, 
it becomes delicious and wholesome. 

BUTTER, made from the oily properties of milk, contains a great 
amount of carbon. Its nutrition, like that of sugar and honey, is 
highly concentrated. But 'it soon becomes rancid when exposed to 
heat, as it always is in the stomach; and in this form is peculiarly 
obnoxious. It often causes cutaneous eruptions, boils, and the like ; 
and eaten in warm weather, and in those quantities in which it is 
generally consumed, loads the system with corruption, renders many 
miserable for life, and hurries thousands into untimely graves. 

Cream is better than butter, and certainly more palatable, and 
may be eaten w T ith bread, or bread and fruit, with comparative im- 
punity, at least in cold weather. Some stomachs cannot manage but- 
ter, except in small quantities; and it proves detrimental to dyspep- 
tics generally, but sweetened crean^ is far more palatable, and less 
objectionable. 

Melted butter, as eaten on warm bread, or on hot, short, or buck- 
wheat, or wheaten cakes, is pernicious ; , because melting embodies 
it into masses, which the gastric juice can attack only from their 
outside, so that the warm inside decays before it digests; yet, when 
well mixed with food, it digests before it turns. 

Buckwheat cakes, swimming in melted butter and molasses, can 
be borne only by few, because their sourness turns the sweet eaten 
with them sour; and few things are as bad as sweets soured in the 
stomach. Meat fried in butter is injurious. When the system wants 
carbon, butter may be eaten with profit, yet cream is better; but since 
carbon superabounds in most persons, so as to cause much disease, 113 



THE PREPARATION OF FOOD BY COCKING, ETC. 453 

butter only enhances both this superabundance and its diseased con- 
sequences. 

Cheese suits some stomachs, and aids digestion, but often troubles 
children, and should be administered to them sparingly; yet pot- 
cheese, made of sour milk, is nutritious, and usually harmless. 

Custards may be eaten except in cholera seasons, and when the 
bowels are loose. Nothing induces cholera in its various forms equally 
with custard turned sour in the stomach. It is so offensive to the 
bowels that, in their haste to expel it, they often empty out the blood. 

110. — Peas, Beans, Potatoes, Onions, Beets, Carrots, Turnips, 

Squashes, etc. 

Vegetables generally may be eaten freely, with profit. Pipe 
beans and peas contain a great amount of nutrition, " stick to the ribs," 
make good blood, and should not be allowed to fall into disuse. 
Made into soups they relish well, and constitute a standing article of 
diet. Daniel of old fared well, and looked fair, on lentils. 

Potatoes, a new but popular article of diet, deserve all the practical 
estimation in "which they are held, and are one of the best articles of 
human food probably ; because they grow in the ground, and are there- 
fore highly electric, and hence feed and sustain excitability. Eaten or 
mashed when first boiled, or baked, or roasted, they become perfectly 
disintegrated, so that the gastric juice penetrates and solves the entire 
mass all at once ; yet eaten after they become cold, solid, tough, and 
leathery, are most injurious, because the gastric juice can attack them 
only from the outside of their unchewed pieces. Though not very 
nutritious, yet on this very account they " fill up," and thus prevent 
our taking excessive nutrition in other forms. They are very fine 
and palatable when well prepared, yet should be eaten with bread, or 
their bulk will be too great for their nutrition. Potato starch pudding 
is nutritious, and easily digested. 

Onions are both palatable and wholesome. The French consume 
them freely. They are especially good in colds. The ourang-outang, 
when suffering from colds, eats them raw in great quantities, and 
would eat nothing else. They are aperient, and their syrup, sweetened, 
relieves oppressed lungs, and restores suppressed perspiration. For 
incipient infantile colds, they are admirable. When eaten by those 
who have been bitten by venomous serpents, or applied, pounded, as 
a poultice to the bite, they give immediate relief by extracting the 
poison ; and sometimes cure hydrophobia. They soon turn black 



45-i food: its selection, mastication, and digestion. 

when applied to the feet of fever patients, because they extract disease. 
In El Pasfco, Texas, they grow to an extraordinary size, are amazingly 
prolific, and remarkably sweet and delicious. 

Growing above ground, or below, makes this genuine difference 
in vegetables; that, whatever grow below ground are positive, and 
therefore grow from the sun ; whereas, whatever are negative reach 
towards the sun, and grow above ground. Those, therefore, who are 
positively charged electrically, 155 that is, are highly nervous, need posi- 
tive food, or that which grows below ground, to support their excita- 
bility, which it also increases, and hence the fondness of the Irish for 
potatoes ; while those rather passive than positive, cool almost to 
tameness, prefer and require negative food, or that which grows above 
ground ; though eating tuberous or positive food would tone them up, 
as eating above-ground or negative food quiets and soothes those who 
are too excitable. 

Beets, carrots, and turnips are good food, and should be eaten often. 
Parsnips are excellent, yet rather hard to digest. 

Cabbage cooked with pork digests with difficulty. Only strong 
stomachs can master them • yet cold slaw digests easily and rapidly. 

Greens are aperient, healthy, and palatable. 

Squashes and pumpkins are good, either stewed and eaten as sauce, 
or with bread, or made into plain pies ; yet .should not be spiced to 
death, or till their taste is nearly obliterated, and utility impaired. 
To some constitutions squash is especially serviceable. 

Immature esculents, such as green cucumbers, radishes, corn, etc., 
are at least doubtful as to utility. Wait till they get their growth and 
maturity. The mere fact that they are green makes strongly against 
them. As a general thing, all edibles should be ripe before eaten, 
partly because ripening so far disintegrates their particles that the 
gastric juice can penetrate them ; whereas, their greenness causes them 
to pass into the stomach in solid chunks, which the gastric juice can 
attack only from their surface, so that they ferment before they can be 
digested. Only those whose digestion is excellent should venture to 
eat them. To children and adults having weak bowels they always 
prove injurious, and sometimes suddenly fatal. They often kill even 
cattle and horses. Why jeopardize life for a momentary indulgence ? 

Better vegetables and fruit are grown in rich soil rather than 
poor, in new than old, and quickly than slowly. 

Nuts, as generally eaten^ are unwholesome, because often eaten be- 
tween meals, which is injurious, and when the stomach is already 



HOW TO EAT; OR, MASTICATION, QUANTITY, TIME, ETC. 455 

overloaded ; and because they contain a great amount of carbon, the 
superabundance of which is one great cause of disease. 113 Yet eaten 
with, and as a part of food, they are highly beneficial, eminently nu- 
tritious and palatable. The inhabitants of the south of France, Savoy, 
and a part of Italy, live almost exclusively on chestnuts during fall 
and the early part of winter, making them into bread and puddings 
in place of flour. Nuts and vegetable oil contain abundance of carbon, 
and also gluten and fibrine, three of the most important elements re- 
quired for sustaining life, yet should be dried or cooked. 



Section IV. 
how to eat ; or, mastication, quantity, time, etc. 
111. — The Mastication and Salivation of Food. 

How shall we eat ? With teeth always, stomach never. Nature 
forbids our throwing food in as with a shovel. By rendering its only 
passage-way small, she literally compels us to deposit it in small par- 
cels. She has also furnished us with a mouth, set all around with 
two rows of teeth, which fit exactly upon each other, and are every 
way adapted to crushing it to atoms, as shown in engraving No. 100. 
We cannot swallow our food without its being more or less chewed. 

Nature desiccates food and fruits for us. What is the ripening 
process of all fruits but the disintegration of their particles, so that the 
gastric juice can commingle with all at once. Pears are not fully 
fitted for eating till rendered soft and buttery by that maturing pro- 
cess which, by loosening the particles from each other, renders them 
salvy and buttery. No peach is fully edible till just before it begins 
to decay; that is, till this disintegration approaches rottenness. 
Green fruits disturb the bowels because their particles cling tenaciously 
together. 

To persuade, as well as compel such mastication, Nature has ren- 
dered it highly pleasurable. Instead of its being tasteless, she has 
given it a far more delicious flavor than all the spices of India could 
impart. Yet man does not know how to enjoy a tithe of the gusta- 
tory pleasure she has appended to eating. Not one in thousands 
knows how to eat ! All know how to eat enough, yet few know how 
to eat little enough. 112 All know how to eat fast enough, but very 
few know how to eat slowly enough. And strange as it may seem, 



456 food: its selection, mastication, and digestion. 

few know how even to chew, simple, easy, and natural as this process 
is ! Nine hundred and ninety-nine in every thousand eat mostly 
with their stomachs instead of with their teeth. One would think 
that this poor slave had to perform twice its proportionate task, simply 
to digest the enormous quantities of heterogeneous compounds forced 
upon it, instead of being compelled, in addition, to do what the teeth 
should previously have done ; yet this is universal. Is eating indeed 
so very onerous that it should thus be hurried and slighted ? Most 
men pitch and shovel in their food in great mouthfuls following each 
other thick and fast, which they give a twist or two, hit a crack or 
two, and poke down " in a jiffy ;" eating in five minutes as much as 
would take a full hour to eat well. Americans generally treat eating 
as they do impertinent customers, to be dismissed without ceremony, 
for something appertaining to business. Than the due feeding of the 
body, what is more important ? °° Of course the time occupied in 
eating should correspond. Besides, how can we enjoy the gustatory 
pleasure Nature has appended to eating, without taking ample time 
for such enjoyment? Instead of despatching our meals to get to busi- 
ness, we should despatch business, but eat at perfect leisure ; never 
sit down to the table in a hurry, nor till we have dismissed all idea 
that we have anything else on hand ; and then eat as leisurely as if 
time and tide waited for us. The ox and horse eat as quietly as 
though their food was their all. Only swine bolt down their food ; 
and well they may, for their tastes are so coarse that they eat what is 
most loathsome, and derive their pleasure from quantity mainly. 
Shall man imitate them ? Shall he bolt his food and hurry off to 
business, and thus forego gustatory enjoyment, as well as shorten his 
days; thereby curtailing that very business he is so anxious to do? 
Take ample time to eat well, and you will live the longer, which will 
enable you to do the more business. Eating fast is the worst possible 
stroke of business policy you can adopt. Let business stand, while 
you eat deliberately. Let nothing hurry you to, or at, or from the 
table. Make eating a paramount business, and the acquisition of 
wealth a trifling toy in comparison. No one should deposit an or- 
dinary meal in less than an hour. How foolish to swallow it with 
swinish voracity in five minutes ! Yet some make quick eating their 
boast ! 

The loss of gustatory enjoyment consequent on eating fast, though 
great and irreparable, is one of its smallest and lightest evils. It 
breaks down the stomach, and thus unmans and diseases the entire 



HOW TO EAT; OR, MASTICATION, QUANTITY, TIME, ETC. 457 

system. No other cause, if even a combination of causes, is as 
prolific of dyspepsia and all its dire array of evils, as this and sour 
bread. We have not overrated the importance of a due selection of 
food, yet its proper mastication is equally great. Eat slowly and mas- 
ticate thoroughly, and the kind of food eaten, however noxious, will 
rarely break down the stomach ; but eating the best selection of food 
fast will ruin almost any stomach. How can the gastric juice pene- 
trate food unless it is mashed fine? Depositing it in chunks retards 
its solvent power for a long time, meanwhile irritating and weakening ; 
whereas, if it were well crushed before it entered the stomach, this 
juice could penetrate it, and digest it before it ferments. 

Salivation is effected by mastication. Nature has stationed five 
glands about the mouth, two at the back part of the jaws called the 
parotid, two at the sides of the lower jaws called the sub-maxillary, 
and one under the tongue called the sublingual, always found at the 
root of boiled tongues, which secrete a half-watery, half-stringy viscid, 
called saliva, which they discharge into the mouth when we eat. 
Chewing food mingles this saliva thoroughly with it. Taking it into 
the mouth provokes these glands to secrete and discharge great quan- 
tities of this saliva. Even the sight of food " makes the mouth 
water." Tantalize a hungry dog a few minutes with the sight of his 
dinner, without giving it to him, and this saliva will run out at the 
corners of his mouth, and hang dowu in transparent gelatinous strings. 
That clear, tasteless spittle which lubricates every healthy mouth, es- 
pecially while eating, is composed mainly of it. 

Some important end in the nutritive economy is effected by it, 
else it would not exist in such great abundance. Probably half its 
virtues are not yet known ; but the following chemical analysis of it, 
and some of its effects on food, attest both its utility and absolute ne- 
cessity : — 

". M. Mialhe has recently made numerous researches with reference 
to the ph}~siology of digestion. The essential basis of the alimentation 
of animals, he states, is constituted by three distinct groups of bodies : 
albuminous, fatty, and saccharine matters. The labors of modern 
chemists have shown that albuminous substances become assimilatable 
through the assistance of the gastric juice, which, by its acid, swells 
these azotizecl products, and b}* its pepsin liquefies them, a phenome- 
non analogous to that of diastasis on amidon. Fatt}' matter becomes 
assimilatable hy the intervention of bile, but with regard to feculaceous 
and saccharine matter, sa3*s M. Mialhe, there is nothing positive known. 
This lacuna in science he has endeavored to fill. 

" The new facts at which M. Mialhe has arrived, tend to show that 



458 FOOD: ITS SELECTION, MASTICATION, AND DIGESTION. 

all hydro-carbonaceous substances can only undergo the phenomenon 
of assimilation when the}' have been decomposed b}' the weak alkaline 
dissolutions contained in the vital humors ; either immediately, as 
with glucose, dextrine, sugar of milk ; or mediately, as with cane 
sugar and amidon, which have to be first transformed in the economy, 
the one (cane sugar) into glucose, the other into dextrine of glucose. 
As to hydro-carbonaceous substances, which are neither susceptible of 
fermentation nor of decomposition b} T weak acids, or alkalies in solu- 
tion, such as lignite or mannite, they escape, in man, the digestive and 
assimilating action. But by what chemical action is the amidon trans- 
formed into dextrine and glucose ? Numerous experiments have proved 
to M. Mialhe that this transformation is produced by the saliva, 
through a principle which the humor contains, a principle comparable, 
in every respect, to diastasis. In order to isolate it, human saliva, 
first filtered, is treated by five or six times its weight of alcohol, alcohol 
being added until precipitation ceases. The animal diastasis is de- 
posited in white flakes. It is gathered on a filter, from which it is 
taken still moist, and dried in layers on glass, by a current of warm 
air, at a temperature of from forty to fifty degrees (centigr.); it is 
preserved in a well-stoppered bottle. This active principle of the 
saliva is solid, white, or of a grayish white, amorphous, insoluble in 
alcohol, soluble in water and weak alcohol. The aqueous solution is 
insipid, neutral ; the sub-acetate of lead does not give rise to precipi- 
tate. Abandoned to itself, it soon becomes acid, and whether or not 
in contact with the air. This animal diastasis, studied comparatively 
with diastasis extracted from germinating barley, presents the same 
mode of action. It transforms amidon into dextrine and glucose ; 
acting on starch, and elevating the temperature to seventy or eighty 
degrees, the liquefaction is nearly immediate. One part of this sub- 
stance suffices to liquef}' and convert two thousand parts of fecula. 
The agents, such as creosote, tannin, the powerful acids, the salts of 
mercuty, of copper, of silver, etc., which destroy the properties of 
diastasis, act in the same manner with respect to the active principle 
of saliva. At an equal weight they both liquef}' and transform the 
same quantity of hydrated amidon. It appears, even, that the active 
principle of germinated barley is seldom as energetic as that of saliva, 
which is owing to the greater facility of obtaining the latter in a pure 
state. Finally, as a last resemblance, the animal diastasis existing in 
the saliva of man rarely exceeds two thousandths, and this is exactly 
the proportion of the diastasis contained in the germinating barley." — 
Lancet. 

Food subserves two indispensable life ends, supplying organic ma- 
terial, ^ and that carbon which helps oxygen create animal warmth. 
Oxygen and carbon can combine only in their fixed proportions, 
which is always invariably the same. 

Its solvent powers are wonderful, sufficient to convert two thousand 
times it own bulk of food into a paste-like mass prepared for the 
action of the gastric juice; besides facilitating deglutition; for with- 
out it food would be too dry to be swallowed easily. It also liquefies 



HOW TO EAT; OR, MASTICATION, QUANTITY, TIME, ETC. 459 

the starch of food, one of its important ingredients. Unless we both 
masticate and salivate, we oblige the stomach to do both its own work 
and that of the teeth ; whereas, especially weak stomachs are barely 
able to do their own work. No food can make good blood without 
good salivation. Please note this principle, as we shall found several 
important directions on it for the cure of disordered digestion. 

Its deglutition is next, or passing it down the oesophagus, or 
meat-pipe, a long duct connected with the back part of the mouth 
(see engraving, No. 102), and furnished with longitudinal and trans- 
verse fibres, which, contracting from above downwards, impel the food 
down into the stomach ; but contracting from below upwards, as in 
vomiting, expel it upwards, into and out at the mouth, often with 
great force. 

112. — The right Quantity of Food determined by Appetite. 

Our consumption of food for the time being should determine the 
amount we eat. The harder we work with head or hands, and the 
colder the weather, the more we need, and vice versa. To eat just 
enough, but never too much, is most important. 

Normal appetite is as perfect a guide touching quantity as 
kind; 93 and its loss or vitiation is most unfortunate. 

Old Parr, who became a father after he was one hundred and 
twenty, and retained his health and all his Faculties unimpaired, till 
he visited the royal court, aged one hundred and fifty-two, died about 
a year afterwards, from slightly letting down his extreme, abstemi- 
ousness. 

Louis Cornaro, who by abandoning those excesses which broke 
his constitution and threatened him with death at thirty-six, baffled 
disease in its most aggravated form by confining himself to less than 
twelve ounces of solid and exclusively vegetable food per day, was 
over-persuaded to increase this quantity only two ounces, the effects 
of which he describes as follows : — 

" This increase, in eight days, had such an effect upon me that from 
being remarkably cheerful and brisk, I began to be peevish and mel- 
ancholy, and was constantly so strangel}' disposed, that I neither 
knew what to say to others, nor what to do with myself. On the 
twelfth day I was attacked with a violent pain in my side, which held 
me twenty-two hours, and was followed by a violent fever, which con- 
tinued thirt} T -five days, without giving me a moment's respite, my only 
sickness during sixty-three years of abstemiousness." 

Richard Lloyd, "a strong, straight, upright man, wanting no 



460 FOOD : ITS SELECTION, MASTICATION, AND DIGESTION. 

teeth, having no gray hairs, fleshy and full cheeked, and the calves of 
his legs not wasted or shrunk, his hearing, sight, and speech as good 
as ever," at one hundred and thirty years of age, being persuaded to 
substitute a meat and malt-liquor diet, for one consisting exclusively 
of bread, butter, cheese, whey, and buttermilk with water, " soon fell 
off and died." 

Dr. Ciieyne reduced his weight from four hundred and forty- 
eight to one hundred and forty pounds by abstinence, grew corpulent 
and sick on a more generous diet, and was restored by abstemiousness. 
His practical and theoretical maxim was, — 

"The lightest and least meat and drink a man can be tolerably easy 
under, is the shortest and most infallible means to preserve life, health, 
and serenity. Nothing is more supremely ridiculous tlnfn to see ten- 
der, hysterical, and vaporish people perpetually complaining, yet per- 
petually cramming ; crying out that they are ready to sink into the 
ground and faint away, yet gobbling down the riehest and strongest 
food and highest cordials." 

Dr. James Johnson, one of the ablest of modern physiologists, 
who cured himself of an aggravated dyspeptic malady by rigid abste- 
miousness, and then wore out two armies, in two wars, and thought 
he could wear out another, says, — 

" The quantity should never exceed half a pound in weight at din- 
ner, even when that can be borne without a single unpleasant sensa- 
tion succeeding. It is quite enough, and generally too niiich. The 
invalid will acquire a degree of strength and firmness, not fulness, of 
muscle, on this quantity, which will, in time, surprise his friends as 
well as himself. Such will often derive more nourishment and strength 
from four ounces of gruel every six hours, than from half a pound of 
animal food and a pint of wine. 

"Whenever our food is followed by inaptitude for mental or corpo- 
real exertion, we are laying the foundation for disease by over-eating. 
Any discomfort of body, any irritability or despondenc\ r of mind, suc- 
ceeding food and drink, at the distance of an hour, a day, or even two 
or three days, may be regarded, other evident causes being absent, 
as a presumptive proof that the quantity has been too much, or the 
quality injurious. Those who, a few hours after dinner, feel a sense 
of distension in the stomach and bow r els, or any symptoms of indiges- 
tion ; or languor of body or cloudiness of mind ; or have a restless 
night ; or experience a depression of spirits, or irritability of temper 
next morning, have eaten too much, or some improper kind, and must 
reduce and simplify till they come to that quantity and quality of 
food and drink which produce little or no alteration in the feelings, 
whether of exhilaration immediately after dinner, or of discomfort 
some time after itr This is the criterion by which the patient must 
judge for himself." 



HOW TO EAT; OR, MASTICATION, QUANTITY, TIME, ETC. 461 

" I tell you honestly what I think is the cause of the complicated 
maladies of the human race. It is their gormandizing, and stimula- 
ting, and stuffing their digestive organs to excess ; thereby producing 
nervous disorders and irritation." — Dr. Abernethy. " It is the opinion 
of the majority of the most distinguished physicians, that intemperance 
in diet destro^ys the bulk of mankind." " Most of all the chronic diseases, 
the infirmities of old age, and the short period of the lives of English- 
men, are owing to repletion." — An eminent medical Writer. " I firmly 
believe that scarcely any sedentary or literary man, can exceed from 
twelve to sixteen ounces of solid food, and from fourteen to twenty- 
four of liquid per day, and keep within the bounds of temperance." — 
Py^esident Hitchcock. 

Agents and tourists among the Indians concur in declaring that they 
will eat from six to fifteen pounds of meat in the twenty-four hours, 
spending most of their time in eating when they can get food. 

" For a few days, after getting into camp, Indians will eat from 
eight to ten pounds each, and for the first day or two even exceed 
that quantity." — Captain Duval. " The Osages often eat from ten to 
fifteen pounds of fresh meat in the course of the twenty-four hours, 
particularly on returning from a fatiguing hunt, when, I have no 
doubt, they frequently consume from five to six pounds at a meal." — 
Captain Rogers. " They would consume from six to eight pounds 
per day. This is under instead of over the true estimate." — Major 
Armstrong. "I have seen a prairie Indian eat and destroy upon his 
arrival in camp, fifteen pounds of beef in twenty-four hours. I am 
further of opinion that they will eat daily ten pounds throughout 
the 3'ear." — Robert Cook. "The Esquimaux consumption of food is 
enormous, and often incredible. They eat, perhaps, twenty pounds 
of flesh and oil daily. Sir W. E. Percy weighed out to a half-grown 
Esquimaux boy eight pounds of sea-horse flesh, one pound twelve 
ounces of bread, one pint and a quarter of rich gravy soup, a gallon 
of water, and six wine-glasses of spirits — a ' quantity no way extraor- 
dinary.' " — John Ross. 

" Admikal Saritcheff gave to a Siberian Yakut, who was said to 
have eaten, in twenty-four hours, ' the hind quarter of a large ox, 
twenty pounds of fat, and a proportionate quantity of melted bntter 
for his drink,' ' a thick porridge of rice boiled down with three 
pounds of butter, weighing together twenty-eight pounds ; and al- 
though the glutton had already breakfasted, yet did he sit down to it 
with great eagerness, and consume the whole without stirring from 
the spot.' A good calf, weighing two hundred pounds, 'may serve 
four or five good Yakuti for a single meal. I have seen three of these 
gluttons consume a reindeer at a single meal.' " — Captain Cochran. 

" Ten Hottentots ate a middling-sized ox, all but the two hind legs, 
in theee days ; but they had very little sleep during the time, and had 
fasted the two preceding days. With them the word is eat or sleep. 
The three Bosgesmans who accompanied us to our wagons, had a 
sheep given to them about five in the evening, which they entirely 
consumed before noon the next da}\" — Bar row. 



462 FOOD : ITS SELECTION, MASTICATION, AND DIGESTION. 

My father once knew a glutton who ate two chickens, with the 
usual accompaniments of bread and sauce, and called for more. A 
dinner prepared for eight workmen was next brought on, which he 
despatched, and when he called for more still, bread and a whole 
cheese were set on. When the landlord reproved him for cutting the 
cheese in slices instead of in towards the centre, he replied that, " it 
made no difference, since he calculated to eat the whole ; " to avoid 
which the landlord started on a drove of cattle he was driving, and 
thus hurried him from his unfinished meal, though he took in his hand 
a large slice of bread and another of cheese. 

My own experience fully confirms these converging testimonials. 
When so crowded professionally that I am obliged to postpone meals 
or dismiss customers, I occasionally choose the former, and find that 
it doubles and trebles my capability to endure mental labor; and have 
adopted the practice of fasting whenever pressed with business, and 
preparatory to lecturing, which a preceding supper always greatly 
mars and enfeebles in matter and manner. I always prepare myself 
for speaking by abstinence. To write on a full stomach is impossible. 
Only the abstemious in quantity and quality can appreciate the 
far greater flow of thoughts, words, and facts, and the enhanced clear- 
ness of mind and intensity of feeling thus produced. They may in- 
deed go so far as to prostrate; yet a full meal is as lead tied to the 
soaring eagle. Shall we fetter the immortal mind, by indulging Ap- 
petite? Shall propensity blight the godlike powers of the human 
soul ? Gluttony is the great sand-bank of the mind. Abstinence 
would enhance the progress of our scholars, the mental and moral 
powers and consequent usefulness of ministers, and the intellectual 
acumen of all who require mental strength and activity, as well as the 
feelings, which even suffer most. Over-eating blunts and benumbs 
all our keener, finer, holier emotions, and curtails enjoyment more 
universally and effectually than almost any other cause ; besides all 
the untold anguish of body and mind it induces. The extent and 
magnitude of the evils of intemperance in drinking, though they far 
exceed even the glowing descriptions of all its opponents combined, 
fall far below those of excessive eating; because the former are limited 
to comparatively few, the latter, almost universal, and practised from 
the cradle to the grave. Mothers begin by nursing their infants every 
time they cry, though this very crossness is often occasioned by exces- 
sive nursing ; and still aggravate the evil by stuffing children with 
pies, cakes, candies, nuts, apples, and the like, from morning till night, 



HOW TO EAT ; OR, MASTIC ATION, QUANTITY, TIME, ETC. 463 

year in and year out; so that most grow up gormands. And this 
soul-and-body destroying habit " grows with their growth." 

Soldiers are more vigorous and healthy on scant than on full ra- 
tions. Pugilists are fitted for the bloody ring, and horses for the race, 
by little food combined with extreme exertion of muscle, which proves 
that abstinence facilitates labor. In short, all dietetic facts and prin- 
ciples go to establish these two conclusions, that all eat double the 
quantity of food necessary for the attainment of the highest state of 
mental and physical vigor and endurance, and that over-eating is the 
great cause of modern disease and depravity. Try abstemiousness : the 
well, that they may retain and enhance health ; invalids, that they may 
banish feebleness and maladies, and again enjoy the blessings of health ; 
the literary, that they may augment mental efficiency ; laborers, that 
they may increase working ease and capability ; and, above all, the 
sedentary, that they may ward oif the impending evils of confinement 
within doors. Eat not one mouthful too little, for Nature can cast 
off surplus food better than supply or endure its deficiency; but the 
exact quantity most promotive of strength, talents, and happiness, is 
incalculably preferable to either too much or too little. 

The dietetic prescriptions of homoeopathy are most beneficial. 
Abstemiousness and water, rightly applied, will restore almost all to 
health, while frequent eating puts back almost all convalescents, and 
often induces a relapse, which hurries its victim, already renovated by 
sickness, and prepared for a return of health, into a re-opening grave. 
Even many convalescents, whom over-eating does not kill outright, 
are injured by it for life, and loaded anew with diease. Let all heed 
these warnings, thus frequent and palpable, and learn that to become 
an epicure one must first become a stoic. 

We may accustom ourselves to eat less or more, with this dif- 
ference, that the former leaves the muscles and brain unoppressed and 
active ; the latter stupefies the whole man, by diverting the energies 
from all the other organs, and concentrating them in the stomach. 
The Germans eat heartily, the Spaniards lightly, yet are as healthy as 
Germans, and do not suffer from want of food, but eat all unperverted 
Appetite requires. Those who crave great quantities should deny 
their Appetites, and need not fear starvation, but should practise tem- 
porary self-denial. 124 "Self-denial?" No; for eating just enough 
will increase present as well as future gustatory enjoyment. Gormands 
neither appreciate nor enjoy delicious flavors. 



464 food: its selection, mastication, and digestion. 

113. — Over-eating and Excess of Carbon a prolific Cause 

of Disease. 

Two indispensable life ends are attained by eating — supply- 
ing the required organic material, 90 and creating animal warmth. 132 
This warmth is generated by the carbon furnished by food, combining 
with the oxygen derived from breathing; 82 which combine only in a 
fixed proportion, never more nor less of either than its "fixed equiva- 
lent " of the other ; so that any excess of either destroys that balance 
ordained by Nature. 61 We must eat in proportion to our breathing, 
the more or less as we breathe the more or less, or disorder must ensue. 

Excess of carbon, that is, of food over breath, is a most prolific 
destroyer of health. The number and aggregation of those diseases 
engendered by this excess are indeed fearful. Northerners usually 
sicken on going South, because they keep on eating there as freely as 
here, yet breathe air warmer, and therefore more rarified, and con- 
taining less oxygen ; which consumes less carbon, and thus leaves that 
surplus of it which generates Southern fevers, by unduly thickening 
their blood ; whereas diminishing their eating, yet increasing their 
breathing, would prevent this glut of carbon, and its consequent dis- 
eases. All Southern emigrants should eat less there than here, for 
precisely the same reason that we should and do eat less in summer 
than winter. 

The summer complaints of children and adults are caused by 
this identical carbonic excess, which Nature thus endeavors to cast 
out through the bowels. This is conclusively proved by their greater 
prevalence in warm weather, but diminution as fall furnishes the more 
oxygen to consume it within, thereby restoring their proportion. If 
parents would give their children less food in summer, and that less 
carbonized, less butter, cream, fat, and sweets, many of their darlings 
which now die would then live. 

Dyspepsia is consequent mainly on this very carbonic surplus, as 
is proved by its diminishing with cold weather. All whose health is 
better in fall and winter than spring and summer, may know that 
their maladies are occasioned by surplus carbon, or over- eating. 

The chemical analysis of the putrid matter of boils, fever- 
sores, ulcers, diseased lungs, and the like, absolutely demonstrate this 
truth, by its containing about fifty-four per cent, of carbon. Indeed, 
most obstructions, irritations, inflammations, and the like, are caused 
mainly by its excess, and are only the outlets of that surplus carbon 



HOW TO EAT; OR, MASTICATION, QUANTITY, TIME, ETC. 465 

which occasioned them. Hence their beneficial influence. 23 Hence, 
also, butter, fat, sweets, and other highly carbonated substances, pro- 
voke boils and cutaneous eruptions. So do high-living and full 
feeding. 

Over-eating is thus demonstrated to be one of the most prolific 
of all causes of sickness. Unwholesome kinds of food engender far 
less disease, especially of the stomach, than excess in its amount. Gor- 
mandizing plain food injures many times more than unwholesome 
kinds. Health and disease depend far more npon how much we eat, 
than what. The majority of men make gluttons of themselves. How 
rapidly one platter full disappears after another from public and pri- 
vate tables ? Note how fast and often plates are filled and emptied, 
and returned for more. Nearly all eat twice too much, or at least 
till they feel stupid, uncomfortable, and inert. Those eat too much 
who feel the lighter and livelier for omitting a meal. Dyspeptics eat 
as much again as others, while those in perfect health usually eat but 
little. The bully of the Erie Canal, in 1837, and of course the strongest, 
spryest, and toughest man on it, ate less by half than the average of 
his passengers. A man employed in a comb factory in Newbury, 
Mass., who has always enjoyed the very best of health, is surprisingly 
abstemious. Most who live to be aged, usually eat but little, and 
hence their longevity. Men of great talents and virtues usually prac- 
tise rigid abstinence. Wesley furnished a noted example. See what 
he did and endured, yet how little he ate, and how often he fasted ! 
Bible recommendations and requisitions for fasting are undoubtedly 
founded on this fact. 

Fleshy persons usually eat lightly, while spare, the world over, 
are generally great eaters ; because, what the former do eat, they com- 
pletely digest, extracting from it all its sustaining virtue, so that they 
need but little. Many gormands disorder their stomachs, so that the 
enormous quantities they consume are not converted into nourish- 
ment. A little food, well assimilated, yields far more nutrition and 
life than quantities crudely digested. In fact, gluttony doubly starves 
its subjects ; first, by enfeebling and disordering digestion, so that it 
cannot extract the nourishment from food, and secondly, by a gnawing, 
hankering, craving state of the stomach, akin to starvation. 124 
59 



466 FOOD: ITS SELECTION, MASTICATION, AND DIGESTION. 

Section V. 
the digestive process, its organs, promotion, etc. 

114. — Structure and Office of the Stomach. 

The digestive process is one of the most wonderful operations 
in Nature. Its results are indeed amazing ! Behold your dinner, now 
an inert mass of bread , meat, and vegetables, but soon after it is eaten, 
sent by this function coursing throughout your whole system, mount- 
ing to your brain, and consumed in working, thinking, speaking, 
adoring God, loving family, enjoying, and all your other mental and 
physical operations ! And all accomplished by digestion. Whether it 
or breathing is the most important is difficult to determine, for both 
are indispensable. How soon that horse drops down and dies when 
the bot-worm eats through into his digestive apparatus ! And how 
suddenly fatal its paralysis by drinking cold water ! How fearful are 
the ravages of cholera consequent on its collapse ! How rapidly chil- 
dren seized with bowel complaints fall away and die ! How effectually 
iindigestion palsies physical and mental energy, and how indispensable 
is digestive vigor to efficiency of body and mind ! 

Some receptacle must be prearranged for this process, capable 
of holding fluids; because nutrition can be conveyed where it is wanted 
only in a liquid state. This receptacle must therefore be spherical or 
tubular- This nutrition must also be assorted, which requires con- 
siderable space and length ; and have a great amount of surface. 

The stomach and intestines supply all these requirements, 
and accomplish all these ends. The folding of the latter allows a 
great amount of function to be executed in a small space, which is in- 
creased by their being ruffled, and shorter on one edge, and thus con- 
voluted, as seen in engraving No. 102. 

It is a sack capable of holding from a quart to several gallons, 
according as it has been more or less distended by excess or defi- 
ciency of food and drink. Its upper side is much shorter than its 
lower, thus appearing like a bag held horizontally, and ruffled on its 
upper edge. It has two openings, the one where the food enters, lo- 
cated at its left upper side, and called the cardiac orifice, from its 
proximity to the heart ; and the other, situated at the right superior 
side, named the pyloric orifice, through which the food, after having 
undergone the chymifying or solving process, makes its egress into 



THE DIGESTIVE PROCESS, ITS ORGANS, PROMOTION, ETC. 467 

the duodenum, or second stomach. This orifice is constructed with a 
valve, so arranged as to close upon and send back whatever presents 
itself for egress not completely dissolved ; and it departs from this rule 
in extreme cases only, where things cannot be digested without re- 
maining in the stomach so long as seriously to threaten its injury. 
Hence the ejection of food either way, undigested or much as it was 
eaten, is a sure index of a deranged stomach, because a vigorous one 
would first dissolve whatever is soluble. 




No. 102. — The Stomach, and its Orifices, Blood- Vessels, etc. 

C. The cardiac orifice through which the food enters. 
P. The pyloric orifice through which the chyme passes out. 
S.S. The coronal artery of the stomach. 

Another artery is seen passing under the stomach, and those lines 
seen to pass in all directions are ramifications of blood-vessels. 

In structure, like all the other internal organs, it is composed of 
three membranes ; an outer, called the peritoneum, or glossy coat, which 
lines and lubricates all, and allows them to slide upon each other 
without friction, the absence of which causes adhesions ; the middle, 
which is composed of muscles laid transversely, and crossing each 
other in all directions, which contract upon its contents, so as to give 
them a rotary motion ; and the inner, or mucous membrane, which is 
extremely delicate, and when healthy, of a pale cream color. Nerves 
and v blood-vessels also permeate all its parts, as seen in engraving No. 
102, the latter imparting vitality, and the former creating pain when 
it is diseased and oppressed, and interlacing all the states of the 
stomach with the whole nervous system, 37 brain, and mind. 

This mucous membrane, or some glandular structure interwoven 
with it, when a healthy stomach receives its food, empties into it a 



468 FOOD : ITS SELECTION, MASTICATION, AND DIGESTION. 

clear, slightly acid, but almost tasteless fluid, called the gastric juice, 
quite like saliva in appearance, previously secreted, so as to be in 
readiness. 

The gastric juice is a most powerful solvent, capable of re- 
ducing to a milky homogeneous mass, called chyme, all those hete- 
rogeneous substances taken as food. It, as it were, sets free or ex- 
tracts the carbon, fibrine, caseine, nitrogen, hydrogen, etc., electricity 
included, which compose food and support life. It even dissolves 
food out of the stomach, though not as quickly as in. 

The solvent powers of a healthy stomach are most astonishing. 
An East India bird swallows and digests even wood. Man's solvent 
powers, by Nature, far exceed what we imagine. possible. Some 
have swallowed knives, and digested their bone and horn handles. 
Felines, serpents, etc., eat and digest their prey, bones, fur, and all. 
How surprisingly some stomachs bear up, sometimes a century, un- 
der the continued abuse daily heaped upon therif, even by the most 
temperate, much more by the intemperate ! How often and outra- 
geously do all abuse it by eating too fast, or too much, or unwhole- 
some kinds of food, or taking alcoholic or narcotic poisons, and yet 
retain much of its pristine vigor ! 

All abuse, however, proportionally weakens its solvent powers, 
which causes its contents to lie so long in the stomach that its 
heat induces souring or fermentation, which aids its dissolution, and 
helps to relieve the stomach of its load. Yet this is incipient de- 
composition, or, to call it by its true name, the commencement of the 
rotting process. To ferment is to putrefy. Nor is it possible for 
food to sour in the stomach without engendering corruption. Espe- 
cially is this true of the fermentation of meat. All know how vast 
the amount of putrefaction eliminated by its decay out of the stomach. 
Fermentation engenders the same in it. Is it, then, any wonder that 
the rotting of meat in the stomach should cause its victims to feel 
so wretchedly? Is not here a powerful argument against meat- 
eating, especially when the stomach is not 'perfectly good ? Meat 
actually putrefying in the centre of the system, to be sent all through 
it, is literally frightful to contemplate ! And yet this very process is 
perpetually going on, in a greater or less degree, within the stomachs 
of all afflicted by dyspepsia ; and this class embraces the mass of 
Americans. This chemical fact, that the souring process is incipient 
rotting, together with the fact that the food of the great mass of our 
nation does thus ferment, develops the orolific cause of most of those 



THE DIGESTIVE PROCESS, ITS ORGANS, PROMOTION, ETC. 469 

chronic, malignant, and all other diseases which bring suffering and 
premature death on the mass of mankind. Men cannot, therefore, 
guard too carefully against all injury of this important organ. Its 
healthy and vigorous condition is indispensable to life and happiness. 
Its abuse is suffering and death. As starvation, by withholding nu- 
trition, soon destroys life, so imperfect digestion proportionally im- 
pairs it. Dyspepsia is partial starvation on the one hand, by with- 
holding the materials of life, and death on the other, by engendering 
corruption. Hence, whatever dyspeptics do or leave undone, they 
should first restore the flagging energies of their stomachs. The 
scholar who is impairing digestion by study, is undisciplining instead 
of disciplining his mind, in the most effectual manner possible, and 
by that very study which otherwise would strengthen it; because 
stomachic diseases effectually prostrate the brain. Such should stop 
studying till they have effected a cure. Those whose stomachs are 
strong should keep them so, and, weak or disordered, give up 
or abstain from whatever impairs them. 

The outside of the food eaten only is solved, thus evolving nour- 
ishment gradually — a provision of great practical utility. Otherwise 
we should be obliged to eat perpetually; which would be incon- 
venient, if not impossible. 

The motion of the stomach greatly facilitates digestion. Its mus- 
cular coating, by contracting from all points upon the food, as it were 
chums it till it is dissolved. As the muscles of the gizzard of fowls 
contract upon their food so powerfully as to grind it by friction against 
the gravel stones mixed up with it ; so the muscles of the human 
stomach keep perpetually squeezing and whirling the food over and 
over, always one way. This motion all must have observed within 
themselves. In cases of heartburn, which is caused by the souring 
process, this rolling of the food is particularly observable, in conjunc- 
tion with the rising and burning caused by the inflammation of the 
stomach. 

This motion is involuntary, else we should be obliged to will it 
continually, which would be exceedingly inconvenient, as it must be 
perpetual, so that we could do little else. Breathing also greatly 
facilitates it. Every inspiration, hauls down the stomach to make 
room for the ingress of air, 81 and every expiration redoubles this mo- 
tion by allowing it to return to its place ; and as breathing is per- 
petual, so is this stomachic motion. Unless it had been very impor- 
tant, Nature would never have devised so effectual a means of securing 



470 FOOD : ITS SELECTION, MASTICATION, AND DIGESTION. 



it; and those who arrest it by tight 
peril. 




No. 103. — The Digestive Tube, after Cloqtjet. 

1. Oesophagus laid open. 

2. Showing its cardiac orifice into the sto- 

mach. 

3. Interior of the stomach, with its rugae. 

4. Duodenum, or second stomach, commenc- 

ing at the pylorus. 

5. Gall bladder, with the cystic duct, which 

passes downward to open into the 
duodenum. 
6, 6, 6. Small intestines, terminating in the cae- 
cum. 
7, 8. Appendicula vermiformis. 
9. Right ascending colon. 

10. Transverse arch of the colon, seat of 

colicky pains. 

11. Left descending colon. 

12. Sigmoid flexure. 

13. Rectum. 

14. Anus. 

The arrows point the way the food passes. 



lacing, always do so at their 

Abdominal muscles, which 
pass up and down across the 
stomach and bowels, still fur- 
ther facilitate this motion. In- 
deed, we cannot well move the 
body backwards, forwards, 
sideways, or any other way, 
without using them, and thus, 
as it were, kneading the sto- 
mach. Probably it rolls its con- 
tents the way all water turns 
when running out of a tunnel, 
namely, from left to right. 
Rivers roll the same way, as is 
proved by the fact that the 
mouths of all streams which 
empty from the right side are 
narrow, and have a hollow 
gouged out, because the water 
is rolled under the moment it 
strikes the main stream ; while 
the mouths of all streams which 
empty in on the left bank are 
always broad, but shallow, and 
usually have a bar at their 
mouth. 

The earth, in passing 
around the sun, and the moon 
around the earth, roll the same 
way which water rolls in run- 
ning — all doubtless in accor- 
dance with that great law that 
motion rotates. Probably the 
blood in both the arteries and 
veins rotate in the same way. 

Moderate exercise pro- 
motes digestion, by promoting 
this motion. While violent 



THE DIGESTIVE PROCESS, ITS ORGANS, PROMOTION, ETC. 471 

exercise robs digestion to help the muscles, exercising leisurely helps 
push the food along down the alimentary canal. Two dogs, fed 
alike, and killed two and a half hours after, in the one put upon the 
chase, digestion had hardly commenced, while in the other, which was 
allowed to lie around, it was nearly completed. This proves only that 
hard y but not leisurely, work after eating retards digestion. Children 
never take noonings, but are generally the most lively after eating — 
never more stupid. Lethargy and indolence are sure signs of over- 
eating. 112 Those who cannot work, study, and do anything better 
after their meals than before, have over-eaten. Food, like sleep, in- 
vigorates from the first mouthful. Normal functions always promote, 
never obstruct each other. 

115. — The Liver and Pancreas ; their Structure and Func- 
tions. 

That largest gland, situated mostly within the right side of 
the body proper, about half way between the shoulders and hips, is 
the liver. Its extreme length varies from nine to twelve inches, and 
its thickness from a thin edge to about six inches. It weighs about 
four pounds, yet its dimensions vary greatly in different persons. It 
has two lobes, the right being some four times larger than the left, 
and two coats, its outer, called peritoneal, which invests most of it, 
and from which its five ligaments are derived, and the inner or 
fibrous. It is reddish brown. 

A mental Faculty renders its action absolute ; 75 and its organ is 
located near but behind the bifurcation of the optic nerve, adjoining 
Appetite and Bibation, but further forward, so as to fill out the lower 
frontal portion of the temples, behind Tune. When it is large 
it fills out the head below Construction, as in Brigham Young, yet it 
is deficient in Lincoln. Large, puffed up veins, running up and 
down, along the fore part of the forehead, signify an obstructed liver 
and dyspeptic tendencies, and the converse. It, and each of the other 
physical functions, can undoubtedly be quickened by animal mag- 
netism. 44 

Its structure is cellular, quite like that of the blood cells of the 
lungs. Its arteries and veins are remarkable for their number and 
size; the arteries bifurcating, as in the lungs, till they become in- 
finitesimally minute, when they emerge into piles of granules, having 
cells, in which its function, the extraction of a yellowish biliary matter, 
is performed. These cells empty this bile into ducts, larger and lar- 



472 FOOD : ITS SELECTION, MASTICATION, AND DIGESTION. 

ger, till all become one duct, which empties into the gall bladder, and 
this into the duodenum. 

This bile is yellow, but becomes green by exposure. It acts upon 
the fatty matter of the duodenum, which it renders soluble and fluid, 
and helps convert chyme into chyle. A part of it also enters the 
bowels, stimulates their evacuations, and relieves the blood of its su- 
perfluous hydrocarbon, out of which bile is in part formed. The gall 
is secreted from the dark or venous blood while returning back to 
the heart, about eight pounds flowing through the river per minute. 
This bile is composed mainly of carbon, and this is one of the means 
by which the system relieves itself of surplus carbon. 113 Hence, those 
whose livers are weak should avoid fat, and eat substances less highly 
carbonized, so that they may have less carbon to secrete, besides eating 
less. Animal food taxes the liver somewhat less than vegetable. 

Soda is also secreted from the venous blood, and contained in the 
bile, and, being required in the vital process, is taken up by the liver, 
and returned into the circulation, to take part in respiration — a most 
ingenious contrivance for supplying the system with the soda it requires. 

The pancreas, or sweet-bread, is glandular, flattened, about six 
inches long, tapering, located nearly under the stomach, and formed 
of lobes, lobules, granules, and sacs, which secrete a fluid almost iden- 
tical with saliva, and empty it into small ducts forming one canal, 
which empties into the duodenum. 

These two fluids, the biliary and pancreatic, commingling with 
the chyme, separate its nutritious from its innutritious portions, some- 
what as rennet assorts the whey and curd of milk from each other; 
forming chyle, a half-liquid, grayish substance, closely resembling 
milk in appearance, laden with fibrine, carbon, nitrogen, oil, and 
other substances required to support life. In fact, its composition is 
almost identical with that of blood, requiring only contact with air 
and oxygen to impart its red color, and make it into blood proper. 
The importance of these two glandular secretions, shows how abso- 
lutely indispensable health of function in each is to human life, and 
the consequent evils of their abuse, and importance of their restoration. 

The chyle, thus separated in the duodenum from the refuse por- 
tions of the food, is urged along into and through the intestines by 
that muscular or middle coating which surrounds the entire alimen- 
tary canal, arranged circularly and transversely, so that its action 
rolls its contents along irresistibly. 

The Bowels complete this digestive process by assorting and ex- 



THE DIGESTIVE PROCESS, ITS ORGANS, PROMOTION, ETC. 



473 



tracting the nutritive from the excrementitious or refuse portion of 
food. Like the other visceral organs they undoubtedly have their 
mental Faculties, cerebral organs, located near Appetite, and facial pole, 
the latter situated in the jowls. Fulness in the lower and back por- 
tion of the cheeks, between the ears and chin, signifies bowel vigor. 

Large. — Are very fleshy, round-favored, and fat, and eliminate 
food material faster than it is consumed, besides sleeping well, and en- 
joying ease and comfort, and do only what tnust be done. 

Average. — Have a good, fair share of flesh, and abdominal ful- 
ness, and appropriate about as much food as the system requires. 

Moderate. — Are rather slim, poor in flesh, and gaunt ; may di- 
gest food well, but sluggish bowels and mesenteries fail to take up 
and empty into the circulation enough to fully sustain the life-func- 
tions, and have hence strong tendencies to constipation. 

Small. — Are very slim, poor, dormant, weak, and dyspeptic. 

To restrain. — Breathe deeply, work hard, sleep little, and eat 
lightly. 

This alimentary canal is some six or eight times as long as its 
possessor is tall, and into it open a 
vast multitude of little mouths or suc- 
kers, which, called lacteal vessels, or 
chyle-drinkers, pass through the three 
coatings, and open upon the mucous 
membrane of the intestines, these be- 
ing in a great number of folds, by 
which the surface, and, of course, 
power of function, of this canal, is 
greatly increased. These lacteals suck 
up the chyle as it is thus urged along 
over them, and passing backward be- 
hind the intestines, and then through 
innumerable little glands called the 
mesenteries, empty themselves into 
larger, and these into still larger ducts, 
till they form one duct which passes 
up along inside the back-bone to near 
the neck, where it empties its con- 
tents into the right sub-clavian vein, 

nearly under the right clavicle, or collar-bone ; while the residuum, or 
waste portions of the food, are expelled along through the small intes- 




No. 104. — Intestines, Lacteals, ane 
Mesentery Glands. 

T. D. T. D. The chyle duct. 

L. Lacteals. 

M. G. Mesentery glands. 

S. Spinal column. 

F. Folds of the intestines. 



474. FOOD: ITS SELECTION, MASTICATION, AND DIGESTION. 

tines into the ascending colon, pass up on the right side of the abdo- 
men into the transverse colon, which runs along under the stomach, 
and thence into the descending colon, then down the left side into and 




No. 105. — Liver, Gall, Pancreas, Kidneys. 

L. The liver turned up to show its under side. A. The descending aorta. 

G-. Gall-bladder. V. V. The ascending vena cava, which car- 

P. The pancreas. ries venous blood to the liver. 

K. The kidneys. R- The rectum. 

S. The spleen. B. The Bladder. 

out through the rectum. Intestinal inflammation, as in dysentery, 
cholera etc., sometimes draws blood into the bowels through these 
lacteals, which often weakens or kills suddenly. 

The spleen is a large gland situated to the left of the pancreas, 



THE DIGESTIVE PROCESS, ITS ORGANS, PROMOTION, ETC. 475 

connected with the stomach, in structure resembling the liver, and con- 
tains lymph, yet its exact function is unknown. Behold these means 
for turning food into blood, and sustaining life ! 

116. — Dyspepsia : its Evils, Causes, and Cure. 

Dyspepsia probably creates more diseases than any other cause. 
Though it rarely terminates fatally, yet it parents many diseases which 
are fatal. 

It consists in either irritation, or acidity, or dormancy of the 
stomach, liver, and bowels ; and many ailments attributed to the liver 
are consequent on its sympathizing with a deranged stomach, while 
constipation, with all its evils, is its offspring. 

The amount of corruption it engenders is almost incredible. 
It allows the food to lie so long in the stomach, that it ferments, or 
decays, within it, and all know how much foul matter the rotting 
process evolves ; especially that of meat. 106 113 

That foul breath which always accompanies it is but its measure 
in its expulsion ; and it is as obnoxious to life as it is loathsome. 
How soon breathing it all would sicken you ; and yet you would in- 
spire only what they expire. The vast amount expired every hour is 
by no means all they manufacture. All the evacuations put together 
cannot unload it as fast as fermentation engenders it, and hence it 
gathers on the lungs and brain in the form of phlegm, which op- 
presses and irritates both, and creates consumption, fevers, and all 
sorts of complaints. Dyspeptics expectorate most while suffering from 
indigestion, because the salivary glands are closely interrelated with 
the stomach, and hence its consequent mucus. All bad-tasting phlegm 
should therefore always be spit out, never swallowed ; yet sweet-tasted 
spittle should be swallowed. 

Mental worryment is its main cause. An overworked or wor- 
ried mind has exhausted the energies of the brain, which has gone 
out on a foraging expedition in quest of vital force. It finds it in the 
stomach, and remorselessly appropriates to brain sustainment that 
needed for digestion, thus leaving the food so long undigested that it 
sours. Of course, eating fast, irregularly, wrong kinds of food, etc., 
aggravate it, as do all wrong habits. 

A business man, you have launched out so largely that debts and 
debtors, credits and creditors, give you a world of trouble. You lie 
awake nights, thinking how you can work through this dilemma. You 
snatch meals and lunches, work early and late, rush here, there, every- 



476 FOOD: ITS SELECTION, MASTICATION, AND DIGESTION. 

where, are more snappish than the snapping-turtle, grasp at this and 
that, and read the papers, eat, sleep, do business, everything by steam. 

Shutting off this steam is your first means of cure. Do any- 
thing, everything, without this, and it gripes on still. Stop short, and 
sober down. Get out of this eternal stew. Take a daily dose of the 
play-spell cure. 200 Give yourself plenty of time to eat, sleep, and rest 
out. Do the best you can without worrying, 'but fret not thyself for 
anybody or anything. This removes its cause, and will soon remove 
itself. 

A broken-spirited woman, confined by family cares, you lost 
your darling child, husband, or mother, and keep nursing your grief; 
or your marriage has completely disappointed you. Where you ex- 
pected so much, you find a great deal worse than nothing. You sip 
on patiently of your embittered cup till Nature gives out. Your 
bad, sad, disappointed feelings kill Appetite, kill your interest in life, 76 
and everything but your love of that child, which is one ceaseless 
round of worriment. Your brain and nerves naturally become fe- 
vered, must have vital force, rob your stomach, and breed dyspepsia. 

The nervous system and brain of dyspeptics suffer most. The 
corruption and rank poison it engenders cannot but lash up both to 
abnormal, and therefore painful action. Dyspeptics always feel ir- 
resolute, gloomy, and wretched, in proportion as their disease is ag- 
gravated, however favorable for enjoyment all their external circum- 
stances. Disdain the fortune of an Astor if indigestion must accom- 
pany it. Dyspeptics, however wealthy, respected, beloved, or other- 
wise capacitated for enjoyment, are poor, miserable creatures — poor, 
because they cannot enjoy, however much they may possess of the 
bounties of nature ; and miserable, because this disease turns even 
their facilities for happiness into occasions of pain. They would go 
mourning even in paradise. 

Some outrage of the health laws has induced it. Probably fast 
eating is one great cause ; yet even this is only another phase of that 
mental anxiety in which dyspepsia chiefly originates. Mental hurry 
and flurry both rush you pell mell to meals, which they bolt, only to 
rush you away on the keen run after this or that; thus both leaving 
the food unchewed, and, of course, unsalivated, and then working up 
in other directions the vital force demanded for digestion. 

Confinement in-doors, and in a sitting posture, thus leaving the 
bowels inert, is another frequent cause. Perhaps something you eat 
or drink, or do, or don't eat or do, causes it. At all events, hunt all 



THE DIGESTIVE PROCESS, ITS ORGANS, PROMOTION, ETC. 477 

around, and keep on hunting, till accumulated evidence assures you 
that you have finally ascertained and spotted the identical cause, or 
causes, for there are probably several. 

These signs show whether your complaints are caused by indiges- 
tion. It generally emaciates. Those who are perpetually growing 
more and more thin-favored, and specially sinking in at the abdomen 
and cheeks, may know that this diseases is approaching ; as may also 
all who feel a gnawing, sunken, fainting, " gone w sensation at the 
stomach ; or are unable to postpone their meals without inconve- 
nience j or who feel a ravenous appetite, and still continue to crave 
after they have eaten freely ; or who feel prostrated, inefficient, list- 
less, misanthropic, or irritable, hating, hateful, and fretful; or who 
belch up wind frequently — it being a gas formed in the stomach by 
the souring of their food. Dyspeptics are perpetually cramming, 
yet virtually starving, because their stomachs do' not extract from food 
its nutrition, and, paradoxical as it may seem, the more they eat the 
more they starve. 

Besides being hollow-cheeked, and lank in the abdomen, they are 
generally costive. This is occasioned by the sluggishness of the 
stomach and bowels ; so that the removal of this single symptom, or 
effect of this disease, will generally obviate this disease itself. 

The Cure of Dyspepsia. 

Obviate its causes. If it is consequent on over-work, of course 
work less ; if on over-eating, eat but little ; if on drinks, stop them ; 
if on over-working only one set of organs, as the brain or muscles, 
change the action ; or if on any extreme, go to its opposite. Probably 
one or another of the following cures will restore you, gradually if not 
rapidly. 

Acidity of the stomach, caused by souring of the food, also gene- 
rally accompanies and indicates dyspepsia. 

Acidity can often be counteracted by neutralizing it with other 
acids. Alkalies will sometimes do this. Oyster shells, baked and 
powdered, often neutralize the acids of the stomach, as is evinced by 
the wind they bring up, and often do at least temporary good. Weak 
ley, made from wood ashes, has a kindred effect. 

Some Acids decompose other acids, and hence some stomachic 
acidities may be cured by taking the right kinds of acids. Yet those 
found in fruits are far preferable for this purpose. Hence lemons 
often improve the tone of the stomach ; and when they do, should be 



478 FOOD : ITS SELECTION, MASTICATION, AND DIGESTION. 

eaten freely before meals, or in food. Hence, also, very sour lemon- 
ade is often highly beneficial for dyspeptics, and should be drunk, 
not in gills, but by the pint, in case it produces a comfortable feeling in 
the stomach. Chemistry will yet discover a means of detecting the 
kind of acid in the stomach, and, of course, some kind of food or 
medicine which will effectually neutralize it — an application of animal 
chemistry of great practical importance, and which some of us will 
undoubtedly live to see made. There are effectual antidotes in Na- 
ture, and especially in food, exactly adapted to remove every species 
of stomachic disorder, by neutralizing or carrying off the noxious 
compound. In fact, science will yet discover particular kinds of 
food which will effectually counteract every and all disordered states 
of the whole body. Thus that rank poison, corrosive sublimate, can 
be at once neutralized by eating soap freely, or swallowing any alkali 
in large quantities. .The poisonous virus infused into the system by 
the bites of mad dogs and poisonous snakes, can be effectually neu- 
tralized by taking certain chemical agents, of which vinegar is one. 
Mankind will yet discover some such antidote for every sort of morbid 
matter, obstruction, and disease incident to the body. This neutral- 
izing principle is especially recommended to the scientific researches 
of chemists, and the practical experiments of all. 

A light diet, when the appetite is craving, is absolutely indis- 
pensable. There is no salvation without it. Full feeding will effec- 
tually counteract all these and other remedial prescriptions, and even 
re-induce dyspepsia after it is cured, and of course aggravate it, and re- 
tard its cure. Make up your minds to starve it out, or else to suffer 
all its miseries, and shorten your days. Abstinence is the great 
panacea. All else only aids, but does not reach its root. Eating less 
and breathing more will soon discharge that surplus carbon in which 
it consists. Nothing equals them as a cure-all. Fresh air, in large 
and perpetual doses, is by far the most effectual specific for dyspeptics 
and consumptives extant. In short, let them follow the prescriptions 
of this work as to the selection, mastication, quantity, and digestion 
of food, and touching circulation, respiration, perspiration, sleep, ex- 
ercise, etc., in addition to these specific prescriptions, and they will 
soon be cured. 

This abstinence cure, however, has this important qualification. 
Inflammation of the stomach is the first stage of dyspepsia, and 
creates this ravenous hankering which abstemiousness counteracts. 124 
But years of inflammation and hankering often partially pararalyze 



THE DIGESTIVE PROCESS, ITS ORGANS, PROMOTION, ETC. 479 

it, which of course deadens Appetite in proportion, so that it becomes 
extremely dainty, and even loathes food. Or it is inflamed and para- 
lyzed, greedy and dainty, by turns. Its inflamed state is by far 
the best, for it signifies more remaining life. 23 Nausea is much worse 
and harder to cure than greed, and requires the opposite treatment, 
namely, pampering and indulging. The dietetic rule for dyspeptics 
is this : Pamper Appetite when it is dainty, by coaxing it up, and 
trying to get up a relish, but deny it when it is ravenous. 

Right eating is its specific antidote, as wrong eating was its cause. 
All punishments follow in the direct 'line of the law broken. 22 This 
proves that wrong eating caused it — perhaps eating calomel — and this 
that right eating, or re-obeying these laws, must cure it. Some- 
thing appertaining to food is unmistakably specifically adapted to 
stomachic restoration. Does not this stand to reason ? 

Avoid what causes pain. Notice what hurts you, and discon- 
tinue it. Soured bread is especially detrimental. 106 If you feel that 
a given thing will go to the right spot, give it a trial. 93 You will 
find something which will neutralize its corruption ; for all ailments 
have their antidotes, and those of dyspepsia are dietetic. 

117. — Constipation and Looseness; their Evils and #- 

Remedies. 

Bowel dormancy is worse even than is generally supposed, and 
impedes all the mental and physical functions ; so that to obviate it 
should be a paramount object of all it afflicts. It usually accom- 
panies, and indeed causes most chronic complaints, which its obviation 
will generally cure. It especially impedes brain action, besides 
greatly aggravating melancholy. 

Ladies suffer oftenest, and most seriously from it ; whereas they 
more especially require peristaltic regularity. They justly set a high 
value on good looks ; yet none who are constipated can possibly look 
well, however elegant their toilet. It often induces other visceral 
ailments, which every woman should by all means avoid. 660 Bowel 
freedom also carries off other diseases, which would otherwise cause 
sickness ; for Nature often uses them to unload the system of waste 
and poisonous matter which would otherwise clog it, and even en- 
danger life. As long as they remain " all right," your chances for 
life and health continue good ; while their constipation often forebodes 
gathering ailments really portentous of evil. Those whom it afflicts 
should inquire what physiological laws they are habitually breaking 
to cause it. 



480 FOOD: ITS SELECTION, MASTICATION, AND DIGESTION. 

No medicines can cure it. Cathartics may move the bowels for 
the time being, only to constipate them still worse afterwards; and 
the more one takes the worse he is. All experiences of all will con- 
firm this. None can afford to purchase relief to-day by redoubling 
the same difficulty ever afterwards. What you require is 'permanent 
relief, not temporary. 

Cuke by food. Some kinds of food are naturally aperient, while 
other kinds bind. Eat the former, but avoid the latter. Most kinds 
of fruits, and particularly grapes, eaten with their skins, open the 
bowels, while the bran part of most grains produces a like effect. 
Wheat, boiled or cracked, or coarse ground, but unbolted, and made 
into puddings, bread, etc., is one of the best of aperients. Rye, in 
its various forms, has a like effect. Rhubarb, both root and stem, 
are noted for producing this effect; so are peaches, figs, plums, green 
corn, onions, etc. A pudding made by stirring unbolted rye flour 
into boiling water, eaten with molasses, sugar, milk, or fruit sauce, 
will be found most excellent. So will Indian and oatmeal puddings, 
eaten with molasses. In short, all will know some . kinds of diet 
which open their bowels, of which they should partake when con- 
stipated. And the special advantages of these kinds of food are that 
they tend to keep up this action for days afterwards. Beyond all 
question, the true loosening means is food, not medicines. Teas, the 
decoction of herbs, of course belong to this class, of which thorough- 
wort, wormwood, catnip, smartweed, etc., furnish examples. Prob- 
ably requiring " bitter herbs " to be eaten with " the passover," was 
based on this law ; especially since it was appointed in the spring, 
; when the bowels most need relaxing. 

Their daily evacuation is another sure means of obtaining 
permanent relief. Periodicity is important in all the physical func- 
tions, this included. They are naturally constituted to move once 
per day. 95 None should allow any day to pass without attending to 
this function. Mothers should early train their children to be regu- 
lar, and especially see that their growing daughters on no account 
neglect it. Shame sometimes dictates its suppression ; yet as well be 
ashamed to breathe. An extra squeamish young lady once induced 
" St. Vitus' dance " by suppressing this intense desire during a party 
sleighride and supper of young people. Any voluntary suppression 
of involuntary desires causes St. Vitus' dance. Neglect of this func- 
tion often induces prolapsus of the bowels and viscerals, which this 
daily attention would avert. 



THE DIGESTIVE PROCESS, ITS ORGANS, PROMOTION, ETC. 481 

A. set time each day should be selected. As when we habituate 
ourselves to eat or retire, at a given time, we feel hungry or sleepy 
when that hour comes, however intent on the thing in hand ; so, 
waiting on this function at a specified time daily, will soon create 
this monition at this time, though too busy to think of it without. 
If you effect no passage to-day, try again to-morrow at the same 
hour, and again the next, and every day, till your body falls into 
this habit. 200 If this takes time, give time, for you are accomplish- 
ing a great life work* And the more difficult its establishment, the 
more you need it. 

Kubbing and kneading the bowels is another aperient, and 
cure of dyspepsia. The stomach often solves its food, and the bowels 
discharge it, without its nutrition being absorbed by the lacteals, see 
engraving 104, or emptied into the blood. The system is thus ex- 
hausted by its digestion, without being nourished by it. This first 
part of digestion without this last, is nugatory, both being equally 
important. Weak lacteals weaken equally with a weak stomach or 
liver. Medicines affect them but little, and only injuriously. If 
you are thin in flesh, this is the probable cause. How can these lacteals 
be quickened ? 

By bowel manipulation. This mechanical bowel motion will 
naturally promote their functional action. In 1833, while in college, 
a previous graduate came around to cure dyspepsia, the chief college 
ailment, swore his patients to secrecy, charged five dollars, and cured 
them all, solely by this bowel manipulation ; probably copied from 
the French custom of women, who make it their " profession " to 
visit ladies at their houses for this purpose, just as hairdressers do to 
dress their heads. Pardon a personal illustration. 

After preaching this manipulating cure over twenty years, a 
friend insisted on button-holing me to his clairvoyant physician, who 
said my stomach digested its food well enough, but that many of my 
lacteals were closed, and the others sluggish, so that but little chyle, 
though abundant and good, reached the blood. This showed that 
manipulation was precisely what my system then required, and I 
applied it briskly on retiring and rising, for a week or so ; when I 
found myself just as antic as a colt, light-footed, able and disposed to 
walk off a dozen miles "just for fun," light-hearted, clear-headed, 
warm-blooded, and ecstatically happy. What had mysteriously 
caused this marked change for good ? This manipulation, which 
can rarely ever be practised without like results. It always warms 
61 



482 FOOD : ITS SELECTION, MASTICATION, AND DIGESTION. 

the hands and feet, obviously by introducing more carbon into the 
system, and produces buoyancy by giving it more materials to work 
with. For a like reason it redoubles all the other physical, and also 
all the mental operations. 

Old time physicians frequently prescribed rubbing the feet, spine, 
and other parts for various ailments, with marked benefit. Then 
why is not friction of the bowels as much more useful as their action 
is the more essential ? 

It may be performed by the patient, or by some one else. If the 
former, double up the fists and strike the abdomen in quick succession, 
or else pat them successively with the open palms of both hands; or, 
bending the hands and fingers forward,, strike it with the ends of the 
fingers made rigid; or, placing the thumbs on the hips, reach the 
fingers forward towards the middle of the abdomen, and knead or 
work it with their extremities, or rub them upward while bearing on 
strongly, and down lightly ; by punching, pushing, and working them 
in all ways and directions quite briskly, but much more with the up- 
ward motion than downward ; for they should always be raised or 
pressed upwards, but never downwards. 

The more healthy the manipulator, the greater the benefit received ; 
which opposite sexes redoubles. 

FoR costiveness, heat, or pain in the bowels, wear a wet 
towel on them, nights, and days too, for that matter. This will take 
out that feverish heat or inflammation which causes it, and benefits 
you more than you think possible till you have tried it. 

118. — Bowel Prolapsus, Abdominal Supporters, Diarrhcea, 

Opiates, etc. 

The bowels often fall into a heap at the bottom of the pelvic 
'basin, or unduly sink in above, but protrude below the navel ; 
whereas they should round up from all sides to it, so that it will 
point straight forward ; but when they fall, it points obliquely up- 
wards. 

This sinking lets the stomach and lungs settle, because their sup- 
port has settled ; which leaves them hanging from their fastenings at 
the throat. This irritates them, which produces a cough, which 
reinflames the bronchial tubes, and finally the lungs, and thus often 
causes consumption ; the doctors meanwhile doctoring away at their 
tungs, while the seat of their disease is in the bowels, which must be 
cured before this consumption can be cured ; for, if arrested to-day, 



THE DIGESTIVE PROCESS, ITS ORGANS, PROMOTION, ETC. 483 

it would return to-morrow, because that hanging which causes it 
continues. They must be held up. How ? 

Not by trusses, abdominal supporters, and all that, because they 
necessarily impede that circulation which alone imparts health and 
vigor. Few who use them ever think they are beneficial. They 
irritate and injure almost always, and necessarily. 

A suspending sack can, however, be made in and by means of 
the drawers, so as to hold them up, and rest their weight on the hips, 
by a band passing over the points of the hips, and tying or button- 
ing behind. And, in general, the pants, drawers, skirts, etc., should 
depend from the hips instead of by suspenders over the shoulders, but 
on no account by any band around the waist; because this bears 
down on the bowels, and displaces, and therefore inflames them ; 
whereas, this sack, passing down under them, then raising them up 
and carrying their weight upon the hips, has an effect the converse 
of that produced by a band above them. 

This sack should be adjusted to the bowels of each by strings or 
buttons, before or behind, — before is 'probably the best, — so as to 
stow them away in it when it is buttoned up. Those whose bowels 
are large, or protrude, will find such a sack to afford surprising relief 
and immediate benefit. 

Extra fat bowels are often consequent on a good stomach with 
poor lacteals. They digest enough, but the lacteals fail to absorb it 
from the intestines, and Nature, to get partly rid of it, turns it into 
fat. 55 Females will find a kindred cause, especially applicable to 
them, in " Sexual Science." 68M8 * 

Peach pits allowed to remain in the mouth, and chewed gradually, 
or pounded, or ground, and covered with spirits for a few days, and 
a teaspoonful taken at a time, an hour before eating, will tone up and 
raise the bowels, and are almost a specific for uterine prolapsus. 

Diarrhcea has its causes, uses, and cure. It often casts out 
humors, and unloads the system. Thus, suppose a sour stomach, or 
closed pores, or other suppressions, are perpetually filling it with 
disease, loose bowels cast it out sometimes as fast as it accumulates; 
thus allowing more work and better with them loose than close. 
Their freedom benefits whenever it does not prostrate. When you 
have caught a cold, or feel bad from any cause, and are constipated, 
expect relief soon after they begin to move ; and, in general, hail 
their aperient state as your savior when it does not extend to prostra- 
tion. This is doubly true of some females. 683 



484 FOOD : ITS SELECTION, MASTICATION, AND DIGESTION. 

Looseness of the intestines, however, when it goes so far as to 
prostrate, is most injurious. Summer complaints carry off more 
children than all other diseases combined. It urges the nutrition 
along too fast to allow its absorption, and is often accompanied with 
griping pains as severe as afflict mankind. Cholera is but its most 
aggravated form. Instead of the nutrition being taken up and 
emptied into the blood, reversed bowel action casts the blood through 
the lacteals into the intestines, and then out. This reversal makes 
short work of life itself, and all excessive looseness causes a most 
painful sinking, prostration, and goneness. 

Opiates are usually prescribed in such cases, but with only evil. 
They may deaden the pain by stupefying the bowels; but they leave 
the original difficulty worse than they found it ; because they paralyze 
that vital force which is struggling against it. To do nothing is 
better than to prostrate. Vital force and disease are in mortal com- 
bat, and opiates strike down the vital force without at all arresting 
the disease. Their popularity is unwarrantable, and astounding. 

The true cure is water, applied externally, as in the sitz bath 
and wet bandage, and internally by enemas. To the latter wheat 
flour may sometimes be added, partly as one of the best of emollients, 
and because the bowels will sometimes digest and appropriate its 
nutrition. Cayenne pepper will often prove highly beneficial by 
stimulating normal action and turning their current. 

For chronic diarrhoea, wear a wet bandage night and day over 
the whole visceral region, wrung from hot water when they are cold, 
but from cold when they are hot. Whatever temperature feels most 
agreeable to the patient is the best. 

The diet already prescribed for constipation, reversed by eating 
what binds, applies here also, and for a like reason. Yet it is as 
singular as true that unbolted flour bread often regulates the bowels 
both ways, constricting when too loose, but opening when too tight. 
At all events, those who suffer from chronic diarrhoea should be 
especially careful not to eat anything injurious, nor do anything to 
impair the general health. Grapes eaten with the skins chewed, but 
not swallowed, will help close the bowels. 

Blackberries and black raspberries naturally check bowel action ; 
so let those who are constipated avoid, but loose, eat them. A tea 
made by steeping their leaves has a like effect. So have the bark of 
the wild cherry, and the cherries themselves, which, covered with 
water two parts, and New England rum one part, can be preserved 



THE DIGESTIVE PROCESS, ITS ORGANS, PROMOTION, ETC. 485 

indefinitely. All the better if their pits are cracked, when a very 
little must suffice. Other bitters, as quassia, columbo-root, ginseng, 
wormwood, camomile, etc., often remove both constipation and 
looseness by promoting normal action. 

Burnt flour, a teaspoonful taken at a time and quite often/ is 
very binding. A good deal will not injure. 

Virgin mullen root tea, the first year's growth, that which has 
not yet seeded, has a like effect. Steep in milk. 

These prescriptions put the reader on the track of analogous ones ; 
but be especially careful not to check it too soon or too much. 

Oysters, cooked in milk, sometimes sour on the stomach, and 
when they do, make short, sharp work. Those liable to bowel 
troubles, and all in cholera epidemics, should by all means avoid 
oysters thus cooked. Ten chances to one they would give you no 
trouble; but at such seasons this one chance should not be run. Yet 
the oysters themselves are all right. The milk, probably, does the 
damage, just as in custards. i 

Violent exercise, when the bowels are thus reversed, whether 
from custards, oysters and milk, vegetables, or anything else, that is, 
in all cases of cholera morbus, is probably good ; yet not in cholera. 
When cattle have gorged themselves with green corn, we drive and 
run them to the top of their speed till evacuation is produced. 

A vigorous lift will sometimes cure at once. A victim of chronic 
diarrhoea, who had done and suffered everything without obtaining 
relief, was helped into Butler's lifting cure, and his first lift stopped his 
diarrhoea, and he remains perfectly well ; probably by rousing them. 

119. — The Drink of Dyspeptics — its Kind, Time, and 

Quantity. 

Water is undoubtedly man's natural beverage. 120 Besides pro- 
moting health, its medicinal properties are also great. It is one of 
those powerful neutralizes of the corrupt matter in the stomach, the 
virtues of which have already been shown. Have dyspeptics not often 
noticed copious eructations of gas soon after drinking freely ? This 
was caused by the mineral substances of the water combining with 
and neutralizing some of the obnoxious matter in the stomach, thereby 
creating this gas. Probably nothing equals water for reducing 
inflammation. Dip a burn into cold water, and keep it there half an 
hour, and its inflammation and consequent smarting will subside. 
Immersing a cut, bruise, sprain, fracture, rheumatic joint, or any other 



486 FOOD: ITS SELECTION, MASTICATION, AND DIGESTION. 

form of inflammation, into water, will diminish both inflammation 
and pain. The virtues of water, as an antidote for inflammation in all 
its forms, are fully established by the water-cure. But this fact 
admitted, its application to the cure of stomachic irritation follows. 
No medicine, no diet, nothing equals its judicious application, external 
and internal, to the stomach of dyspeptics. Its external application, 
in the form of wet cloths laid on the stomach, and covered with several 
thicknesses of flannel to keep in the heat — and for this, night is by 
far the best time — is most beneficial ; as are injections two or three 
times per day. But drinking cold water is the medicine for dys- 
peptics after all, not by stint, but by copious draughts. 

The best time for drinking is important. Ice water should not 
be drunk at meals, because it reduces the temperature of the stomach 
below 98° Fahrenheit, requisite for digestion, which it arrests till that 
temperature is again attained. In fact, dyspeptics should drink little 
with their meals, even though their mouths are dry while eating, 
because this very dryness provokes that salivary secretion so essential 
to prepare the food for digestion; 111 whereas drinking, by rinsing down 
the food, obviates this dryness, and leaves these glands to slumber. 
They should eat dry food, such as dry bread, crusts, Graham wafers, 
crackers, and the like, so as to increase the demand for saliva to 
moisten the food, and thus call the salivary glands into action. To 
discontinue these drinks may be quite a trial at first, but only 
temporary. 

Dyspeptics should drink freely an hour and more after their meals, 
and till within an hour or two of the next meal, and then discontinue, 
so that the stomach may regain its temperature. 

Drinking before breakfast copiously of water fresh from the 
well or spring, accompanied by as vigorous exercise as the patient can 
bear, will be found especially serviceable. Drink freely again an hour 
before dinner, and an hour before supper, if you take any, which 
dyspeptics should omit, 95 or rather be contented to drink instead of 
eating, — and again on retiring. If lemonade agrees with you, drink 
of that occasionally in place of water, but drink at these times mainly, 
and one month will greatly improve the tone of your stomach. 

Add to this all the exercise you can well endure, business relaxa- 
tion, a light diet, thorough mastication, and slow eating, and you will 
be well in one year, and probably less. 

Ice water is a physiological abomination. The stomach cannot 
digest unless kept at a temperature of 98°. Water the temperature 



THE DIGESTIVE PROCESS, ITS ORGANS, PROMOTION, ETC. 487 

of air is cold enough for health. All horsemen let water stand for 
hours after it is drawn before they dare give it to choice horses. Are 
you willing to impose ice cold water on your own delicate stomach 
and organism, which you know your hardy horse cannot endure ! 
You would think your hostler crazy and dismiss him for giving ice 
water to your coarse grained horse ; then where is your sense in giving 
it to yourself ! Consider this palpable fact: your stomach must be 
kept at 98°. Cold water necessarily reduces it suddenly many degrees, 
thus interfering with digestion. 

Sip cold water slowly enough to warm it in the mouth, but never 
drink it. 

Hot drinks and ice water taken alternately, by heating and cooling 
the stomach suddenly, would soon hill an alligator. Where is the 
sense of either ice water drinkers, or hot slops drinkers, and especially 
of those who drink both alternately ! 



488 FLUIDS AND THE BLOOD; THEIR SUPPLY AND CIRCULATION. 



CHAPTER III. 

FLUIDS ; THEIR NECESSITY, OFFICE, SUPPLY, AND EXITS. 

Section I. 

bibation; its philosophy, description, culture, 
restraint, etc. 

120. — Need and Uses of Liquids in the Life Process. 

Only a fluid could transport all these life materials and excretions 
from and to all parts. And most of them, chyme, chyle, albumen, 
oxygen, carbon, etc., are either fluid or gaseous. 

Excretions are continually passing off this fluid by perspiration, 
urination, expiration, etc. Much of it is turned into steam, and 
escapes by insensible perspiration. 139 Of course it must be re-supplied 
equally fast, or soon become exhausted. How is this re-supply 
furnished ? 

By water, which covers the greater part of the earth's surface, 
often many hundred feet deep, and constitutes a large proportion of all 
that lives. Nothing can grow without it, nor, mosses excepted, any 
dry vegetable live. The ancients supposed it the parent of whatever 
is endowed with life ; and experience teaches us that without it plants 
and animals parch up and die. 

None can live without it. Indeed, three-fourths of us are com- 
posed of water, and so are four-fifths of our blood. Whether this 
element is required on its own account, or as the great porter of the 
system, we will not now stop to inquire ; but, be its use what it may, 
it is as essential to life even as solid food, or any thing but air. 

" How, then, could Dr. Alcott live over a year without drinking a 
drop of liquid, and others a less time, yet experience no thirst ? " 

All we eat contains it. Meat consists of about three-fourths 
water ; carrots, beets, turnips, potatoes, and cabbages about nine- 
tenths ; eggs about seven-tenths ; milk nearly nine-tenths ; and thus 
of other kinds of food ; so that we cannot eat without introducing it 
into the animal economy. 



bibation; its philosophy, description, culture, etc. 489 

Imbibition is, however, the main source of its supply. All that 
lives, drinks. Trees and vegetables drink through both their leaves 
and roots. Insects drink — mosquitos freely. All animals must have 
fluids to drink, or perish. 

Water, and the juices of fruits and vegetables, constitute the 
chief sources of this supply, which is abundant. The clouds pour it 
down copiously in showers, soaking rains, and pelting storms, which 
the earth imbibes, only to liquefy the sap or blood of vegetables and 
fruits, and thus promote their growth, and proffer it to man in gushing 
springs, beautiful streamlets, and great arterial rivers, white with 
floating palaces. All Nature cries for water, and is answered by its 
copious supply, which signifies its necessity. Let us "thank the 
Lord " for water, as well as for food. 

Water consists probably in part of aqueous animalcules, which 
supply some nutrition to drinkers. Nature fills all space with some 
form of life; then why not water? Phosphorescent animalcules 
abound in sea- water ; then why not all water contain some kind of 
animalcules ? They abound in the aqueous structure of the eyes, for 
we can often see them darting in all directions before our vision, and 
of course in other liquids. The fermentation of water doubtless kills 
off one kind, but creates another. 

The best liquid is undoubtedly the juices of fruits. They were 
made most delicious, because " that is best which tastes best." 93 They 
contain nearly all the elements of food, fibrine, albumen, acids, and 
sweets, and constitute vegetable blood, which is quite like animal, in 
composite elements. 101 They are soft, that is, contain no lime, and 
hence are especially adapted to those fully grown, and declining from 
age. The system needs bone material or lime, which it obtains from 
food, especially its rind, and probably can obtain enough from that 
source. 

121. — Soft Water vs. Hard ; Country vs. City, and Spring 

vs. Well. 

Hard water is rendered so mainly by holding lime in solution, 
which impairs its washing and bathing properties. It also lodges 
along within the capillary blood-vessels, which it finally fills up or em- 
bones, and thereby occasions natural death ; and this partial emboning 
also causes the sluggish circulation and feebleness incident to declining 
years. Of course this natural decline keeps even pace with this em- 
boning, which hard water increases, and thus hastens death. Of 



490 FLUIDS AND THE BLOOD; THEIR SUPPLY AND CIRCULATION. 

course, therefore, soft water promotes longevity, because it leaves 
these blood-vessels open the longer. Use soft water if you would 
prolong life ; but avoid hard, unless you are willing to accelerate its 
close. And it will creep along quite fast enough, without being hur- 
ried by drinking or cooking with hard water. 

Calculus, which so often obstructs urination, besides rendering it 
extremely painful, is composed of lime, which has passed through the 
kidneys, lodged at the outlet of the bladder, and dammed up its con- 
tents within it. The catheter affords only temporary relief, besides 
irritating. 

Soft water and fruit juice retard this calculary formation, 
and thus promote urinary and sexual and general health and improve- 
ment, and are every way immeasurably better than hard water. All 
owe themselves a full supply of one or both. 

Well water is generally used the most, but ought to be the least ; 
because it often contains foreign ingredients much less favorable to 
life than those of spring water. All justly prefer springs to wells 
when both are equally accessible. Why should not that water prof- 
fered directly to us by Nature be better than that obtained by digging? 
and flowing than stagnant? 

City well water is perfectly abominable; because it reeks with 
filth from all gutters, stables, cesspools, puddles, etc. All this coruption 
filters into the ground, and exudes into city wells. The earth would 
cleanse it, but that there is so much filth as to completely saturate the 
entire ground, and thus impregnate all city well water, which renders 
it perfectly loathsome to the taste. City water- works are therefore 
one of the greatest of blessings to their inhabitants, and ought to be 
got up for all cities, small and large, except when rain water can be 
had. 

Rain water, next to the juices of fruit, is the best form of liquid 
for the system. Caught on tin, or slate, or hard composition-roofs, 
and kept in deep, underground cisterns, it constitutes by far the very 
best water man can use for drinking or cooking, is always cool, keeps 
perfectly sweet the year round, and costs but a trifle ; a few dollars 
being sufficient to construct one large enough to supply a good-sized 
family the year round. 180 

Swimming and bathing embrace other valuable uses of water de- 
serving of notice, but they can be treated to better advantage when we 
come to discuss the skin, to which we postpone them. 

Thirst constitutes Nature's means of introducing liquids into the 



bibation; its philosophy, description, culture, etc. 491 

system ; 91 and is probably created much the same way with hunger, 
and results from a scarcity of liquids in the blood. 

A primary mental Faculty creates and supplies this imperious 
demand for "something to drink." Love of fluids is a distinct class of 
functions, which presupposes a separate Faculty to cause and preside 
over it. Water exists ; therefore man must needs have some innate 
mental power adapting him to it, and it to him. He also loves water, 
and is benefited by its use, internal and external ; and in fact cannot 
live without it. The ancients recognize this need by calling it one of 
the four primitive elements, fire, earth, and sun being the other three. 
Drinking has always constituted one of man's paramount instincts, as 
universal as eating, because both are alike necessary to life. During 
infancy it is Nature's chief means of introducing nutrition into the 
system, and correspondingly large and active. This Faculty which 
executes this function is — 

III. Bibation* or Aquativeness. 

122. — Its Description, Location, Cultivation, Kestraint, etc. 

The Drinker and Bather. — Love of liquids ; fondness for 
water, washing, bathing, swimming, sailing, stimulants, etc. Adapted 
to the existence and utility of water. Perversion — drinking in exces- 
sive quantities ; drunkenness; and unquenchable thirst. 

It is located in front of Appetite, which it joins, and their func- 
tions are analogous. I often find it large in the descendants of inebri- 
ates, and regard it as fully established. 

Its facial pole is situated about the middle of the lower jaws, 
where its development fills out the face. It is especially apparent in 
the jaws of Louis XIV., and Vitellius ; engravings 95 and 97. 

Large. — Are excessively fond of water, applied internally and 
externally, and a natural swimmer ; and with Observation and 
Locality, a natural seaman ; love to drink freely and frequently ; ex- 
perience much thirst. ; enjoy washing, swimming,, bathing, etc., ex- 
ceedingly, and are benefited by them ; with Ideality large, love water 
prospects ; with large Friendship and Ambition, and moderate Dig- 
nity and Acquisition, should avoid the social glass, for fear of being 
overcome by it. 

Full. — Enjoy water well, but not extravagantly; drink freely 
when the stomach requires, and are benefited by its judicious external 
application. 



492 FLUIDS AND THE BLOOD; THEIR SUPPLY AND CIRCULATION. 

Average. — Like to drink at times, after perspiring copiously, yet 
ordinarily care no great deal about it. 

Moderate. — Partake of little water, except occasionally, and are 
not particularly benefited by its external application, further than is 
necessary for cleanliness ; dislike shower or plunge-baths, and rather 
dread than enjoy sailing, swimming, etc., especially when Caution is 
large. 

Small. — Care little for liquids in any of their forms, or for any 
soups, and, with large Caution, dread to be on or near the water ; 
with Appetite large, prefer solid, hard food to puddings or broth, etc., 
and are indifferent to fluids. 

Right drinking is almost as important as right eating ; and the 
juxtaposition of these twin brothers and co-working organs shows 
that they should be exercised together; and hence doubtless their 
usual concomitance in practice. All should always supply their sys- 
tems with abundance of the very best drinkables, and make right 
drinking as much a matter of conscience as right eating, and avoid 
wrong as they would poison. To this end it should be disciplined, 
which involves its culture and restraint. 

To cultivate, smack your lips over this libation and that, and 
drink discriminatingly ; that is, exercise it by trying to enjoy drinks, 
and apply instinct to determine the difference between drinks, by 
applying to all drinks that nice discrimination applied by wine con- 
noisseurs and selecters to wines. The Chinese usually sip slowly and 
leisurely, instead of drinking fast, as we do. Their custom is better 
than ours. 

To restrain is, however, much more, and often most, necessary. 
All inflammation of the stomach inflames Bibation, just as it does Appe- 
tite, and for precisely the satfle reason. 124 I have met cases by hundreds 
of this unquenchable thirst, the patient drinking down great pitchers- 
full of water every night, and still more by day. To such, that law 
of denying this craving, already applied to eating, also applies to 
drinking. 94 Such inordinate drinking does no good, but only harm ; 
because it is abnormal, and all abnormal action injures. Such persons 
should limit themselves to a measured amount, three pints daily being 
ample. The more such drink the more they will crave ; because this 
drinking inflames the stomach, which creates additional thirst; 
whereas denying its morbid cravings will allow this inflammation to 
subside, and with it this ravenous thirst. Let sense govern here, as in 
all else we do. 



STIMULANTS AND NARCOTICS. 493 



Section II. 

alcoholic stimulants and narcotics, malt liquors, wine, tea, 
coffee, and tobacco. 

123. — Stimulating Drinks, and their Constitutional Effects 
on Body and Mind. 

A craving FOR alcoholic stimulants is, however, the most usual 
abnormal form assumed by this Faculty. If it really does naturally crave 
what intoxicates, then God has engrafted drunkenness upon human 
nature for wise reasons and useful purposes ; for He does well whatever 
He does at all. The problem then becomes almost infinitely important, 
whether this alcoholic craving is natural or artificial, inherent or ac- 
quired. Temperance advocates are bound in all philosophy to meet 
and answer this problem squarely and scientifically. A work on the 
science of life should neither ignore a problem thus grave^nor dismiss 
it in a lippant, slap-dash style, but should adjudicate it from the 
stand-point of first principles. Do alcoholic drinks impair, or improve, 
human life? fulfil, or violate, natural law*? benefit, or injure, body 
and mind? moralize, or demoralize, its beneficiaries or victims? This 
problem is sufficiently grave to merit an entire section, which we 
award to it. 

Men differ, toto ccelo, as to whether alcoholic liquors benefit or 
injure mankind, mentally and physically ; some waging war to the 
hilt against all forms and degrees of intoxicating drinks, while others, 
of equal intelligence and integrity, advocate their use in theory and 
practice. Even " doctors disagree" as to their utility, many prescribing, 
others condemning them. Which class is right, and which wrong ? 

Scientific men owe it to themselves, and those they claim to 
serve, to lead people right, but not to mislead them, in a matter thus 
important. Truth is one, and those who are in the truth, will agree. 

That chemical analysis required to settle this mooted problem 
is " out of our line," but a close, impartial observation of over half a 
century has given the Author something to say on this subject. 

First principles, not prejudice, should decide this matter. A 
flippant, elegant, eloquent, declamatory lecture is one thing, while 
scientific data and inferences are quite another. These we attempt. 

All artificial exhilaration always and necessarily injures, 
because it draws greater drafts on the vital forces than it can honor 



494 FLUIDS AND THE BLOOD; THEIR SUPPLY AND CIRCULATION. 



without detriment. Nature always supplies all the action and ardor 
she can well endure. This is proved by the fact that our impulsive- 
ness and zeal are the greater or less as we are able to endure them. 
Action is the prime law of life, and all its functions. For this alone 
are they made. Inertia is inability. Laziness is sickness. All in- 
cline to do of something all they can endure without injury; and in 
this high-pressure age we greatly overdo, as compared with our 
strength. Our atmosphere is too bracing and tonic already, without 
alcoholic stimulants to provoke additional action. All need sedatives, 
not exhilarants, and calming down, not toning up. The natural 
tonics of breath, food, sleep, and health are all-sufficient, and immeas- 
urably better than any and all artificial. 

That reaction which always follows exhilaration is its own con- 
demnation. Reader, apply your own common sense to this class of 
facts. Whence this subsequent depression ? Solely to allow Nature to 
take in a new supply of exhausted vitality. The fatality of these 
drafts is fearful. They " touch the quick." Nature has this beauti- 
ful provisfon, — Whatever strikes any sudden and telling blow on the 
life centre instantly rallies all the vital forces, and calls them in from 
all the extremities to this attacked life citadel. She must keep this 
centre good, or " give up the ghost," which Vitativeness will not 
allow till the very last life resource is spent. 76 But this constitutional 
" quick" can be " touched" only very rarely, or it breaks down in 
that proportion. 

Stupefaction is death in its proportion. What sight is as 
utterly loathsome, disgusting, repellant, and totally nauseating as one 
" dead drunk!" And woman the worst ! It would not seem thus 
horrifying unless it were so ; for looks never belie. 60 " Beast ! Why 
does he thus make himself a brute, aye worse!" is the involuntary 
exclamation, at least feeling, of all beholders ; because drunkenness is 
beastiality, if not worse. Yet it is but the reaction of intoxication, 
which has so overdrawn this life centre as to leave all its functions 
except the central palsied for want of sufficient life force to carry them 
on. Life has all it can do merely to maintain its organic clasp, leav- 
ing all else virtually dead, vegetative life alone excepted. 

Those awful morning feelings after a night's intoxication tell 
the same story, and are their own practical commentator, or rather con- 
demner. Inebriation leaves these horrible feelings, because it has done 
a correspondingly terrible damage ; to inflict which is a sin against 
existence itself! Young man, all men, beware ! You cannot afford 



STIMULANTS AND NARCOTICS. 495 

thus to trifle with, damage, palsy and destroy your infinitely precious 
life-entity ! 

Delirium tremens caps this dreadful climax, and labels all in- 
toxication with its terrific anathemas ! What restlessness and fiery ex- 
citability ! What awful feelings and horrible illusions, in which only 
devils and hobgoblins glaring with rage, or else fiendish delight in 
torturing, horrify the dreadful spectre ! Only nightmare bears any 
comparison with it in mental agony of torture, and that but faint. 

Why " devilish" sights? and why not angelic? Because alco- 
hol inflames the stomach, and this Appetite, and this that optic nerve 
which lies along by its side. 36-37 If its effects were beneficial, its 
sights would be pleasing; for all obeyed law gives only pleasure; 19 
whereas these visions of delirium tremens are painful beyond descrip- 
tion, because their cause is proportionally injurious. 21 Please note 
this anatomical reason why alcoholic intoxications create spectral illu- 
sions, and those thus horrid. All have them in proportion as they 
drink, because they are inherent in alcoholic stimulants. 37 

Their physical ravages are^thus seen to be fearful a priori. 
Let us see what a posteriori facts say about. them. They say that 
cholera and all contagious and violent diseases far oftener prove fatal 
among inebriates than abstemiates. Drinkers fall sick oftener and more 
suddenly, and seemingly without any adequate cause. As the rabbit 
" kicks the bucket" from any little wound, while the kingfisher, 
hawk, and badger often live on though shot "all to pieces;" so 
habitual though moderate drinkers usually lie down and die from 
trifling ailments, and doctors shake their knowing heads ominously 
over all bloated patients. 

Their complexions tell the dreadful story. Stimulants create a 
dark, brownish, bluish, " bloody muddy" redness which signifies both 
physical inflammation, and moral demoralization. 59 A bright scarlet 
red is one of the best of signs, as a dark livid red is one of the very 
worst, physically and morally. In short, 

Each and all the aspects, physically considered, in which drink- 
ing for exhilaration can be viewed, stamps and seals it as an outrage on 
all those physical and moral laws which govern human existence, 
which no lovers of God's holy ordinances and their own sacred selves 
would perpetrate. Being is too precious to be thus laid low, and 
offered up on this Bacchanalian altar. Young man, all men, " touch 
not, taste not, handle not, lest you too perish with the using," as 
myriads have perished, and are everywhere perishing around you. 



496 FLUIDS AND THE BLOOD; THEIR SUPPLY AND CIRCULATION. 

Even all this is by no means all ; would it were even the worst. 
If anything were yet wanting to affix to it the privy seal of Infinite 
Displeasure it is that— 

It inflames passion, yet blunts morality. By an eternal 
natural law virtually already proved, 2 *" 36 all physical inflammation 
inflames the propensities, but palsies the moral and reasoning Faculties ; 
whereas by a law yet to be demonstrated, perfection and happiness re- 
quire the predominance of the upper Faculties over the lower j 30 so that 
alcoholic exhilaration reverses a cardinal natural ordinance. The great 
error of mankind is the predominance of the passions over moral tone; 
so that whatever increases this predominance is an unmitigated pub- 
lic and private curse. How, then, do alcoholic stimulants affect 
human intelligence and morality? Their one distinctive effect is to 
stimulate. For this alone are they drunk as beverages. Not one 
dram in tens of thousands is taken for any other purpose. This ex- 
hilaration is effected by inflaming the stomach. Now — 

All stomachic inflammation inflames the Propensities ; because 
all the bodily nerves ramify on the base of the brain, right where 
these propensional organs are located, which of course inflames them 
more than it does the upper organs. 

That Love, located at the lowest point in the base of the brain, is 
powerfully excited by strong drinks, is attested by the fact that they 
always enhance sensuality. The vulgarity and licentiousness they occa- 
sion are proverbial. Do they not incline all drinking parties to indecent 
allusions, the narration of obscene stories, and the singing of lewd 
songs, if not to carnal indulgence itself! The introduction of wine 
after dinner admonishes modest woman to retire, because she knows 
her delicacy is liable to be shocked if she remain. 

Ardent spirits of some kind are indispensable to any and 
every debauch. Why do the abandoned always drink to intoxica- 
tion ? This principle answers, Because these drinks drown the voice 
of conscience, blunt modesty, stifle the claims of morality, intellect, 
and virtue, and whirl their guilty victims on in their sensual career 
of merely animal indulgence. Men and women, be they ever so 
moral and virtuous, under the influence of intoxicating drinks, are 
not safe. Before the first unforced advantage can be taken of virtuous 
woman, she must be partly intoxicated ; and intoxication will render 
most females unchaste in feeling or action. And if this be true of vir- 
tuous woman, how much more of less virtuous man ? How can a woman 
of delicate feelings tend bar, go to balls or parties where wine or spirits 



STIMULANTS AND NARCOTICS. . 497 

are freely drunk, or consent to remain in the company of men who are 
surcharged with wine, porter, or any other kind of spirituous liquors, 
or on any account drink with them ? Does she not know that she 
thereby renders herself liable to say or hear what it would make her 
1)1 ush to reflect upon ? 

The combative or contending propensity is also provoked by all 
alcoholic drinks. So combustible is the anger of the intoxicated that 
they take fire at every little thing, and even seek occasions to quarrel; 
and more bickerings, broils, fights, and duels are engendered by 
ardent spirits than by all other causes united. How rarely do men 
fight except when excited by liquor ? How easily and powerfully 
provoked, how " all fit for a fight," do even well-disposed men be- 
come when intoxicated ? Byron said that stimulants always rendered 
him "savage and suspicious." 

They stimulate Destruction, or the bitter, hating, revengeful 
feeling; and hence drinkers will caress their wives and children one 
minute, but beat them the next. More murders are caused by ardent 
spirits than by all other causes combined. Let the calendars of crime 
decide this point. Hence, also, intoxicated men not only rail, curse, 
break, destroy, vociferate, and threaten vengeance, more than when 
sober, but it is then that an old grudge, otherwise long since buried, 
is raked up, and dire vengeance sought and obtained ; and generally 
a human being can screw up his Destruction to the sticking point of 
murder, and depress his Kindness and Conscience below the remon^ 
strating point only, or at least most effectually, by ardent spirits. 
Gibbs, the inhuman pirate who committed so many cold blooded 
murders, before his death confessed to his clergyman, who told me, 
that when about to perpetrate his most atrocious murders, his courage ■ 
often failed him, till he had taken several potent draughts of strong 
liquor, which enabled him to commit any act of cruelty, however hor- 
rible, upon even defenceless females, with sang froid gusto. Fiesehi, 
the attempted regicide, who fired the infernal machine at Louis 
Philippe, on his trial, testified that when he saw the procession coming, 
his courage failed him, but was revived by a dram of brandy ; that it 
failed him a second time, but was restored by a second dram ; yet that 
he could not bring himself to do the fatal deed till he had taken a 
third, and still more potent draught, and then he did it with a relish. 

Animal propensity alone subjects criminals to the penalties of 
violated civil law. Let, then, our intelligent lawyers, judges, sheriffs,, 
justices, and observers, answer. Does not most of your criminal 
63 



498 FLUIDS AND THE BLOOD; THEIR SUPPLY AND CIRCULATION. 

business have its origin in drinking? But unless alcoholic drinks 
excite these Propensities more, relatively, than the higher Faculties, 
especially if they stimulated the Moral Sentiments most, or even 
equally, this state of things would be reversed, and drinking would 
render mankind more virtuous instead of most vicious. The fact 
stands out in bold relief, that drunkenness and vice go hand in hand. 
Intoxication is indeed the parent of all the vices, and this principle 
shows why, namely, because this reciprocal connection between the 
body and the base of the brain causes stimulants to excite the Pro- 
pensities more, relatively, than the Moral and Intellectual organs, 
which induces vice and wickedness. 

Intoxication often makes demons incarnate of naturally good 
men. As long as the Moral and Intellectual Faculties predominate, no 
matter if the Propensities be vigorous. Duly governed, the more the 
better, because they impart force. When the two are about equal, 
with the Moral in the ascendency, and the Animal not stimulated, all 
goes right ; but a little stimulant gives the ascendency to the Propen- 
sities, which renders truly good men very bad. But mark well the 
converse : it never renders bad men good, nor the immoral virtuous ; 
because it never stimulates the Moral and Intellectual Faculties more 
than the Animal feelings. 

Drinking grog with friends, instead of drinking or doing anything 
else, is accounted for on this principle. As Friendship is located in 
the base of the brain, ardent spirits warm it up to vigorous action, 
and thus augment the flow and intensity of friendly feeling, and hence 
those who are half-intoxicated often hug and caress each other. Now 
if alcohol excited Friendship alone, it would do little injury, perhaps 
good ; but -since it inflames the other animal passions also, drinkers 
will be the warmest friends one minute, and the bitterest enemies the 
next, and then make up over another glass. 

Parental love is also located in the lower portion of the hind 
ihead:; ; and henee the half-intoxicated father will foolishly fondle his 
boy, and laud him to the skies, one minute, but beat him almost to 
death the next. Rathbun was incarcerated in Auburn prison for 
beating out the brams of his darling boy he doted on. Coming home 
intoxicated, while playing with the boy standing on his knees, grasped 
by the ankles, because the boy pulled his whiskers hard in play, 
in a real glee, he ikilled him by banging his head. 

Intoxication provokes conversation, because Expression is in 
the lowest part of the forehead ; but as the Reasoning organs, which 



STIMULANTS AND NARCOTICS. 499 

originate ideas, are in the upper portion of the forehead, and therefore 
not only not stimulated, but actually weakened by it, drinkers talk, 
talk, talk, but say nothing — talk words, not ideas. Nor can the in- 
toxicated reason. How almost impossible is convincing them, however 
absurd their positions, or self-evident yours. They cannot see the 
point at issue. They argue at random, and seem callous to reasons 
however clear or forcible. Yet their combativeness and all their pre- 
judices are enhanced. How destitute of sense, thought, and refine- 
ment, is the conversation both of drunkards, and of those who stimulate 
only moderately ! Witness bar-room chit-chat ! — full of stories to 
be sure, but what kind of stories ? The more animal, the better. A 
Byron, half-intoxicated, may indeed write Don Juan, and like pro- 
ductions, and compose poetry mostly addressed to the passions ; but 
none in this state ever-wrote Paradise Lost, Thomson's Seasons, Locke 
on the Human Understanding, Brown's Mental Philosophy, or 
Edwards on the Will. Pitt, Fox, Sheridan, and others, may be elo- 
quent when partially intoxicated, yet their eloquence will be charac- 
terized by sarcasm, invective, denunciation, declamation, hyperbole, 
narration, and a remarkable flow of words, instead of by argument, 
profundity, or clear deductions from first principles ; nor will it be 
freighted with rich ideas. But before drinkers can become even elo- 
quent, a power far below reason, they require a peculiarity of Tempera- 
ment and phrenological developments not found in one man in mil- 
lions; 57 while it will destroy that of all the others, by overcharging 
some with excitement, and rendering others foolish, others bombastic, 
etc. 

Alcohol subsequently deadens in proportion. After having 
surcharged Appetite it prostrates it, and hence quenches connubial 
love and all the domestic virtues. Hence drunkards generally neg- 
lect if not abuse their families — a fact as notorious as this explanation 
of its cause is clear. While the exhilaration lasts, it surcharges Force 
and Destruction, only to palsy them after it subsides. Hence its sub- 
jects lose all spirit and efficiency, are irresolute and inefficient, and 
rarely take their own part or that even of their families when abused, 
so that boys often impose on them with impunity. This shows why 
the ambition of inebriates descends to propensity instead of ascending 
to the higher Faculties, and thus renders them doubly sinful and 
miserable ; and why their sexuality wanes and perishes. m 

Christianity consists in the ascendency of the Moral and Intel- 
lectual over the animal, and the subjugation of the Propensities. Now 



500 FLUIDS AND THE BLOOD; THEIR SUPPLY AND CIRCULATION. 

since all stimulating drinks morbidly excite Propensity, and of course 
violate this cardinal requisition of the gospel, therefore wine and spirit- 
drinking Christians are as perfect anomalies as hot ice or cold fire. 
As well have wicked Christians as spirit-drinking Christians. 

Intemperance enfeebles self-control. This principle shows 
why. Their less debilitated, because previously less stimulated, in- 
tellects know the right, yet they have not sufficient self-government 
left to stem the downward current. Conscience remonstrates, but with 
little avail, and the Moral powers lift up their warning and persua- 
sive voice without effect, because located far from the body. Hence, 
nothing but dragging them into the kingdom of temperance by that 
inimitable principle of Washingtonian kindness, and then removing 
temptation till self-control revives, can save them. And if they fall, 
forbear, not condemn, and put them again and again, if need be, upon 
their feet. 

Ambition always combines with those Faculties the most active. 
Combined with Conscience, it gives regard for moral character and 
correct motives; with Intellect, desire to be reputed learned and 
talented ; with Ideality, for good taste, good manners, etc. ; but com- 
bined with Force, for being the greatest wrestler, fighter, etc. ; and 
with the other animal Propensities, for being first in their indulgence. 
Hence, since intemperance stimulates both Ambition and Propensity, 
it renders its victims emulous to be the greatest libertines, wrestlers, 
fighters, drinkers, and the like, but never to excel in talents or goodness. 
Two inebriates in Easton, Md., in 1840, vied with each other, on a 
wager, as to which could drink the other drunk. The next morning 
one of them was dead drunk. 

Acquisition is excited, and hence the half-intoxicated continually 
ask, "how much will you give?" "what will you take?" "how 
will you swap?" etc., or suddenly become very rich, or bet, or 
else seek the gambling or billiard-table in quest of fortunes at once ; 
yet, as their Intellectual organs are not equally excited, they generally 
make bad bargains ; but, under the reaction which follows, they have 
little or no regard for property, and little industry, economy, or fore- 
thought about laying up for the future, but squander their all for 
liquor, even to the bread out of the mouths of their hungry children, 
and to the clothes from off their wives' backs. Hence they are uni- 
versally poor, ragged, and destitute. If Astor should become a 
drunkard, even his immense estates would soon be scattered to the 
winds. During the exhilaration produced by strong drink, Dignity 



STIMULANTS AND NARCOTICS. 501 

and Ambition become unduly excited, and occasion boasting, brag- 
ging, swaggering, egotism, and a disposition to swell and dash out in 
gaudy style, assume airs, attract notice, etc. ; yet, during the subse- 
quent reaction, regard for character and reputation is annulled, and 
with it one of the strongest incentives to virtuous and praiseworthy 
actions, as well as restraints upon vice and self-degradation. At first 
they are mortified beyond description if se&n intoxicated, but after- 
ward care naught for credit, honor, jjromises, respectability, or even 
the disgrace of family ; are destitute of shame, dead to dignity and 
manly feeling, and associate with those to whom they would before 
have scorned even to speak. 

Why does not alcohol render the pious more devout and the 
literary ten times more intellectual ? Why not deepen and widen the 
channels of thought ? and render ordinary men Websters, Franklins, 
Broughams, and Herschels, and these intellectual giants actual 
Gabriels in intellect? Or why 'not excite the Moral Faculties in- 
stead of the Animal? Why not make Enochs of infidels ? Wesleys 
of deists ? and Paysons of skeptics ? Why are not all spirit-drinkers 
patterns of piety and good morals, and also stars in the firmament of 
intellectual greatness ? The law in question answers. Not only do 
they not augment talent and enhance literary attainments, nor make 
the profane pious, but they actually diminish them all ; prostrate in- 
tellect, bedim reason, darken counsel, render the ideas muddy, and 
before their approach, literary attainments, intellectual greatness, and 
moral purity, all vanish like the dew before the rising sun. They 
sometimes, though rarely, increase a certain kind of eloquence, yet 
are sworn enemies of greatness and goodness. 

How overwhelming this proof, therefore, how powerful and ab- 
solutely inevitable this conclusion, not only that all alcoholic drinks, 
but also that whatever morbidly excites the brain and nervous 
system, thereby kindle the animal propensities mainly, but weaken 
the Moral and Intellectual powers. No more can any human being 
take either alcoholic liquors in any form or degree, or opium, tea, coffee, 
mustard, spices, or any other stimulant, without thereby proportion- 
ably inducing this result, and subjugating intellect and moral feeling 
to the sway of passion, than " carry coals of fire in his bosom yet not be 
burned." As soon will any other law of Nature fail as this. As soon 
will the deadly poisons become harmless, or water run up the inclined 
plane of itself, or the sun rise in the west, as any kind of morbid 
physical action fail to produce animality. 30 Nor does any middle 



. 



502 FLUIDS AND THE BLOOD ; THEIR SUPPLY AND CIRCULATION. 

ground remain. Every item of artificial stimulant produces this ani- 
mal result as its legitimate, its constitutional effect. 

Wine-making destroys the integrity .of the grape, already proved 
to be so beneficial, by excluding a large part of those materials its 
Maker saw fit to incorporate into it, besides injecting some elements 
into wine, alcohol for example, He saw fit to omit in grapes. This 
fact proves that grapes are better than their unfermented juice, and 
this than wine. 

Fermentation sours it as that of dough sours bread. Can its 
decay improve it ? And a like principle applies to apple, and all 
other kinds of cider. 

Acids, however, are demanded in the system ; and, when not fur 
nished from other sources, supplying them through wine and cider is 
better than none. On this principle they often cure dyspepsia, as also 
by their acid combining with and neutralizing some other acid, or 
some injurious or excessive acidity. Still, the real question is, whether 
all required acids can or cannot be supplied directly from fruits with- 
out their undergoing this decomposition. Probably they can; but 
when not thus supplied, that of wines and cider is better than none, 
and hence relatively beneficial. 

In certain conditions of the system, pure wine certainly does pro- 
mote circulation and perspiration, and thereby relieves congestion, 
with its consequent aches and pains. 

Fruit growers thus become the best practical lecturers on tempe- 
rance, as well as genuine philanthropists, by furnishing acids in fruits, 
and thus forestalling this craving for alcohol. Cheap fruits are the 
best and most effective temperance propagandists. We need fifty times 
more fruit than we now have ; and should then have less grog-shops 
by two to one. They can be raised very cheaply. They estimated in 
California, that at two cts. per pound, they pay a two or more hundred 
dollar profit per acre ! Other fruits there are equally prolific, yet not 
as high flavored as eastern, except that Vicar of Wakefield, Easter 
Burrie, and some other late kinds, are more luscious there than here. 

124. — Analysis of this alcoholic Hankering; and how to 

quench it. 

1 Why this universal love of alcoholic stimulants ? If they are 
thus injurious, whence this resistless craving for them, throughout all 
times and climes, among all savages and semi-barbarians, as well as 
cultivated peoples ? Why do untutored savages with Appetite unper- 
verted conceive, almost from their first draft, an insatiate craving for 



STIMULANTS AND NARCOTICS. 503 

tkein, which soon consume them, powerful as are their physiologies ? 
Why have all mankind always drunk ? and they bid fair always to 
continue. Why was Bacchus worshipped more than all other ancient 
divinities except Venus, and these two together more than all the 
others ? Why do good men and true, aye, even beautiful and lovely 
women, experience a craving for them as strong as any for food or 
water, and follow it up, though they see loved property, friends, social 
position and all else near and dear to man melting from their grasp, 
and they themselves drawn by it, like the charmed bird to the jaws of 
the remorseless cat, right into the open teeth of death and destruction. 
Some all-powerful reason must exist for this hold it has upon 
humanity. Only that can draw much money from the pockets of 
mankind which takes right hold on some sentiment inherent in 
humanity, something in-born. Men pay more for grog than even for 
their religion, and for anything else but food and love — more even 
than for domicil. Nothing not based deep down in the constitution 
of humanity could be thus co-eval and co-extensive with it. Men 
must therefore have a stimulating Faculty, which imperiously com- 
mands this indulgence. A mere habit could not last and extend thus. 
Man was made for alcohol, and alcohol for man. It is one of ' the 
good things ' created in love by a bountiful Father for the luxury and 
benefit of His dear children, and not to be ignored. Men's appetites 
are as their needs, 93 and this thirst for stimulants is nature's warrant 
that they are equally useful." I 

An inflamed stomach, consequent on its use, causes this hanker- 
ing. That it is not inherent is proved by* its being partial, and 
temporary ; for if it were incorporated into man, all would have it, 
none lack it, the same as eating and breathing ; whereas the majority 
of men escape it. Nor do any have it till it is acquired by drinking 
with others until it has inflamed the stomach, when this inflammation 
perpetuates and redoubles this craving. The rudiments of this craving 
are often transmitted, as all consumptive, dyspeptic, and other like 
diseased tendencies descend. 3ir ~ 322 Maternal longings, after wine and 
liquors, during carriage often pre-incline children to intemperance, 600 
but these cases are abnormal. This great fact challenges the world, 
that the great mass of mankind have no natural alcoholic craving till 
after they begin to drink it. If it were inherent all would have it from 
birth ; whereas its being the creature of habit, increasing with indul- 
gence, and decreasing with denial, proves that it is artificial, not 
normal. 

It is to drinking precisely what a ravenous hankering after food 
is to Appetite, and like that grows with use, but dies by denial. The 
more one drinks the more he must, and the less the less, 94 because 
drinking inflames the stomach, and this Bibation; but denying it 
allows this inflammation and therefore hankering to subside. Every 



504 FLUIDS AND THE BLOOD ; THEIR SUPPLY AND CIRCULATION. 

dram creates a craving -for two more, and these for four succes- 
sors, etc. 

Beware, then, oh young man, how you create in yourself and 
others these insatiate cravings by treating and being treated ! It is 
these public drinking resorts men frequent which beget this habit, 
and ruin our best citizens by millions I Liquor dealers, what business 
have you thus to coax up this ruinous appetite, and then by littles 
rob that pitiable victim of his hard earnings, and his wife and children 
of their daily bread and clothes, and all other creature comforts ! that 
good, pure, patient wife of her idolized husband's affections, and 
convert a jewel in society into a public nuisance ! That demoralizing, 
life-destroying, family-torturing game ought to be stopped by law, 
just as law stops the sale of diseased meats, poisons, etc. 

Workmen, you do not need it, for it goes to the brain, not muscles, 
and is the laborer's great pall. Society, do save growing youth by 
shutting up those places where men meet and provoke each other to 
treat and be treated. And all, don't dare form this habit, and deny 
its first longings as you would a serpent's persuasions to enter his den. 
Parents, make drunkards beacons to your children. Society, furnish 
other public places of resort less fatal. Young men, don't begin, for 
only beginners and moderate drinkers are in any danger. Public 
men, be careful what examples you set those below you. Arouse, all, 
to stay this great plague of civilization, and slaughterer of God's 
noblest work. 

"By what sure* sign may we know with absolute certainty when 
alcoholic liquors are injurious, and when beneficial? for we cannot 
afford ever to drink them when they injure, nor not to, when they 
benefit?" 

Whenever they intoxicate they injure, because their sur- 
plus carbon lashes up the brain and nerves ; but whenever, and as far 
as, they benefit, they never exhilarate; because their alcohol enters 
directly into the circulation, and is seized and consumed by the life- 
force before it can intoxicate. Any hilarity they occasion is con- 
sequent on Nature thus working up this surplus so as to rid herself 
of this deleterious foe to life. Brandy tends to arrest cholera; but in 
all such cases it never exhilarates or stupefies. Its doing either is 
proof positive that more has been taken than is beneficial. This test 
is absolute, and universal, and unequivocally condemns all drinking 
for social and hilarious purposes, and to "have a good time," as well 
as all gratification of a morbid craving after stimulants. Let the evils, 



STIMULANTS AND NARCOTICS. 505 

vices, and woes consequent on intemperance, which Gough with all his 
descriptive powers cannot duly depict, warn all such to abstain totally 
from all intoxicating drinks and wine, for all stimulating purposes. 

To break up a habit thus formed, abstain totally and from the 
start ; for all gradual tapering off gradually tapers on by keeping up 
that stomachic inflammation which causes it. To reduce, not feed this 
inflammation, is the one thing needful. A milk diet will help do 
this. So will wearing a wet cloth on the stomach continually. So 
will any baths which excrete morbid matter through the skin ; so will 
all observance of the health conditions. Dr. J. D. Stillman, of St. 
Louis, claims to have discovered a medicine' which puts the worst 
cases of delirium tremens at once into a sound natural sleep, and kills 
all after hankering for it by removing that inflammation which 
generates it, and proffers ample proof. Such a medicine is undoubt- 
edly possible. 114 He claims that it obviates all false nervous excite- 
ment equally. 

125. — Cases in which Alcohol benefits. 

Alcoholic drinks benefit in some states of the system. Nature 
creates nothing in vain. All things have their uses. Far be it from 
us to condemn any thing one jot farther than rigid science commands, 
or fail to " give the very devil his due." The exact truth concerning 
it will promote temperance, and guide to its right use, as well as 
prevent its abuse. Alcohol is most beneficial in the following cases : 

1. It neutralizes poisons. Those bitten by venomous serpents 
can drink a pint of strong whiskey, etc., without the slightest intoxi- 
cation resulting from it, because its alcohol, that which would other- 
wise have intoxicated, is instantly seized and appropriated by the life 
force to neutralize this poison. 

Alcohol as a medicine, may sometimes supply needed carbon 
and stimulation, till reaction takes place ; yet few sick persons need 
stimulants. They generally need rest instead. This is doubly true of 
chronic invalids. All stimulants, by consuming vitality without 
resupplying it, draw on the constitution, which they generally exhaust 
instead of building up. The weaker persons are, the more they 
require quiet, not false excitements. Those who abound in vitality do 
not need them, while those who lack it can illy endure their draft on 
the life fund. Physicians prescribe them too freely. Dr. Lee once 
prescribed wine whey, the day after a terrible attack of varioloid 
turned, as a tonic; but one spoonful convinced me that I wanted rest, 



506 FLUIDS AND THE BLOOD ; THEIR SUPPLY AND CIRCULATION. 

not stimulants, even in this mildest form. I craved only to be " let 
alone" and allowed to " lie still and breathe." 85 I would not take 
even wine whey. Mark this logic. 

Whenever the system is low enough to need stimulants it is too 
low to endure them, and needs rest, not inciting to action. Most 
tonics, wrongly so called, are only excitants. When the system is 
strong enough to endure them, it is strong enough to go without them. 
This logic is absolutely true and conclusive. 

2. It warms the system by supplying it with carbon, of which it is 
mainly composed. Whenever indigestion prevents the due elimina- 
tion of carbon from food, which is not uncommon, alcohol furnishes it 
already eliminated, and prepared to enter at once into the circulation, 
and join oxygen in creating animal warmth, 131 which must be had 
somehow, or death ensues ; for its necessity to life is absolute. The 
blood receives it from the stomach, carries it throughout the entire 
system to every shred and fibre, and presses it into close contact with 
the oxygen in this same blood, when the vis vito3 seizes both, unites 
them in mutual combustion, and supplies itself with needed warmth, 
which would be impossible without this alcohol, and life without it. 
It thus relieves the system from the immense tax on its energies of 
keeping warm, which allows these energies to be appropriated to 
restoration otherwise impossible; sometimes carries the constitution 
through a life and death crisis ; by striking the balance in favor of 
life, gives a delicious comfort in warmth in place of awful death- 
chills; invigorates every part with new life; and exerts beneficial 
effects really magical. 

3. It supplies the brain with necessary ingredients, when it has 
exhausted them, obtainable no other way as well. At times, when 
extreme mental exertion has completely used up cerebral energy, by 
having exhausted some of its indispensable ingredients, alcohol 
supplies them.; thus ennabling it, after a little rest, to resume its giant 
efforts. 

The Supreme Judges of Texas, with its attorney general, on 
returning from my lecture, stepped into a saloon to take a few drinks 
of cognac brandy, and invited me to join them, which, to continue our 
talk over the points of my lecture, I accepted ; their drinking apology 
being that a few drinks of brandy on retiring, after the severe mental 
exertions of the day, fitted the brain for sleep, which it promoted, 
and thereby redoubled its energies for their next day's work ; adding 
that nearly all Supreme Judges, confessedly the hardest mental 



STIMULANTS AND NARCOTICS. 



507 



workers to be found, generally adopt this custom. A bigoted tem- 
perance man and lecturer of the strictest sect before, I saw that there 
might be two sides to this alcoholic question, and am now satisfied 
that pure alcoholic drinks may, in certain circumstances, be made 
greatly to promote brain action and intellectual power and endurance. 
Yet these cases are rare, and occur only when the brain has been 
long over worked, 

4. Alcohol affects the brain mainly. One thing eaten or 
drunk affects one part of the system, and other things each other parts. 
Thus watermelons and celery affect the kidneys, horse radish the 
nerves, rhubarb the stomach and bowels, etc.; while alcohol confines 
its effects for good or evil mainly to the brain and mind. This shows 
why it both makes drunk, and causes delirium tremens. When, 
therefore, the brain needs its materials, or some powerful diversion of 
the circulation to relieve its partial congestion, alcoholic drinks, by 
furnishing both, exert an influence almost magical for good. And 
when the system does need them, every principle of duty and self-in- 
terest demands their supply. But, ye rattle-brained young men, who 
rarely ever think beyond your nose, and know no more about profound 
study and deep thought than a clam about astronomy, this need does 
not apply to you. None should ever learn to drink till long after 
they have learned to think for a premium. And even then an alcoholic 
dram is not needed once a week, and then only on retiring, but never 
for exhilaration. And in all this class of cases one full dram is amply 
sufficient. 

Pure wines benefit, in some cases, in like manner. Though 
wine making destroys the integrity of the grape, already proved to be 
so beneficial, by excluding a large part of those materials its Maker 
saw fit to incorporate into it, 108 besides injecting some elements into 
wine, alcohol for example, He saw fit to omit in grapes ; which proves 
that grapes are better than their unfermented juice, and this than 
wine ; and yet good wine certainly does promote surface circulation, and 
thereby relieve conjestion and pain, and increase life and its functions. 
And good wines may always be contradistinguished from adulterated 
chemical "stuff" by this effect — the pure wine sends the blood to the 
surface within a few minutes after it is drunk, and creates a gentle 
perspiration ; while spurious admixtures, misnamed wines, do neither. 

Good wines renew the blood; for they are vegetable blood 
already, which is identical in elemental composition with blood, and 
thereby furnish ingredients for its manufacture. 101 



508 FLUIDS AND THE BLOOD J THEIR SUPPLY AND CIRCULATION. 

Malt liquors, ale, porter, lager beer, etc., are open to a like 
objection with alcoholic, yet contain some nutrition, and their bitter 
often helps the liver. Still the liquor of stewed hops is better and 
cheaper. Observation and experience make against their habitual 
use, much more than for it. As generally drunk, between meals and 
irregularly, they injure much more than benefit. They create, and 
are generally drunk to gratify a morbid appetite, which they never 
allay, but only enhance. Such an appetite should be denied when 
formed, but should not be formed. , Like a morbid craving for food, 
alcoholic liquors, opium, etc., they cry "give" always, but never 
enough. 

126. — Tea, Coffee, and Tobacco. 

These identical principles just applied to alcoholic drinks, 
apply, though with diminished force, to tea and coffee ; and for pre- 
cisely the same reasons. They are powerful tonics, too bracing for 
any nervous person to endure with impunity. They impede sleep for 
five or six hours after they are drunk. All lovers of them strong, 
are nervous in the extreme. They do indeed sometimes cure head- 
ache to-day, only to increase it for days afterwards. All inveterate 
tea and coffee drinkers suffer proportionally from headache, and 
usually sick-headache. If they will stop drinking them six months, 
their headache will stop. Is there no relationship between the 
amount of these narcotics now consumed, and modern nervous irri- 
tability? The Author speaks only from observation, not experience, 
for in sixty-three years he has never drunk a quart of either, all 
told ; and could not be persuaded to take over a spoonful at a time, 
and not this once in months or years ; nor ever, unless all jaded out, 
and as a temporary stimulant; when it improves and lengthens lec- 
tures, naturally producing copiousness, but at a terrible subsequent 
sacrifice of energy. 

Coffee has a worse effect upon the nervous system than tea. Let 
inveterates in either discontinue their use six months, and they will 
barely begin to realize the damage they inflict by noting how much 
better they feel after they become once fairly weaned. 

The Ward brothers, the champion oarsmen of this country, 
never drink tea or coffee. 

Those hot flashes and cold chills which supervene alternately 
on drinking hot tea and coffee, in their very nature must be most per- 
nicious. We elsewhere show that sudden extreme changes of temperature 



STIMULANTS AND NARCOTICS. 



509 



are often most remedial ; yet they differ toto coelo from that temporary 
heat and cold consequent on these drinks. That a cup of right hot 
drink sends a momentary glow of heat with light perspiration over 
the whole system, all drinkers of them are practical witnesses ; as also 
that the next moment they feel light cold chills, the necessary conse- 
quence of the perspiration, 132 run over them, and sometimes even 
shake with them. Colds must necessarily result from these sudden 
changes of temperature. Their stimulating effects are bad enough, 
but these results are worse, and redoubled by adding ice water. If you 
must use them, at least take them only about blood warm. Will 
readers please exercise their own judgment, and the known laws of 
physiology to these palpable facts of sudden heat and cold, and the 
common sense principle that these transitions are necessarily injurious, 
and think out the result ? Is it not amazing that a truth thus palpa- 
ble should have escaped public attention thus long? 

" But we cannot drink cold water at our meals ; for, besides being 
unpleasant, it cools the stomach so as to arrest digestion. What shall 
we drink instead ? " 

Chocolate will do for those whose livers are in a first-rate 
condition ; otherwise it produces an intense headache. Those who 
drink it should watch its effects. 

Cereal coffee, made by serving wheat, rye, corn, barley, or sweet 
potatoes just as Java is served by browning, grinding, and steeping, 
and crust coffee made by browning and steeping bread, are nutritious, 
and wholly unobjectionable, as well as palatable. Burn them the 
more the bitterer you wish it. 

Lemonade is an excellent drink for those on whose stomachs it 
does not sour. The system requires both sweets, which are analogous 
to alkalies, and sours or acids. The two probably correspond with 
those positive and negative electric forces by which life is carried on. 
They certainly have a strong mutual affinity, enter into that combi- 
nation called effervescence, and leave a sediment analogous to char- 
coal. Lemonade embodies both, though not in their effervescent 
form, yet they probably combine in the system. At least its delicious- 
ness is Nature's warrant that it is proportionally beneficial. 93 

More lemon, with less sugar than usual, is much better than 
more sugar with less lemon. 109 

Tamarind water is, for a like reason, also beneficial. 

Tobacco, chewed or smoked, is a rank narcotic poison. Its effects 
on beginners, before the system becomes inured to its use, shows 



510 FLUIDS AND THE BLOOD; THEIR SUPPLY AND CIRCULATION. 

what its constitutional effects are on the organism. Can it turn the 
stomach thus at first without injuring it always? Its habitual use 
softens off this influence by paralyzing the stomach, which ceases to 
remonstrate because its sentient power is that much benumbed. Those 
who use it are not half alive ; mark this reason. 

It prevents discriminate eating. Only those can live well 
who feed their bodies appropriately. 94 A discriminating taste alone 
can do this. 93 Tobacco, by perpetually soaking these tasting nerves, 
must needs blunt them, and that it actually does blunt them, all 
consumers of tobacco are practical witnesses. They may eat enough, 
but they destroy Nature's dietetic guide, and with it all the utility it 
subserves. Tobacco benumbs all the other functions, by impairing the 
alimentary. 

It wastes the saliva. It overtaxes only to weaken salivation. 111 
Its extreme injuriousness renders it correspondingly loathsome, and 
this taxes these salivary glands to their utmost to liquefy it by spittle, 
and eject it. Would Nature be at all this trouble unless to cast out 
what injured her ! Its creating and ejecting spittle is its scientific 
condemnation ; because spittle, like blood, is a valuable auxiliary to 
life. 111 Do not thus waste it, and that blood out of which it is manu- 
factured. 

Tobacco vitiates the saliva, and thereby digestion, and the blood. 
This tobacco-tainted saliva finds its way to the stomach, and poisons 
the digesting food, and thereby the blood made from it. The odious- 
ness of all the breaths of its consumers condemns it as plainly as 
Nature could condemn. A foul breath comes from a foul system, 
which is thus unloading itself. If its consumers can endure their own 
foetid breath, they have no business to inflict their rotten, stinking 
effluvia on outsiders, and especially on lovely woman, least of all a 
patient wife. Tobacco consumers chew and smoke that, and let it stop 
your chewing and smoking tobacco. 

It is most filthy. It manufactures right within you, and in 
close proximity to the great laboratory of life, just the most loathsome 
and very nastiest compound possible. What could tempt you to take 
into your mouth that most repulsive pool you have just disembogued 
from it ! And yet it is no more utterly defiled now than before it was 
ejected. 

It looks awfully. To see a long-faced, lantern-jawed, hollow- 
cheeked man make his face still longer and cheeks still more hollow 
by puffing is a disgusting spectacle even in a ragged loafer, but far 



STIMULANTS AND NARCOTICS. 



511 



worse in a spruced-up dandy, who pretends to look genteelly, and 
scrumptiously. What must a woman of nice cultivated taste think on 
seeing a man whom she admired thus deform his noble, manly 
looks? 

It injures the mind by injuring the body ; for both are so inti- 
mately consociated that to damage either without thereby damaging 
the other is impossible. 38 This is still farther proved by the fact that in 
proportion as it is used — 

It creates tobacco delirium tremens. What mean, what 
else are, those really awful feelings bordering on delirium tremens all 
you tobacco consumers experience mornings before you get your quid, 
and when " out of tobacco ? " They are veritable " Simon pure " de- 
lirium tremens, and brand all tobacco consumption exactly as they 
brand dram drinking, with the privy seal of Divine reprobation. 
They are awful, because their cause is equally so. O do not thus in- 
jure your all-precious self-hood ! You are worth too much to thus 
spoil yourself. A six months' abstinence from it will barely begin to 
show you how much damage it is doing you, by your growing more 
robust and healthy, and feeling so much better every way without its 
use than with. 

It creates alcoholic hankerings. This craving is consequent 
on inflammation of the stomach. 124 Tobacco creates this inflammation, 
and consequent hankering after some kind of stimulants. As when 
accustomed to cathartics one must take more and more to produce ac- 
tion ; so tobacco-inflamed systems soon come to crave more and stronger 
irritation than tobacco furnishes, and therefore alcoholic. This tobacco 
tremens of which every tobacco consumer is the victim in proportion 
as he consumes it and is sensitive, demonstrates its inherent inflam- 
matory effects, and this craving for false excitement creates alcoholic 
cravings, and leads right into alcoholic hankering and use, just as 
naturally and necessarily as the streamlet flows into the river. You 
may resist these cravings, but might not, and would then be ruined. 
At all events, tobacco users should absolutely forego all alcoholic and 
fermented drinks, because chewing and smoking greatly redouble the 
danger of becoming drunkards. Young man, don't you dare to be- 
come a chewer or a smoker unless you are willing also to become a 
tipler. But for tobacco there would not be a tenth as much drinking 
of alcoholic and malt liquors. 

Its savage origin alone should condemn it. Can any good 
thing come out of Indiandom ? And those who take to it do them- 



512 FLUIDS AND THE BLOOD; THEIR SUPPLY AND CIRCULATION. 

selves no credit, and no good. Yet Indians do not smoke much "old 
Virginia," and then only a whiff at a time, passing the pipe of peace 
around, one pipe serving a dozen Indians. 

Public men, be persuaded not to set examples thus accursed for 
boys to follow, who look up to you for leadership, lest they curse you 
forever, therefore, because you have injured them. If you deem these 
strictures harsh, remember God made these harsh facts. 

To QUIT its use, quit using it ; and the harder it is for you to quit, 
the more you need to. Love of it is a disease consequent on stomachic 
inflammation, which all indulgence redoubles. 



Section III. 

fluid excretions. 

127. — The Kidneys and Bladder; their Structure, Of- 
fice, etc. 

The kidneys, right and left, are composed of an exterior or 
cortical substance, from a sixth to a fourth of an inch thick, and a 
medullary, which consists of a series of about fifteen pyramidal 
bodies, their bases towards the surface, and their points turned in- 
ward, each being a distinct gland, formed of uriniferous tubes, which 
terminate in pajnlke at their apex. These uriniferous canals in the 
cortical substance are extremely convoluted, but become straight on 
reaching the pyramidal structure. The renal artery ramifies through- 
out this structure, into veins, both being tortuous, and containing 
an inconceivable number of deep red granules or corpuscles, each 
of which has a tuft of capillary vessels, in which the renal arteries 
terminate and veins begin. Convoluted ducts, at first extremely 
tortuous, begin in these granules, apd terminate in straight tubes 
on the inside surface of this cortical substance, in papilla?, which 
open into the pelvis of the kidney, and from which the urine they 
secrete empties into the pelvis of the kidney, a strong, white, fibrous, 
tough structure, having three compartments, one central, and one 
at each end. 

The cerebral organ of the kidneys is probably located be- 
hind but near the foramen magnum, and in the cerebellum near 
its middle line, close by Love, and hence its health and debility are 
much affected by and affect the sexual states ; disease in either being 



FLUID EXCRETIONS. 



513 



usually accompanied if not caused by that of the other. Its facial 
sign or pole is probably in or near the lips, adjoining that of Love. 200 

Each kidney is about four inches long, and over two wide, 
shaped like a bean flattened, the right the lowest, the left under the 
spleen, and behind the stomach, their lower margin extending a little 
below the lowest ribs, and enclosed in a peritoneal tunic, easily sepa- 
rated from the gland, whitish in color, strong, elastic, and attached to 
the kidney by a very fine tissue. 

Their office is to secrete urine, which 
is composed mostly of water, urea, animal 
matter, lithic acid, several inorganic salts, 
as ammonia, soda, phosphate and sulphate 
of lime, magnesia, silica, etc. 

The quantity of urine increases in age, 
because its quality is deficient. That is, 
the kidneys must use a much greater 
amount of water to carry off the same 
amount of urea. Thus water increases with 
the amount of liquid in the blood, and 
in cold weather, but diminishes as perspi- 
ration and cold increase. 

Unless the blood is freed from these 
substances noxious to life, its functions soon 
run down and die, but not till feelings, 
mental and physical, the most awfully dis- 
tressing, supervene. Their dormancy, in- 
flammation, and derangements, of which 
sexual errors are the chief cause, 582 create 
an incalculable amount of bodily and men- 
tal disease and suffering, not to say real 
agony. 

Two ureters or ducts run from the kidneys, which empty this 
urine into the bladder, as fast as it is delivered. 

The bladder is a temporary receptacle of this urine, to prevent 
its constant discharge as fast as it is made, which w T ould be most loath- 
some and nauseating, for without it urine must flow perpetually, awake 
and asleep, creating an intolerable stench, which all would be obliged 
to carry with them to church and party, wherever they went, and what- 
ever they did. All this the bladder now prevents by allowing its- 
retention till it is full, when it is emptied, partlv by will and partly 
65 




No. 106. — Longitudinal Section 
cf a Kidney. 

1. Renal capsule. 

2. Cortical structure. 

3, 3. Uriniferons tuties, each 

collected into its conical 
fasciculi. 

4, 4. Papillae. 

5, 5, 5. The three centres. 

6. The pelvis of the kidney. 

7. Its ureter. 



514 FLUIDS AND THE BLOOD ; THEIR SUPPLY AND CIRCULATION. 



involuntarily. Its undue retention is most injurious and painful, and 
weakens the retaining muscles. This call should always receive im- 
mediate attention. An engraving of the bladder will be found in 
"Sexual Science." 583 

128. — The Glands and Absorbents; their Structure, and 
Sympathy with the Mind. 

The glands of the system are formed somewhat like the lungs, 
with two sets of capillary vessels, one for the ramification of blood, 
the other for secreting their respective materials. The accompanying 
engraving furnishes a faint illustration of the arterial structure of a 
gland. Both the venous and secretory structures are similar, all their 
respective ramifications being almost infinitely minute. 

The various secretions made 
in these glandular ramifications 
are emptied into ducts, and these 
into one another, till all are emptied 
into one common reservoir, and car- 
ried to their places of destination. 

The glandular functions 
sympathize with the mental more 
intimately than any of the others. 
Every change and phase of mental 
action produces a corresponding 
change in glandular action. Thus, 
thinking of food "makes the mouth water," that is, excites a copious 
secretion and discharge of the salivary glands. Sadness retards, and 
pleasurable emotions augment, the action of the liver; the former 
accelerating and the latter preventing digestion. Grief provokes a 
copious secretion of the lachrymal glands as in crying, and sudden joy 
sometimes has a similar effect ; and thus of the others. But the 
most conspicuous illustration of this principle applies to that secretion 
which creates life. See " Sexual Science," Part VI. 

The great practical lesson taught by this reciprocity, is the 
importance of keeping the mind in that calm and happy frame which 
promotes glandular secretion, and thereby health. 

Absorbents are stationed throughout the whole system, for the 
double purpose of taking up foreign matters, such as biles and other 
tumors, which do not come to a head, and also depositing surplus fat, 
which is only its surplus carbon, stored up against future want. 




No. 107. — Structure of a Gland. 



THE BLOOD, AND ITS CIRCULATION, ETC. 515 

When imperfect digestion or a deficiency of food renders this carbonic 
supply unequal, for the time being, to its demand, these absorbents 
take up this fat and empty it into the chyle ducts, and so info the 
circulation. Hence the falling away of the sick or starving. When 
this fat is exhausted by protracted hunger or stomachic disease, these 
absorbents take up even muscle and cellular tissue, and empty them 
also into the circulation, which causes the extreme emaciation of the 
starving, of consumptives, dyspeptics, and the sick generally. This 
provision against any deficiency of nutrition is inimitably beautiful 
and useful. But the fact that all animals fatten best in the fall, 
thus laying in a stock of this fatty fuel just before it is wanted, is 
equally so. 

Section IV. 

the blood, and its circulation; the heart, and its 

structure. 

129. — Office, Ingredients, and Circulation of the Blood. 

Some porter, to bring and carry these life materials to and from 
all parts, receive and distribute all new materials, and gather up and 
eject the waste and vitiated matter used up by the life process, be- 
comes indispensable. The blood constitutes this " common carrier " 
of the system. With its looks all are familiar. It . is composed 
chiefly of two parts, blood corpuscles, or red globules, about 3^- of a 
line in diameter, and one-quarter as thick, which multiply or repro- 
duce their kind, and naturally adhere to each other at their sides, 
forming columns, like coins placed above each other; and serum, that 
yellowish fluid which rises to its top when left to stand and coagulate. 

Serum is composed of about ninety parts water, eight of albumen 
and casein, and the rest salts, etc. Albumen abounds in female blood 
more than in male. It contains fibrine, the constant tendency of 
which is to assume organic shreds, which inflammation increases. 
Its blood clots are fibrine rudimentally organized. These globules 
imbibe the oxygen from the air in the lungs, and carry it to those 
tissues which expend it, and then absorb, or gather up the carbonic 
acid gas generated by the life process, and -carry it to the lungs, from 
which it is extracted by the nitrogen of the air. 

The average quantity of blood, in . given persons, is about 
one-fifth that of their bodies, those weighing one hundred and fifty 



516 FLUIDS AND THE BLOOD; THEIR SUPPLY AND CIRCULATION. 

pounds having about thirty pounds, or four gallons, one-third of 
which is constantly in the arteries, and two-thirds in the veins. The 
blood thereof is the life thereof. It is the very fountain of life and 
all its energies. Even diseased organs are unloaded of morbid 
matter, reanimated, and rebuilt mainly by it. When it is good or 
poor, the whole system, brain and mind included, is in a good or 
poor condition ; but when it is wanting, all is wanting ; poor, all is 
poor ; improved, all is improved. 

A mental Faculty, with its cerebral organ, obviously carries on 
this function, as others do Appetite, etc. 34 75 Its organ in the brain 
has not yet been discovered, but analogy locates it in the base of the 
brain, near Appetite, but farther forwards and inwards, — this organ 
being to circulation what Appetite is to digestion, — and undoubtedly 
situated as near as possible to the cerebral ramification of the 8th 
pair of nerves (see engravings Nos. 6 and 7), one of the three 
branches of which nerve goes to the heart, another to the lungs, and 
the other to the stomach ; thereby showing why these organs sympathize 
so intimately with each other. Its development probably widens the 
face and head at and below the zygomatic arch, and gives full broad 
jaws, and a wide elliptic-shaped head. Lantern-jawed persons lack 
vigor in both it and its co-laboring visceral organs. 

The facial pole 75 of the heart is in the chin, the size, width, 
and downward projection of which indicates heart power, and natur- 
ally vigorous circulation. A large, wide, long, projecting chin indi- 
cates circulatory vigor and strong passions ; while a small, narrow, 
retiring chin indicates feeble circulation and tameness. 

Large. — Have an excellent and uniform circulation, and warm 
hands, feet, and skin ; never feel chilly ; withstand c©ld and heat 
well ; perspire freely ; have an even, strong, steady pulse ; and are not 
liable to sickness. 

Full. — Have good circulation, and generally, though not always, 
warm hands and feet ; are not much pinched by cold ; and perspire 
tolerably freely. 

Average. — Have fair, yet only fair circulation, and passional and 
animal energy : w T ould be the better with more ; and need to promote, 
at least should not impede, circulation. 

Moderate. — Have but poor circulation, along with uneasiness 
and palpitation of the heart; are subject to cold hands and feet, 
headache, and a dry or clammy skin ; find the heart to beat quicker 
and stronger when inhaling, than expiring breath; are chilled by 



THE BLOOD, AND ITS CIRCULATION, ETC. 517 

cold, and overcome by hot weather; subject to palpitation of the 
heart on any extra exertion, walking fast, or up stairs, or a sudden 
startle, etc., and very much need to equalize and promote the circulation. 

Small. — Have weak circulatory functions, and either a fluttering 
pulse, very fast and very irregular, or it is weak and feeble ; suffer 
from chilliness, even in summer ; are very much affected by changes 
in the weather; very cold in the extremities, and suffer much from 
headache, and heat and pressure on the brain ; are subject to brain 
fever, and often a wild, incoherent action of the brain, because the 
blood which should go to the extremities is confined mainly to the 
head and vital organs ; feel a sudden pain in the head when startled 
or beginning to put forth any special exertion, and suffer very much 
mentally and physically from heart affections and their consequences ; 
have scarcely any pulse, and that on a flutter; and are cold, and 
" more dead than alive." \ 

To cultivate. — Immerse hands and feet semi- weekly in water 
as hot as can be borne, ten minutes, then dash on or dip into cold 
water, and rub briskly, and heat by the fire till warm, and follow 
with active exercise, breathing at the same time according to direc- 
tions elsewhere given; 84 if there is heat or pain about the heart, lay on 
a cloth, wrung out of cold water at night ; rub and pat or strike the 
chest on its upper and left side, and restrain Appetite if it is craving, 
and cultivate calmness and quiet. If sufficient vitality remains to 
secure reaction, putting the feet in cold water will be of great service. 

To restrain is not necessary, except when excessive circulation is 
consequent on disease, in which case remove the cause. A healthy 
circulation cannot be too great. 

130. — The Heart; its Stucture and Workings. 

The circulation of this blood, thus freighted by the stomach and 
lungs with the materials of life, must now be effected. It must be pro- 
pelled, too and fro, throughout every minute part of the system, so that 
every shred of every muscle, nerve, tissue, and organ, bones included, 
may extract from it what materials each may require, and return to it 
for ejection all their used up and vitiated materials. Some organ 
must needs effect this circulation. 

The heart is this circulating organ. In structure it is a cavern- 
ous muscle, enveloped by the lungs; 80 oval-shaped ; about five inches 
long, and four thick ; largest relatively in robust, but smaller in 
delicate persons and females, weighing about eight ounces; encased, 



518 FLUIDS AND THE BLOOD; THEIR SUPPLY AND CIRCULATION. 



and kept in its place by a membrane called the pericardium ; and 
resting upon the tendinous or upper portion of the diaphragm, with 
its base upwards and backwards, and its apex pointing towards the 
fifth rib, left side, at its junction with its cartilage. 

Two auricles, or receiving chambers, and two ventricles, or ex- 
pelling chambers, form its internal arrangement, and constitute in 

reality two hearts, bound and working 
together; the right auricle receiving 
the blood from the veins, and by its 
contraction propelling it into the lungs, 80 
and the left auricle withdrawing it 
from the lungs, and speeding it through- 
out the body. 

Valves compel the forward flow of 
this blood through the heart and sys- 
tem. Backward it can never go, be- 
cause of valves stationed all along the 
veins, which close the instant the blood 
begins to turn back, and hold it where 
it is, till it can again go forward. Ty- 
ing a string tight around the base of 
your finger, and winding it towards the 
tip, would press the blood back into the 
arteries but that these valves prevent. 
They will oblige it to burst through the 
flesh and skin before they will allow it 
to go backward. Their structure is 
illustrated in the engraving on next 
page, from Bourgery. 

Fibres compose the main body of 
the heart. They are spiral and tortuous, 
crossing each other in all directions, 
twisting around its apex, and flex upwards towards its base. They 
contract at every pulsation. 

Arteries receive the blood from the left ventricle, and conduct it 
to the head, arms, legs, every visceral organ, and every part and par- 
cel of the system, and to the heart itself. They are firm, elastic, 
cylindrical tubes, formed of three coats, the external, composed of 
tissues, which connect them with surrounding parts ; the middle of 
fibre, which give its cylindrical form and firmness, yellowish color, 




No. 108. — Anterior View op thk 
Heart, from Bourgery.' 

1. Base. 

2. Body and right ventricle. 

3. Apex. 

4. Pulmonary artery. 

5. Right auricle. 

6. Vena cava superior. 

7. Anterior coronary artery, running 

along the anterior fissure which 
separates the ventricles. 

8. Left ventricle. 

9. Auricle. 

10. Aorta. 

11. Arteria innominata. 

12. Left primitive carotid. 

13. Left subclavian. 



THE BLOOD, AND ITS CIRCULATION, ETC. 



519 



elasticity; and a thin, delicate, smooth membrane, resembling mu- 
cuous membrane. 

They are guarded from lesion by being deep-seated, often open 
into each other, and branch into infinitesimal capillary blood-vessels, 
situated between the arteries and veins in which the blood performs 
its chief function. These capil- 
laries, too fine to be seen by 
the naked eye, form a network 
so closely woven together that 
the finest needle cannot punc- 
ture the flesh without drawing 
blood by piercing one or more 
of them. They empty into 
the veins, which carry the 
blood back to the heart, and 
run just under the skin. All 
the blood thus passes through 
two sets of this infinitesimal 
structure, one in the lungs, 80 
in which it receives, and the 
other throughout the body, in 
which it gives off, its vital 
properties. The blood is red 
and brisk in the arteries, but 
dark blue and sluggish in the 
veins. 

The muscles of both the 
heart and of the arteries aid 
the propulsion of the blood. 
"Aid," because the main pro- 
pelling agent is electricity, 83 
These muscles, acting involun- 
tarily, must have some incen- 
tive to act. The electricity derived from breathing probably fur- 
nishes this stimulant. Will certainly does not. Then what does ? 
Electricity both generates the main propulsive force which circulates 
the blood, and also provokes the muscles of the heart and arteries to 
help push it forward. 

The contraction of the heart, and of course arteries, transpires, 
on the average, in healthy adults, about seventy times per minute, 




No, 



109. — Interior of the right Auricle and 
Ventricle. 

1. Right ventricle. 

2. Tricuspid valve. 

3. Chordae tendineae. 

4. Pulmonary artery. 

5. Aorta. 

6. Descending vena cava. 

7. Right auricle. 

8. Orifice of the ascending vena cava. 

9. Vena cava ascendens. 

10. Valvula Eustaehii. 

11. Orifice of the descending vena cava. 

12. Position of the tuberculum Loweri. 

13. Valvula Thebesii, overhanging the orifice 

of the coronary vein. 



520 FLUIDS AND THE BLOOD ; THEIR SUPPLY AND CIRCULATION. 

varying from one hundred and forty pulsations in infants, to one 
hundred in children, and descending to sixty in old age, but averaging 
about seventy-two in middle life ; besides being accelerated by all 
kinds of action, mental and physical, and by fevers, but being sus- 
pended in syncope, as in fainting turns. 

Two ounces of blood is the average amount propelled at each 
pulsation, or about ten pounds per minute, which is some two hundred 
and fifty pounds per hour, three tons every day and night, ten hun- 
dred and eighty tons per year, and seventy-five thousand tons in " three 
score years and ten." But this blood is handled over four times in 
each pulsation, once in drawing it in from the veins, again in pump- 
ing it into the lungs, a third time in withdrawing it from the lungs, 
and a fourth in passing into the arteries, exceeding a thousand pounds 
every hour, twenty-four thousand pounds every day and night, and 
nearly nine million pounds annually. Assuming the average amount 
of blood is twenty-five pounds, or four hundred ounces, the whole 
of the blood passes through the heart once in about every three to 
four minutes, fifteen to twenty times per hour, and over six hundred 
times from each sunset to the next. And at every round it is forced 
through two sets of gauze-like strainers, the finest imaginable, of which 
one is several inches long, besides forcing a part of it through the 
capillaries of the liver, spleen, and kidneys ; and all this with a force 
sufficient to send it throbbing and rushing throughout the entire body, 
and into all those minute capillary vessels through which it passes ! 
How little we realize how wonderfully we are made ! 

Its two upper chambers, or auricles, contract upon the blood they 
contain at the same instant, thereby bracing and balancing each other. 
Their contraction produces a vacuum, into which blood is again 
received from the veins. 83 The two ventricles, or lower chambers, 
likewise Contract together, thus also bracing each other, at the same 
time forcing the blood, the right into the lungs, and the left into the 
arteries. By this means time for rest is allowed the heart, the two 
auricles taking a short, though only a very short, nap, while the 
ventricles contract, the latter going to sleep, and waking up again, 
while the auricles contract — all its parts getting tired, and taking rest 
as quickly and as often as the heart beats. It must have rest as 
much as the muscles and nerves. Yet if, like the muscles, it required 
six or seven hours of successive sleep, death would inevitably super- 
vene. Behold the simplicity yet efficiency of this arrangement for 
securing /time to the heart to rest without suspending life ! 



THE BLOOD, AND ITS CIRCULATION, ETC. 521 

The muscles, or walls of the heart, are thick, large, and strong, 
the ventricles being much stronger than the auricles, because they 
have more to do. The auricles only receive the blood from the veins 
and lungs, or rather empty it out of themselves, so that it may run 
in till it again fills them up and causes spontaneous contraction ; while 
the office of the ventricles being much more laborious than that of the 
auricles, they are much the larger ; and the left ventricle is by far the 
largest and strongest, because it has the most to do. 

1. This circulatory process can be comprehended by remem- 
bering that the right side of the heart, auricle and ventricle, have to 
do wholly with the dark or venous blood, and the left with arterial 
or red blood. 

2. The two auricles, or upper chambers, draw the blood into 
the heart and empty it into the two ventricles, or lower chambers, 
which propel it — the right into the lungs, and the left throughout 
the system. Or thus : — 

3. The right upper chamber withdraws the blood from the veins, 
and empties it into the right lower chamber, which, contracting upon 
it, forces it into the lungs ; while the left upper chamber, or auricle, 
withdraws it from the lungs and empties it into the left lower cham- 
ber, or ventricle, which propels it throughout the system. 

How withdraws? As far as it promotes the circulation, it does 
so on the same principle by which water is sucked up out of the well 
into the pump, and up that pump to that valve which carries it still 
higher. The heart is in every respect a self-acting force pump. As 
the working of the pump creates a vacuum into which the pressure 
of the atmosphere on the top of the well, which is sufficient to lift an 
unobstructed column thirty-two feet, forces the water till it is again 
full ; so the contraction of the right auricle of the heart upon the 
blood it contains, forces out that blood into the right ventricle, and 
thus creates a vacuum into which the pressure of the atmosphere upon 
the surface of the body, and of course upon the veins, together w T ith 
the contractile power of the veins, the pressure of the muscles upon 
them, and the electricity in the lungs, propel the blood along into these 
auricles. And just as the water in the pump above the valve is forced 
up and out, so the right ventricle pumps the blood into the lungs, to 
be withdrawn again from them by that same principle. But for this 
external pressure of the atmosphere upon the veins, they would burst, 
strong as they are ; and but for this internal pressure, the external 
would be sufficient to press their walls together too closely to allow 
the blood to circulate. 



522 ANIMAL WARMTH, SKIN ACTION. AND SLEEP. 



CHAPTER IV. 

ANIMAL WARMTH, SKIN ACTION, AND SLEEP. 

Section I. 

ANIMAL HEAT; ITS USES, MANUFACTURE, AND DIFFUSION. 

• P 

131. — Its Necessity and Amount. 

Warmth brings life to man, animal, reptile, insect, and vegetable , 
while cold brings death, except when the vital forces in resisting it 
react, and generate warmth, and in cold-blooded animals. Neither 
food nor breath is any more necessary to life than is warmth. Life 
itself waxes and wanes with its amount of animal heat. How soon 
death results from being in the cold water of the upper lakes ! How 
effectually it stupefies cold-blooded animals, reptiles, alligators, and 
insects! Swallows, chimney and all others, remain only during hot 
weather, because insects, their food, abound only then, and are killed 
off by cold. Warmth, in short, is one of the great agencies of Na- 
ture, of which the sun is the chief source; hence the utility and 
agreeableness of sunshine, which is not duly appreciated. 

The human system must be kept up to about ninety-eight de- 
grees Fahrenheit, in order to work well, and can rarely rise much 
above, or fall much below it, without serious injury; except that 
children are over a hundred degrees, while old people sometimes fall 
to ninety-two degrees. 

A mental faculty, aided by its cerebral organ, obviously com- 
mands and supervises this warming function, which resists cold and 
promotes warmth in proportion to its vigor. The mind and will 
have much to do in keeping us warm. On going from a warm room 
out into the cold, we naturally brace ourselves up against it, as all 
are conscious. What is this but the instinctive action of this Faculty ? 
It must be small in cold-blooded animals, and deficient in chilly 
persons, but the larger in persons in proportion as they are the warmer. 
Those who generally feel cold and take cold easily, have the less of 
it, and vice versa. 



ANIMAL HEAT ; ITS USES, MANUFACTURE, AND DIFFUSION. 523 

It is located probably close to Appetite, in the base of the brain, 
and widens the head at the ears. 

John Clark, a native of Connecticut, born more than a century 
ago, was peculiarly affected by cold weather. In the cool mornings 
of nearly every month in the year, his hands would become benumbed, 
and almost entirely useless, his tongue stiffened so that he could 
scarcely articulate, the muscles of his face contracted and stiffened, 
and one or both eyes closed in a very peculiar manner. This infirmity 
was hereditary. 

Defective lungs, and a consequent want ofoxygen in his system, 
caused this chill. Or there might have been some defect in his di- 
gestion, by which a due supply of carbon was not extracted from his 
food. Many others are also troubled with being habitually cold, even 
in summer. Consumptive patients, and all predisposed to this disease, 
also feel cold or chilly, and have cold hands and feet, and often what 
is called goose-flesh on the skin. 

Heat escapes perpetually from the human body, which is warmer 
than the air, except in extreme cases. If the atmosphere were as 
hot as our bodies, it would be most relaxing, from want of oxygen. 
It must generally be much colder than our bodies ; so that, since heat 
is diffusive, and tends to equalization, we lose it all the time, and in 
right cold weather, very fast. Hence the coldness of corpses and 
of most surrounding objects. Our bodies would soon sink below the 
living point, unless supplied with heat from some internal fountain. 
Sufficient external heat to keep us warm enough would prevent the 
due oxygenization of our blood, and thus cause death. Whenever 
atmospheric heat approaches ninety-eight degrees, it creates that pro- 
fuse perspiration which at once " cools us off." In short, the loss of 
heat, even during the hottest weather, is great, and in cold, enormous. 
Liebig estimates this loss as follows : — 

11 According to the experiments of Despretz, 1 oz. of carbon evolves, 
during its combustion, as much heat as would raise the temperature 
of 105 oz. of water at 32° to 167°, that is, by 135 degrees ; in all, there- 
fore, 105 times 135 D =14207 degrees of heat. Consequently, the 13.9 
oz. of carbon which are dailj T converted into carbonic acid in the body 
of an adult, evolve 13.9X*14207 o =197477.3 degrees of heat. This 
amount of heat is sufficient to raise the temperature of 1 oz. of water 
by that number of degrees, or from 32° to 197509 3° ; or to cause 136.8 
lbs. of water at 32° to boil; or to heat 370 lbs. of water to 98.3° (the 
temperature of the human body) ; or to convert into vapor 24 lbs. of 
water at 98.3°. 

" If we now assume that the quanta of water vaporized through 
the skin and lungs in 24 hours amounts to 48 oz. (3 lbs.), then there 



524 ANIMAL WARMTH, SKIN ACTION, AND SLEEP. 

will remain, after deducting the necessary amount of heat, 146380.4 
degrees of heat, which are dissipated by radiation by heating the ex- 
pired air, and in the excrementitious matters. 

" In this calculation, no account has been taken of the heat evolved 
by the hydrogen of the food, during its conversion into water by oxi- 
dation within the body. But if we consider that the specific heat of 
the bones, of fat, and of the organs generally, is far less than that of 
water, and that consequently they require, in order to be heated to 
98.3°, much less heat than an equal weight of water, no doubt can be 
entertained, that when all the concomitant circumstances are included 
in the calculation, the heat evolved in the process of combustion, to 
which the food is subjected in the body, is amply sufficient to explain 
the constant temperature of the body, as well as the evaporation from 
the skin and lungs." 

A rugged man, after eating a hearty breakfast, shoulders his axe 
on a cold winter morning, and works all day in the snow. Though 
the thermometer is many degrees below zero, while he is ninety-eight 
degrees above, with his coat and vest off, so that the transfer of heat 
from his body to the air is very rapid, yet he is all aglow all day, from 
head to feet, inside and out, with animal heat. The Indian keeps 
warm in northern latitudes with only a blanket, his half-naked body 
being exposed most of the time to the cold air. The deer, moose, wolf, 
etc., keep warnx without fire or clothes. 

The preservation of this warmth, by its perpetual manufacture 
within the system, becomes a paramount life necessity. Though a snake 
may be so frozen that, when bent, it will snap like a pipe-stem, and 
yet come to life afterwards by warmth, yet man must be kept warm 
up to about the same temperature, summer and winter, in " Green- 
land's icy mountain, and on India's coral strand." How is this heating 
effected ? 

132. — How Breath and Food generate animal Warmth. 

Combustion is the only source of all artificial heat ; and whatever 
burns, thereby produces it, probably by setting free latent heat, rather 
than by its creation. 

Decomposition results from all combustion. Burning consumes 
or disembodies what it burns, and therefore soon burns up its materials, 
unless they are re-supplied. 

Carbon is the base of all that burns, and whatever burns, — coal, 
wood, charcoal, vegetables, sweets, gases, etc., — consists mainly of 
carbon. 

Oxygen is the burning agent, as carbon is the burnt, of all com- 
bustive processes. Carbon and oxygen, combining with each other, 




ANIMAL HEAT ; ITS USES, MANUFACTURE, AND DIFFUSION. 525 

and igliited by the vital foree, create that " animal warmth " which 
maintains the equal temperature of the body. 

Breath and food generate this warmth. The stomach elimi- 
nates carbon from its food, 109 sets it free, and empties it into the blood, 
and the lungs furnish it with oxygen, 82 and the two, commingling, are 
carried together into the fine capillary blood-vessels, and then pressed 
into mutual contact, when vitality seizes both, ignites them, and gene- 
rates heat by their combustion wherever and whenever the blood flows. 129 
That is, the oxygen of the air inhaled is forced in the capillary blood- 
vessels into close contact with the carbon of the food eaten, and having 
mutually a strong chemical affinity for each other, they unite in com- 
bustion, and burn each other up, on precisely the same principle em- 
ployed in warming rooms, generating steam, etc. Nothing will burn 
without oxygen. Hence, though cotton is extremely combustible when 
it can obtain oxygen from the air, yet even it will not burn when 
compactly baled, because it cannot get oxygen to burn with. Nowhere 
in Nature is heat produced except by some form of combustion. Ani- 
mal heat of course forms no exception. Chemistry shows that the 
affinity of oxygen for carbon is even greater than it has for iron ; m so 
that, when all these are forced into close mutual contact within the 
capillary blood-vessels, the oxygen loves carbon betten than iron, 
leaves iron, and uniting with the carbon, creates animal heat. In pro- 
ducing fire, we must have fuel or carbon to start with, and then have 
a current of air upon the fire, so that the oxygen of the air combin- 
ing with the carbon of the wood, produces combustion and evolves 
heat. But the carbon in the blood being, unencumbered, free, and 
very abundant, and thus of the oxygen, there is no need of fire to start 
with, for the vital spark of life ignites them. They burn without, 
and burn each other up spontaneously, thus engendering that immense 
amount of animal heat within the system which re-supplies that given 
off by the cooling process just explained, and the body, together with 
all its parts, internal and external, is kept at that elevated temperature 
necessary for the maintenance of life. 

133. — Carbonic Acid Gas; its Formation, and Expulsion. 

Smoke and ashes result from all combustion. .Of course that 
of these two gases must and does eliminate both. And the ashes, or 
rather coals, of this internal combustion, analyzed, are almost ident- 
ical in their chemical compounds with charcoal, both being composed 
mainly of carbonic acid. Combustion can never take place, out of 



526 ANIMAL WARMTH, SKIN ACTION, AND SLEEP. 

the system or in, without creating this acid; and that combustion 
which heats the system, forms some ten or twelve ounces of carbonic 
acid per day. This substance is hostile to -life, and exceedingly 
poisonous, as seen when inhaled in a tight room in which charcoal is 
consuming. Its superabundance is fatal to life. Hence, unless some 
means were devised for ejecting it from all parts of the system where 
this combustion creates it, those parts must die. How is the system 
cleared of this foe ? 

By the iron in the blood. That iron first made love, in the 
lungs, to the oxygen, also in the lungs, and wooed her to leave her 
husband, the nitrogen of the air, and run away with him, which she, 
faithless one, gladly seconded. 82 But no sooner is she brought into 
close proximity, in the capillary blood-vessels, with the carbon in the 
blood, than she finds in it another paramour, which she loves still 
better. Carbon reciprocates this love; when, jilting her iron para- 
mour, she rushes into the arms of this charcoal lover so ardently, that 
they consume each other, and die of excess of love, leaving only their 
burnt carcasses in the form of carbonic acid gas. 

This iron in the blood thus left desolate, — good enough for him, 
he ran away with oxygen, the wife of the nitrogen of the air, and 
carbon served him just right to run away with his stolen wife — by 
way of making the best of his desertion, proffers his hand to this 
carbonic acid, is accepted, concludes a union, and, being a great 
traveller, takes his new bride along back with him by slow and 
leisurely movements to the lungs. Their union, not being extra 
cordial, this carbonic acid finds in the nitrogen of the air in the lungs 
a much more agreeable companion than in the iron, and, quitting the 
iron, rushes through this gauze membrane of the lungs, 80 combines 
with this nitrogen, and is brought out of its pent-up enclosure into 
the wide world, again to enter into the formation of vegetables and 
food. 

This desertion does not aggravate the iron, because he has found 
a new supply of oxygen, which he likes far better than carbonic acid. 
Or thus : The nitrogen in the air, and the iron in the blood, mutually 
agree to swap wives, each liking the other's wife better than his own, 
and as these wives both love each other's husbands better than their 
own, they "jump at " the proposed exchange. This series of faith- 
less desertions on the one hand, and of runaway matches on the other, 
accomplishes that grand end of heating up the system so comfortable 
in itself, and so indispensable to life — a means as ingenious as the end 



ANIMAL HEAT; ITS USES, MANUFACTURE, AND DIFFUSION. 527 

attained is indispensable. By these means the system guards itself 
against the otherwise fatal consequences of those sudden and extreme 
changes of the atmosphere from heat to cold ; is prevented from freez- 
ing on the one hand, and from burning on the other ; and always kept 
at the required temperature. Thus it is that — 

Animal warmth is generated by respiration and digestion. 

Philosophical readers, who love to trace out the relations of 
cause and effect, say whether these combinations, evolutions, and re- 
combinations are not beautiful in the highest possible degree. And 
do they not go far towards explaining the instrumentalities by which 
life takes place ? This wonderful process, thus far an unfathomable 
mystery, the very attempt to solve which has been considered blas- 
phemy, bids fair to be brought within the range of scientific investi- 
gation. That great philosopher, Liebig, has put us upon the track, 
and thus opened a new and most instructive field of philosophical 
research. 

134. — The Eegulation of Animal Heat by Food. 

The atmospheric temperature is extremely changeable, some- 
times one hundred degrees above, and anon forty below zero. Some 
means must therefore be ordained to create the more heat the colder 
it is ; and the less the warmer, so as to keep the bodily temperature 
even. 131 A self-acting instrumentality, as simple as efficient, effects 
this, viz. : the colder the air the more dense it is, and therefore con- 
tains the more oxygen and nitrogen for its bulk. Hence the three 
pints of air inhaled at each breath, yields the more oxygen the colder 
it is, just when the most heat is needed. The colder the air the more 
heat it both requires and generates; so that healthy persons need 
little fire even in winter ; because Nature increases the supply of heat 
in proportion to its demand. 

Since the breath yields much more oxygen per hour in winter 
than summer, yet can combine with only its fixed equivalent of car- 
bon, we need to eat the more food, and that the more highly carbon- 
ized, the colder the weather. Hence appetite is the better the colder 
the weather, and relishes more highly carbonized food, such as fat, 
four-fifths of which are carbon. This is equally true of butter, 
honey, various oils, nuts, and the like. Hence the Esquimaux can 
drink down gallons of train-oil, and eat twenty or more pounds of 
meat per day, and fourteen pounds of candles at a meal, without 
injury; indeed cannot live without an immense consumption of car- 



52S ANIMAL WARMTH, SKIN ACTION, AND SLEEP. 

bon. The great condensation of the air consequent on extreme cold 
allows him to inhale proportionate quantities of oxygen, to burn up 
which he must have this great supply of carbon. We should, there- 
fore, eat more in cold weather than in warm, and food richer in 
carbon. 

Meat is unnecessary in winter, because vegetable food contains 
more carbon than animal. The albumen of wheat is over half car- 
bon, and four pounds of starch contain as much as thirteen of meat. 
Molasses and sugar are about all carbon, except their water. All 
vegetable oils contain about four-fifths carbon, and hence nuts should 
be eaten in winter. Honey, butter, olive oil, etc., contain it in as 
great proportion as fat meat, which is made by an excess of food in 
fattening animals over breath, and liable to be diseased. 

Graminivorous animals, reindeer, etc., can inhabit very cold 
regions, while most carinivori are confined to warm. If meat is so 
conducive to animal heat and life, why are lions, tigers, etc., confined 
to warm climates? As oats keep the horse abundantly warm, why 
not oatmeal keep man warm enough in winter? Ask the Highland 
Scotch, from time immemorial, if their oatmeal cakes and gruel have 
not kept them warm enough to camp out, even in winter, with snow 
for their pillow and blanket. 

Civilized life gives too much carbon, not too little. This is 
•especially true of the sedentary. They breathe but little, because they 
exercise little, and live mostly in heated rooms, where the air is both 
rarefied and vitiated. Hence they inhale but little oxygen, and 
therefore require but little carbon to burn it up. Yet such eat, and 
keep eating, as heartily as out door laborers, and often more so. 
That fall coolness which brings relief sharpens up appetite, and they 
take still more carbon, thus keeping up both its superabundance and 
their disease; whereas, if they would eat sparingly, meanwhile 
breathing freely so as to burn up its surplus, they would obtain per- 
manent health. 112 

135. — Regulation of Animal Heat by Fire. 

Fire, indispensable in generating steam, smelting, etc., can' also be 
made to regulate animal heat. Though vigorous exercise in perfect 
health would probably furnish all needed animal warmth, yet we 
often require to apply our minds while sitting, as in writing, reading, 
listening, and in sickness, exhaustion, infancy, etc., where there is too 
little action to keep warm by breathing alone, when fire becomes 



ANIMAL HEAT \ ITS USES, MANUFACTURE, AND DIFFUSION. 529 

comfortable, and even indispensable. It is hardly less beneficial than 
water. If we do not keep sufficiently warm by air, we must supply 
the deficit by fire. Colds, those great disease breeders, come from 
being too cold. Yet even in sickness, when the circulation is low, it 
is better to provoke as much natural heat by friction and clothing 
and rely as little on fire, as possible. Invalids, of all others, require 
oxygen, which artificial heat always and necessarily reduces. Those 
who are obliged to resort to fire for warmth are pitiable. They may 
live along from hand to mouth as to health, yet can never know the 
real luxury of a comfortable temperature. Such should by all means 
practise directions for enhancing the circulation. 142 

Internal heat is immeasurably superior to external. Men rely 
far too much on external, and too little on internal. Though we re- 
quire fire, yet this alone can never keep us sufficiently warm. How 
hot, think you, must the atmosphere be to keep the body, inside as 
well as out, at 98° ? Hot enough to burn the skin to a crisp. Try 
the experiment on a corpse. Fire is utterly powerless to keep us duly 
warm. Most of our heat, indeed all of it, must be generated within 
us. The use of fire is to keep us warm by retarding the escape of in- 
ternal heat, not to actually infuse external heat into us. Those who 
cannot keep themselves warm by breathing and food, can never keep 
warm at all; because in and by the very act of warming a room you 
prevent the manufacture of internal heat, by rarefying the air ; and 
when the fire is in the room heated, burns out much of its oxygen, so 
that the lungs cannot convey enough to the blood to support the 
required internal combustion. 82 External heat, therefore, so far from 
keeping us warm, actually prevents that warmth in the ratio of its 
intensity. That is, the warmer we keep our rooms, the colder we 
thereby keep ourselves. All this, besides the smoke and noxious 
gases necessarily consequent on burning fuel. 

Let personal experience attest. How many times in your lives, 
in weather so cold that you could not keep yourself warm in-doors, 
when compelled to drive out into the cold, have you thereby so ac- 
celerated circulation and perspiration as in a few minutes to be quite 
warm enough, though just before chilly by a hot fire? And this 
natural warmth is much more delightful than artificial. Out of doors 
is the place to keep thoroughly warm in cold weather. 

Sedentaries know no more about the backwoodsman's table luxu- 
ries, than he about " city fixins ; " and the way he can beat them 
keeping warm in cold weather, notwithstanding their hard coal and 
67 



530 ANIMAL WARMTH, SKIN ACTION, AND SLEEP. 

air-tight stoves, can be known only by trying. Those having consti- 
tutions unimpaired, should remain where there is as little fire as pos- 
sible, and never rely on it to warm feet or hands, but only on natural 
warmth. Those who generally occupy warm apartments cannot well 
imagine how much more brisk, lively, buoyant, intense, and happy 
the feelings, and how much clearer and more vigorous all the intellec- 
tual operations, while one is kept warm by exercise in a cold day, 
than by sitting in a hot room ; nor how lax and listless, in comparison, 
artificial heat renders us. Abundance of exercise, respiration, and 
good food are the great receipts for keeping comfortable in cold weather. 

In-door life in cold weather, and hot rooms, are exposed too for- 
cibly by our subject to require enlargement. Housed victims can 
obtain only a small supply of oxygen ; first, because the air they 
breathe is so rarefied by heat that a given bulk contains but little ; 
secondly, because the fire has burnt out much of the vitality of that 
little ; thirdly, because they have breathed what little air there is over 
and over again, and thus loaded it with carbonic acid gas ; and be- 
cause they exercise so little that they secure but little action in their 
lungs. Such live slowly, yet are incurring disease. 

Habitually chilly persons should occupy warm climates. For 
such, and for consumptives southern California, near the coast, about 
San Diego, is undoubtedly the very best on the globe. 

Air-tight stoves shut out oxygen by preventing the circulation of 
the atmosphere, and are perfect abominations, except where frequent 
opening doors renews the air. Have a draught whenever you 
must have a fire. All close stoves paralyze life and hasten death. 
Open fireplaces are best. 

The Eussian stove, made wholly out of brick, is cheaply and 
easily constructed, and makes an even heat, of which it gives off an 
astonishing amount for the fuel consumed. 

136, — Clothes as regulating Warmth; their Necessity, 
Quantity, Kinds, etc. 

Apparel supplies one of man's natural wants ; else he would have 
been created with a thick skin, covered with an abundance of hair or 
fur. He was obviously designed to inhabit both the frozen and torrid 
zones of the equator and both poles, where, without some protection 
against these extremes of the heat and cold, he must freeze to death in 
one, and roast in the other. Clothes furnish this protection, besides 
enabling him, by varying its quantity and quality, as the weather 



ANIMAL HEAT ; fTS USES, MANUFACTURE, AND DIFFUSION. 531 

changes, greatly to promote the required uniformity of temperature, 
They do not generate heat, but they do retard its escape. Wrapping 
up ice keeps in its cold; while wrapping a hot iron keeps in its 
warmth. 

All wear too much clothing. Habit is allowed to determine the 
amount more than Nature. The error begins in the cradle. Mothers, 
extra tender of infants, pile on so many night and day, as to weaken 
their babes' skin. 641 From the first they are literally smothered with 
it. Besides keeping the nursery quite too warm, they must have on 
several thicknesses, and then be covered up most of the time under 
bed-clothes, with only a small breathing-hole left. It is just as you 
habituate them ; with this difference, that shutting in the animal heat 
relaxes the skin, and paves the way for those colds so injurious. 140 
Extra clothing promotes colds, instead of preventing them. They 
should not take cold ; yet of this there is little danger, because that 
same self-acting regulator of heat which protects adults, exists also in 
them. Eely on this, and do not engender disease by extra clothing. 

Children three years old and over generate animal heat very 
rapidly, if allowed to play. Give them the liberty of the yard, and risk 
their taking cold, unless they have previously been nursed to death. 
This muffling up boys with comforts around their necks, in addition 
to neck wrappers, caps pulled down tight around their ears, warm 
mittens and overclothes, a cart load of bed-clothes, and the like, 
are injurious. When running out and in, they will keep warm 
without all this fuss. 

The Indian even in cold latitudes keeps more comfortable in the 
coldest weather, with only a blanket thrown loosely around his 
shoulders, and much of his body exposed directly to the cold, than we 
with a quarter of a score of thicknesses, and cotton batting to boot. 
We need clothing, yet should rely upon it only as a partial regulator 
of heat, not as our principal warming agent. Clothes, by retarding 
its escape, cause us to require less food and breath, so that those who 
cannot get enough to eat, should dress extra warm, while those who 
can eat should dress lightly. Extra clothing also relaxes the skin, 
and prevents the generation of animal heat, which leaves the system 
colder instead of warmer. The young and robust should habituate 
themselves to but little clothing, even in winter, relying for warmth 
more on Nature and less on art ; yet we should not change too sud- 
denly. Too much is better than too little. Keep warm we must ; 
but should augment internal heat by increased exercise and breathing. 



532 ANIMAL WARMTH, SKIN ACTION, AND SLEEP. 

Its quantity should be the greater the colder the weather ; yet the 
healthy need not vary its quantity with every variation of the 
weather, for the internal heat is in the exact ratio of the external 
cold. This alone shows that we should rely on Nature's provision 
for warmth, instead of on art — should breathe and eat more as the 
weather becomes colder, instead of dressing warmer. 

Yet invalids, and those whose circulation is defective, re- 
quire such variation. As most of us now are, these changes would 
benefit ; yet we should diminish their necessity by enhancing internal 
heat. 

Cleanliness demands a frequent change of raiment. Since per- 
spiration brings out a great amount of corrupt and poisonous matter 
through the skin, 138 most of which is absorbed by the under clothes, 
of course they should be changed and cleansed frequently. The neces- 
sity of this will be rendered apparent by the following experiment : 
Taking off and rolling up your under garment, wash your body, and 
the unpleasant sensations consequent on putting it on again show how 
much corruption it has imbibed, and how repugnant it is to a clean 
skin. The same sensations are experienced when you return to bed, 
after having been up a few minutes. This also shows the importance 
of airing, and frequently changing the bed-clothes. None should 
sleep in the under garments worn day times. 

Flannel and silk under clothes in cold weather are rendered 
advisable by the weakness of the skins of most city, and many coun- 
try people; yet those who can keep warm without them should put 
them on later and take them off the earlier, and wear them only till 
they can remove them without taking cold. Silk is highly extolled 
for comfort; yet, like flannel, retains the perspiration and effluvia. 
Cotton furnishes the best material for under and summer clothing. 

137. — Attire for the Head, Neck, Hands, and Feet. 

Some head dress should obviously be worn, if only to keep the 
hair in place, yet hardly for warmth, which hair secures. Hats and 
caps keep it too warm, unless well ventilated, while chignons outrage 
good taste, and blunt the mind by palsying its cerebral organ, the 
brain, 35 but the turban is unobjectionable. Muffling up will do for 
invalids, but is unwise in those who can do without. 

A tight-neck dress is most injurious, because it retards the flow 
of blood to and from the head. Stocks do this, and by choking cause 
bronchial troubles. A tight-neck dress also confines in the clothes 



ANIMAL HEAT ; ITS USES, MANUFACTURE AND DIFFUSION. 533 

and around the body that nauseating effluvia it generates, which an 
open dress allows to rise and pass off. The Byronic mode of dressing 
the neck is preferable to all others, and advisable in those ladies who 
can keep warm with it, and in all girls. 

The beard of men, when allowed to grow, protects the throat, 
permits the escape of perspiration and effluvia, looks masculine, was 
not created for nought, and cannot be cut off with impunity. 

The hands can be kept warmer without mittens than with, for 
they obstruct natural warmth. Put them on late, and only in extreme 
cases, and warm your hands by rubbing, whipping, etc., and they will 
rarely ever suffer from cold. 

Gloves in summer, worn for looks, are supremely ridiculous. 
What ! Human hands so homely that gloves must cover their defor- 
mity ? and human fabrics handsomer than divine ? and rat skin than 
human? Gloves hide the bewitching beauty of the female hand. 
Natural beauty surpasses artificial. Hands unadorned are adorned 
the more. 

Bare arms promote health and comfort, especially while at work, 
by allowing the free escape of waste matter. Children who go with 
them uncovered will be the healthier, and feel the more comfortable. 

Warm feet are most desirable, as cold ones are most injurious. 
They guard the system against the ingress of disease, while more 
diseases enter it through cold feet than through all other channels put 
together. 

That Old saw, " Keep the head cool and feet warm," is full of 
practical wisdom. In fact cold feet induce headache by a partial con- 
gestion of the brain ; nor is there a greater cure for headache than 
rubbing, washing, soaking, and toasting the feet, because they draw 
off that extra rush of blood to the head which causes it to ache. 

Wash and rub the feet often. Few things promote health 
more than their daily ablution. It will nearly double that of every 
reader who will practise it, as well as unspeakably enhance his 
serenity of mind. Jefferson attributed his uniform health, even in 
advanced age, more to this one practice than to any other. Running 
in the water in summer does children good. Let all children be 
brought up to wash their feet in cold water on retiring. Than 
the prevailing idea that it injures them, nothing is more erroneous or 
foolish. Is it poisonous ? Warm wet feet are not the precursors of 
the winding-sheet, though cold wet feet often breed disease. Keep up 
the circulation in them, and they may be wet half the time without 



534 ANIMAL WAKMTH, SKIN ACTION, AND SLEEP. 

injury. The great evil is not in wet, but cold feet, of which the 
judicious application of cold water is the greatest known preven- 
tive. 

Dressing the feet so as to secure the required warmth, then, be- 
comes a matter of great importance. Reliance for keeping them warm 
should not be placed on shoes, stockings, and fires. The principles 
of fire and dress, already applied to the body, 135 apply equally to the 
feet. Almost exclusive reliance should be placed on vigorous circula- 
tion, as secured by exercise and washing, not on stockings, boots, and 
over-shoes. In fact, the latter generally impair the circulation, and 
thus induce coldness of the feet instead of warmth. In general, the 
lighter dressed the warmer, provided they have sufficient exercise. 

Stockings injuke, because they retain the perspiration, which in- 
vites cold. Experiment will surprise all who try it, that feet keep 
warmer without them than with. A friend was awakened early one 
cold winter morning, to take the stage which could not wait. Unable 
to find both his stockings, he started off with but one, intending to 
get a pair at the first relay ; but finding the unstockinged foot the 
warmest, postponed day after day, when, finding it still the warmest, 
he discontinued the use of the other, and has done so ever since, and 
says his feet are much the warmer for it. Similar trials will result 
similarly; yet should be commenced in summer, and the feet washed 
daily. These views may seem strange, because contrary to custom; 
but try, before condemning them. 

Heating the feet with brick, stones, and the like, impairs instead 
of promoting the circulation. Warm them by walking, stamping, and 
the like, instead. And in riding, by far the best plan for keeping 
them is to walk or run. 

Going barefoot in summer is most beneficial for children. All 
love it dearly, and this is Nature's warrant for its utility. The soles 
of their feet are furnished from birth with a thick epidermis, 138 which 
going barefoot renders very thick and tough, and abundantly protects 
them from injury, of which all poor and barefoot subjects are examples. 
It will not give them cold, but will prevent sickness by promoting 
health and circulation in the feet all through their after life. 

"But how they look!" What was just said of covering the 
hands applies equally to dressing the feet. If bare feet were fashionable, 
they would look no worse than bare faces or hands. The Persians 
esteem uncovered faces as ugly-looking as we do uncovered feet; 
whereas they are quite ornamental as w T ell as useful, and children look 



THE SKIN, PERSPIRATION, ETC. 535 

almost as bad with them muffled up in summer as ladies do with 
covered ears. Still " every one to his liking." 

" But unconfined feet grow large, broad, and homely." Then 
go to China and have done with it. As though cramping the feet, 
and preventing their natural development, increases their beauty ! 
As though you could improve on Nature, and correct her deformities 
by art ! Let Nature " have her perfect work," yet you who choose 
may warp and cramp yours to your liking. 

Large shoes and " broad across the soles," are most desirable 
during growth, as narrow soles and cramped feet are most injurious. 
Tight shoes and boots interrupt pedal circulation for all after life, and 
thus induce other and more aggravated ailments. Give feet " the 
largest liberty." 

Corns, always consequent on wearing too tight boots or shoes, 
should warn all to wear those which neither pinch nor pain. To cure 
them, wash them often in cold water; keep them well pared down 
with a sharp razor ; put a wet cloth on them at night ; give away or 
burn all pinching boots and shoes; and wear a piece of deerskin over 
corns, with a hole cut in it, just where they come. 

Flesh-cutting toe-nails are easily curable thus. Instead of 
cutting them off, only to have to repeat the operation, or of raising them 
up, as is usual, so wind a narrow strip of thin cloth around the toe, as 
to form a wrinkle of skin and flesh on its under side ; that is, so as to 
crowd and keep the flesh away from the nail, instead of keeping the 
nail away from the flesh. Or press the flesh downward instead of 
raising the nail upward, and you will hear no more from it. 

Paring the middle of the top of the paining nail will also allow 
it to thicken or full up in its middle, which will raise its cutting cor- 
ners up out of the flesh. 



Section II. 

the skin, perspiration, etc. 

138. — The Structure and Offices of the Skin. 

Protection against all prospective evils and dangers, is one of 
Nature's first laws. 182 The body must be guarded at all points. Its 
extremely delicate organs and functions must not be interrupted or 
interfered with, on pain of death. Some envelope, hard to break 



536 



ANIMAL WARMTH, SKIN ACTION, AND SLEEP. 



through, some fender to resist all aggressions, must encase its entire 
surface. Yet it must be so flexible as to allow perfect freedom of 
action. 

Forewarning against transpiring injury is also a necessity , SI We 
must be made to shrink back from whatever is impairing our organism, 
besides learning to avoid it ever afterwards. 

Excretion must be amply prearranged. The waste and poisonous 
ingredients generated by this life process must be allowed to escape. 

The Skin effects all these, and several other like ends. It con- 
sists of a tough, yet exceedingly thin membrane, enveloping the en- 
tire surface of the body, in structure quite like the mucous membrane 
which lines the inside of the alimentary canal. It is composed of three 
coatings — the cuticle, or epidermis, a horny, insensible over coat, such 
as we see often rubbed up by bruises, and raised in blisters. This out- 
side skin is thin over the joints, so as not to obstruct their motion, but 
thick in the palms of the hands and soles of the feet, even from birth 
— a wise provision indeed. The middle coating, called rete mucosum, 
contains that coloring matter which paints the various races their 

various colors — the African, black, 
for example. The cutis, dermis, 
or true skin, is the great instru- 
mentality of sensation, absorption, 
and exhalation. 

A mental Faculty with its 
cerebral organ, obviously secures 
this required skin action. 75 It 
has not yet been, but will be dis- 
covered ; along with its facial 
polarity. 

Its mode of producing sensa- 
tion by touch is illustrated in the 
accompanying engraving of one 
of the papilla?, or extremities of 
the nerves, which originate in the brain, and after traversing and 
ramifying throughout the entire body, finally terminate in an infini- 
tesimal network of nerves at the skin. 

Little pores fill this cutis perfectly full, about three thousand 
being contained in every square inch. It is also filled with two sets 
of capillary nerves and blood-vessels, the latter being especially 
numerous here so as to support the former, and thus create sensation. 




No. 110. — Papilla of the Son. 
Gerber. 



After 



THE SKIN, PERSPIRATION, ETC. 537 

Indeed, it is probably composed mainly by these tissues, and its in- 
numerable pores are doubtless formed by their interweaving. Through 
them the waste water, and much of the excrementitious matter en- 
gendered during the vital process, escape ; causing the perspiration to 
be sensible or insensible, according as it is more or less copious. 

Sensible perspiration causes sweat to ooze out and stand in drops, 
or run down in streams, from all parts of the body, as when we take 
violent exercise in hot weather, drink copiously of warm water, and 
the like. 

Insensible perspiration is perpetually escaping from all parts of 
the skin, and rendered plainly perceptible by inserting the hand in a 
glass tumbler turned bottom upwards, or by laying it on glass, or 
even drawing the finger slowly across it. 

The regulation of animal heat is also effected in part by this 
perspiration. In hot weather our internal heat is sometimes so ex- 
cessive that, unless dissipated somehow, it would melt the fat, and 
cause death. This surplus is carried off by perspiration thus. All 
bodies absorb heat when passing from a dense medium to one more 
rare. Hence water, in passing into steam, takes up a great amount 
of heat, which it again gives off in returning back to water, on the 
w T ell-known chemical principle that all bodies give off heat when 
passing from a rarer medium to a denser. Here, again, water be- 
comes a porter. An excess of heat aids the conversion of water into 
steam, which then takes up this surplus heat, carries it out of the 
system in steam, and gives it off again while condensing back to 
water — a self-acting and most efficacious arrangement for effecting an 
indispensable end. Hence men can remain in ovens heated hot 
enough to cook meat, and long enough to bake it, without destroying 
life. They sweat out this surplus heat, or else their own flesh would 
also bake. 

Perspiration must needs, and does perform some most important 
end in the animal economy. These forty ounces of water do not 
steam forth perpetually from the system alone, but rush out much 
of the waste matter engendered by the vital process, which is one of 
perpetual waste. It is estimated that all the matter in the body, at 
any given time, becomes useless, because its vitality is " used up," and 
carried off, and its place re-supplied by foreign substances, every 
seven years. Probably half that time would be nearer the fact. Of 
course, if it were allowed to remain just where it is created, the body 
would soon become as filthy as the Augean stables. To prevent this, 
it is carried off as fast as it is manufactured. 



538 ANIMAL WARMTH, SKIN ACTION, AND SLEEP. 

How? By that same aqueous porter which brought it. The 
blood brings a load of oxygen, and, as soon as it is unloaded, takes 
on one of carbonic acid created by combustion. 134 After the water in 
the blood has carried out and deposited its freight of fresh muscle, 
nerve, etc., it takes on another freight of waste matter, and issues 
forth in steam. But for some such expulsive principle, this water 
would lie inert in the system. Force is necessary to expel it, and 
doubly so to expel its accompanying corruption. Now does not this 
conversion of water into steam, which necessarily manufactures force, 
create the power required to expel both the water and its freight? 
At all events, out it comes, and drags along out with it more than 
half of the refuse of all we eat and drink. Though the kidneys, 
bowels, and lungs help to evacuate this waste matter; yet the skin is 
the great sluice-way for this excrementitious egress — that scavenger 
of life which collects up all the leavings and filth out of the high- 
ways and byways of the city of life, and empties them out through 
this gateway. Hence the — 

139. — Importance of keeping the Pores of the Skin open. 

Closed pores leave this waste matter shut up within the body, to 
clog the organs of life on the one hand, and breed disease on the 
other; because most of this waste matter, like carbonic acid, is poison- 
ous 113 as well as in the way. It must escape, or extinguish life. Woe 
to that system which retains it within its borders ! Andrew Combe 
ably enforces this point as follows : — 

" In tracing the connection between suppressed perspiration and 
the production of individual diseases, we shall find that those organs 
which possess some similarity of function sympathize most closely 
with each other. Thus the skin, the bowels, the lungs, the liver, and 
the kidneys sympathize readily, because they have all the common 
office of throwing waste matter out of the system, each in a way 
peculiar to its own structure ; so that, if the exhalation from the skin, 
for example, be stopped by long exposure to cold, the large quantity 
of waste matter which it was charged to excrete, and which in itself 
is hurtful to the system, will most probably be thrown upon one or 
other of the above-named organs, whose function will consequently 
become excited ; and if any of them, from constitutional or accidental 
causes, be already weaker than the rest, as often happens, its health 
will naturally be the first to suffer. In this way, the bowels become 
irritated in one individual, and occasion bowel complaint; while in 
another, it is the lungs which become affected, giving rise to catarrh 
or common cold, or perhaps even to inflammation. When, on the 
other hand, all these organs are in a state of vigorous health, a tem- 
porary increase of function takes place in them, and relieves the 



THE SKIN, PERSPIRATION, ETC. 539 

system, without leading to any local disorder; and the skin itself 
speedily resumes its activity, and restores the balance among them. 

" One of the most obvious illustrations of this reciprocity of action 
is afforded by any convivial company, seated in a warm room in a 
cold evening. The heat of the room, the food and wine, and the ex- 
citement of the moment, stimulate the skin, cause an afflux of blood 
to the surface, and increase in a high degree the flow of the insensible 
perspiration; which thus, while the heat cootinues, carries off an 
undue share of the fluids of the body, and leaves the kidneys almost 
at rest. But the moment the company goes into the cold external air, 
a sudden reversal of operations takes place, the Cold chills the surface, 
stops the perspiration, and directs the current of the blood towards 
the internal organs, which presently become excited — and, under this 
excitation, the kidneys, for example, will in a few minutes secrete as 
much of their peculiar fluid, as they did in as many of the preceding 
hours. The reverse of this again is common in diseases obstructing 
the secretion from the kidneys ; for the perspiration from the skin is 
then altered in quantity and quality, and acquires much of the peculiar 
smell of the urinary fluid. 

" When the lungs are weak, and their lining membrane is habitually 
relaxed, and secretes an unusual amount of mucus from its surface, 
the mass thrown inwards upon the lungs by cold applied to the skin, 
increases that secretion to a high degree. Were this secretion to 
accumulate, it would soon fill up the air-cells of the lungs, and cause 
suffocation ; but to obviate this danger, the Creator has so constituted 
the lungs, that accumulated mucus, or any foreign body coming in 
contact with them, excites the convulsive effort called coughing, by 
which a violent and rapid expiration takes place, with a force sufficient 
to hurry the mucus or other foreign body along with it; just as peas 
are discharged by boys with much force through short tubes by a 
sudden effort of blowing. Thus, a check given to perspiration, by 
diminishing the quantity of blood previously circulating on the sur- 
face, naturally leads very often to increased expectoration and cough, 
or, in other words, to common cold. 

" The lungs excrete, as already noticed, and as we shall afterwards 
more fully see, a large proportion of waste materials from the system ; 
and the kidneys, the liver, and the bowels, have in so far a similar 
office. In consequence of this alliance with the skin, these parts are 
more intimately connected with each other in healthy and diseased 
action than with other organs. But it is a general law, that whenever 
an organ is unusually delicate, it will be affected by any cause of 
disease more easily than those which are sound: so that, if the ner- 
vous system, for example, be weaker than other parts, a chill will be 
more likely to disturb its health than that of the lungs, which are 
supposed, in this instance, to be constitutionally stronger ; or, if the 
muscular and fibrous organizations be unusually susceptible of dis- 
turbance, either from previous illness or from natural predisposition, 
they will be the first to suffer, and rheumatism may ensue ; and so on. 
And hence the utility to the physician of an intimate acquaintance 
with the previous habits and constitutions of his patients, and the 
advantage of adapting the remedies to the nature of the cause, when 
it can be discovered, as well as to the disease itself. A bowel com- 



540 ANIMAL WARMTH, SKIN ACTION, AND SLEEP. 

plaint, for instance, may arise from overeating as well as from a check 
to perspiration ; but although the thing to be cured is the same, the 
means of cure ought obviously to be different. In the one instance, 
an emetic or laxative to carYy off the offending cause, and in the other 
a diaphoretic to open the skin, will be the most rational and efficacious 
remedies. Facts like these expose well the glaring ignorance and 
effrontery of the quack, who affirms that his one remedy will cure 
every form of disease. Were the public not equally ignorant with 
himself, their credulity would cease to afford to his presumption the 
rich field in which it now revels. 

" The close sympathy between the skin and the stomach and bowels 
has often been noticed, and it is now well understood that most of the 
obstinate eruptions which appear on the face and rest of the surface, 
owe their origin to disorders of the digestive organs, and are most 
successfully cured by treatment directed to the internal disease. Even 
among the lower animals, the sj r mpathj r between the two is so marked 
as to have arrested attention. Thus, in speaking of the horse, Del- 
abere Blaine says, ' B3* a well-known consent of parts between the 
skin and alimentary canal in general, but between the first passages 
and the stomach in particular, it follows, in almost every instance, 
that when one of these becomes affected, the other takes on a sympathetic 
derangement also, and the condition is then morbid throughout. 
From close observation and the accumulation of numerous facts, I 
am disposed to think, that so perfect is this ^-mpathetic consent 
between these two distant parts or organs, that they change the order 
of attack as circumstances occur. Thus, when the skin is primarily 
affected, the stomach becomes secondarily so, and vice versa,' so that 
' a sudden check to the natural or acquired heat of the body, particu- 
larly if aggravated by the evaporation of a perspiring state,' as often 
brings on disease of some internal organ, as if the cause were applied 
to the organ itself. 

" In noticing this connection between the suppression of perspira- 
tion and the appearance of internal disease, I do not mean to affirm 
that the effect is produced by the physical transference of the sup- 
pressed exhalation to the internal organ. In many instances the chief 
impression seems to be made on the nervous system ; and the manner 
in which it gives rise to the resulting disease is often extremely 
obscure. Our knowledge of the animal functions is, indeed, still so 
imperfect, that we daily meet with many occurrences of which no 
explanation can be given. But it is nevertheless of high utility to 
make known the fact, that a connection does exist between two orders 
of phenomena, as it calls attention to their more accurate observation, 
and leads to the adoption of useful practical rules, even when their 
mode of operation is not understood. Nothing, indeed, can be more 
delusive than the rash application of merely physical laws to the ex- 
planation of the phenomena of living beings. Vitality is a principle 
superior to, and in continual warfare with, the laws which rugulate the 
actions of inanimate bodies ; and it is only after life has become extinct 
that these laws regain the mastery, and lead to the rapid decomposi- 
tion of the animal machine. In studying the functions of the human 
body, therefore, we must be careful not to hurry to conclusions, before 



THE SKIN, PERSPIRATION, ETC. 541 

taking time to examine the influence of the vital principle in modify- 
ing the expected results. 

" It is in consequence of the sympathy and reciprocity of action 
existing between the skin and the internal organs that burns and even 
scalds of no very great extent prove fatal, by inducing internal, 
generally intestinal, inflammation. By disordering or disorganizing 
a large nervous and exhaling surface, an extensive burn causes not 
only a violent nervous commotion, but a continued partial suspension 
of an important excretion ; and, when death ensues at some distance 
of time, it is almost always in consequence of inflammation being ex- 
cited in the bowels or sympathizing organs. So intimate, indeed, is 
this connection, that some surgeons of great experience, such as the 
late Baron Dupuytren, of the Hotel Dieu, while they point to internal 
inflammation as in such cases the general cause of death, doubt if 
recovery ever takes place, when more than one eighth of the surface 
of the bod} 7 is severely burnt. And whether this estimate be correct 
or not, the facts from which it is drawn clearly demonstrate the 
importance of the relation subsisting betwixt the skin and the other 
excreting organs. 

" In some constitutions, a singularly enough sympathy exists 
between the skin and the bowels. Dr. A. T. Thomson, in his work on 
Materia Medica (p. 42), mentions that he is acquainted with a clergy- 
man who cannot bear the skin to be sponged with vinegar and water, 
or any diluted acid, without suffering spasm and violent griping of the 
bowels. The reverse operation of this sympathy is exemplified in the 
frequent production of nettle-rash and other eruptions on the skin, by 
shell-fish and other substances taken into the stomach. Dr. Thomson 
tells us that the late Dr. Gregory could not eat the smallest portion 
of the white of an egg, without experiencing an attack of an eruption 
like nettle-rash. According to the same author, even strawberries 
have been known to cause fainting, followed by a petechial efflorescence 
of the skin. 

" We have seen that the insensible perspiration removes from the 
system, without trouble and without consciousness, a large quantity 
of useless materials, and at the same time keeps the skin soft and 
moist, and thereby fits it for the performance of its functions as the 
organ of an external sense. In addition to these purposes, the 
Creator has, in his omniscience and foresight, and with that regard to 
simplicity of means which betokens a profoundness of thought incon- 
ceivable to us, superadded another, scarcely less important, and which 
is in some degree implied in the former ; I mean the proper regulation 
of the bodilj 7 heat. It is well known that, in the polar regions and in 
the torrid zone, under ever} 7 variety of circumstances, the human 
body retains nearly the same temperature, however different may be 
that of the air by which it is surrounded. This is a property peculiar 
to life, and, in consequence of it, even vegetables have a power of 
modifying their own temperature, though in a much more limited 
degree. Without this power of adaptation, it is obvious that man 
must have been chained for life to the climate which gave him birth, 
and even then have suffered constantly from the change of seasons; 
whereas, by possessing it, he can retain life in a temperature sufficiently 



542 ANIMAL WARMTH, SKIN ACTION, AND SLEEP. 

cold to freeze mercury, and is able for a time to sustain, unharmed, a 
heat more than sufficient to boil water, or even to bake meat. Witness 
the wintering of Captain Parry and his companions in the Polar 
Regions; and the experiments of Blagden, Sir Joseph Banks, and 
others, who remained for many minutes in a room heated to 260°, or 
about 50° above the temperature of boiling water. The chief agents 
in this wonderful adaptation of man to his external situation are un- 
doubtedly the skin and the lungs, in both of which the power is 
intimately connected with the condition of their respective exhalations. 
But it is of the skin alone, as an agent in reducing animal heat, that 
we are at present to speak. 

" The sources of animal heat are not yet demonstrably ascertained ; 
but that it is constantly generated and constantly expended has been 
long known ; and if any considerable disproportion occurs between 
these processes, it is at the immediate risk of health. During repose 
or passive exercise, such as riding in a carriage or sailing, the surplus 
heat is readily carried off by the insensible perspiration from the lungs 
and skin, and by the contact of the colder air ; but when the amount 
of heat generated is increased, as during active exercise, an increased 
expenditure becomes immediately necessary." 

140. — Colds cause most Diseases. 

Colds consist in suppressed perspiration ; nothing else, and are 
occasioned thus : Cold always contracts. This fact is established. 
Hence a sudden change of the temperature of the skin from heat to 
cold causes its pores to contract ; many of them to close. This shows 
why we perspire so little in obdurate colds and fevers. The injury 
they inflict arises mainly from their shutting up this waste matter 
within the system. And the reason why, during colds, the lungs, 
nose, etc., discharge copiously a thick, yellow phlegm, is, that this 
corruption, shut in by the closing of these pores, yet being hostile to 
life, 113 is carried to the lungs, and converted into phlegm, to the kid- 
neys, bowels, and even to the "brain, and discharged through the nose 
and all the other outlets ; and hence that increase of all these excre- 
tions as mentioned by Combe. 

Experience attests that these cold customers are exceedingly 
troublesome. How dull, feverish, restless, and miserable they render us, 
and how full of aches and pains ! They are the principal cause of teeth- 
aches. A bad tooth rarely gives trouble except after a cold ; and the 
way to cure it is to cure that cold which causes it. 

Fevers, too, are mainly the results of colds. That sand bar of 
health, the fever and ague, always supervenes on colds. Avoid them, 
and you escape it. And those neighborhood epidemics which sweep 
over city and country, affecting nearly all, prostrating many, and cut- 



THE SKIN, PERSPIRATION, ETC. 543 

ting off more or less in the midst of life, are generally only colds, 
which certain states of the atmosphere have conspired to occasion, and 
these cause choleras, influenzas, or other distempers. Avoid colds, and 
these plagues will pass you by as those of Egypt did the Israelites. 
None can have a cold without having a fever, for colds cause fevers. 
Though fevers may be caused by other violations of the laws of 
health, yet colds are always their usher. Hence the adage, " Stuff a 
cold and starve a fever," is erroneous. Bilious and kindred attacks 
always supervene on colds, generally commencing with chills, just as 
colds do ; and though the stomach is also disabled, yet, but for the 
cold, it would not have given out. It may have been previously foul, 
and have thus generated a great amount of corruption, which, however, 
open pores would have continued to carry off; whereas, this outlet 
closed, it is retained, accumulates, obstructs, poisons, and at length 
prostrates, perhaps destroys life. Colds cause nine-tenths of all the 
diseases of all climates, except those created by impaired digestion. 
Indeed, even when the latter breeds disease perpetually, open pores 
carry it off as continually, so that little damage is done. But shut 
these pores, and all that corruption engendered by impairment in any 
of the vital organs, is also shut in to poison and destroy. Keep clear 
of colds and you will escape diseases, because other causes will rarely 
be sufficient to induce them. As five-eighths of the waste matter of 
the vital process escapes through the skin, why should not the closing 
of this avenue occasion that proportion of all diseases? Let those who 
think this attributes more diseases to colds than really belong to them, 
note the universal fact, that they always precede and induce consump- 
tion, — that great mower of human life. Did you ever know a con- 
sumptive patient whose attack did not set in after a terrible cold ? 
Consumption is only a cold protracted and aggravated. No matter 
how predisposed, hereditarily or practically, persons may be to con- 
sumption, they will never have it till they take a "heavy cold." 
Avoiding these precursors and ushers of this disease, insures your life 
against the disease itself. And those thus predisposed should, in a 
special manner, guard against contracting colds, and when taken, 
break them up as quickly as possible, for their life depends upon the 
issue. 

Children rarely sicken till they get cold. Of the correctness of this 
assertion, let observation be the test. All colds do not make them down 
sick, yet they never become sick till they have taken cold. Keeping 
them from the latter guarantees them against sickness. Even when their 



544 ANIMAL WARMTH, SKIN ACTION, AND SLEEP. 

disease appears to be seated in the stomach, or head, or other organs, 
its origin will generally be found in suppressed perspiration, as shown 
in the extract from Combe. Catarrhs are the direct products of colds. 
So are most bowel complaints, and brain fevers, influenzas, and 
almost all infantile ailments. Keep the young from taking colds, or 
break up all colds as soon as contracted, and they will never be sick, 
nor die, except of old age. 

Rheumatic affections also proceed from colds. Are not these 
pains in joints, muscles, and bones, re-doubled every time you take 
cold ? The same holds true of headache, which is generally a rheumatic 
affection of the brain. 

A promising youth, in East Bradford, Mass., took a most violent 
cold, which induced a correspondingly violent fever, and hurried him 
into his grave. Another brother, while attending the funeral of this 
one, also took a terrible cold, which in a few days swept him also into 
eternity. A sister, exhausted by watching this brother, also took a 
severe cold while attending his funeral, and, in consequence, was soon 
bereft of reason, and then attacked with a scorching fever, of which 
she died in about a week. All three deaths were distinctly traceable 
to colds. Three or four other members of this self-afflicted family 
were also sick simultaneously, of colds, the weather at the time of 
these funerals being particularly unfavorable. Tracing sickness up to 
its cause, will show that colds cause nine cases in every ten. Recall 
your own ailings, and see if this principle does not explain their 
origin. But why particularize further? Do not the experiences of 
most, and the observations of all, prove that colds are the chief causes 
of disease? And the distinctions made by physicians between differ- 
ent forms of fever, and other diseases, are not founded in the nature 
of such diseases, but are only different modes of attack and manifesta- 
tion of the same disease — colds. 

Their prevention, therefore, becomes as important as they are 
injurious. To consumptives it is life, as these colds are death. How, 
then, can they be prevented ? 

By keeping the skin active. Animal heat abounds at the sur- 
face so as to fortify it against those changes of temperature which 
affect the skin mainly. Hence the great accumulation of blood-vessels 
at the surface. Probably no part, the head excepted, is as abundantly 
supplied with them as the skin. Hence its warmth. Now vigorous 
surface circulation will keep these pores so warm as to resist the 
closing action of the external cold. In such cases these atmospheric 



THE SKIN, PERSPIRATION, ETC. 5-15 

changes do no evil. They close the pores only where the surface cir- 
culation has become impaired. Keep that vigorous, and it will ward 
off all colds, extreme cases of exposure excepted. Whatever, therefore, 
tends to promote the activity of the skin, thereby fortifies the system 
against colds. The two means of promoting such action, are the pro- 
motion of circulation in general, and the external application of fric- 
tion and water. 

141. — Baths, and their Modes of Application. 

Frequent ablution of the entire body effectually fortifies against 
colds. How suprising an amount of scurf and dried skin is taken 
off by an occasional hot bath and friction ! Right bathing will stave 
off consumption, no matter how great its hereditary predisposition. 
Astor's wealth would not compensate for a discontinuance of this 
practice, because colds, with all their evils, would soon follow. Any 
reader not accustomed to frequent bathing, would actually find ai 
greater prize in its judicious application than if he should inherit 
Rothschild's fortune ; because, by removing diseases and their causes 
and prolonging life, it would promote general enjoyment more than 
all the wealth of the world ! Its habitual use renders one cold proof T 
and keeps both hereditary and acquired predispositions to disease at 
bay, as well as doubles and trebles ability to endure both physical and 
mental exertion. Even as a luxury, it is equalled only by food and 
sleep. Its pleasure is the greater the colder the weather, because of 
the greater reaction and subsequent delightful glow. Still, it must be 
rightly managed, else it results in evil proportionate to its good, and 
should never be taken except where sufficient energy remains to pro- 
duce a delightful reaction and glow — these sure signs and concomitants 
of its utility. A. Combe remarks on this point as follows : — 

" For general use, the tepid or warm bath seems to me much more 
suitable than the cold bath, especially in winter, and for those who are 
not robust and full of animal heat. Where the /constitution is not 
sufficiently vigorous to secure reaction after the cold bath, as in- 
dicated by a warm glow over the surface, its use inevitably does 
harm. A vast number of persons are in this condition ; while, on 
the contrary, there are few indeed who did not derive evident ad- 
vantage from the regular use of the tepid bath, and still fewer who are- 
hurt by it. 

"Where the health is good, and the bodily powers are sufficiently 

vigorous, the cold bath during summer, and the shower bath in winter,. 

may serve every purpose required from them. But it should never be 

forgotten, that they are too oowerful in their agency to be used by 

69 



546 ANIMAL WARMTH, SKIN ACTION, AND SLEEP. 

every one, especially in cold weather. In proportion as cold bathing 
is influential in the restoration of health when judiciously used, it is 
hurtful when resorted to without discrimination ; and invalids, there- 
fore, ought never to have recourse to it without the sanction of their 
professional advisers. 

" Even where cold bathing is likely to be of service, when judiciously 
employed, much mischief often results from prolonging the immersion 
too long, or from resorting to it when the vital powers are too languid 
to admit of the necessary reaction — before breakfast, for example, or 
after fatigue. For this reason, man}' persons derive much benefit 
from bathing earl}' in the forenoon, who, when they bathe in the morn- 
ing before taking any sustenance, do not speedily recover their natural 
heat and elasticity of feeling. 

11 For those who are not robust, daily sponging of the body with 
cold water and vinegar, or with salt water, is the best substitute for 
the cold bath, and may be resorted to with safety and advantage in 
most states of the system ; especially when care is taken to excite in 
the surface, by subsequent friction with the flesh-brush or hair-glove, 
the health}' glow of reaction. It then becomes an excellent preserva- 
tive from the effects of changeable weather. When, however, a con- 
tinued sensation of coldness or chill is perceptible over the body, 
sponging ought not to be persisted in: dry friction, aided by the tepid 
bath, is then greatly preferable, and often proves highly serviceable 
in keeping up the due action of the skin. 

11 For habitual use, the tepid or warm bath is certainly the safest and 
most valuable, especially during the autumn, winter, and spring, and 
for invalids. A temperature ranging from 85° to 98°, according to 
the state of the individual, is the most suitable; and the duration of 
the immersion may vary from fifteen minutes to an hour or more, ac- 
cording to circumstances. As a general rule, the water ought to be 
warm enough to feel pleasant without giving a positive sensation of 
heat ; the degree at which this happens varies considerably, according 
to the constitution and to the state of health at the time. Sometimes, 
wiien the generation of animal heat is great, a bath at 95° will be felt 
disagreeably warm and relaxing; while, at another time, when the 
animal heat is produced in deficient quantity, the same temperature 
will cause a chilly sensation. The rule, then, is to avoid equally the 
positive impressions of heat and cold, and to seek the agreeable me- 
dium. A bath of the latter description is the reverse of relaxing ; it 
gives a cheerful tone and activity to all the functions, and may be used 
every day, or on alternate days, for fifteen or twenty minutes, with 
much advantage. 

" A person of sound health and strength may take a bath at any 
time, except immediately after meals. But the best time for valetu- 
dinarians is in the forenoon or evening, two or three hours after a 
moderate meal, when the system is invigorated by food, but not op- 
pressed by the labor of digestion. When the bath is delayed till five 
or six hours after eating, delicate people sometimes become faint under 
its operation, and, from the absence of reaction, are rather weakened 
by the relaxation it then induces. As a general rule, active exertion 
ought to be avoided for an hour or two after using the warm or tepid 
bath ; and, unless we wish to induce perspiration, it ought not to be 



547 

taken immediately before going to bed ; or if it is, it ought to be 
merely tepid, and not of too long duration. 

" These rules apply, of course, onty to persons in an ordinary state 
of health. If organic disease, headache, feverishness, constipation, or 
other ailment exist, bathing ought never to be employed without medi- 
cal advice. When the stomach is disordered by bile, it also generally 
disagrees. But that it is a safe and valuable preservative of health in 
ordinary circumstances, and an active remedy in disease, is most cer- 
tain. Instead of being dangerous by causing liability to cold, it is, 
when well managed, so much the reverse, that the author of these 
pages has used it much and successfully for the express purpose of 
diminishing such liability, both in himself and in others in whom the 
chest is delicate. In his own instance in particular, he is conscious 
of having derived much advantage from its regular employment, es- 
pecially in the colder months of the year, during which he has uni- 
formly found himself most effectually strengthened against the im- 
pression of cold, by repeating the bath at shorter intervals than usual. 

" In many manufactories, where warm water is always obtainable, it 
would be of very great advantage to have a few baths erected for the 
use of the operatives. Not only would these be useful in promoting 
health and cleanliness, but the}^ would, by their refreshing and sooth- 
ing influence, diminish the craving for stimulus which leads so many 
to the gin-shop ; and, at the same time, calm the irritabilitj* of mind 
so apt to be induced by excessive labor. Where the trade is dirty, as 
many trades necessarily are, it is needless to say how conducive to 
health and comfort a tepid bath would be on quitting it for the day. 

11 On the Continent, the vapor and hot-air bath are had recourse to 
both as a means of health and in the cure of disease, to a vastly 
greater extent than they are in this country. Their use is attended by 
the very best effects, particularly in chronic ailments, and where the 
water-bath is felt to be oppressive by its weight ; and there can be no 
question that their action is chiefly on the skin, and through its me- 
dium on the nervous system. As a means of determining the blood to 
the surface, promoting cutaneous exhalation, and equalizing the cir- 
culation, they are second to no remedy now in use ; and consequently, 
in a variety of affections which the encouragement of these processes 
is calculated to relieve, they ma} r be employed with every prospect of 
advantage. The prevalent fear of catching cold, which deters many 
from using the vapor-bath, even more than from warm bathing, is 
founded on a false analogy between its effects and those of profuse 
perspiration from exercise or illness. The latter weakens the body, 
and by diminishing the power of reaction, renders it susceptible of 
injury from sudden changes of temperature. But the effect of the 
vapor-bath properly administered is very different. When not too 
warm or too long continued, it increases instead of exhausting the 
strength, and, by exciting the vital action of the skin, gives rise to a 
power of reaction which enables it to resist cold better than before. 
This I have heard many patients remark ; and the fact is well ex- 
emplified in Russia and the North of Europe, where, in the depth of 
winter, it is not uncommon for the natives to rush out of a vapor-bath 
and roll themselves in the snow, and be refreshed by doing so ; whereas, 
were they to attempt such a practice after severe perspiration from 



548 ANIMAL WARMTH, SKIN ACTION, AND SLEEP. 

exercise, they would inevitably suffer. It is the previous stimulus 
given to the skin by the vapor-bath which is the real safeguard against 
the coldness of the snow. 

" Common experience affords another illustration of the same prin- 
ciple. If, in a cold winter day, we chance to sit for some time in a 
room, imperfectly warmed, and feel in consequence a sensation of 
chilliness over the body, we are much more likely to catch cold on 
going out, than if we had been sitting in a room comfortably warm. In 
the latter case, the cutaneous circulation and nervous action go on 
vigorously ; heat is freely generated, and the vital action of the skin 
is in its full force. The change to a lower temperature, if accom- 
panied with exercise to keep up vitality, is then felt to be bracing and 
stimulating rather than disagreeable. But it is widely different when 
the surface is already chilled before going out. The vitality of the 
skin being diminished, reaction cannot follow additional exposure ; the 
circulation leaves the surface and becomes still more internal ; and if 
weakness exist in the throat or chest, cold is the almost certain re- 
sult. Many suffer from ignorance of this principle. 

" The vapor-bath is thus calculated to be extensively useful, both as 
a preservative and as a remedial agent. Many a cold and many a 
rheumatic attack, arising from checked perspiration or long exposure 
to the weather, might be nipped in the bud by its timely use. In 
chronic affections, not only of the skin itself, but of the internal or- 
gans with which the skin most closely sympathizes, as the stomach 
and intestines, the judicious application of the vapor-bath is produc- 
tive of great relief. Even in chronic pulmonary complaints, it is, ac- 
cording to the continental physicians, not only safe, but very service- 
able ; particularly in those affections of the mucous membrane which 
resemble consumption in so many of their S3 T mptoms. Like all power- 
ful remedies, however, the vapor-bath must be administered with 
proper regard to the condition and circumstances of the individual; 
and care must be taken to have the feet sufficiently warm during its 
use. If, from an irregular distribution of the steam, the feet be left 
cold, headache and flushing are almost sure to follow." 

The hand bath is preferable to all others, because it is more easily 
applied; requires much bodily exertion, which facilitates the required 
reaction ; and can be discontinued the instant a chilly sensation begins 
to supervene, beyond which no bath should ever be continued a single 
moment. Salt, vinegar, and other stimulants added to the water, 
facilitate this reaction, by exciting the skin, as does also sea-bathing, 
w r hich, under certain circumstances, is most excellent. 

142. — The Cuke of Colds by Perspiration; Glass- 
blowers. 

Opening these pores, in the closing of which colds consist, can 
be effected in part by washing and rubbing, but perspiration forces 
them open more effectually than probably any other means whatever. 



THE SKIN, PERSPIRATION, ETC. 549 

Indeed it is the great antidote of colds and their dread array of con- 
sequences. What induces it is immaterial, so that it is copious, and 
does not eventuate in another cold. Where the patient is able to ex- 
ercise sufficiently to burst open these pores, whether he takes this ex- 
ercise out of doors or in a warm or cold atmosphere, is not material, 
so that he induces it. In short, get into a dripping sweat, and then 
cool off without contracting more cold, and you will drive it off, as 
well as feel many fold better. 

Incipient colds, taken before they prostrate the system, can be 
broken up the best by drinking copiously of water, warm or cold, or 
of warm lemonade, or currant jelly and warm water, or warm com- 
position tea, which is excellent to start perspiration, and then work 
right hard, almost violently, meanwhile pouring down one or another 
of these drinks by the quart. Do not overdo so as completely to 
exhaust, but only so as to secure profuse perspiration. This, together 
with the water, which, when taken in quantities, must have some exit, 
will re-open these closed pores, and prevent the disease. Warm herb 
teas will fill the place of water, yet are no better in their effects, 
and less liable to be taken, on account of their bitterness. 

Soaking the feet in hot water, and then toasting them on re- 
tiring, meanwhile drinking copiously as above directed, and then 
covering up extra warm ; or even the extra drinking and covering, 
answer a like purpose; yet care must be taken to keep the extra 
clothes on, so as not to contract a new cold — the principal evil at- 
tendant on this simple and effectual cure. How many of us, while 
young, cured our cold thus ? Day-time is best. Eat little or no 
breakfast, but drink copiously of cold water for an hour or two after 
rising, and when able to endure it, exercise vigorously, and then re- 
turn to bed, cover up warm, and breathe, 85 sweat till your hands 
begin to shrivel. Sleep if you can. On rising, wash all over in sale- 
ratus water, rub dry and briskly, and keep in a gentle perspiration all 
day by exercise. Or eat little breakfast, and begin to drink and exer- 
cise about eleven A. M., and pursue the same course, omitting dinner, 
and eat only a light supper, or at least a light dinner, and very light 
supper, and retire early, or as soon after you have done exercise as 
possible, so as not to renew your cold. 

The warm bath, followed by friction and exercise, is also most 
excellent, and will generally prove efficacious. Yet here, too, care 
must be taken to guard against renewed colds, not by staying in the 
house, or muffling up, but by exercise, the very best means of inducing 
perspiration in the world, because the most natural. 



550 ANIMAL WARMTH, SKIN ACTION, AND SLEEP. 

The wet sheet is another excellent method, especially for those 
who are not able to exercise sufficiently to get up the required per- 
spiration. Whatever secures copious perspiration breaks up cold, 
besides unloading the system of its obstructions and poisons. Evacu- 
ating the bowels, by injections, will facilitate, yet it is not indispen- 
sable. Vomiting, especially by drinking warm water, just at the 
lukewarm, sickening temperature, will render essential service. Hot 
bricks wrapped in wet cloths, and laid at the feet ; sitting in a tub of 
right hot water, covered over with a bed-quilt to keep in the heat and 
steam ; a rum sweat, produced by burning alcohol under a chair on 
which the patient sits, covered around the neck by a quilt ; anything, 
everything which induces a profuse perspiration will rout these 
disease-breeders. Yet a dash of cold water over the body, to close 
these pores a little and cause reaction, should always follow all 
perspiration. 

The Turkish bath, rightly administered, is one of the best of all 
the baths, and will break up colds, chronic rheumatism, etc., and make 
one feel like a new being. It should be much more generally 
patronized than it is. For ladies, it is unrivalled, relieving their 
obstructions, nervousness, etc., remarkably. Yet it must always end 
with the plunge bath. 

Glass-blowers furnish an excellent illustration of routing colds 
by inducing perspiration. Obliged to labor excessively hard, and 
around a furnace so extremely hot as to keep the material at a white 
heat, they of course sweat profusely, all their clothes being often 
wringing wet. Yet the sides of the building must be open to the 
wind, else they could not endure the heat an hour. And they go from 
their furnaces to their houses while thus perspiring, and hence often 
take severe colds one day, which, however, they generally sweat out 
the next, so that these repeated colds make but a short stay, and do 
little damage; simply because they expel them by inducing copious 
perspiration. This simple fact furnishes a valuable practical illustra- 
tion of the true method of curing colds. 

Spontaneous perspiration is by far the best. Children often sweat 
freely while asleep, awaking only to call for water. This is a most 
favorable symptom; and the desired water should be freely adminis- 
tered till they wake up, when they should be washed off in saleratus 
water under bed-clothes, followed by friction and brisk play, so as to 
keep it up. Yet care should be taken not to contract additional 
cold. 



sleep; Its necessity, office, amount, time, etc. 551 

Break up colds by starting the sweat, by what means it 
matters little, so that it is copious, protracted, and not followed by 
more cold. 



Section III. 

sleep ; its necessity, office, amount, time, promotion, etc. 

143.— indispens ability, universality, and office of sleep. 

All that lives, sleeps. — All animals, from snail to man, all fish, 
fowls, and insects, sleep. Even all vegetables and trees sleep pro- 
foundly during winter, only to awaken with spring to renew their 
two great works, growth and reproduction ; though the sleep of 
annuals is death. Dormancy is one of the attendants and even 
functions of life. A Scotchman in Boston, in 1843, claimed, no doubt 
sincerely, to have slept but once in seven years, yet was seen to assume 
an easy posture, close his eyes, nod, and appear, for all the world, just 
as others do when they doze. 

A sleeping instinct accompanies all life, which, at about equi- 
distant intervals, compels not rest merely, but a suspension of con- 
sciousness in sleep proper. Best is good, but insufficient without 
sleep. It precedes and accompanies sleep, but rest is one thing, and 
sleep quite another; sleep being much more than rest. 

Love of sleep is quite as strong an instinct as love of food. 48 Those 
denied both a given length of time will starve rather than keep awake 
any longer in further search of food. This proves that sleeping is 
quite as important as eating. 90 Soldiers, -wearied with long marches, 
will have sleep, though they know that, in stopping to take it, they 
will be taken prisoners, and put to death. In battle, with balls flying 
all around them, they must still sleep, despite the danger thereby 
incurred. 

Dormitories occupy as much, and constitute as necessary, a part 
of our houses as both kitchen and parlor. Men provide for sleep- 
ing quite as much as for eating ; that is, all make absolute provision 
for both, and accordingly, by common consent, suspend work to 
obtain it. 

The office of sleep must therefore be as absolutely necessary as 
this demand for it is both imperious and universal. Precisely what it 
accomplishes science has not yet declared, yet it probably both reoxy- 



552 ANIMAL WARMTH, SKIN ACTION, AND SLEEP. 

genates the blood, and accomplishes that assimilation and appropriation 
of food which renew the organism, ready for another effort. It is to 
life what re-loading a discharged gun is to its next discharge, — its sine 
qua non. This view is supported by these two facts, that we breathe 
more and deeper while asleep than ordinarily while awake, and that 
we grow during sleep, being nearly half an inch taller after than before 
a sound night's sleep, and everywhere plumper and larger; as well as 
by the fact that growing children and youth sleep the most and most 
soundly, while old people sleep the less, and less soundly ; their sleep 
being more like an inane stupor than sweet sleep proper. All can 
observe that, just as they begin to go to sleep, they fill their lungs 
fuller, and empty them farther than before ; which snoring also 
illustrates. 

A sleeping Faculty which creates this sleeping instinct, un- 
doubtedly presides over this function as well as over Alimentation, 75 
having of course its cerebral organ, which is probably located in the 
base of the brain, between Acquisition and Appetite and near Biba- 
tion. Still this opinion is partly conjectural, though in part ex- 
perimental. 

In great sleepers and snorers it is large, and also in the young ; 
but diminishes with age, and as the constitution wanes. 

Wakefulness is frequently consequent on nervousness, but oftener 
on stomachic inflammation, because this organ adjoins Appetite, so 
that one feels sleepy when Appetite is sated, and restless in dyspepsia. 
One of the chief evils of dyspepsia is this restlessness, produced by an 
inflamed stomach inflaming Appetite, and this its contiguous organ of 
Sleep. For a kindred reason an overloaded and oppressed stomach 
causes a stupid lethergy akin to sleep, by which the stomach relieves 
itself. 

Corrupt matter is cast off the most rapidly during sleep, as is 
evinced by the fetid, nauseating smell of bed-rooms and bed-clothes 
in the morning, and of all dark bed-rooms. It is awful, and re- 
enforces their complete ventilation most effectually. 89 

The luxury of sound sleep is also one of the greatest proffered by 
their Good Father to man and beast. Though unconscious, yet we 
really enjoy a good sleep even more than " a square meal." None 
should allow business, or anything, to curtail this luxury, and parents 
should promote it in children, instead of " drumming them out of bed 
early." Indeed, the best way to do the greatest day's work possible, 
is to get a complete sleep the night before. 



sleep; its necessity, office, amount, time, etc 553 

The restorative and invigorating effects of sleep are indeed a 
perpetual marvel. How refreshed it renders us in the morning, after 
being so tired the night before ? How wonderfully a five minutes' 
nap sometimes enlivens and strengthens us, at least equalling a hearty 
meal in resupplying vitality. Work away with head, or hands, or 
both, if you will, just as long as you can sleep well, but stop working 
as soon as your sleep departs, or you will break down, or else become 
insane. Keeping well slept out and rested up, will add incalculably 
to your capacity to enjoy, endure, and accomplish ; while promoting 
sleep^ promotes all the other life functions. It completes the supply 
of vitality, probably by appropriating all its material to their respective 
uses. 

The cultivation or promotion of sleep is as important as this 
function is imperious. Going to bed, and going to sleep are two very 
different things. Paradoxical as it may seem, restlessness is often a 
precursor and preparation for sleep. Your fevered stomach awakens 
you with some horrid dream, because Sleep lies along side of Appetite. 
You lie wide awake for hours, thinking of every thing unpleasant. 
"Why ? Because you have over eaten, and oppressed Nature must 
work off this surplus somehow, even, if she has to keep you awake 
thinking and feeling wildly while she does so. After she has thus 
" cleared the coast " you sleep all the better than you could otherwise 
have slept. Yet if you had not over eaten you could have slept from 
the first. 

A right state of the stomach is the best of all promoters of 
sleep. Retiring with warm feet is another. 

144. — Its Amount, Duration, Time, Promotion, Beds, etc. 

Great workers are always correspondingly great sleepers. Not 
that they always sleep very long, but always very soundly. To cut 
short the full time required for sleep, is to cut short one's capacity to 
work, and of course the work itself; while promoting sleep promotes 
power to work. Sleeping abundantly saves time. Wasting time in 
needed sleep is a misnomer. Yet we can over-sleep as well as over- 
eat and exercise. The due medium is the great desideratum. 
Physiologists differ as to the length of time required, and well they 
may, because different persons require different lengths, according to 
circumstances. Yet there is a right length, easily determined. 

The time spent in sleep furnishes no criterion of its amount, 
because some sleep more in an hour than others in a night. Somt* 



554 ANIMAL WARMTH, SKIN ACTION, AND SLEEP. 

may doze away half their time, yet be starved for sleep, while others 
sleep abundantly in six or seven hours, depending on its soundness and 
previous fatigue. 

Unimpaired constitutions sleep so soundly, that about seven hours 
in the twenty-four are sufficient, yet broken constitutions require 
eight, or more. Over-eating also demands additional sleep, as does 
excessive toil of any kind, of which all are experimental witnesses. 
All disorders of the stomach and nervous system also require additional 
time for sleep, because it is then less refreshing. Hence different and 
even the same persons require to sleep different lengths of time under 
different circumstances. Exceedingly active persons, who, when awake, 
are wide awake, require to sleep longer than those who are half asleep 
when awake. Convalescents also require to sleep more than usual. 
Each must judge for himself, while all should sleep enough, but none too 
much. Over-sleeping is as injurious as gluttony. How stupid, palsied, 
and good-for-nothing it renders one, as all can doubtless testify. Our 
own appetite for sleep, as for food, un perverted, furnishes us with an 
infallible guide. 93 Nature will rouse us to consciousness when our 
sleep is out; and, when thus summoned, all should spring at once from 
their couch. To hug the pillow, half asleep and half awake, is most 
pernicious, and, like over-eating, only craves the more, besides too 
often inducing, or at least facilitating, impure feelings. 466 ^ 74 Would 
that the importance of rising immediately on waking could be duly 
impressed, especially on youth. 

Night is too obviously Nature's appointed time for sleep to require 
proof. All animals, fowls, and insects, except those expressly consti- 
tuted to find their food by night, retire with the sun, but awaken with 
the first " peep of day." Not that all should sleep from evening till 
morning twilight, yet what time we do sleep, should be in the night, 
except in special cases. This sitting up half the night and sleeping 
half the next day, by reversing the order of Nature, must prove inju- 
rious. Extraordinaries excepted, all should rise with the lark, especi- 
ally children, who should retire soon after the hens do. Better sleep 
mornings than too little ; yet either retire the earlier, so as to have 
your sleep out at least by sunrise, or else take a short nap in the middle 
of the day. Those whose previously formed habits prevent their 
going to sleep early, even though they go to bed, should break up 
such habits. " Early to bed and early to rise," is the motto for 
health. The customs of society may sometimes require morning sleep 
by preventing a due degree of night sleep. Thus a public speaker 



SLEEP ; ITS NECESSITY, OFFICE, AMOUNT, TIME, ETC. 555 

often finds his nerves so excited that, though he retires, the blood 
courses through his throbbing brain so as utterly to defy sleep, to 
compensate for which, he needs to sleep mornings. 

Nervous persons, and especially excitable children, however, con- 
stitute an exception to this general rule. That such should retire and 
rise late is proved by this law : That the earth is charged with more 
positive electricity in the after part of the day than during any other 
portion of its diurnal revolution, is apparent, as is also its reason. This 
charges excitable persons positively ; which makes them " work the 
best when the sun is in the west ; n and their excitability continues 
into the earlier part of the night, which precludes early sleep. Hence 
the custom of sitting up late nights. Hence also most writers write 
best between two and eleven, P. M. Yet towards morning, when the 
earth has lost these stimulating sun rays, such become calmer, and 
sleep best in the later part of nights, and mornings. Excitable chil- 
dren should therefore on no account be roused from sleep to prepare 
for school, but left to sleep till noon if they like. Sleep whenever you 
can sleep best, but sleep abundantly. 

To promote sleep, then, is sometimes most important. Many can- 
not obtain enough. All preternatural excitements of the brain and 
nervous system prevent its due supply, as do mental troubles, over- 
exertion, disordered stomachs, and disease of any kind. In all these, 
and kindred cases, sleep should be promoted. 

Previous preparation is the starting point. As to enjoy a meal, 
we must first become hungry, and also prepare it, so we should sharpen 
up our sleeping appetite, and also prepare ourselves, mentally and 
physically, for this delightful repast and grand restorer of exhausted 
energy. This can be facilitated by a due degree of action, especially 
muscular. To overdo causes wakefulness, yet a due quantity of daily 
employment promotes refreshing sleep at night. Those who would 
enjoy sleep must exercise, especially those whose wakefulness is 
caused by nervous or cerebral excitability. They should also avoid 
excitement, and seek quiet in the evening before retiring, and reduce 
that cerebral action which keeps them awake. Becoming comfortably 
tired prepares for refreshing sleep. 

The wakeful should especially go to bed soon after becoming 
drowsy, else they become wide awake, and remain so perhaps much 
of the night. This direction is particularly important. Yet going to 
bed only to lie awake, or before we are prepared for sleep, is also 
bad. We should try to go to sleep as soon as possible after going to bed. 



556 ANIMAL WARMTH, SKIN ACTION, AND SLEEP. 

Amusements, especially domestic, if of a pleasing, soothing kind, 
also promote sleep, as playing with children, conversing with friends, 
and the like. 549 But exhilarating, exciting amusements intercept it. 
Especially promotive of sleep is a quiet, happy frame of mind, while 
unpleasant feelings, especially anger, retard it, so that the former 
should always be cultivated, and the latter avoided, both in ourselves 
and children. " Let not the sun go down upon your wrath/' is 
doubtless founded in this physiological law. Hence induce children 
to have a good play or frolic just before going to bed. 

Religious contemplations and devotional exercises especially 
promote sleep, by diffusing over the soul a delightful quiet, a heavenly 
calmness, which invite it. A physician once directed a wakeful 
patient to think on God, when he would, but could not sleep ; and 
the patient said that for forty years, whenever wakefulness returned, 
following this prescription soon lulled him to sleep. Family devotion 
induces a similar preparation. 200 

Moderate fasting promotes sleep, while a full stomach- retards 
it. The English think differently, and eat on retiring; but if a full 
stomach facilitates sleep, we should become hungry when we became 
sleepy, whereas sleep diminishes appetite. In fact we eat less when 
we sleep abundantly, and the more, the less we sleep. 

Invalids, and the sick in particular, require to sleep much. As a 
restorative, medicines bear no comparison with sleep. Hence waken- 
ing the sick to give drugs is consummate folly. There is no better 
sign of a favorable turn of disease than natural sleep. A state of 
mere stupidity is a bad omen ; yet differs materially from natural 
sleep. 

Being disturbed when once asleep, till fully rested, causes sub- 
sequent wakefulness. Many weakly mothers have ruined their health 
and lost their lives by crying children. Yet they can so train them 
as to sleep soundly all night, from infancy to maturity. 640 

Day naps are also most excellent for invalids, children, and all 
who do not or cannot obtain sleep enough during the night. A mere 
doze is to such most refreshing. If you cannot get to sleep the first few 
times, keep trying till you can, and you will soon form the habit. 
Even if you do not lose yourself, the rest will benefit. And before 
dinner is much better than after. 

The middle story is immeasurably better for dormitory purposes 
than one directly under the roof, or on the ground floor, the former 
being too hot nights and cool mornings, and the latter too damp. 
But we shall treat domicils hereafter. 20 ° 



SLEEP; ITS NECESSITY, OFFICE, AMOUNT, TIME, ETC. 557 

The best posture for promoting sleep is doubtless recumbent on 
the back, unless Love is too excitable, because it facilitates respiration. 
Lying wholly on either side often causes the internal organs and even 
brain to sag and remain more on that side, which is evidently inju- 
rious. Habituate children to sleep on the back, and if on either side, 
also on both sides. 

A slight elevation of the head may be beneficial, yet habit 
aside, the horizontal posture for both head and body is probably the 
best. 

Beds and bedding are important articles. Mattresses are prefera- 
ble to feathers, because not soft enough to enervate, nor hard enough 
to give pain. Even those of straw are none too hard. Feathers are 
decidedly unwholesome, especially in summer, because animal matter j 
subject to decay ; unpleasant in odor ; vitiating to the air ; relaxing 
and weakening ; preventing the escape of perspiration ; disturbing 
sleep, so that it fails to refresh ; causing headache, and unfitting for 
business and pleasure; while cotton mattresses are excellent, and pro- 
nounced by Ellsworth in his Patent Office Reports " the most comforta- 
ble, and healthy material for bedding known to the civilized world. 
Vermin will not abide in them : unlike hair and wool they contain no 
grease, do not become stale, or acquire an unpleasant odor like feathers, 
besides being in many cases medicinal — raw cotton worn on parts 
affected with rheumatism being known to be one of the best and most 
effectual cures -, ,,m and as cheap again as any other kind, as seen in 
the following estimates : — 

Cost of Hair Mattress, at 50 c. pr. lb., 30 a 40 lbs., from 15 to $20 
Wool " 30 c. " " cost " 11 to 12 

Feathers " 30 c. " " 40 lbs., 12 

Moss " — " " " 12 

Cotton " 30 " 8 c, with cost of ticking 

at 12^ cents per yard, labor, thread, etc. $6 65 

Woven wire mattresses are still better, and the best of all. They 
are manufactured by the Woven Wire Mattress company, of Hartford, 
Conn. ; are remarkably elastic ; yield to the least pressure, yet return 
to their original form the instant pressure is removed ; need no shak- 
ing up ; retain ncne of the fetid matter imbibed by all other mat- 
tresses ; furnish no lodgment for vermin ; never sag, nor wear out, 
nor get out of order, nor need repair ; cannot burn ; are absolutely 
noiseless ; beautiful ; cheap ; need no slats or springs below, and only 
a quilt above ; are easily transported ; allow a light and heavy person 



558 ANIMAL WARMTH, SKIN ACTION, AND SLEEP. 

to sleep together without inconvenience ; and form a mattress in every 
respect absolutely perfect. We say all this experimentally, and 
most unqualifiedly recommend them above all other kinds for use in 
families, hotels, vessels, hospitals, and everywhere. Those long bed- 
ridden could never become sore on them. All this holds equally true 
of the wire pillows made on this principle. 

A stack of bed-clothes is also as pernicious as a superabundance 
of clothes by day. 136 They prevent sleep, and retain about the body all 
the corrupt effluvia it throws off, which should be allowed to escape. 
None should sleep cold, yet all should habituate themselves to as little 
as possible and keep comfortable. During the day, these clothes should 
be thrown upon the backs of chairs, and thoroughly aired in a 
draught till towards evening. 

Covering up the head under bed-clothes is most pernicious. One 
may almost as well not breathe at all as to breathe over and over 
again the same fetid air. 89 

Pillows are usually so thick as to cause a bend at the neck, and 
thus retard the free passage of the air during sleep. This greatly in- 
creases the snoring. All Eastern nations use a small block, having a 
hollow place in it fitted to the head, raising it sufficiently to make it 
horizontal with the body. All pillows should be thin, or else one 
should be laid lengthvise of the body, so as to avoid a short curve at 
the neck. Let the head, neck, and body be parallel to each other, in 
sleeping as in standing. 



THE OSSEOUS AND MUSCULAR SYSTEMS. 559 



CHAPTER V. 

THE MOTIVE AND NERVOUS APPARATUS, AND FUNCTIONS. 

Section I. 

« 
the osseous and muscular systems. 

145. — The Human Skeleton. 

The expenditure of this vitality, thus manufactured, and other- 
wise useless, completes and fulfils the glorious destiny of existence. 
Vital force is like raw material, or "stock" to the mechanic, which 
when procured, next requires to be worked up into the various ends of 
life, or it will avail nothing. For this expenditure Nature has made 
provisions quite as ample as for its supply, in two ways, motion, and 
the mentality, sensation included. To subserve these two ends, the 
entire human structure, the inimitably beautiful vital apparatus in- 
cluded, was created. 

Without motion, man must always have remained in one place, 
like the oyster, and been incapable of speaking, eating, or doing any- 
thing ; and without mind and sensation, he would have been incapable 
of experiencing one single emotion of pleasure or pain ; but behold 
and admire the number and variety of functions effected through their 
united instrumentality ! In fact they embody all the ends of being. 

Organs adapted thereto are necessary to effect these great ends. 
These organs consist of the osseous, muscular, nervous, and cerebral 
systems, to the discussion of which our subject now brings us. 

Bones form the timbers of this human superstructure. But for 
some framework within the body, both to keep the various organs in 
place, and to form, as it were, timbers or fulcrums for the attachment 
of muscles, motion would be impossible. The first provision of a mo- 
tive apparatus consists in devising these supporting timbers. Bones 
constitute such a provision. With their general appearance all are 
familiar. They are composed principally of two substances, animal 
and earthy, into the latter of which lime and phosphorus enter — the 



560 THE MOTIVE AND NERVOUS APPARATUS, AND FUNCTIONS. 

former imparting life, and the latter firmness. In youth the animal 
part predominates, and hence the greater flexibility of young bones, in 
order to prevent fractures, aid in breaking falls, and facilitate growth; 
it being the first part of the bone formed, as seen in the tender cartil- 
ages of chicken bones. But as age advances, this earthy material pre- 
dominates over the animal, because the muscles, having become 
stronger, require augmented stiffness to prevent their bending, while 
experience guards against falls. They become more and more brittle 
with age, and hence their greater frangibility, till, in a certain disease 
. which consumes their animal matter, they break from slight strains ; 
whereas, in another disease which consumes their earthy matter, but 
leaves their gelatinous, they can be bent any way, and even tied up 
in knots without breaking; yet in this case motion is impossible. 
These bones are also permeated with blood-vessels and nerves, the 
former to supply growth and vitality, and the latter to impart sen 
sation. 

They number two hundred and fifty-two, instead of being one 
solid mass, are united by joints, and held together by powerful liga- 
ments. At these joints, the bones enlarge, and become spongy, though 
the weight of their ends is not greater than that of their middle por- 
tions, which, together with an elastic plating between them, serves to 
deaden the blows of a fall or jump upon the feet, so that, before it 
reaches the brain, it is comparatively obviated, and that delicate struc- 
ture saved from contusion. Throw two hundred pounds down ten 
feet, a distance we often jump, and how hard it strikes ! Not so with 
man. A membrane is also stationed at all the joints to secrete an 
oleaginous substance more slippery than oil, to lubricate them, and 
prevent their wearing out by the powerful and almost perpetual fric- 
tion occasioned by muscular contraction and the weight of the body, 
and to render motion easy. 

Powerful cords tie them together at these joints, so as to resist 
their tendency, when the muscles contract powerfully upon them, to 
slip past each other, and prevent sprains and dislocations, the evils of 
which many experience. They are fitted into one another by hinges, 
a ridge in one exactly fitting into a corresponding depression in the 
other, or the ball and socket joints, as in those of the hips and shoulders, 
where a ball in one fits exactly into a socket in the other, so as to 
allow motion in all directions. 

Like bones are always found in similar positions, not scattered 
about at random, exactly fitted to subserve their respective ends. 



THE OSSEOUS AND MUSCULAR SYSTEMS. 



56J 



Thus attached they constitute the human skeleton, or framework of 
the body, as represented in the accompanying engraving, which, with 
its description, is copied from A. Combe. 

"The trunk, as will be seen from the annexed engraving, consists 
of the spine a a, the ribs r r, the sternum x, and the pelvis s s. The 
spine vertebral column, or backbone a a, which supports all the upper 
parts, is a very remarkable 
piece of mechanicism. It is 
composed in all of twenty-four 
separate bones, called verte- 
brae, from the Latin vertere, 
to turn, as the body turns upon 
them as on a pivot. Of these, 
seven, called cervical verte- 
brae, belong to the neck ; 
twelve connected with the ribs, 
and called dorsal, to the back ; 
and five, called lumbar, to the 
loins. The base of the column 
rests on the sacrum w, which 
is closely compacted between 
the bones of the pelvis s s. 
The vertebrae are firmly bound 
to each other in such a wa}^ 
as to admit of flexion and ex- 
tension and a certain degree 
of rotation, while, by their so- 
lidity and firm attachment to 
each other, great strength is 
secured. Some conception of 
this strength may be formed, 
when we consider the enormous 
loads which some athletic men 
are able to carry on their shoul- 
ders, or raise in their hands ; 
the whole weight of which is 
necessarily borne by the ver- 
tebrae of the loins. As the 
space occupied by the abdo- 
men gives large outward di- 
mensions to this region of the body, it is only upon reflection that we 
perceive that the whole force exerted by the human frame in its most 
strenuous efforts centres in the bony column we are now examining. 

" While the smooth or rounded forepart, or body of the vertebrae, 
affords support to the superincumbent parts, the projecting ridge be- 
hind, and rugged processes at the sides, combine with it to form a 
large tube or canal, extending from the top to the bottom of the column, 
and in which the spinal marrow is contained and protected. Between 
each of the vertebrae a thick compressible cushion of cartilage and liga- 
ment is interposed, which serves the triple purpose of uniting the 
71 




No. 111. — The Skeleton. 



562 THE MOTIVE AND NERVOUS APPARATUS, AND FUNCTIONS. 

bones to each other, of diminishing and diffusing shocks received in 
walking or leaping, and of admitting a greater extent of motion than 
if the bones were in more immediate contact. 

" The ribs r r, twelve in number on each side, are attached b}' their 
heads to the spine, and by their other (cartilaginous) extremities to 
the sternum, or breast bone x. The seven uppermost are called true 
ribs, because each of them is connected directty with the sternum, by 
means of a separate cartilage. The five lower ribs are called false, 
because one or two of them are loose at one end, and the cartilages 
of the rest run into each other, instead of being separately prolonged 
to the breast bone. The use of the ribs is to form the cavity of the 
chest for the reception and protection of the lungs, heart, and great 
blood-vessels, and to assist in respiration, by their alternate rising 
and falling. This action enlarges and diminishes by turns the size of 
the chest and the capacit}' of the lungs. 

" The pelvis s s, is formed 03- the broad, flat bones which support 
the bowels, and serve for the articulation of the thigh. A general 
notion of their appearance and uses may be obtained from inspection 
of the engraving, which, however, does not represent with perfect ac- 
curacy the minuter structure. 

" The bones of the upper extremities are, the scapula or shoulder 
blade ; the clavicle, or collar bone y ; the humerus, or arm-bone b ; 
the radius d, and ulna e, or bones of the forearm ; and the small car- 
pal and metacarpal bones /, and phalanges g, forming the wrist, 
hand, and fingers. 

11 The scapula is the broad flat bone lying at the upper part of the 
back, familiarly known as the shoulder-blade, and so troublesome to 
many young ladies by its unseemly projection. It serves to connect 
the arm with the trunk of the body, and gives origin to man}' of the 
muscles by which the former is put in motion. The collar-bone y, 
extends from the breast bone outwards to the scapula. Its chief use 
is to prevent the arms from falling forward in front of the body; and 
hence it is wanting in the lower animals, whose superior extremities 
are much closer to each other than those of man. 

" The humerus, or arm-bone b, is adapted by a kind of ball and 
socket joint to a corresponding surface in the scapula, and hence 
enjoys great latitude of motion, and, from the shallowness of the re- 
ceptacle, is somewhat liable to dislocation. The radius and ulna d e, 
constituting the forearm, are connected with the humerus by a hinge- 
like joint, which admits readily of flexion and -extension, but not of 
rotation ; ami as the articulation is of a peculiar construction, it is 
rarely dislocated. The movements of pronation and supination, or 
turning round the hand, are effected, not by the elbow joint, but by 
the radius d moving upon the ulna e, by means of joints formed for 
this purpose. The wrist and finger-joints are too complicated to 
admit of explanation here. 

" The lower extremities consist of the os femoris, or thigh-bone *'; 
the patella, or knee-pan I ; the tibia m, and fibula n, or leg-bones ; 
and the tarsal and metatarsal bones 0, and phalanges p, compo- 
sing the ankle, foot, and toes. 

" The thigh-bone i, is articulated by means of a large round head, 



THE OSSEOUS AND MUSCULAR SYSTEMS. 563 

deeply sunk into a corresponding hollow in the pelvis, at h ; freedom 
of motion being thus combined with great security. The thigh may 
be moved backwards and forwards as in walking, and also outwards 
and inwards, as when sitting on horseback, or with the legs crossed. 
The socket being much deeper than that of the shoulder-joint, the 
thigh-bone has not the same range of motion as the humerus, but it 
has proportionally greater security. 

" The patella, or knee-pan /, is well known. It is a small bone, 
constituting the projection of the knee. It increases the power of the 
muscles which extend the leg, and protects the front of the knee-joint. 
The tibta m is the principal bone of the leg, and is the only one ar- 
ticulated with that of the thigh. Its lower end forms the projection 
at the inner ankle. The fibula n is the long slender bone at 
the outer side of the leg, the lower end of which forms the outer 
ankle. The tibia and fibula both contribute to the formation of the 
ankle-joint, which, like that of the knee, is almost limited to flexion 
and extension." 

146. — The Muscles, their Necessity, Structure, and Mode 

of Action. 

Ropes and pulleys, or their muscular equivalents, now become 
necessary in order to put these bones in motion. Without them this 
beautiful structure of bones and joints, every way so perfectly adapted 
to serve as a foundation for the motive apparatus, would be as inert 
as so many sticks. Muscles supply this want. They lie beneath 
the skin, upon and around the bones, and constitute the red meat 
of animals and man. Every human being is endowed with some five 
hundred and twenty-seven, of all required shapes and sizes, exactly 
adapted to produce all those innumerable and most powerful motions 
of which man is capable. They overlap, underlie, and interweave 
each other in all conceivable ways, and are enclosed in a smooth peri- 
toneal membrane, which allows them to slide upon each other without 
friction, else their powerful contraction would soon wear them into 
shreds. They are composed of innumerable strings or fibres, bound 
together into one common bundle, the contracting or shortening of 
which effects motion. Indeed, this contractile power constitutes their 
sole function, and is caused by an expenditure of vital force, thus : 
As one end of these several muscles is attached to one bone, and the 
other to another across a joint, their contraction moves one or the 
other of these bones or both, which of course produces motion. 
This is illustrated more fully in the following engraving and descrip- 
tion. 

Muscles are largest in their middle, that part which contracts, and 
taper off into tendons, those strong cords seen in the wrists, backs of 



564 THE MOTIVE AND NERVOUS APPARATUS, AND FUNCTIONS. 

the hands, insteps, above the heels, etc., many muscles being attached 
to a single bone, else the size of the bones must have been bunglingly 
large. The strength of those cords is tested by hanging slaughtered 
animals up on sticks thrust under them, and also by the tenacity with 
which they adhere to the bones, as well as by our ability to stand on 
one foot and toss the body about by one of these tendons — that of 
Achilles, at the heel. Their attachment is formed on processes or 
ridges in the bones, or on their heads near joints, which are the larger 
the more powerful the muscles. 

Most of our motions are effected by many bones, joints, and muscles 
acting in concert. Thus simply lifting the hand, is done by the com- 
bined motions of the wrist, elbow, and shoulder ; and in walking, ap- 
parently so easy, nearly all the muscles and bones of the body are 
brought into requisition ; so much so that even tying the hands 
greatly impedes it. 
o 
S/ 




No. 112. — The Muscles op the Arm. 

The figure represents the bones of the arm and hand, having all the 
soft parts dissected off, except one muscle O B I, of which the func- 
tion is to bend the arm. the origin of the muscle ; B the belly ; I 
the insertion ; T T the tendons ; S the shoulder-joint ; E the elbow. 
When the belly contracts, the lower extremity of the muscle I, is 
brought nearer to the origin, or fixed point O, and by thus bending 
the arm at the elbow-joint, raises up the weight W, placed in the 
hand. A motion of an inch at I, causes a motion of fifteen to twenty 
inches at W. 

A commandant or head centre of all these muscles by means of 
which any or all, as occasion may require, may be brought into action, 
becomes indispensable to their concerted action. The mind controls 
them ; therefore some mental Faculty must exist to manage this spe- 
cific class of functions ; and this Faculty must needs have and has its 
cerebral organ, which we christen motion. It is located in the cere- 
bellum, close by Love, and between its two lobes, at the nape of the 
neck. This is proved by its natural language thus : 1. In all severe 



THE OSSEOUS AND MUSCULAR SYSTEMS. 565 

muscular exertion, as in lifting, we naturally cant the head straight 
back on the neck. 2. The motor nerves emanate from the brain 
here. 3. Cutting out that part of the brain of animals destroys all 
power of concerted motion, it being purposeless and spasmodic. 4. 
Motive power is proportionate to the prominence of the occipital 
spinalis, that sharp bony knot found at the nape of the neck, where 
those muscles which move the head back are attached to the skull. 
This organ is right under this process in the brain, and pushes it back 
in proportion to its size. Strong posterior neck muscles both indicate 
correspondingly strong muscles throughout, 53 and also enlarge this 
process where they fasten themselves to the head, so that the promi- 
nence of this spinous process admeasures the muscular power by two 
means, the size of this cerebral organ of motion, and of the muscles 
themselves at their attachments. For thirty years I have familiarly 
called it walkativeness, workativeness, etc., because it indicates a 
corresponding ease and love of motion, a desire to be always doing, 
a natural love and endurance of work, and a stringy fibrous brain, 
and therefore power of muscle, constitution, feeling, and intellect ; and 
as such is one of the best of organic signs. 

The St. Vitus dance, consequent on this Faculty having lost its 
wonted control, is produced by "Will restraining or resisting tendency to 
motion till it breaks from this control. Thus obliging a restless 
child, dying for motion, to keep still as in school, compels these mus- 
cles to break from this restraint, or else suffer a worse injury. Exer- 
cise, and a wet cloth at the nape of the neck, with electricity and 
animal magnetism applied just above the nape of the neck, constitute 
its best cures. 

Their manner of producing their respective motions, are seen in 
the following engraving and description, copied from Combe. 

" To understand the uses of the various muscles, the reader has 
only to bear in mind that the object of muscular contraction is simply 
to bring the two ends of the muscle, and the parts to which they are 
attached, nearer to each other, — the more movable being always carried 
towards the more fixed point. Thus when the sterno-mastoid mus- 
cle f g contracts, its extremities approximate, and the head, being the 
movable point, is pulled down and turned to one side. This may be 
easily seen in the living subject, the muscle being not less conspicu- 
ous than beautiful in its outline. Again, when the powerful rectus or 
straight muscle b, on the front of the thigh, contracts with force, 
as in the act of kicking, its lower end attached to the knee-pan and 
leg, tends to approximate to the upper, or more fixed point, and pulls 
the leg strong^ forwards. This occurs also in walking. But when 
the sartorius, or tailor's muscle c is put in action, its course being 



56 G THE MOTIVE AND NERVOUS APPARATUS, AND FUNCTIONS. 

oblique, the movement of the leg is no longer in a cross direction, 
like that in which tailors sit ; and hence the name sartorius. 

" Another variety of effect occurs, when, as in the rectus or 
straight muscle of the belly i i, sometimes one end and sometimes 
both are the fixed points. When the lower end is fixed, the muscle 
bends the body forward, and pulls down the bones of the chest. 
When, as more rarely happens, the lower end is the movable point, 
the effect is to bring forward and raise the pelvis and inferior extremi- 
ties ; and when both ends are rendered immovable, the contraction 
of the muscle tends to compress and diminish the size of the cavity of 
the belly, and thus not onl}' assists the natural evacuations, but co- 
operates in the function of respiration. 

" In contemplating this arrangement, it is 
impossible not to be struck with the consum- 
mate skill with which every act of every organ 
is turned to account. When the chest is 
expanded by a full inspiration, the bowels 
are pushed downwards and forwards to make 
way for the lungs; when the air is again ex- 
pelled, and the cavity of the chest diminished 
the very muscles i i i, which effect this by 
pulling down the ribs, contract upon the 
bowels also, — pushing them upwards and in- 
wards, as can be plainly perceived by any- 
one who attends to his own breathing. By 
this contrivance, a gentle and constant im- 
pulse is given to the stomach and bowels, 
which is of great importance to the mind, 
contributing to digestion and in propelling 
their contents ; and one cause of the costive- 
ness, with which sedentary people are so 
habitually annoyed, is the diminution of this 
natural motion in consequence of bodily inac- 
tivity." 

147. — The Power of the Muscular 
System. 

The number, variety, and power of the 
motions capable of being produced by these 
muscles are indeed most wonderful, as all 
N"3. 113.— The Muscles, have seen and experienced. They enable us 
to climb the lofty tree, and even the smooth 
pole of liberty ; to mount the towering mast, and both support 
ourselves in the rigging of the ship, yet put forth great muscu- 
lar exertion while she is tossing and rolling, even in the hurricane. 
Standing upon our feet, we can toss our bodies, weighing from one 
hundred to two hundred pounds, several feet upward and forwards, 




THE OSSEOUS AND MUSCULAR SYSTEMS. 567 

and in all directions, for many hours in succession, as in dancing and 
the circus. We can transport it fifty or sixty miles between sun and 
sun, even carrying many pounds weight upon our backs ; chase down 
the fleetest animal that runs; labor briskly every day, for scores 
of years ; lift and carry several times our own weight; accomplish a 
multiplicity of powerful and protracted bodily exertions ; and do a 
variety and amount of things almost without end. 

" The muscular power of the human body is indeed wonderful. A 
Turkish porter will trot at a rapid pace, carrying a weight of six hun- 
dred pounds. Milo, a celebrated athlete from Crotona, accustomed 
himself to carry the greatest burdens, and by degrees became a monster 
in strength. It is said that he carried on his shoulder an ox, four years 
ol'd, weighing upwards of one thousand pounds, for above forty yards, 
and afterwards killed it with one blow of his fist. He was seven times 
crowned at the Pythian games, and six at the Ol3~mpian. He presented 
himself the seventh time, but no one had the courage to enter the lists 
against him. He was one of the disciples of Pythagoras, and to his 
uncommon strength the learned preceptor and his pupils owe their 
lives. The pillar which supported the roof of the school suddenly 
gave way, but Milo supported the whole weight of the building, and 
gave the philosopher time to escape. In his old age, Milo attempted 
to pull up a tree by its roots and break it. He partly effected it, but 
his strength being gradually exhausted, the tree, when cleft, re-united, 
and left his hand pinched in the body of it. He was then alone, and, 
being unable to disengage himself, died in that position. 

"Haller mentioned that he saw a man, whose finger being caught 
in a chain at the bottom of a mine, by keeping it forcibly bent, sup- 
ported by that means the weight of his whole body, one hundred and 
fifty pounds, until he was drawn up to the surface, a height of six 
hundred feet. 

" Augustus XI., King of Poland, could roll up a silver plate like a 
sheet of paper, and twist the strongest horseshoe asunder. 

"A Frenchman who was attached to Rockwell & Stone's circus 
resisted the united strength of four horses, as was witnessed by 
thousands. 

" A lion left the impression of his teeth upon a piece of solid iron. 

" The most prodigious power of muscle is exhibited by fish. The 
whale moves through the dense medium of water with a yelocitv 
sufficient to carry him, if continued at the same rate, round the world 
in little less than a fortnight; and a sword-fish often strikes his 
weapon quite through the oak planks of a ship." — Western Literary 
Messenger. 

The Stuakt family were most remarkable for great physical strength, 
which harmonizes with the principle that all distinguished men are 
both from stroug-constitutioned and long-lived families. 

" The last op the Stuarts is one hundred and fifteen years old. 
Hundreds of persons can bear testimony to his amazing strength, from 



568 THE MOTIVE AND NERVOUS APPARATUS, AND FUNCTIONS. 

which circumstance he got the by-name of ' Jemmy Strength.' Among 
other feats he could carry a twenty-four pounder cannon, and has 
been known to lift a cart-load of hay, weighing a ton and a half, upon 
his back. Many a time has he taken up a jackass, and walked through 
the toll-bar, carrying it loaded on his shoulders. It will be long be- 
fore we can look upon his like again, to hear of his stories of 1745, 
and his glowing descriptions of the young chevalier." — A Scotch 
paper. 

Jonathan Fowler, of Guilford, Conn., one of my ancestors, 
walked out knee-deep through the mud, oyster-shells, and filth of a 
sea-shore at low tide, to a shark left by the retiring tide in a pool, 
captured it while yet alive, though it was weakened by having but a 
scanty supply of water, shouldered it, and brought it alive on his back 
to the shore, which weighed five hundred pounds ! — quite a load, con- 
sidering that it was not the most portable of articles, nor the best of 
roads. Being a champion wrestler, never worsted, he invited another 
wrestler, who had come hundreds of miles to throw him, to follow him 
and take a drink of cider before commencing, when, grasping a full 
barrel by its chines, he raised it to his mouth, drank out of its bung, 
and set it down at arm's length, telling his rival to help himself; but 
he could not, and gave up, beat without a trial. The feats of the Ravel 
family, Bedouin Arabs, and circus performers, astonish us. 

Yet these and kindred exhibitions of strength are by no means the 
ultimatum of man's muscular capability. A due degree of training 
would enable him to accomplish much more. He is Lilliputian in 
comparison with what he will yet become. Most exalted are his innate 
muscular powers. He might vie with the lion himself as to absolute 
strength, and carry heavier burdens than horses. Indeed, Turkish 
porters now transport six and eight hundred pounds at a time on 
their backs with ease, and the Belgian giant could stand up under two 
tons. The Chinese have no horses, and carry their teas and silks be- 
tween two men, hundreds of miles, on their backs! If man can 
effect all he now does without either muscular discipline or the appli- 
cation of the laws of hereditary descent, how much more with ? The 
human race is yet in its teens in everything, 516 muscular capability 
included. "We little realize the extent to which it can be carried in 
our own selves, if properly disciplined. 62 



EXERCISE; ITS VALUE, BEST MODES, AND THE LIFTING CURE. 569 

Section II. 
exercise; its value, best modes, and the lifting cure. 

148. — Its Benefits, Pleasures, Cures, etc. 

This motive apparatus, so perfect, so powerful, was created not 
to lie dormant, but to be used. Almost innumerable arrangements 
in Nature compel such exercise. Man is ordained to use his muscles 
in tilling the soil, in procuring food ; moving from place to place ; 
making and working machinery; using tools; building; printing; mak- 
ing that vast variety and quantity of articles of clothing, furniture, 
ornament, and all the innumerable things needed by mankind ; and 
even in reading, writing, eating, walking, talking, looking, breathing, 
and all those millions of ends, great, little, and almost infinitely di- 
versified, requiring locomotion, which every member of the human 
family is compelled to put forth continually through life. 

Exercise promotes respiration, 79 perspiration, 139 circulation, 130 
sleep, 143 and all the other physical functions, and renders the veins 
prominent and hard, on account of the increased passage of blood 
through them f which is never found in the indolent, except in fevers. 
Who does not know that a smart lift, work, run, or vigorous exercise 
of any kind, increases the frequency and power of the pulse, as well 
as the rapidity and volume of the inspirations ? That it equally ac- 
celerates the perspiration, all are witnesses. Who has not seen the 
sweat run down in streams from all parts of the body during hard 
labor ? And who does not know how much more heartily we eat, 
and sweetly and soundly we sleep, with than without work ? Nor is 
there an important function of our nature which muscular exercise 
does not promote, and inaction intercept. By enhancing respiration, 
it augments the amount of oxygen, carbon, fibrine, gluten, and caseine 
consumed, indeed of all the materials derived from food and breath, 
and also greatly increases the expulsion of all noxious matter from 
the system in the form of phlegm, perspiration, and respiration. Be- 
sides promoting circulation by increasing the introduction of oxy- 
gen, 82 it still further increases the flow of blood, by pressing it along 
through the veins, for the contraction of the muscles upon them urges 
their contents forward — backward it cannot go 130 — towards the heart. 
Exercise also quickens the action of the bowels and of the digestive 
process generally. All these functions, constituting no small portion 



570 THE MOTIVE AND NERVOUS APPARATUS, AND FUNCTIONS 

of life itself, labor enhances, and thus augments life and all its plea- 
sures and powers. In short, muscular action promotes every function 
and power, mental and physical, of our entire nature, besides being 
indispensable to all. He who does not work can enjoy only a low 
degree of life and its pleasures ; muscular inaction deteriorating, dis- 
easing, and vitiating the entire man and woman. Severe and pro- 
tracted diarrhoea has been cured instantly and effectually by one 
vigorous lift. Nature still further commands muscular action by — 

Its pleasures. How painful is confinement, but how pleasur- 
able is action ! How confined animals, when let loose, run, jump, 
prance, caper, and frisk about as if they could scarcely contain them- 
selves ! How ecstatically happy we feel on going out after remaining 
inactive for a time! None can keep still without pain, till enfeebled 
or diseased by inertia. How ecstatic the play-spell pleasures of 
youth ! so much so that they cannot be kept still. Action is consti- 
tutionally most pleasurable, because it fulfils, and idleness painful, 
because it violates, a paramount natural law. How good a brisk walk, 
ride, dance, hunt, row, etc., make us feel ! The sedentary little rea- 
lize the pleasures they forego, both in want of action, and in thereby 
diminishing the pleasures of eating, sleeping, breathing and living. 
" He that will not work, neither shall he eat," nor enjoy the other 
physical pleasures. Those who work, both eat much more, and en- 
joy what they eat with a relish unknown to the inert. A poor 
laborer need not envy the rich their dainties, for they eat with little, 
he with great, Epicurean zest. No kind of play, neither riding, danc- 
ing, playing ball, nor any other kind of exercise for amusement, yields 
the real zest of working. To be truly happy in action we must do 
something useful. You may play, dance, even hunt, but let me work 
— achieve some useful end — plant, tend, raise edibles, and produce 
something beneficial. 

Labor hardens the muscles and tones up the entire system, brain 
included. Most great men labored hard while young; and nearly 
all geniuses were raised on right- hard work. Adam Clarke was 
noted, when at school, for his great physical strength in rolling stones. 
Shakespeare, while composing his immortal plays, carried brick and 
mortar to build places for their performance. John Wesley rode and 
walked a great many thousand miles, and it was this habitual exercise 
which fitted his gigantic intellect to put forth those mighty efforts 
which enabled him to do so much good, and immortalize his name. 
Clay was a poor boy, and actually worked for a living. Henry Bas- 



EXERCISE; ITS VALUE, BEST MODES, AND THE LIFTING CURE. 571 

com, the great Western orator, travelled west on foot, with his axe on 
his shoulders. The old Roman and Grecian orators took a great amount 
of exercise in order to prepare themselves for public speaking, and 
put in practice one fundamental principle, we moderns, with all our 
boasted light and inventions, ignore — that of strengthening the voice 
by gymnastic exercises. No one can have a good voice without 
having a good muscular system ; and hence, improving the tone of 
the latter, augments the power of the former — an additional reason 
why public speakers should labor. Sir Walter Scott, after confining 
himself to his desk for several days, till the energies of his brain had 
become exhausted, would mount his horse, call out his clogs, and fol- 
low the chase for days in succession, till he had restored his pros- 
trated energies, and then return to his study. Byron when he en- 
tered college, fearing lest his tendency to corpulency would injure his 
personal beauty, of which he was very proud, took extremely severe 
exercise daily in order to reduce it, besides leading a very abstemious 
life. Webster, in his Saratoga speech, in 1844, boasted that he was a 
backwoodsman, born in a " log cabin," on the borders of the unbroken 
forest, and inured to hard labor. And often, breaking away from 
public life, and shouldering his gun, he ranged forests or marshes for 
days in search of game, besides taking much exercise daily. Franklin, 
the beacon-star of his profession, a practical printer, was a hard 
worker. Patrick Henry, that unrivalled star of genius and elo- 
quence, labored on the farm while young, and was passionately fond 
of music, dancing, and the chase; the latter of which he often 
followed for weeks together, camping out in true hunter's style. 

" After his removal to Louisa, he has been known to hunt deer, fre- 
quently for several days together, carrying his provision with him, 
and at night encamping in the woods. After the hunt was over, he 
would go from the ground to Louisa court, clad in a coarse cloth 
coat, stained with all the trophies of the chase, greasy leather 
breeches, ornamented in the same way, leggings for boots, and a pair of 
saddle-bags on his arm. Thus accoutred, he would enter the court- 
house, take up the first of his causes that chanced to be called ; and 
if there was an}' scope for his peculiar talent, throw his adversary into 
the background, and astonish both court and jury by the powerful ef- 
fusions of his natural eloquence." — WirVs Life of Patrick Henry. 

The father of this country, its pride and pattern, when not 
officially employed, labored assiduously upon his farm ; and was actu- 
ally driving his plough when he received the news of his election as 
president. Harrison, " the farmer of North Bend," led a life of great 



572 THE MOTIVE AND NERVOUS APPARATUS, AND FUNCTIONS. 

physical exertion and exposure. Burns, the Scottish bard, actually 
composed much of his poetry when at work on a farm. President 
Dwight, the great theologian aud scholar, attributed much of his men- 
tal vigor to daily labor in his garden. John Quincy Adams, one of 
the most learned men of his age, said he found much daily exercise 
indispensable. Those students who have been brought up without 
having labored, seldom take a high intellectual stand, except in parrot- 
like scholarship. They always show a want of mental vim and pith, 
and the powers of close, hard thinking, and rarely rise to eminence. 
Thank God if you were obliged to work hard and constantly till sixteen. 
The Author leaving home with only four dollars, with his all upon his 
back, travelled four hundred miles, worked his way to college, and 
through college, and, instead of earning his money by teaching school, 
supported himself by sawing, splitting, and carrying up the wood of his 
fellow-students, three and four flights of stairs, improving in this way 
every hour, except study hours, and often portions of the night. His 
fellow-students laughed at him then, but now the scales are turned. 
He thought it a hard row to hoe, but a rich harvest has it yielded ; 
and you, reader, owe to this same cause no small portion of whatever 
delight or benefit his lectures, writings, and examinations afford. 
Nor has anything done more to restore the health thus impaired than 
a return to work. Pardon this personal allusion, but profit by the 
lesson it teaches. Reader, be your occupation what it may, pleasure 
or business, mental discipline or professional attainments, work hard, 
daily two or more hours, and you will accomplish more study, de- 
spatch more business, and perform and enjoy more in whatever you 
engage ten to one, than by perpetual application. The best time to 
write is after exercise. As the bow always bent loses its elasticity ; so 
continued application either exhausts or disorders the brain and im- 
pedes mental energy and discipline, which daily labor will wonder- 
fully promote. Ye who aspire after renown, work. Ye who would 
do good, work. Ye who would fulfil man's great terrestrial destiny 
of being happy, labor daily. And ye who are too proud or too lazy to 
work, be content to suffer ; you violate a cardinal law of your being. 
This anti-working Doctrine and Practice has done incalculable 
damage to mankind. Words cannot portray its evils. Labor is a 
blessing to be enjoyed, not a curse to be avoided ; and honorable, not 
disgraceful. Those who think themselves too good to work are in 
reality below it. None can ever be above labor, without being above 
Nature and God. Shall the Almighty Maker of all things not only 



EXERCISE ; ITS VALUE, BEST MODES, AND THE LIFTING CURE. 573 

work in creation, " from everlasting to everlasting," and shall man, 
" the work of his hands," be above his Maker ? That human being 
is no man, no woman, only some paltry thing, who is too proud to do 
something useful. " To till the earth and to keep it," is an honor, 
not a disgrace — is to become " co-workers with God," not menials. 
Those who are too proud to labor, ought, in all consistency, to be too 
proud to breathe and eat ; because the former is quite as much a con- 
stitutional function and demand of Nature as the latter. Ashamed to 
be seen at work ? As well be ashamed to look, or talk ! Away with 
this dogma that labor degrades. It elevates and ennobles, Its influ- 
ence upon the mind is most beneficial. It begets a resolution and 
energy of character, that which infuses power into all our feelings and 
conduct indispensable to success. Its perpetual grappling with diffi- 
culties in overcoming obstacles inspires and cultivates a firmness 
and determination imparted by nothing else. Hence youth brought 
up to do no work, fail to cope with difficulties, but yield to them 
through life, and of course accomplish little. This shows why rich 
juveniles make such poor scholars. Boys had better be street scaven- 
gers, and girls kitchen drudges, than brought up inert ; for no kind 
or amount of work is as bad as idleness. Excessive toil injures, but 
some sort of work benefits. Play is good for children, but not enough. 
They must learn, by toiling through those opposing obstacles the re- 
moval of which constitutes labor, to grapple in with all kinds of dif- 
ficulties with that determined resolution which says in action, " I can 
and I will ; " " Get out of my way or I'll get you out." Yet parents 
seem to vie with each other who shall support their children the 
idlest. One of the greatest errors of the day is, that labor is the 
business of drudges, and degrades ; the wrong inflicted on workers, 
great as it often is, being trifling compared with the depravity and 
suffering which this antiworking tendency does so much to rivet upon 
the elite. 

Inaction inflicts its own curse. Those thus brought up turn out to be 
inefficient, and often vicious. This explains the palpable fact of the 
prevalence of vice among the rich. Those who have the wealth of 
Astor should make their children work ; not by forcing them, for this 
might make them hate it, but by enamouring them of it. 

Fashionable city ladies, generally homely, because indolent and 
sickly, so extra exquisite that they must never soil their soft hands 
by doing the least thing about house ; too nice, delicate, refined, genteel, 
and senseless to do so vulgar a thing as to work ; barely able to 



57-4 THE MOTIVE AND NERVOUS APPARATUS, AND FUNCTIONS. 

endure a fashionable promenade once in a while, and an occasional 
" airing" in the easiest riding carriage, and so very genteel that they 
must ride to church, though only two or three blocks off! should 
have a patent machine, by which their servants can chew their food 
and pump breath into them without any effort of their own, so as to 
place them at a still greater remove from labor ! And their extra 
delicate and helpless children should lay down, and lie there all their 
lives, and save the trouble even of eating by letting pap drop into 
their open mouths, and run down their tiny throats of itself ! 

Many poor but proud pretenders to gentility, who have scarcely 
enough to eat, yet would fain make a genteel appearance by starving 
the kitchen to feed the parlor, if accidentally caught in kitchen 
habiliments, must blush, and apologize, and falsify outright by pre- 
tending that their servant has just left, and they had to prepare 
dinner. Out upon that proud nothingness which has to work, yet 
lies to hide it ! This anti-working pride is contemptible in the rich, 
but in such intolerable ! What ! Begging pardon for obeying the 
laws of your being ! What greater sign of littleness ! Away toad- 
stool grandees, into merited insignificance ! Come ye laborers, in- 
herit the blessings conferred by toil. Such perverters of their natures 
should have a short paralysis of their muscles, so as to enforce their 
practical value. Indeed, it always follows protracted inaction. 
Muscles used but little decline till they become so weak that exertion, 
otherwise a source of exquisite delight, becomes irksome, and fatigue 
follows trifling exercise. Such are most heartily to be pitied, yet their 
punishment is just, and self-induced. 

Labor is dignified. The honorables of the earth are its laborers. 
Nothing is mean which Nature requires, but worthy of universal 
commendation. What she has anointed and crowned let not man 
despise. This idea that labor is degrading, had its origin in kingly 
and feudal times and institutions, of lordlings and serfs. Would that 
it had never been imported to our republican shores. Is it not in the 
teeth and eyes of every principle of republicanism ? Yet our cardi- 
nal doctrine of equality is fast erasing it, and elevating labor to that 
post of honor assigned it by Nature. True Republicans will never 
think the less of those who labor, and those who do should emigrate. 
Our country, our institutions are not congenial with their doctrines or 
practices. The old world is already consecrated to aristocracy and 
caste, this to equality. Go to Turkey, or India, ye purse-proud, labor- 
despisers ; here you are strangers in a foreign land, for our institutions 



EXERCISE ; ITS VALUE, BEST MODES, AND THE LIFTING CURE. 575 

conflict with your practices. Go where } t ou can find congeniality, and 
leave us who love equality to the peaceable possession of this our 
home. Here you are eyesores, and stand in the light of those to whom 
this land of right belongs. 

" Let any woman who esteems herself in the higher classes of 
society put the case as her own, and imagine that her son, or brother, 
is about to marry a young lad}', whose character and education are 
every way lovely and unexceptionable, but who, it appears, is a seam- 
stress, or a nurse, or a domestic, and how few are there who will not 
be conscious of the opposing principle of caste. But suppose the 
young lady to be one who has been earning her livelihood by writing 
poetry and love stories, or who has lived all her days in utter idle- 
ness, and how suddenly the feelings are changed ! Now, all the com- 
fort and happiness of society depend upon having that work properly 
performed, which is done by nurses, seamstresses, chambermaids, and 
cooks ; and so lona: as this kind of work is held to be deo-rading, and 
those who perform it allowed to grow up ignorant and vulgar, and 
then are held down by the prejudices of caste, every woman will use 
the greatest efforts, and undergo the greatest privations, to escape 
from the degraded and discreditable position. And this state of 
society is now, by the natural course of things, bringing a just retri- 
bution on the classes who cherish it. Domestics are forsaking the 
kitchen, and thronging to the workshop and manufactory, and mainly 
under the influence of the principles of caste ; while the family state 
suffers keenly from the loss. Meantime the daughters of wealth have 
their faculties and their sensibilities developed, while all the house- 
hold labor, which would equally develop their physical powers, and 
save from ill health, is turned off to hired domestics or a slaving 
mother. The only remedy for this evil is, securing a proper educa- 
tion for all classes, and making productive labor honorable by having 
all classes engage in it." — Miss Catherine E. Beech er. 

One reason why labor is despised, is, that it is generally required 
in such excess as to be extremely onerous. Such excess is injurious, 
and should never be required or yielded. On the other hand, we 
should render it as delightful in fact as Nature has rendered it by con- 
stitution, thus seconding her evident intention. Laborers should not 
be required to strike another blow after becoming just comfortably 
tired. We should work for jjlay, and only when labor is a pleasure. 

Exercise is doubly requisite for the young, but this point is fully 
discussed in " Sexual Science/' Part VIII, on juvenile exercise. 

149. — The Exercise Cure, its amount and kinds, Walking, 
Dancing, Lifting, Eowing, Playing, etc. 

As A prevention and cure of diseases it has no equal, because it 
provokes every other function by virtue of that law of balance already 



576 THE MOTIVE AND NERVOUS APPARATUS, AND FUNCTIONS. 

demonstrated. 61 Exercise compels the lungs to breathe the more; 
squeezes the blood along through the veins ; uses up and demands 
more organic material ; promotes bowel action ; ferrets out and forti- 
fies all weak spots ; and is one of the most efficacious of all the cures. 

How much exercise each requires for the time being can be deter- 
mined only by the feelings of each at that time. As normal appetite 
constitutes an infallible guide to the required quantity of food, 112 so 
muscular appetite, unless rendered abnormal by inaction, will say 
when and how much exercise each requires at that time, and when we 
are taking too much, or at improper times. To determine whether 
we need it, is just as easy as to determine whether we require food, 
and by a similar index — an appetite for it. Those require it who are 
benefited by it, feel better after taking it, sleep more sweetly, expe- 
rience an increase of Appetite, additional clearness of mind, or agreea- 
bleness of disposition, as indeed all whose business confines them 
much within doors, and also those who feel a craving for motion. 

Sedentaries, convinced of their need of it, often take it in excess, 
or unseasonably, or too violently. That same appetite which demands 
it, closely watched, will admonish the instant this occurs, and it should 
be discontinued at once. A kind of trembling, hurried, excited, and yet 
weakened state of the muscles, so that instead of playing easily and 
voluntarily, they must be forced, indicates excess, which always in- 
jures. Stop exercise the instant such trembling commences. 

Excessive, and also fitful or violent exercise, especially for seden- 
taries, is injurious. Such should exercise deliberately as well as eat 
slowly, else exhaustion supervenes before its due degree of exercise is 
obtained. 

Those who overwork rob their brains, stupefy their minds, 
blunt their finer sensibilities, and fall asleep in church, and over 
books. Such should restrain this Faculty, as much as every other 
when in excess. 

Two hours of vigorous muscular exercise is as little as is compati- 
ble with first-rate health. Excellent constitutions may endure close 
confinement for years, yet must run down finally. A lower degree of 
health may be preserved on less exercise, but as the order of nature is 
to spend from six to ten hours daily in the open air, 79 so the perfection 
of health requires a great amount of muscular action. Four hours' 
brisk labor per day will suffice for exercise, and, well expended by 
each person on something productive, would supply the human family 
with creature comforts, and luxuries, artificial wants and extravagan- 
ces excepted. How admirable is this adaptation of the amount of 



EXERCISE ; ITS VALUE, BEST MODES AND THE LIFTING CURE. 577 

labor requisite for health to that required to provide mau with the 
necessaries of life ! 

Dancing can be made as beneficial as it is delightful. Though 
dancing all night in hot and illy-ventilated rooms, once in weeks or 
months, and going out exhausted and exposed to colds, together with 
most of the associations of the ball-room, are most pernicious ; yet for 
sedentaries to select their company, and meet at each other's houses in 
the afternoon or evening, always avoiding over-exertion, and retiring 
by nine or ten o'clock, if practised often, would supply in part that 
deficiency of muscular action which causes so many to sicken and die, 
and restore many an invalid now perishing by inches with pure inani- 
tion, and preserve and even reinvigorate the health of many now 
going into a decline. It might be, yet rarely is, so conducted as to 
prove eminently beneficial, without occasioning any evil. In fact it 
is founded in the nature of man, and can therefore be turned to a most 
excellent practical account in a great variety of ways. To sedentary 
young women, this kind of exercise is particularly recommended. Yet 
all should dance to their own music, vocal or instrumental, or both, 
and also in company with their parents* and elders. Young people 
should rarely dance exclusively by themselves. Yet our present pur- 
pose is to point out to the sedentary a feasible mode of taking exer- 
cise, not to guard against evils too often associated with it. 

Laborers who sit or stand much in one posture, can by it change 
and diversify manual action, dispel fatigue, promote health, and even 
render unhealthy occupations healthy. Seamstresses, goldsmiths, 
shoemakers, and many artisans of like occupations, who have no sub- 
stitute, should dance daily as much as eat ; and students will find it 
promotive alike of health and of mental action, and discipline. m 

Walking is one of the very best kinds of exercise, easily taken, 
cheap, and every way adapted to the existing states of all. When 
brisk, it taxes every muscle and all the functions, but when leisurely, 
is adapted to invalids. In taking it, walk erect, allow the arms to 
swing as they list, keep the shoulders well set back, and, when conve- 
nient, walk with a friend ; and all the better if of the opposite sex, a 
wife, husband, daughter, son, or lever, so as to impart to it that men- 
tal zest and luxury which greatly improve its utility. Yet walking 
alone and musing over some pleasant subject or reminiscences, or 
meditating, will benefit both mind and body together. To be useful, 
it must at least be delightful, and the more parts it brings into co-ope- 
rative exercise the better, hence adding conversation improves it. 
73 



i 



578 THE MOTIVE AND NERVOUS APPARATUS, AND FUNCTIONS. 

Street cars injure the public health by preventing exercise. 
Merchants, clerks, lawyers, students, and the sedentary classes gene- 
rally, who confine themselves to their offices, desks, books, parlors, 
etc., from morning till night, year in and year out, scarcely going out 
of doors, except to and from their business, take cars whilst dying for 
exercise ! These principles of exercise put in practice, would soon 
banish conveyances for want of patronage. One would think our 
sedentaries, starved almost to death for exercise, would at least walk 
to and from their business, saw their own wood, and the like. Yet 
fashion requires that they hire horses to do the former, and servants 
the latter. 

Farming and gardening, to those who like to see things grow, 
furnish one of the best forms of exercise. Man was made to raise his 
own food and fruits, and hence loves to see and make things grow. 
Spading, planting, hoeing, weeding, ploughing, nursing and gathering 
vegetables, fruits, and flower 57 etc., develop the muscles, and promote 
every life function. We enjoy raising as well as eating good things. 
Working the ground, which is highly electric, restores and regulates 
those magnetic currents which manifest life. 

An orthodox minister, who preached near Boston, consulted me 
in March, 1860, as to what business he could change to with success ; 
his health having been completely broken down by preaching; was 
told that he only needed exercise; and that cultivating a garden 
would enable him to regain his health, yet retain his pastorate. He 
leased a garden; worked daily till comfortably tired; called again 
early in May ; said his health was rapidly recovering, yet that he 
preached without difficulty ; and his parishioners said much better 
sermons than before. 

Work of any and all kinds, by a law of things, becomes excellent 
exercise, providing it is inviting. m All kinds of exercise, taken as a 
task or drudgery, injure. We should take some kind we love, and 
try to love whatever kind we must take. 

Gymnastics are excellent, when not carried to excess, as they 
usually are. All emulous to outdo all, often strain these muscles, 
yet leave those comparatively inert. 

Dio Lewis's light gymnastics are excellent, but often fatigue with- 
out even yet giving the muscle- developing exercise demanded. They 
use up the vitality without taxing the muscles. They are immeasura- 
bly better than none, and often effect remarkable cures ; yet there are 
still better kinds. Their company, mingling of the sexes, gayety, 



EXERCISE ; ITS YALUE, BEST MODES, AND THE LIFTING CURE. 579 

laughter, and many like things, entitle them to right hearty commen- 
dation, especially for sedentary ladies ; but as exercise they are com- 
pletely distanced by — 

Butler's lifting cure, 67 which brings the entire muscular sys- 
tem into co-operative action. Exercise should come upon all the 
muscles, not on a few only. This Butler effects by elastic springs, 
which, by yielding, call one set of muscles after another into combined 
action. Lifting on what does not give, throws too much strain upon 
one set, while a yielding weight draws first one set, then another, into 
action, until finally all unite, and all relax together. 

All sudden strains or jerks injure. Lifting should increase and 
decrease gradually. All this, and much more, Butler's mode of lift- 
ing effects. 

A substitute for his perfect apparatus, which should be in every 
family, may be made thus : Take about thirty feet of cod-line, or any 
cord made of cotton, or which stretches ; twist, and double, then twist 
and double again, tie the ends, and attach two sections of a broom- 
handle, or any round stick adapted to lift by, one to each end, each 
about a foot long, and adjusting its length to your height, stand on 
one stick while you lift on the other, slowly but gradually increasing 
till you have put forth about as much strength as you can with com- 
fort ; hold on two or three seconds, and ease off gradually ; rest a few 
minutes, repeat, lifting still more, and rest again, then lift and rest 
again, about four times in all. 

Erectness of posture is desirable, while lifting in a stooping pos- 
ture injures. To obtain it, straddle your stick, that is, let it pass up 
between the thighs, so as to keep the spine straight, and shoulders 
well thrown back. 

All weak spots will be found and fortified by this mode of lifting. 
Those who are dyspeptic will flinch at the stomach, while those who 
have weak lungs will hack after lifting ; showing that it searches out 
to strengthen those soft places, on that principle of balance already ex- 
pounded. ^ 

Five minutes can thus be made to yield more and better exercise 
than an hour in any other form. This saving of time is certainly 
something to those whose time is precious. It can also be practised 
in your room, on rising and retiring, thus consuming only scraps of 
time. 

The Indian dance, which consists in hopping up and down on 
one foot after the other, or tossing the body back and forth from right 



580 THE MOTIVE AND NERVOUS APPARATUS, AND FUNCTIONS. 

to left, meanwhile allowing the arms and visceral organs to shake 
around as they may, is also one of the best kinds of exercise, because 
it as it were churns the bowels. The Indians take it at their feasts, 
to enable them to eat still more, because it is specifically adapted to 
cure dyspepsia, and promote digestion. 

The Indian lope, or run, is quite like the Indian dance, and 
equally beneficial. It consists in an easy, loping run, in which all the 
visceral organs are allowed perfect liberty to shake around at pleasure, 
and is really most excellent. 

Swinging the arms with or without dumb-bells, thrusting them 
rapidly back and forvvards, kicking the feet, but not against anything, 
and any and all such bodily exercises, are beneficial. 

The best time for taking exercise is in the morning, before work 
begins, or just before retiring, but it should be regular. Those who 
use their brains mainly, whether in business or professional pursuits, 
will find a right good lift, or smart walk, to rest them amazingly, by 
equalizing the circulation, and diverting it from the parts oppressed. 
Its recuperative effects are indeed wonderful. Taken at night, or 
after the day's mental labors are closed, it distributes the blood from 
congested centres, sends it to parts robbed, and equalizes the circula- 
tion before retiring, so that the system can at once begin to recuperate 
in sleep. An evening's pull will redouble both your night's sleep and 
next day's work, as well as your personal luxury of living. Adapt 
your time to your circumstances, but take some time. 

Rig some apparatus, and make vigorous trial for at least a month, 
sufficient to realize experimentally some of the advantages to be de- 
rived from it. Those really remarkable cures it has effected within 
the Author's personal knowledge, should encourage all to at least give 
it a fair trial, if no more. It is certainly working wonders. 

The reason of this efficacy lies in its restoring balance of action, 
as is proved by its working its greatest cures upon sedentary, literary, 
and business men. Excessive brain action, without proportionate 
muscular, caused the particular ailment of each, 61 and this exercise 
restores this lost balance, by calling an unused system of organs into 
action. Many now so run down that they think they absolutely must 
quit business or die, by simply spending fifteen minutes daily or tri- 
weekly in lifting, might work on, and work themselves both well 
and rich. As a cure for dyspepsia it has no peer. 



581 



Section III. 



150. — Description and Functions of the Nervous System. 

The nerves are but a continuation or extension of the substance 
of the brain, already described, 35 ~ 36 throughout the body. This is ef- 
fected by means of the spinal cord d, fig. 6, which is enclosed in the 
spinal column or back bone. The substance of this cord and of the 
nerves closely resembles that of the brain, except that the cineritious 
is inside and the medullary on the outside — a reversion having taken 
place. 

The spinal cord gives off nerves at each spinal joint to the 
heart, lungs, stomach, liver, viscera, and all the other internal organs. 
When either becomes chronically irritated, inflamed, or diseased, its 
nerves are similarly affected ; so that, since each of these nerves unite 
with the spinal cord«at its own particular joint and no other, by press- 
ing on the joint which receives the nerve of the heart, a soreness, per- 
haps sharp pain, will be experienced by the patient at that joint in 
case it is inflamed, or a numbness when it is inert; and thus of all 
the other internal organs. This test of disease is infallible, and tells 
at once and with certainty whether any of the vital organs are affected, 
and if so, which — five minutes being sufficient to decide the matter 
without mistake, even in the dark. 

Nerves pass through these joints to the hands, feet, muscles, bones, 
and every portion of the body. Another nervous track is called the 
great sympathetic nerve, which traverses the cavity of the chest from 
thorax to abdomen. Thus a double nervous inter-communion of all 
the organs of the body is maintained, both with each other and with 
their common centre — the brain. These nerves are always found in 
close proximity with blood-vessels, both arteries and veins ; the three 
always accompanying each other. Every nerve shred, every muscle, 
and even every fibre, is similarly supplied with both blood-vessels and 
nerves. Wherever there is life, there also will nerves be found ; and 
the more life in any animated thing or part, the more nerve. 

The functions of these nerves are of three kinds, sensation, vol- 
untary motion, and involuntary motion. Those of sensation proceed 
from the back half of the spinal cord, and those of motion from the 



582 THE MOTIVE AND NERVOUS APPARATUS, AND FUNCTIONS. 

anterior half, and unite soon after they issue through the joints, become 
encased in one common sheath, and cannot be distinguished from each 
other. Yet cutting that nerve which goes to the hand, or issues from 
the anterior half of the spinal cord, destroys all sensation in it, sothat 
it maybe cut, burnt, anything, without feeling it; while cutting that 
from the posterior half destroys all power of motion. The involun- 
tary nerves go to the heart, lungs, stomach, and other internal organs, 
so as to carry on their several functions irrespective of the will, while 
asleep, and while attending to the affairs of life — an arrangement ab- 
solutely indispensable. 

The voluntary motor nerves are distributed mainly to the 
muscles to enable us to govern them at will, and move, hands, feet, 
and body, in accordance with its determinations, of which all are per- 
petually conscious; while those of sensation are ramified mostly upon 
the surface of the body, stationed as sentinels on the outer walls to 
warn against the contact of all enemies to life and health, and tell us 
when we are too warm, or too cold, or in contact with anything in- 
jurious. 37 They are so minutely ramified that the finest needle can- 
not be thrust through any part without lacerating and paining some of 
them. The minuteness of this ramification is absolutely incon- 
ceivable. ^ 127 138 Nature is as infinite in her littleness as in her great- 
ness. Our huge earth, compared with which a mountain is as a grain 
of sand, is but an atom compared with her planetary sisters, Saturn 
and Jupiter ; and even the whole solar system itself is a molehill com- 
pared with its grand centre, the sun, so massive as to baffle all known 
attempts at comprehension, while sun and planets, if rolled together 
into one mighty pile, are the merest hillock compared with that vast 
belt of suns and worlds perceptible to human vision. And even all 
this is only a speck of this boundless universe ! O God, how vast is 
thy greatness ! 

Yet Divine minuteness descends as far below in littleness as He 
rises above in vastness. Infinite magnitude, infinite capillary ramifi- 
cations, are both alike to Him. Words utterly fail to describe, and 
the human mind to conceive, the fineness of these capillary formations, 
as in the structure of the lungs, 80 blood-vessels, 130 pores, and nerves. 
Verily, " Thy ways, O God, are infinite." In this infinite littleness 
of nervous ramification in the skin, sensation takes place. These 
nerves give off an infinitude of little papillae, or feelers, which 
cover the entire surface of the body, and create that sensation of 
which all are conscious. 37 



POSITION, FUNCTION, AND STRUCTURE OF THE NERVES. 583 

Hence in amputations, and all cuttings and bruises, boils and 
sores, the greatest pain is nearest the skin — it being comparatively 
slight after the cut or hurt has fairly passed below it. When a bone 
has become inflamed it is also exceedingly painful, yet here also the 
pain is mainly at its surface. Since the inner portions are protected 
by the outer, as great a supply internally as externally would be a 
useless expenditure of vitality. 

More nerves are stationed at some points than at others — about 
the eyes, hands, and especially ends of the fingers, the utility of which 
is beyond all computation, as all know by perpetual experience. 

The importance of the sensation thus effected is incalculable. 
Without it we could never know when we were too cold, or too warm ; 
w r hen our flesh was burning, or freezing, or bruised, or mangled, or 
experiencing any injury or destruction, unless we chanced to see it. 
Pain thus becomes one of the most useful institutions of our nature. 21 

151. — HOW HEALTHY AND DISEASED NERVES AFFECT THE MlND. 

Nerves are brain ramified throughout the system. 37 Hence all 
their existing states are transferred at once to the mind; while all 
mental states are likewise transmitted to them. 

Their normal action creates the most delightful glow of physi- 
cal and mental comfort throughout, and a happy, ecstatic joy, better 
felt than described, 30 which healthy children illustrate. None begin 
to realize how much pleasure inheres in their healthy action, nor 
how inexpressibly happy they are adapted to render us all. 

Their diseased action, however, creates a restless, crawling, aw- 
ful feeling, which makes its victims almost desire to "jump out of 
their skin." The " crevels," so called, have this origin. None at all 
realize how much misery, steeped down, their disordered action causes. 
Those who suffer from colds, fever and ague, etc., feel as though they 
could neither sit nor stand, walk nor lie down, and would fain spring 
right away from themselves to get relief from this awful distress which 
agonizes all its nervous and hysticky victims. Their condition is in- 
deed most pitiable, yet self-induced. 

The mind, however, suffers the most, and in proportion to this 
nervous impairment. Morbid nerves create morbid, wretched feelings. 
All our mental operations partake of their states, good, bad, and in- 
different. Nervous victims always feel spleen, even when they sup- 
press it. Disordered nerves would make an angel cross. A naturally 
amiable, pious woman becomes peevish and fault-finding in proportion 



584 THE MOTIVE AND NERVOUS APPARATUS, AND FUNCTIONS. 

as her nerves become impaired. Most of her troubles are imaginary, 
" made up out of whole cloth," and real ones magnified manifold. As 
every touch of that gathering bile gives pain, which, if well, would 
give pleasure; so whatever touches persons having disordered 
nerves, even though adapted to give only pleasure, enhances their 
misery. Trifles weigh them down more than should the cares of 
kingdoms. Their excited imaginations make mountains out of 
molehills, and render them superlatively wretched from morning till 
night, as though some terrible, but unknown calamity, hung suspended 
over them as by a hair. They retire, but cannot sleep. The boiling 
blood courses through their veins, while their laboring palpitations 
shake their very couch. Their incoherent thoughts wander to the 
ends of the earth, but to no purpose. They think and feel upon 
every thing only to redouble their mental anguish. If they love 
praise, they feel as if neglected or despised by all, and mortified and 
chagrined to death at imaginary slights. They see their path filled 
with lions and tigers, and are afraid of their own shadow. Hour 
after hour they turn on their couches prostrated, and dying for want of 
sleep, yet unable to obtain it ; or if at last they lose themselves, 
frightful dreams horrify their shallow slumbers, and they awake en- 
shrouded in impenetrable gloom. They feel most keenly, only to feel 
most wretchedly. They often groan out, " O dear me ! " and perpetu- 
ally feel " O, wretched man that I am." Things otherwise their joy 
have become their misery, and every sweet thing is now embittered. 
Their false excitement is most intense, yet they have no strength to en- 
dure it. Days and weeks roll on only to redouble their miseries by 
increasing their exhaustion. Let them do what they may, and be 
circumstanced however agreeably, their disordered nerves extract only 
agony from all surroundings.. The difference in talents, goodness, and 
happiness, between the same person when his nerves are healthy and 
diseased, is heaven wide. None can ever know how great, except by 
experience, nor begin to fully realize it even then. 

Disordered nerves cause more misery and depravity, and blight 
more morality and talents than anything else whatever. Dyspepsia 
originates in nervousness, 116 as does rheumatism, neuralgia, and even 
consumption. Indeed, nearly all other diseases and ailments origi- 
nate in the nervous system, because it, with the brain, fulfils the great 
climacteric functions of life. All else is its vassal, while it lords it im- 
periously over all the other organs and functions. Please duly con- 
sider why they wield this supreme control, and learn therefrom how 



POSITION, FUNCTION, AND STRUCTURE OF THE NERVES. 585 

disordered nerves work all this ruin. Neither rich nor learned, wise 
nor good, need ever expect to be happy any further than their nerves 
are healthy. 30 

Even depravities have this for their main cause. 28 An extra 
sweet, self-sacrificing, scrupulous wife and mother, by over devotion 
to family, renders herself nervous, and therefore so cross-grained, sour- 
tempered, and malignant, that she scolds husband, children, servants, 
guests and neighbors, perpetually, right and left, for every little thing, 
and often for nothing, and even for what is praiseworthy, solely be- 
cause of her abnormal mood caused by this nervousness ; and when 
all concerned are nervous, all scold and quarrel, accuse and slander, 
back and forth, with depraved unction and earnestness ; making their 
home a Bedlam, and engendering both animosities and infidelities ad 
infinitum, solely because all are suffering from nervousness ; nor can 
their sinful spirit be cured- till their nerves are restored to normal 
action.. If ministers would preach this doctrine, millions of well- 
meaning, but now cross-grained, women would at once set about that 
physical regeneration which would restore them to sweetness and 
goodness; whereas, preaching ordinary sermons to them till dooms- 
day would leave them still as bad and wicked as ever in action — they 
are now all right at heart Abnormal physical conditions have 
generated those depraved mental states, which must continue to defile 
their feelings and actions till their nervous cause is removed. 2S 

Husbands, suffering perpetual detraction and reproaches from 
your nervous and therefore maligning wives, have you no " interest " 
in both relieving yourselves of these slanderous and groundless accu- 
sations, which originate in their embittered state of feeling, and this 
solely in their nervousness ? And good, sweet wives, fretted perpetu- 
ally by a cross, because a nervous husband, and this because he is 
overworked, called hard names by the thousand, unable to do any one 
thing to please him, though you try your very best, should you not 
" take stock " in restoring him to himself, yourself, and your children, 
by getting him out of this fussing, snarling, crabbed, rabid mood ? 
How many wives live crushed and heart-broken, and die many years 
sooner than they otherwise would, solely in consequence of that utterly 
hateful and repellant spirit of their husbands, which is due solely to 
their nervous disorders ? and how many husbands, finding no domes- 
tic peace, no cosey, loving feelings in the female they are obliged 
grudgingly to support, seek relief in gambling, or billiards, or carous- 
ing and dissipation with other women, who would be pattern husbands 



586 THE MOTIVE AND NERVOUS APPARATUS, AND FUNCTIONS. 

but for a wife's gangrene temper, due solely to her nervousness. Why 
do so many wives and husbands, amiable, affectionate, and everything 
desirable at marriage, become mutually dissappointed with each 
other, say they wish they had never married, and anon become per- 
fectly fiendish towards each other, not from any natural ugliness, but 
because their noble, even heroic struggles for mutual interests have 
deranged their nerves, infuriated their tempers and all their passions, 
and spoiled the dispositions and destroyed the lives of both, and their 
children to boot? 

Drunkenness depraves. This all concede, and all drunkards illus- 
trate. Why ? Solely by deranging and abnormalizing the nerves. 3 '* 

Tea and coffee derange the nerves, 126 and thus generate a cross- 
grained, ugly-tempered feeling, which vents itself on husband, chil- 
dren, and servants, however good. Tea and coffee drinkers, how 
many spiteful sentences think you are lodged in that cup of tea or 
coffee you are consuming? It irritates your spirit principle, and the 
feelings and actions it begets must affect you forever. So beware how 
you drink what, when drank, will prompt you to feel and say what 
you should regret as long as you exist. 

Tobacco chewers, smokers, and dippers, this means you, too. Let 
that hankering, fidgety, rampant, snappish feeling you experience 
mornings, before you get your tobacco, convince you that it is disor- 
dering your nerves, and thereby creating depraved feelings of one 
kind or another. 126 Only sole-leather persons should chew or smoke, 
or drink tea, coffee, or alcoholic liquors. 

"What sweeping and even criminal pharges you thus hurl by whole- 
sale at your fellow-men ! You accuse our ministers and their wives, 
our 'mothers in Israel' and virgin daughters, our savans, judges, 
senators, and presidents, as well as common people by millions, of 
sins and depravities numberless in variet} r , and heinous in kind. Can 
you prove all these wholesale accusations? for if not, you are a wicked 
slanderer, because to accuse the innocent of theft is quite as bad as 
stealing itself." 

Drunkenness depraves by deranging the nerves. Alcohol 
makes the drunken debauchee fight in frenzied rage one minute, and 
seek her house " whose steps take hold on hell " in frenzied passion of 
another kind, the next. Bacchus was wild with fierce, surging, false 
excitements ; so are all his votaries. What is " delirium tremens " 
but wild frenzy ? Then does not all intoxication induce it in that 
proportion? Are the swearings, fightings, murderings, etc., of inebri- 
ates depravities ? Then does not intemperance create depravity ? 123 



POSITION, FUNCTION, AND STRUCTURE OF THE NERVES. 587 

But how f Solely by abnormalizing the action of the nerves. 28 There- 
fore whatever else abnormalizes them, depraves in that proportion. 
That awful tobacco tremens, already described, 126 is the quintessence 
of depravity, yet has its origin in tobacco-irritated nerves. A cross, 
snappish, irritable state is a depraved state. 26 Tea, coffee, tobacco, and 
alcohol, cause this state, and thereby depravity. Opiates, tea, and 
coffee, have a similar effect. Whatever irritates, therefore, abnorm- 
alizes, and all abnormal action is sinful. 28 

Reader, please duly consider whether 26 this does or does not state a 
fundamental natural truth; and since it absolutely does, learn from it 
that whatever causes abnormal nervous action, creates depravity of 
spirit along with sinfulness of soul. Then do tea, coffee, and tobacco 
cause abnormal nervous action ? Let the " tremens " they cause, in 
proportion to their amount, together with |he nervous susceptibility 
of their consumers, answer ; and let that answer be heeded. Both 
propositions are true, and, taken together, prove that tea, coffee, 
tobacco, alcohol, and whatever else impairs the nerves thereby depraves 
the spirit. Excessive devotion to business, financial embarrassment, 
affectional troubles, waiting on the sick, reading novels, intense pas- 
sional excitements, excessive study, etc., create and augment sinful- 
ness. Let us see how. 

A sweet angel mother, all devotion to her family, has a sick 
child or parent, caring for whom worries her by day, and keeps her 
awake nights, till her nerves become disordered, which makes her 
cross and ugly to husband, arbitrary and dogmatical towards children, 
scolding this, blaming that, and chastising the other child without any 
cause, except her nervousness ; but for which she would have remained 
angelic and self-sacrificing. Their death still further deranges her 
nerves by grief, which renders her still more violent-tempered and 
abusive; that is, depraved. And yet, but for their sickness and death, 
she would have remained an angel still. 

A tender-hearted maiden is courted, till she loves with her 
whole being, and then discarded. She feels most wretched, how awfully 
only those can tell who " know by sad experience. 77 All day she pores, 
sad and heart-broken, over her fatal bereavement, and all night she 
rolls and tosses in genuine mental agony over the wrong she suffers. 
Finally her strained nerves give way, gradually but effectually. A 
slow fever sets in. This, of course, makes her cross and irritable. 
She is no longer that sweet, patient, innocent, angel maiden she was 
before; but is impatient, impertinent, cross-grained, spiteful, and hate- 



588 THE MOTIVE AND NERVOUS APPARATUS, AND FUNCTIONS. 

ful, on that very principle which makes the sick child cross. What 
wonder that her strained nerves finally give out, and that her girlish 
sweetness is thereby soured, only to be supplanted by fretfulness of 
mind and disease of body ? What a pity ! How great the loss to 
herself and family ! When will men and women learn that all vio- 
lations of the physical laws induce sinfulness. 28 

Suppose, instead, her love affairs had run smoothly, and she had 
married and lived in perfect affection, this would have kept her nerves 
healthy, and this her temper angelic. There is no telling how much 
affectional disappointments affect the moral virtues. 443 450 See this 
whole range of truth unfolded in " Sexual Science." The effect is 
given there, the cause here. 

In fine, let all bear ever in mind that deranged nerves create de- 
praved feelings and actions. Whatever causes nervous disorders, 
thereby engenders depravity. Where have been the eyes of ministers 
of religion not to have seen this range of truth, and used it to promote 
that moral excellence they are hired to preach ? Ministers, church- 
members, and outsiders, refute these doctrines, or else accept them. 
They challenge you. 

The causes of all this modern nervousness, and therefore de- 
pravity, are many and aggravated, and enter into all the usages of 
civilized society. They begin in the cradle — in the cradle ? Long 
before it, in parental nervousness; are augmented by maternal scoldings 
and chastisements from infancy; 648 redoubled by early schooling and 
precocity ; brought to a head by novel and magazine reading, false 
fashionable excitements, and juvenile "love spats;" and break in 
marital disappointments, alienations, and infidelities, and resultant 
vices and wickedness. 

Make allowances, then, for nervous wives, husbands, children, 
and acquaintances, especially for your own nervous selves, by remem- 
bering that nervousness distorts and depraves all it touches; and also 
learn the infinite practical importance of keeping or putting your 
nerves in a healthy state. The fact is, all should arrange their houses, 
lands, business, domestic affairs, and everything around them, little 
and great, so as to render themselves as happy as possible, and by all 
means avoid occasions of sad feelings and vexations. And when 
trouble, as the loss of friends, domestic difficulties, failure in business, 
or anything of the kind does come, banish it as far as possible from 
the mind, and try to think on what gives only pleasure. Children, 
also, should be crossed and provoked, and especially flogged, as little 
as possible. 



POSITION, FUNCTION, AND STRUCTURE OF THE NERVES. 589 

A tenderness on the top of the head, amounting perhaps to sore- 
ness, is one of its surest signs, because the nerves centre at this point, 
so that irritated nerves create pain there. 

Unhappy feelings, a morbid, dissatisfied, churlish, ill-natured 
state of mind, is one of the surest signs. 

Two states, as of appetite in dyspepsia, 116 characterise nervous 
disorders, in common with all others — an irritable, craving, fiery state, 
and a benumbed, deadened, lethargic, stupid, and partially paralyzed 
state; the former characterizing the earlier, trie latter the more ad- 
vanced stages of this disease. Sometimes they alternate, like Appetite in 
dyspepsia, now fiery, then stupid and moody. A wild, excitable, fierce, 
rampant state signifies the former, and a murky, forlorn cast of emo- 
tion the latter. Your states of feeling should tell you whether or not 
you are nervous, and in which state. 

152. — The Cuee for Nervousness, and Neuralgia. 

Ascertaining its cause or causes, is the first and most important 
step. Nothing light, trivial, or temporary could effect results so 
painful and serious. Look all around and see what fundamental life 
law you have long been violating. 19 This disease may be sympathetic. 
Since the nervous system ramifies throughout all the organs, their ail- 
ments, of course, similarly affect it. Dyspepsia always fevers it. 116 
What is gout but a chronic, nervous inflammation ? and are not its 
victims extremely testy and irritable ? Perhaps it results from that 
old love disappointment you have seemingly forgotten, yet which be- 
gets an occasional sigh. 38 Or it may be a married disappointment, 
or that death which struck to your very heart, or that terrible fright 
you once had, or some business disaster. 

A merchant in New York, in 1857, who had always made it a 
special point of honor to meet every engagement promptly, on going, 
perfectly well, to his business in the morning, found some of his 
customers' notes protested. Having done his best, and his deficit only 
trifling, he relied on the leniency of his bank, in which he had always 
had large reserves, to help him through; but it refused him one 
dollar. A note he indorsed for another was protested, and his name 
published in an evening paper in the bankrupt list. He went home, 
stupefied by the day's excitement, struck dumb and inane, lingered, 
and died! How many die suddenly, in consequence of the death of 
some one dearly beloved ! A lady died instantly because her lap-dog 
fell from her carriage and was run over. Analogous cases transpire 



590 THE MOTIVE AND NERVOUS APPARATUS, AND FUNCTIONS. 

perpetually, all teaching this great practical truth, that all painful 
mental states disorder the nerves. 

" But how can the} r be helped? Can a mother forget her sucking 
child, just laid away in death? Should she? What family, what 
heart, but has its skeleton ? " 

"Sexual Science" gives "directions touching mourning for the dead 
and absent," m and " broken hearts, and how to mend them." 456 Re- 
member that much of your trouble, if not wholly imaginary, is at 
least magnified many fold by your own morbid feelings; that you are 
troubled chiefly because you think you are; that if you thought the 
converse, it would be the converse; that the least said the soonest 
mended; that "evil is to him who evil thinks;" that crying over 
"spilled milk" makes you spill more, but never gathers up that already 
spilt; that your grief over a thing hurts your self-hood a hundred fold 
more than the thing itself is worth ; that it may be bad enough, but 
feeling badly makes it ten times worse, yet does nothing whatever 
towards obviating it ; that if you can obviate the evil you should ; 
but if you cannot, self-interest requires that you patiently " endure 
what you cannot cure," and "make the best" of what is; 166 but never 
on any account hurt yourself by grief. At least you must not expect 
to recover while this cause remains, any more than that a sore w r ill 
heal while it has proud flesh. Yet your suffering thus proves that 
you are curable, and that Nature is actually curing you. 23 Add no 
more disease, and your system will soon cure itself. 

Having thus ascertained and obviated the cause of this nervous- 
ness, your cure consists, — 

Not in opiates, nor morphine, nor nervines, nor valerian, nor 
any nor all those nostrums usually administered ; for if they give 
relief by paralyzing the nervous system, they do it only damage; but 
if by stimulating it, they injure it; because the very trouble is this 
very stimulation. 123 It needs no tonic, for it is toned up to a diseased 
pitch already. Opiates, morphine, etc., stupefy, palsy, and benumb 
them for the time being, only to make them far more excitable ever 
afterwards. If they have strength enough to react, they are still 
more irritable the next day; but if they have not, they become per- 
manently paralyzed. If you can get no sleep without them, sleep 
produced by them does you no good; for it is stupor, not sleep. 
They kill time and your constitution together. Away with them all. 
Do not tamper with your precious nervous system, but bear present 
pain rather than inflict future injury. 



POSITION, FUNCTION, AND STEUCTURE OF THE NERVES. 591 

Stop worrying. Every baj feeling makes you and them the 
worse, yet does no good. Make the best of what is. 166 

Avoid study and mental action generally. Do let your overworked 
brain rest till it recuperates. Its feverish, fitful action is of little ac- 
count. And remember, action now discounts future action at a fearful 
interest. Stop thinking and studying. 

Sleep, sleep, sleep, all you can, day and night. 143 To this end dis- 
miss cares and troubles, and quiet down. Let the world jog on, and 
things take their course, while you stop a bit to rest. No cure for 
nervousness at all equals sleep; yet to obtain it is often difficult. 
Though perpetually worn out for want of rest, you can compose your- 
self to sleep only with difficulty, sleep lightly, are restless, disturbed 
by dreams, easily wakened, and find great difficulty in again getting 
to sleep. Nine hours per diem are none too much, for you sleep slowly 
when asleep, yet exhaust yourself rapidly while awake, and hence 
should devote the more time to this all-important function. 

Seek amusement. Enjoy whatever you can enjoy — operas, con- 
certs, visits, riding, gardening, flowers, travelling, anything pleasurable; 
for pleasure is medicinal. 27 Make fun your business for the present. 

Your skin, not your stomach, furnishes your readiest mode of 
reaching and relieving your nerves. See how forcibly engraving No. 
4, and context, illustrate and enforce this great truth. Nature doubt- 
less abounds with herbs and things, which, applied externally, in the 
form of ointments or decoctions, would secure a most delightful glow 
of nervous feeling, and consequently of comfort, bordering on ecstasy, 
and restore disordered nerves as if by magic ; yet this is only in- 
ferential. 

Will and water are your chief remedies. The skin absorbs 
medicines. This is proved by their appearing in the urine of those 
who have bathed in water impregnated with them. But Nature is 
jealous of all interference. Give her all needed facilities, and leave 
events to her; for what can be done she will do. 

Take exercise, as much as you can bear ; but be especially care- 
ful not to overdo. Nervousness renders you loath to begin, but when 
begun, extremely liable to overdo. Not to do too much absolutely, 
but to do too fast, so as to cause a trembling. Exercising moderately 
will enable you to exercise much more without overdoing. Remember 
your nervousness throws you into a hurried, flurried, worried, rushing 
mood, so that you are apt to exercise too violently at first. Cultivate 
deliberation in exercise, in everything. 



592 THE MOTIVE AND NERVOUS APPARATUS, AND FUNCTIONS. 

Horseradish cures neuralgia. Pound or grind, and apply wet 
with vinegar, to the aching spot. Eating it with food is good for ex- 
citable nerves. So is lettuce eaten with vinegar and sugar. Both al- 
ways promote sleep, and thereby restoration. Try moderately all the 
pathies except allopathy, take the best possible care of your general 
health, and wait patiently on Nature, and every day will find you 
better than its predecessor. Following these directions will restore 
the most aggravated cases of this disease, and make new men and 
women of many now miserable thousands. 

153. — Preventives and Cures of Insanity. 

A diseased mind, of all the diseases incident to human nature, is 
the most grievous, crushing, and absolutely insupportable. To have 
limb after limb cut from the writhing body, most excruciating though 
it is, bears no comparison to that horror of horrors experienced "when 
mind's diseased." Those thus afflicted have been known to hold 
their hands in the fire, cut and bite their flesh, submit to amputa- 
tion, etc., and then remark that these things were diversions compared 
with the indescribable mental anguish they endured. Well may the 
heart of every philanthropist beat with its fullest and strongest pulsa- 
tions of sympathy in view of the anguish experienced by raging, be- 
wildered maniacs, and government attempt their amelioration by 
erecting asylums for their comfort and cure. What practice is as 
barbarous, as absolutely horrible, as that of confining them, perhaps 
in dungeons, chains, or strait jackets, treating them as if they 
were criminals, and perhaps scourging them at that ! They are 
sick, not guilty. To punish those dying of fever, or consumption, 
is truly horrible ; but to chastise maniacs is as much more so, as their 
disease is more painful than all others. Ordinary sickness can be 
endured ; but let reason be dethroned, let self-possession be swayed 
from its moorings ; let imaginary demons torment, and all the passions 
be thrown into a tumultuous uproar, they are no longer themselves. 
Of all objects of commiseration, such are the most deserving. 

To prevent this disease is far better than to cure it. The fol- 
lowing prescriptions, faithfully adhered to, while they will greatly 
mitigate this disease, after it is once seated, will, in most cases, even 
where it is hereditary, prevent its developing itself into actual in- 
sanity. 

Ascertaining its cause is first necessary, so as to counteract or 
obviate it. Insanity consists in the excessive excitability and over-action 
of the brain and nervous system. Its prevention, therefore, can be 



POSITION, FUNCTION, AND STRUCTURE OF THE NERYES. 593 



? J. H^IIUH, 



effected only by reducing this over-action. Obviously the same re- 
medial agents should be employed to reduce this morbid inflammation 
which reduce other cases of inflammation, and the same means by 
which tendencies to other forms of inflammation may be prevented, 
will prevent the inflammation of the brain, and its consequent mental 
derangement. Let it never be forgotten that insanity is as purely a 
physical disease as consumption, or cancerous affections, or any other 
bodily indisposition ; and both preventives and cures, to be effectual, 
must be adapted to prevent or reduce this inflammation. 

Superior natural abilities, including the most intense emo- 
tions, invariably accompany a tendency to insanity. Each consists in 
that same exalted cerebral action which causes the other. Only the 
very flower of humanity need ever fear becoming insane. In fact, this 
affliction is only the very excess of talent and sensibility. Do superior 
talents depend upon the powerful action of the brain ? So does in- 
sanity > only that its cerebral action is still greater. As but a narrow 
line separates the sublime from the ridiculous ; so but a step divides 
the highest order of talents from madness. It requires a prodigiously 
smart man to become crazy. Whoever is subject to insanity is no- 
body's fool. 

To prevent its hereditary tendencies from developing themselves, 
it is only necessary to prevent this constitutional excitability from pro- 
gressing beyond the point of healthy action. And to do this, divert 
action from the brain to some other part, remove exciting incentives 
to cerebral action, and keep the mind as quiescent as possible. 

A child's hereditary predisposition to insanity will show^ itself in 
his ecstasy of feeling when pleased, and in the overwhelming depth 
of his anguish when crossed ; in the power and intensity of his de- 
sires ; in his haste and eagerness about everything ; and in his being 
precociously smart and acute. In this lies the danger. Parents gene- 
rally try to increase this action, by plying such children with study, 
keeping them confined at school, and seeing how very smart they 
can make them ; yet should prevent this tendency, by pursuing a course 
directly opposite. This highly wrought cerebral action requires to be 
diminished, not enhanced. Study increases it; so does confinement; 
but physical exercise diverts it from brain to muscle. All children 
thus predisposed should be kept from school till well grown, and al- 
lowed to run, play, and be happy ; but never crossed or tantalized ; 
nor enter upon the cares and business of life till fully matured ; and 
then check that boiling energy which courses through their veins. 
75 



594 THE MOTIVE AND NERVOUS APPARATUS, AND FUNCTIONS. 

Farming, of all occupations, is the most suitable for them, as the 
labor it requires diverts blood from the brain, and works oif that ex- 
citement, the excess of which constitutes this malady. With nothing 
to do, this energy accumulates, and gathers upon the most susceptible 
part, the brain, and ends in derangement ; but opening the valves of 
labor for its escape, preserves health and sanity. 

Let them sleep. Put them to bed early, and keep them from 
being excited evenings. Young people thus predisposed should not 
attend balls or parties, nor any exciting scenes, in the evening, nor read 
novels, play cards, or other exciting games of chance, nor take alco- 
holic stimulants 123 of any kind or degree, not even wine, cider, or 
beer, and scrupulously avoid even tea, coffee, and tobacco, 126 because 
all these tend to augment and develop that excessive cerebral action 
from which alone they are in danger. They should take laxatives, 
not tonics — what will diminish their excitability, not increase it. 
Alcoholic drinks often induce derangement, even where there is no 
hereditary predisposition to it ; much more will they develop a latent 
susceptibility already existing. 

Stimulating meats and drinks are most efficient agents in de- 
veloping latent insanity. The simplest diet is the best. Milk, by 
being prqductive of dulness, is dv^cidedly beneficial. Breadstuffs will 
be found far preferable to meats. Indeed, meat should be eaten 
sparingly, because it is a powerful stimulant; It heats and fevers the 
blood, and increases the very tendency to be avoided. Bread, milk, 
Indian and rye puddings, vegetables, rice, fruit, and the like, 
should constitute the chief diet of those thus predisposed. Lettuce 
eaten with lemons is excellent, because quieting. Of course from 
spices, mustard, peppers, and condiments, they should wholly abstain. 
Excepting alcoholic drinks, nothing is equally pernicious. Only those 
things should be taken which open the system, and keep it cool. 
Fruit may be eaten in almost any quantity with advantage, and so may 
jellies. But, unfortunately, sweet things are relished by such less 
than things sour and hot, as pickles, peppers, etc. Eat them, but 
they will hurt you. 

Cold water, especially the shower-bath, is certainly cooling, and 
pre-eminently calculated to carry off their superabundant heat, and ob- 
viate that feverish tendency which constitutes the predisposition to be 
avoided. Nothing will be found more beneficial to the insane than 
cold water applied externally, especially to the head, and taken inter- 
nally in copious and frequent draughts, providing always that reaction 



POSITION, FUNCTION, AND STRUCTURE OF THE NERVES. 595 

supervenes. This prescription must commend itself too forcibly to the 
common sense of every reader to require defence. 

Avoid those subjects on which relatives or ancestors were de- 
ranged. Thus, one of the topics of derangement appertaining to the 
family of a young man who hung himself, on account of his having 
been disappointed in a love matter, was the social affections. He 
should have known this, and therefore have nipped his affections in 
the bud, unless he was sure of their being reciprocated, and consum- 
mated in marriage. In short, he should never have allowed his 
affections to become engaged till sure of marriage — a direction suit- 
able for all young people, but doubly so for those thus predisposed; 
because love is very exciting anyhow, whereas they require peace and 
quiet. Still, unless such are able to govern, they should locate 
their affections, though they need not therefore be in haste to marry. 
A partner having a cool, soothing Temperament, should alone be 
chosen. 515 

The most efficacious prevention, after all, is to place intellect 
on the throne, and to bear in mind that this hereditary tendency exists, 
and when your feelings become powerfully awake to any particular sub- 
ject, remember that they are constitutionally too active, and therefore 
magnify everything; and remembe^ng this, will enable you to look 
with intellectual coolness upon the bustling tumult of raging pas- 
sions as upon schoolboys at play. Thus, if the predisposition is to 
melancholy, remember that these gloomy feelings have no foundation 
in reality, but are the product of your own organization ; that but 
for this hereditary predisposition, the same circumstances would pro- 
duce opposite feelings ; that, in short, your troubles are self-made, and 
without foundation, and this will enable you to dismiss them. And 
so of any other predisposition. 

Directions for preventing and curing nervousness, apply with 
redoubled force to insanity. All forms of dissipation and vice, and 
whatever fires up the passions, are to be most sedulously avoided. 
None who lead right hygienic and moral lives need ever fear insanity, 
no matter how predisposed to it all their relatives may have been. 



596 . THE CURES OF DISEASES. 



CHAPTER VI. 

THE CURES OF DISEASES. 

Section I. 
the various pathies. 

154. — Homoeopathy; Hydropathy, and Coldpathy. 

Allopathy has already been censured. 71 

Homoeopathy is based in the known law of inoculation, and 
making inroads upon the old practice, of which it may justly be proud. 
If its pellets do not cure, they will not kill, and that is something, 
but this cannot be said of allopathy. Its hygienic prescriptions are 
certainly most beneficial, do much to obviate disease, and would often 
cure without any other means. For children, especially, it is prefer- 
able to allopathy, which is quite too "heroic" for these dear little 
ones. Yet herb tea is far the best for them, and " granny " the best 
practitioner, provided she does not overdose. 

Eclectropathy is a great improvement on its allopathic pater- 
nity, especially since it gives but little medicine; looks all around for 
all aids other than medicinal; and relies much on Nature, that great 
restorer. 

Hydropathy has certainly achieved curative wonders. Its power 
and efficacy probably exceed all other remedial means now known. 
Of its wonderful healing virtues, its oxygen, of which it contains a 
large proportion, is probably one great instrumentality; the various 
organs imbibing from it through the skin this great promoter of uni- 
versal life. Scarcely less powerful for good is its efficiency and un- 
equalled capability for removing obstructions, by taking up and car- 
rying out of the system those noxious matters which clog the functions 
of life, breed disease, and hasten death. For reducing inflammations, 
and consequent pain, it has no equal; besides being an efficient 
promoter of normal action, and universal life. For reviving debili- 
tated organs, rebuilding broken constitutions, cleansing the stomach, 
bracing the system, and infusing new 'life throughout all its borders, 



THE VARIOUS PATHIES. 597 

it excels all other medicinal agents combined; and is destined to lay 
medicines and the lancet on the shelf of the past ; substitute through- 
out the whole earth the blessings of health for the miseries of disease ; 
and double the present span of human life. No family, no individual, 
should be without a knowledge of the best modes of its application in 
all sorts and stages of debility and disorder. 

It sometimes injures, on the well known principle that "too much 
of a good thing is worse than nothing," but it may glory in that great 
army of former invalids it has snatched from the jaws of death, and 
made happy in health. All honor to Preisnitz and his followers. 

The principles on which it cures, probably are, that it opens the 
pores of the skin, 141 and starts that great means of health into 
redoubled activity, increasing perspiration, circulation, excretion, and 
digestion. Its "pack," which consist in wringing a sheet out of cold 
water, spreading it on top of several bedquilts, having the patient lie 
down in its middle while it and other bedclothes are wrapped and 
tucked in tight all around so as to exclude air, and cause perspiration, 
and, letting him lie and sweat for a couple of hours, then wash off 
and dress; opens the pores most effectually, and sometimes acts as 
if by magic. 

Its compresses are also most beneficial. Those who have any 
chronic aches or pains, will find a towel wrung out of cold water, and 
placed over the stomach, liver, or any ailing part every night on re- 
tiring, and kept there till morning, to take out a vast amount of 
fever, heat and pain. Before you know it, your ache is gone for good. 
It cures thus : That heat which causes the pain 23 is all night turning 
the water in the towel into steam, which takes up this heat, casts out 
the disease through this perspiration, and then retains this heat by 
this sweat passing back into water. Note how hot this wet towel 
becomes after half an hour. This heat means something — means that 
a vast amount of fever is thus allayed, because its cause is removed. 

To sweat the parts, cover up with an outer woollen cloth, so as to 
retain the heat; yet it will probably be best to let it pass off through 
the wet cloth. Try both methods, and choose the one liked the best. 

Cold is undoubtedly one of its means of cure. As a remedial 
agent it is most efficacious, yet not at all duly appreciated. Why are 
almost all men, women, and children so much better every way in fall 
than summer ? Because it is colder, and this because cold braces and 
tones up the whole system. Why, after your feet or hands have been 
growing cold by riding, do they suddenly become warm and glowing 



598 THE CURES OF DISEASES. 

without moving them? Because a latent property in cold begets 
reaction. m All know that exercising them in the cold warms them ; 
yet they sometimes get warm without exercise, and solely by the 
simple effects on them of cold alone. Its bracing and tonic effects are 
marvellous. Please note them. 

A cold-pathy, well conducted, will be found one of the best of 
all the cures, and materials for applying it abound out of doors from 
October to April. It must be judiciously conducted, so as every time 
to secure the required reaction, or it will injure terribly. 142 

That glow which accompanies bathing is doubtless due to the 
reaction caused by this cold; for lukewarm baths do not produce it, 
but only those so much hotter than the person as to create reaction 
from the converse principle of too much heat. The colder and the 
hotter any bath, the greater this reaction, provided the system has 
vitality enough to create it. 

Reaction is indispensable to all baths. Without it they do 
irreparable damage. That bath which leaves you chilly and clammy, 
damages most seriously. Do anything, but something, to induce it 
after each bath. And what are all fevers but reactions from preceding 
chills? 

Too much water, more than the system has the strength to resist, is 
awful, and will soon finish off its patients. This is true of all baths, 
all water treatment, and in fact all treatment. Invalids, please take 
note and warning. 

A small surface, when wet, readily reacts; because the rest of 
the system supplies reacting energy. 61 Hence, those who cannot 
endure a complete bath, can take a partial one, say of one limb in the 
morning, another at night, and so on till the whole body is bathed. 

The bed bath, for cold-blooded, weakly persons, is the best of 
all the baths, for it cannot possibly injure. Try this: After being in 
bed long enough to get comfortably warm, pass a wet towel, previously 
wrung out of cold water and laid within reach, yet wrung lightly, 
over your whole body, if you are able to bear it, over a part of it if 
you are not, under bed-clothes; and the heat of your body will turn 
this water into steam, which now envelopes you, softens your skin, 
takes out fever in obtaining the heat to convert this water into steam, 
and promotes sleep. Many are too much run down to endure the 
combined action of air and water, who would be benefited by either 
separately. Yet both together are best where sufficient vitality re- 
mains to react. 



THE VARIOUS PATHIES. 599 

Let this wet towel lie all night over any spot where you 
habitually feel any pain. Note how hot it soon becomes, and thus 
learn how much good it is doing you. And in general, whenever you 
feel any pain, apply a wet cloth, instead of consulting a doctor. 

Water emetics are as efficacious as any other, and leave the 
stomach emptied, but unparalyzed by its ejecting efforts. Mark on 
what different principles ipecac and lukewarm water act. The former 
is so utterly offensive and repulsive to the system, that it summons all 
its energies to expel it, making you so mortally sick as to compel a 
wrenching vomit ; whereas, lukewarm water acts solely by virtue of 
its temperature. Both empty the stomach ; but the nauseating drug 
has left more or less of its own loathed grains to irritate the intestines 
and impair the blood, while water leaves you well. Choose between 
them. 

Lobelia is a much better emetic than ipecac. A Thompsonian 
course, consisting of a steam bath, and hot capsicum and bayberry- 
bark tea, with porridge, followed by a lobelia emetic, certainly does 
bring up an astonishing quantity of ropy slime, which is much better 
out of the stomach than in ; besides leaving you as bright as a lark, 
and able to renew labor at once. The disuse of what is so useful is 
unusual. 

155. — The Electric, Magnetic, Sun, and Earth Cures. 

Electropathy often effects remarkable cures. Life is undoubtedly 
carried on chiefly by means of the electric or magnetic forces ; health 
consisting in their regular, and sickness and pain in their disturbed 
action ; and galvanism can be, and often is, so applied as to cure the 
sick by regulating their disturbed currents. 

A mother incidentally remarked that she expected any minute to 
be summoned to see her son die of consumption in a neighboring city ; 
was advised to try the galvanic battery, to dissolve his tubercles, by 
putting tne positive pole at the nape of his neck, and the negative 
over his lungs, which, done, so dissolved the pus in his lungs, that it 
literally almost choked him by running so fast out of his mouth; 
took out their inflammation ; and he recovered ; went to work ; took a 
terrible cold eighteen months afterwards by standing around in the 
rain and slush to hear an out of door speaker in December; and when 
coming down the second time, cursed the galvanic battery because, by 
restoring him, it obliged him to endure the agony of dying twice ; the 
first being virtually ended before the battery restored him 



600 THE CURES OF DISEASES. 

Its application should be governed by this general principle. 
Sending the electric current down the nerves relaxes and takes out the 
inflammation ; while sending it up, tones them up ; that is, for inflam- 
mations, place the positive pole at the head of the nerve affected, and 
the negative at its end ; but for paralysis or inaction, place the nega- 
tive pole at its extremity, and positive at its origin. 

Dr. Bowles, of Philadelphia, is the best practitioner on this sys- 
tem within the Author's knowledge. 

Louis Kossuth says gout can be easily and completely cured by 
staying an hour daily, eight to fifteen days, in the grotto Pistolies in the 
valley of Lucques and Pisa, by the patient, in a bathing gown, de- 
scending into the grotto, which is well lighted. There he has only to 
sit and admire the stalactites, or converse with friends. After ten 
minutes he sweats profusely, but not disagreeably. In an hour he is 
taken out, wrapped in a flannel covering, and after reposing a little, 
takes a cold shower bath. The curative principle of this grotto is, 
however, an enigma. In the warmest parts the air does not show 
more than 32 to 24 degrees (centigrade), and is less oppressive than 
that outside. Its water is still colder, but it is heated by the air, the 
chemical composition of which resembles that of atmospheric air, the 
only difference being a slight addition of azote. Kossuth- attributes 
the remarkable qualities of the grotto to electro-magnectic agents, and 
in this opinion he is probably correct. 

If electricity applied in this form can cure gout, it can be applied 
in other forms so as to cure both this and other diseases, this agent, 
not its form of application, effecting the cure. 

Animal magnetism, consists in the magnetizer passing his hands 
from the top of the patient's head down the patient's face and arms, 
and shaking them at each pass, to shake off the diseased magnetism. 
The Author has cured and been cured of headache, teethache, neu- 
ralgia, and other aches and pains innumerable, by this means, and 
knows what he thus recommends. God thus kindly allows the well to 
heal the sick, without injuring themselves. 

Thit magnetic bath embodies both these cures, electricity and 
animal magnetism together, and often works wonders. It can be so 
applied as to raise and sustain in their places prolapsed visceral 
organs, and cures females thus ailing right along. 

Basking in the sun is often resorted to by animals, especially in 
spring. Alligators, as soon as they are thawed out enough to crawl, 
mount some log, and sun themselves into warmth and life. Probably 



THE VARIOUS PATHIES. 601 

electropathy and the sun-cure are virtually the same, and cure on the 
same principle, namely, by charging the system with electricity, and 
regulating and restoring its currents. 

To apply it, sit or lie nearly or quite naked in the sun, or remain 
in a hot-house nearly nude, or sit or stand or lie in the sunshine from 
a window, a bay window being the best, or bask yourself any way 
you like in the sun's rays. Hence, being out of doors when the sun 
shines is beneficial, but not enough to " raise a blister." 

Shaded houses are very unhealthy, because rendered damp by 
their shade. Many families lose one after another of their darlings 
seemingly from this cause and that, besides having some invalid mem- 
ber always on hand, yet really because their houses are rendered damp 
by shade trees, and hence mouldy, and therefore pestilential. You 
might mortally hate to cut down those grand old oaks your father 
planted, but had better let in sunshine by turning them into firewood, 
than inflict on the female members of your family, who suffer most, 
because always indoors, all the misery they cause them. Looking over 
those families living in shaded houses, see how much more sickly 
such are than those which occupy sunny ones, and learn the lesson 
thus practically inculcated. Those who build among trees may expect 
to patronize doctors, apothecaries, nurses, and undertakers. Still, 
trees on the north, north-east, and north-west sides of houses do no 
damage, and break cold blasts. 

Open shutters and windows for a like reason drive out moisture 
by letting in the sun. Do you think to keep your houses cool by 
shutting out the air ? Simpletons ! don't you know that out-door air 
is always cooler than you are? Is it ever ninety-eight degrees? 
Does it not feel cool when it blows on you ? Since it is never ninety- 
seven degrees, of course shutting it out shuts out the cold, but shuts 
the heat in. A recent French writer advises housewives to keep 
houses cool by keeping the windows and blinds shut. The ther- 
mometer will tell him, and all others who consult it, that any and all 
close rooms are hotter in very hot weather than open ones ; because 
open ones allow the cooling air to sweep through and carry off the 
heat. Everybody's own feelings tell them that all draughts of air are 
cooling always, heating never. 

Hot weather also creates perspiration, which renders a draught 
of air still more cooling. Ladies, keep your doors, windows, and 
blinds open in hot weather, and, fathers, cut down all trees which 
shade your houses much. 



602 THE CURES OF DISEASES. 

The earth or clay-cure is about equally efficacious. That is, the 
ground is highly electric, as " the magnet" proves. Contact with soil 
is marvellously restorative. A mud poultice applied to the stings of 
bees, wasps, and hornets, kills their venom almost instantly. This 
fact is full of meaning. Applying it to the bite of a venomous snake 
or mad dog will at once take down the. swelling and ease the pain. 
Wet with water, spittle, spirits, any liquid, and apply at once. 

For any pain, permanent or sharp, wear a dirt poultice ; dry is 
good, but wet better ; that is, every night lay on it a bag of earth or 
clay equal in size to the sore spot, and the first you know your pain is 
noa inventus est. Try it for dyspepsia, liver and kidney difficulties, 
even consumption, catarrh, etc., and charge and credit the results to 
the Author. Though this application is dirt-y, yet it will make a 
" clean sweep" of your aches and pains. Try it for consumption, and 
you will snap your fingers at doctors' nostrums. 

Sleeping on the ground, or in a bunk of dirt indoors, will 
work wonders by way of drawing out disease, and toning up and re- 
storing you. Soldiers, hunters, and others who camp out generally 
lose their aches and grow rugged. 

Going barefoot is excellent for children, so is playing in mud 
puddles. 641 

156. — Palpitation of the Heart, Rheumatism, Catarrh, 
and Asthma, their Causes and Cures. 

A rapid, powerful beating of the heart, called palpitation, is 
rarely a primary disease, but usually only the effect of some other 
disease. It has two chief causes, dyspepsia and nervousness, and is a 
twin sister of both; so that the cures prescribed for those diseases will 
often cure, and always mitigate this ailment. 

Intense mental activity, both intellectual, and consequent on 
excessive study or brain action, or else passional or emotional, as in 
unhappy love, amatory excitement, especially personal, 470 are its chief 
procuring causes. 

General diseases usually cause local ailments. One often breaks 
down his constitution, and fills his system with disease, which of course 
attacks the weak organs first. If his heart is weakly, though not 
diseased, it suffers the pain, not because it is especially disordered, but 
because it is less rugged, and therefore less able to resist, than the 
others. The load of disease breaks down the weaker organs first, 
just as too heavy a load breaks down the weakest wheel or part first; 



03 



THE VARIOUS PATHIES. 603 

whereas, the real trouble lies in the excessive load, but for which the 
weak wheel would work on passably well. The cure for the oppressed 
organs, like that of the weak wheel, is to take off the general load of 
disease. 

Coldness of the extremities and skin, along with headache, usually 
accompanies it, because the blood does not flow freely enough to the 
former to keep them warm, while its excessive accumulation in the 
head causes a dull, heavy pain. The heart often suffers the pain, not 
at all because it itself is diseased, but because a thickening of the 
blood causes it to dam up as it passes through this gate; that is, the 
blood is too thick and turgid, and hence lodges about the heart. 
Surplus carbon, consequent on eating more than breathing, is its great 
cause. 133 

Its cure, therefore, consists in eating less and breathing more. 
The oxygen of breath thins it, 82 so that it flows the more freely. All 
thus afflicted have noticed that just as they inspire air its beat is quick- 
ened and strengthened, but slackens as they expire — proof conclusive 
that more copious breathing will obviate their difficulty. Such will 
also generally find their veins too blue, owing to a surplus of corbonic 
acid. 113 Respiration alone can remove this from the system, and thus 
still further thin the blood. Iron may aid. Whatever promotes cir- 
culation will relieve the heart, by leaving less blood collected in the 
veins, and remove the headache by withdrawing that surplus blood 
which occasions the congestion and consequent pain. This, friction 
and the bath will do to much effect. The foot-bath will be especially 
serviceable. Animal Magnetism can also be succesfully applied to 
relieve the heart and head. 155 

Rheumatism, more painful than dangerous, proves that its vic- 
tims have outraged some natural law — perhaps that of temperature. 
It generally results from colds. Gout does not differ much from it; 
while neuralgia is at least its first cousin. Try all the pathies in each 
form of this disease, especially hydropathy, by keeping a wet cloth 
laid upon the paining spot. A light diet is indispensable. The 
Turkish bath will sometimes rout it when other agencies utterly fail. 
Perspiration is its great cure. It can be applied directly to the spot 
affected, thus : — 

Wrap oiled silk or India-rubber cloth around the aching part 
over night. This will keep in the perspiration, and steam out the 
rheumatism. 

Alternate extremes of heat and cold will be found an infal- 



604 THE CURES OF DISEASES. 

lible cure, not only for rheumatism, but for all other acute pains. It 
can be applied thus. Holding the aching part just as near to as 
hot a fire as you can possibly endure, till it becomes too hot to be 
borne any longer, then plunge it suddenly into ice-cold water, and re- 
peat this process for half an hour, and your rheumatism, neuralgia, or 
acute pain is gone. If the pain is in your back, make it just as hot as 
you can endure, then let an attendant pour on a dipper of this ice- 
cold water above the paining place, so as to let it run down your back 
over the pain. Or, covering up warm in bed, put on a wet sheet 
wrung from water just as hot as can possibly be borne, cover up right 
warm, and let it remain fifteen minutes; repeat this process; then 
wring a towel from ice-cold water, and taking off the hot sheet, slap 
on the cold towel, and change it every fifteen minutes for a cold one. 
The most acute rheumatic affection can thus be cured in two hours. 

Catarrh is an awful disease, but, alas, how common ! Few wholly 
escape it. To say nothing of having a breath perfectly sickening, how 
noxious to the whole system is it to keep perpetually sweeping this 
foul, fetid breath into the lungs at every inspiration, to infect the 
whole system with its loathsome pestiferousness ! 

It impairs the braijst, and therefore the mind, memory, senses, 
power to study and think, and intellect generally. This is its greatest 
evil, and really awful. 

Colds, settling on the brain, caus6 it; and every cold makes it 
worse : so use all the means prescribed to prevent, and also to cure 
them. 142 Its victims may well pay almost anything to get cured, yet 
need pay nothing. Either of these two remedies applied separately, 
much more both together, will cure it sooner or later, according as it 
has run longer or shorter. First : 

A wet towel, wrung from cold water, tied over the face, extend- 
ing from the nostrils and lower parts of the ears up on to the middle 
of the head, during sleep, and pressed down snugly around the nose 
and eyes. The feverish heat consequent on this catarrh will all night 
keep turning this water into steam, which will keep carrying off this 
fever, night after night, and the first you know you will be well. If 
the disease has become chronic, it will hold on the longer, but the 
cure will be effectual. Next : 

Pass salt water up one nostril and down and out at the other. 
The "fountain syringe " has a nasal pipe just adapted to this passage. 
Snuffing up salt water, and also gurgling it in the throat, will do good, 
but the syringe is best. 



THE VARIOUS PATHIES. 605 

Asthma is often a most distressing, though rarely fatal affection. 
It consists in the bronchial and air tubes of the lungs being too 
small for the lungs themselves. All thus troubled should habituate 
themselves to breathing deep, take long breaths, breathe with their 
diaphragms^ because their habitually practising this will tend to en- 
large these tubes. 62 

Catching cold generally increases all asthmatic difficulties, so 
forestall taking them, and break up those taken right speedily. 

A heavy atmospheee, by pressing heavily on the lungs, greatly 
promotes their inflation. One breathes with difficulty on high moun- 
tains, and inland localities, as also in balloon ascensions ; and because 
the higher one is above the level of the sea, the lighter is the atmos- 
pheric pressure, and the less forcibly it pushes the air into the lungs. 81 
In Virginia City, Nevada, persons breathe with difficulty, because 
they are over six thousand feet above the sea level, that is, that much 
up in the air. Yet such need less breath, because the blood circulates 
more freely, for the same atmosphere presses equally less on the veins. 
There are few as good complexions anywhere as in those high 
altitudes. They make one pant for breath at first, but this is only 
temporary. Extra fleshy persons should not emigrate there. I never 
saw finer children and youth than there. 

Section II. 

acute diseases, wounds, convalescence, etc. 

157. — Treatment of Acute Typhoid, and Contagious 
Diseases, Convalescence, etc. 

Guard against or forestall all acute fevers. They are not cause- 
less, but caused ; and that by precursors as apparent as they are vio- 
lent. They generally gather a long time before they finally burst, 
and are usually the most violent in those whose constitutions are the 
strongest; because such unload disease as fast as it is generated, till 
some sudden cold stops up the outlet, when their powerful constitu- 
tions grapple right in resolutely with their disease, and the two 
struggle for the mastery so violently that one or the other must con- 
quer promptly. 

All such can get well if they give the life-force a fair chance. A 
constitution able to set up so fierce a struggle, is therefore able to win 
a victory. Let them fight it out. 



606 THE CURES OF DISEASES. 

Heroic medicines are positively dangerous in all such cases. 
Superadding their inflammation to that of the disease, endangers a 
sudden snapping of the cords of life. Let the life-force alone and it 
will struggle through ; for it would not grapple thus resolutely unless 
it had the power to overcome. It would take hold more leisurely 
and cast out more gradually if it needed to. All Nature's provisions 
warrant this conclusion. 

Previous care, however, will stave off the battle. Self-inspec- 
tion can always tell beforehand that the thunder cloud of disease 
is gathering, and about how long before it will naturally burst. 
It is always preceded by a dark, livid red about the face and 
eyes; too much general inflammation; a bad and haggard, or else a 
wild glaring look, along with other signs of inflammation ; including 
passional irritability. Let such beware how they violate the health 
laws much longer ; for retribution is knocking at the door preparatory 
to their arrest. 

Mothers should watch these and other signs presaging sickness in 
their children, and take patients in season, put them on short dietetic 
rations, soak their feet in hot water, and put them to bed early, 
covered up warmly with a dose of strong catnip tea, so as to start the 
perspiration. 142 

Aching bones, violent, sharp, darting pains, local or general, an 
irregular appetite, or none at all, restlessness, and bad dreams during 
sleep, etc., signify that the gathering disease-storm is about to burst. 

Begin in season. Be especially careful not to take cold, to 
which you are now especially predisposed in proportion as you are 
loaded with disease. Keep well housed and warmed, but eat nothing. 
Let your system live on its accumulated carbon. 113 Lay a wet cloth 
on your stomach nights. Motherwort tea taken on retiring to open 
your bowels will help. These and like means will probably stave 
it off. 

Take your bed as soon as the struggle fairly commences. Give 
up work before you fully feel that you need to, so as not to aggravate 
your malady. Doctor yourself. You are the one to live or die. 2 Or 
if you call a doctor, insist on knowing what he gives, and what effects 
are expected to be produced. 

Breathe, breathe, 8 ^ 89 deep and fast, besides keeping your room 
well aired, and struggle resolutely against disease by will-power. 78 
By all means secure as much skin action as possible. 139 If you are 
thirsty, drink, drink, so as to give your friend, fever, 23 materials to 



ACUTE DISEASES, WOUNDS, CONVALESCENCE, ETC. 607 

hustle out corrupt matter ; and keep well covered up, so. as to prevent 
more colds. It your fever proves to be chronic, take it patiently, as- 
sured that Nature will work just as fast as she is able, and do what- 
ever is possible for your recovery, but she will not be hurried. 
Probably a few days will suffice to completely restore you, and leave 
you a great deal better than if you had not been sick. 23 

A sick room needs common sense more than any other place, yet 
usually has less. Good ventilation is especially important; so is an 
even temperature ; but cheerfulness in its nurse and attendants is 
more so. A sad, sorrowful, plaintive, whining attendant is awful. 
None should, by whispers, action, or manner, imply that there is any 
danger; for this unmans the patient, even though a child, and this 
discourages or alarms the will-power, which is the great remedy. 78 
Apprehension of death does more than all else to induce it, as hope 
and clasp on life do to avert it. Sympathy implies danger. Let the 
hopes and wills of attendants tone up those of patients. 

Typhoid fever is consequent on introducing decay in some form 
into the system. Close and especially dark, unventilated, unsunned 
bed-rooms are their prolific generators. So is living to the windward of 
cemeteries in which decomposing bodies infect the air breathed continu- 
ally. Decaying vegetable matter especially in cellars, proximate cess- 
pools, slaughter houses, soap factories, etc., infect the system through 
the lungs. It is generally inhaled, as is fever and ague. 

Treat as for fever and ague and other fevers ; a and be extra care- 
ful for a full year not to bring on a relapse, nor contract colds. 

Disinfectants will generally prevent them. M. Fille has pub- 
lished in the Archives Medicales Beiges an interesting article " On the 
Value of a Disinfectant," in which he says we must not only get rid 
of offensive smells, but of all other products of decomposition, and 
that any substance which only effects one of those ends is a very im- 
perfect disinfectant. He theia passes in review some of the disinfec- 
tants in common use. Sulphate of iron, he considers, is useful from 
its action in decomposing ammonia, carbonate, and sulphohydrate. 
Perchloride of iron, besides this, precipitates albuminoid matters, and 
acts also by its chlorine. Lime disinfects organic matters, fixing car- 
bonic acid and sulphuretted hydrogen, and decomposing hydrosulphate 
of ammonia. The permanganate of potassium is a most energetic 
oxidizing agent, decomposing sulphuretted hydrogen, destroying or- 
ganic matter, and acting upon all fixed compounds with which it 
comes in contact. Chlorate of potassium may be used to disengage 



608 THE CURES OF DISEASES. 

chlorine in places like cesspools, that are not easy to reach by other 
means. Chloride of lime acts by the chlorine it sets free, and chemi- 
cally decomposes most foul gases. Carbolic acid hinders the forma- 
tion of miasms, and is, therefore, a good preventive of epidemics. 

Contagious diseases are easily managed, and need rarely prove 
fatal. Small pox can be so treated as completely to rid the system 
of all its morbid matter, and give a twenty years' extra lease of life. 
Proceed thus : — 

1. After exposure, and before it sets in, eat but little, and take 
two or three good sweats by the hot bath, steam bath, Turkish bath, or 
drinking hot water or teas, going to bed, and covering up warm. 
Meanwhile avoid all exposures to colds. 

2. When it sets in, do but little except to be very careful not to 
get cold, or any set back. 

3. A flour poultice on your face after the pits begin to head, 
will prevent all pits and marks, and help their forming. It should 
be worn constantly till they are healed. Never touch a scale till it 
falls off of itself. 

4. After the turning of your disease, and renewal of appetite, 
be extra careful not to over-eat, or eat what is injurious, or over-do. 

5. If any part fails to fill out well, lay a wet cloth on it, wrung 
from cold water, and keep changing it often. 

6. Keep up deep and fast breathing continually. 

7. Trust to Nature, and allow no fears. 

How one recovers, is most eventful for good or evil. If you 
" get up " right, you will be regenerated, physically and mentally, by 
the " sick spell/ 7 and live many years longer than you otherwise could 
have lived. 

Relapses are always more dangerous than the original disease, 
and often fatal, and by all manner of means to be avoided. Yellow- 
fever patients usually die of them, but rarely of the fever proper. 
There is no earthly need of them. Right care and nursing, always 
more important than doctoring, will prevent them. Remember that 
the system is exhausted, and hence very susceptible. 

Children, by tens of thousands, get up from measles, scarlet fever, 
etc., so poorly that they are ever afterwards ailing ; whereas, a little 
care after the disease turns, would leave them better than before. 

Don't get about too soon. You feel that you are able to do 
more than you can do without injury. Be sure to always keep far 
within your strength, and ever on the side of safety. Twice in his 



ACUTE DISEASES, WOUNDS, CONVALESCENCE, ETC. 609 

life the Author did his constitution almost irreparable damage by re- 
suming work too soon, once after the varioloid, and once after the 
typhoid pneumonia. 

Don't over-eat, and be careful as to what you eat ; but eat often, 
and always leave off hungry. 

Colds are your worst enemy. Look out for them. Remember 
what a herculean task your skin has just achieved, and how weak and 
susceptible to colds it must therefore be. 

A long furlough from business is now most desirable. It will 
let you get right well before you harness up, and enable you to make 
many times more money in the long life run with than without one. 

Mothers and nurses will find directions for keeping children well, 
and managing sick ones, in Part VIII. of " Sexual Science." 637 

158. — Tumors, Eruptions, Warts, Moles, Scalds, Burns, 
Wounds, Boils, Sores, Ether, etc. 

Leave tumors unchecked. Rely for their cure on learning and" 
obviating their cause. As long as that corruption which causes them 
continues to gather, this outlet of it should be allowed to remain 
open ; else its inward accumulation will clog and cripple all the 
other parts. Open sluice-ways for its free exit is your salvation, and 
to be encouraged, till you can reach its fountain, and stop its manu- 
facture. They may, and may not, need the knife. If not, keep a cold 
wet cloth on them, and let them alone ; meanwhile asking yourself 
how, by violating what law, you are generating this corruption, and 
head off its manufacture, but not this embodiment of it. 

Cutaneous eruptions are governed by this same law, except what 
are " catching." Don't put on anything to dry up such eruptions. 
Every pimple is a blessing. Better neither corruption nor pimples; 
but as long as the corruption remains, allow pimples to eject it. 
Meanwhile look around sharply for its cause, and cure your pimples 
by obviating that laboratory of corruption in which they originate,, 
besides taking more care of your skin. 

Warts, moles, etc., can be killed by being burnt out witlj scarcely 
the least pain thus. By so holding a sunglass or strong lens in the 
sun that its focus shall cover the head of the wart or mole for a 
minute or two, you kill the life of its head, and within a week it 
comes out from its roots, a smooth skin forms in its place, and it is 
dead without leaving any descendants. This cure applies equally to 
all hair moles. 
77 



610 THE CURES OF DISEASES. 

Scalds, burns, etc., should be at once immersed in water, cold or 
warm, as is most agreeable, and kept there till their smart ceases, then 
cover with flour, and let alone. The fact that after half or more of 
one's skin has been scalded or burnt, he must die, is full of meaning, 
and shows how absolutely essential is its office ; but if those scalded 
by hot water or steam, or badly burnt, will jump into cold water, 
clothes and all, or can have pails of cold water dashed on them, they 
will instantly stop their hot clothes from burning any more, and take 
out the burn more effectually than by any other means. Or, if a hand, 
arm, foot, or any locality is thus burnt, either hold the parts in water, 
or else bind on a wet bandage, or lay on a thickness of cotton cloth, 
and pour on cold water, gently but steadily, till the pain ceases. 

The cold probably effects the cure, 154 because, as soon as the flesh 
heats the water the burn aches ; whereas, moving it in the water, that 
is, keeping cold water next to the burnt skin, eases and cures it. 

A strong tea poultice, bound on, grounds included, and left 
to lie untouched for fifteen to twenty-four hours, will allow a new skin 
to completely coat over the burnt part. This cure is simple, but ab- 
solutely effective. Yet it must not be disturbed for fifteen hours. 

Cuts and bruises should be done up in their own blood, before 
they stop bleeding, and then let alone; or, if they pain you, keep them 
wet with cold water. Blood is the best dressing in the world. It 
coagulates and dries, thus forming an air-tight covering, which seals 
up the wound while Nature goes on to heal it. Do salves or plasters 
carry off waste matter, or insert new flesh ? They are better than 
nothing, because they keep out the cold, protect it, etc?, but do that 
far less effectively than a blood poultice. 

Powdered chalk on all kinds of sores and raw places is most 
excellent. It unites with the exudations to form a perfect coating 
under which the healing progresses finely. 

Dressings irritate, and must be avoided as much as possible. Of 
course, when suppuration is in progress, the yellow, corrupt matter 
thus formed must have an outlet, which can easily be made through 
this blooo 1 overcoat. 

Every touch pains, because it injures. 19 Let our involuntary 
shrinking from it warn all to let them alone. 

Ruptured arteries must of course be taken up and tied, but 
this belongs to surgery, that wonderful art in modern hands, which 
wu leave to surgeons. Yet they often amputate limbs which could 
be saved. 



ACUTE DISEASES, WOUNDS, CONVALESCENCE, ETC. 611 

Cancers may, but may not, be curable by cundurango. If it 
really proves efficacious, of which there seems considerable doubt, if 
it dissolves and neutralizes the cancerous ingredient in the blood, it 
will be a great public blessing ; for there is an incalculable amount 
of internal cancerous disease, especially in females, which creates cancers 
in the stomach, intestines, etc. 

Sluffing is probably the best cure. By a recent discovery, all 
the affected parts can be completely sluffed off, when the wound 
readily heals. 

Inflammations are usually due to an accumulation of fibrin e, 
and obviously a healing or formative process. 23 They are governed 
by that curative law already applied to fevers. 71 Rejoice that the part 
inflamed has sufficient vitality to institute inflammation. 

Cold water is your best restorative. It will probably give a 
feeling of comfort, and whatever feels good is good. 

Ether, or laughing gas, now extensively used in surgical opera- 
tions, deserves notice. The Deity understood Himself and His work 
when he created pain, but has graciously superadded Vitativeness to 
resist it 76 By resolutely bracing up against it, we can "grin and bear" 
almost any amount of pain and disease. This mental resistance to 
pain is that " will cure" already presented. 78 The provisions of God in 
Nature are the best possible, and worthy of adoption. Those who 
can make up their minds to endure heroically whatever pain is in- 
flicted, had better dispense with these destroyers of pain which suspend 
consciousness. There are cases in which they become suddenly fatal, 
and many others in which the nervous system never fully regains its 
former susceptibility. One had better bear any amount of pain than 
blunt this sensory capacity itself. Each and all should judge for 
themselves, but at least inform themselves beforehand. Its adminis- 
trators should give as little as possible, and its takers should give 
extra attention to their health for days before and after. The Author, 
speaking only for himself, would do without taking it just as long as 
possible, and then take as little as would barely suffice. It must 
needs do only damage in childbirth, because it simply suspends pain 
and all the other functions aboutequally, besides necessarily affecting 
the nervous system of the infant. 

159. — Female Weakliness: its Cause and Obviation. 

Female health concerns every man, woman, and child more 
deeply than any other public problem, and unborn generations more 



612 THE CURES OF DISEASES. 

still. Robust, healthy women are more desirable, yet rarer, than any 
other commodity. The women's rights question is nowhere, as to prac- 
tical importance, in comparison with woman's health. To attempt to 
say how infinitely important it is to every woman herself, is to attempt 
the impossible. And it is about as important to every man as woman. 
And still more so to children, and those yet unborn the most. Modern 
u society" suffers more to-day from the acknowledged feebleness of 
the female sex than from all other evils put together. Let the indi- 
vidual experiences of nearly all say how much. 

American " society" suffers by far the most. In no nation on 
earth are women as weakly, yet in none is female health as desirable. 
How feeble are nearly all, and how sickly are most American ladies, 
it is not our present purpose to say; nor to discuss their special ail- 
ments as such ; but only to inquire after the causes and remedies of 
their present weakliness and physical debility. Women, and men, 
come with me to the solution of this portentous problem. 

By nature the female sex is as healthy as the male. German and 
Irish women are about as healthy, and almost as robust, as German 
and Irish men ; and squaws as Indians. That this modern and 
American debility is due to the habits and usages of civilized life, is 
demonstrated in the palpable fact that the female sex, among the 
peasantry and uncultivated, is about as strong and robust, and as uni- 
formly healthy, as the male. This shows that modern female weak- 
liness is easily avoided ; that it originates in style, not Nature — in 
fashion, not necessity. Female drudges are healthy. Only ladies 
are weakly and sickly. Mark this universal fact, and learn the lesson 
it teaches. 

Must man, then, put up with either a strong, robust, healthy, 
coarse-grained, uncouth wife, or with a weakly, nervous, sickly one? 
Has he no alternative ? For if not, his lot is as hard as that of 
woman herself by being doomed to drudgery or feebleness. The 
trouble is not inherent. God has made all things wisely and well, 
but " society" has sought out many foolish inventions. 

A healthy lady is not impossible, yet is very rare. But if any 
can be healthy and refined, of course all can. Why need refinement 
blight the female physiology ? It need not. The two are not antago- 
nistic, but were made to accompany each other. She is unfortunate 
who has either without the other. 660 Woman certainly needs refine- 
ment, 356 362 but she needs good health still more, both as a human 
being,- 69 and as a female. 603 Both are natural concomitants. Only false 



ACUTE DISEASES, WOUNDS, CONVALESCENCE, ETC. 613 



J V^.L, T ^J^UV/.U.L'. V^J 



sanitary usages separate them. In the good time coming, men will be 
blessed with wives who are both fine-grained, delicate, intensely 
emotional, and exquisitely tasty, not occasionally, but generally ; not 
by now and then one, but by millions ; and be infinitely blessed 
therein. And some readers will live to see that glorious day. It may 
tarry, but it will certainly come. And come just as soon as men 
choose to prepare its way. 

What civic usages, then, render ladies so uniformly weakly or 
else sickly ? The causes to a fact thus uniform must needs be per- 
fectly apparent, and very aggravated. 

Violation of the law of balance, 6l is the great cause. That 
law is both absolute and universal. It governs women as well as 
men. All degrees of its violation are punished with proportionate 
severity. Modern female education, which, to be rightly named, should 
be modern female ruination, consists in a steady, persistent and in- 
tense taxation of the brain and nervous system, from the very cradle. 

The little girl must learn to read before she has fairly learned 
to walk, be confined in school, and made to sit still, while yet a 
mere little tottler. She needs and desperately craves exercise ; but 
no, poor, dear sufferer, she must enter from her cradle upon her lady- 
modelling martyrdom, just as her Chinese sister in sorrow must put 
on the ever pinching shoe ; and both deserve equal pity. Cannot 
both customs be abrogated? She needs and craves exercise; 149 let 
her take her fill. Her first great specific " ruination" consists in the 
conjunction of these two things : preventing bodily development, but 
stimulating mental, to its very highest pitch. And this error is kept 
up throughout her miscalled educational, but really ruinational career. 

Study is not what hurts her ; for she could study all she now does, 
and much more, without injury, provided she also exercised propor- 
tionally. Neither separately, but both together, work all this physical 
ruin. Give her the full liberty of yards and fields, and she will grow 
up both talented and robust, healthy and refined. Her romping 
desire grows on her till three years after puberty; but no, she must 
primp up, dress up, pretty up, and be so very precise and proper in 
every word and action. Her gushing girlish nature must be as effec- 
tually cramped and dwarfed, as a Chinese lady's foot is by her tight 
shoe, worn night and day. 

The beaux next tickle her already feverish excitability up to 
fever heat. She talks of them, and of little else, by day, and thinks 
mainly of them by night, and perhaps suffers nervous paralysis from 



614 THE CURES OF DISEASES. 

excitements. Of course sitting still retards her growth, and inter- 
feres with the formation of a good constitution, perhaps even under- 
mines it. What a little bit of a thing she is. At length her ambition 
is roused to become a premium scholar. She not only studies, but 
she worries day and night to get her lessons, and for fear she might 
miss one question or word ; her anxieties straining her nerves even 
more than her studies. 

Novels and magazines, with a love affair or two thrown in, now 
mush off her nervous ruination, which really is by this time becoming 
complete. Cultivated or fashionable female life is one dead strain on the 
brain and nerves all the way up from cradle to death, which there- 
fore usually transpires early. Why cannot fashion-makers get up 
those fashions which will promote female health instead of ruining it? 
and why will women follow and impose on one another any ruinous 
fashions? Woman is by far too precious and too lovely to be thus 
offered up on the altar of fashion, which is not worth all this sacrifice. 

Female apparel is another cause of female feebleness. Its con- 
struction is constitutionally destructive of health from first to last, and 
head to foot. All this false rigging of the head and compression of 
the arms and shoulders ; this lacing of the waist and loading of the 
hips; these visceral displacements, 118 caused by the perpetual drag- 
ging down of clothes, including consequent local overheating; the 
narrow, pinched-up shoes, to make the feet look genteel and prim, thin 
soles and thin hose included, collectively, are enough to ruin the con- 
stitution of an alligator, much more of a woman naturally weakly, 
and then overtaxed mentally, and cramped physically. Female 
health demands, all men, and especially all prospective children de- 
mand a complete revolution in the female toilet ; and the recent de- 
throning of the queen of fashion renders this a most auspicious time 
to begin this greatest of all reforms. Its inconvenience, in tangling 
the feet in walking, and especially in ascending stairs, should alone 
doom it to oblivion. Woman's rights righters, come right up this 
most irksome of woman's wrongs, a ruinous toilet. And it ruins the 
female spirit the most. 380 

Out-door exercise is now woman's special need. Confinement 
to the school-room, the house, and the nursery is her greatest curse. 
She needs something to care for, nurse, and do in the open air. To do 
anything about house is ungenteel, and to walk abroad is unladylike. 
To remain within is her fashionable doom. Some excuse for going 
abroad, something out of doors to call and keep her more in the open 
air and sunshine, is her great requisition. 



ACUTE DISEASES, WOUNDS, CONVALESCENCE, ETC. 615 

Flowers and berries furnish this needed excuse. To admire and 
nurture them, thank God, is yet "genteel." Do, ladies, make one 
grand rush for flower-beds and flower-pots. Besides showing your 
gardener, take hold with your own hands. Yet your apparel is really 
a great hindrance. 

A strawberry bed, a berry patch, and a vegetable garden increase 
woman's range of out-door excuses ; and so does skating in winter ; 
but she requires some genteel play, some laughter-promoting spo? % ts, 
which shall furnish a great deal more muscle-developing exercise than 
croquet, and yet allow both sexes to participate. 

Female tourism bids fair to do something in this direction during 
July and August ; but something much less expensive and fitful, and 
more consecutive, is needed, which is available all the year round. 

Ladies awake to your own emancipation, and then summon men 
to your aid. And let men and women join heads and hands in pro- 
moting this greatest American desideratum — female health. 
Fashionable exercise is the main prerequisite and restorer, U9 as exces- 
sive cerebral taxation is the main debilitator. 61 

V, f 

* 160. — The Author's Personal Health Experiences. 

From youth, all along up till now, I have had my attention directed 
quite as much to the human Physiology as Phrenology ; because it 
plays quite as important a part in human weal and woe, and in what- 
ever appertains to life. My profession has kept thrusting this prob- 
lem perpetually upon my attention, in one continuous round of ever- 
varying aspects, which I have eagerly observed, and assiduously 
deciphered. 

An experimental cast of mind was a hereditary legacy. This 
trait made me a Phrenologist. I was bound to see and know experi- 
mentally whether facts sustained or contradicted the assertions of this 
science ; and found they did in every particular. 47 

Health experiments enlisted my attention, pari passu, with 
phrenological. I began them when I started for college, and partly 
as a matter of necessary economy. My boyhood was quite like that 
of other boys born in log cabins, and helping " father " clear off a 
new and very stony farm, on which I did all the ploughing among 
roots and stones together, from ten to seventeen ; of course, work- 
ing very hard. 

The college mess constituted my first dietetic experiment — a 
dozen students uniting, agreeing about how high we could afford to 



61 G THE CURES OF DISEASES. 

go, appointing a contractor, who hired a room and cook, bought pro- 
visions, and was captain-general of the mess. I joined those which 
averaged from sixty to eighty cents per week, for food alone, and had 
enough ; though I sometimes boarded myself cheaper, by living 
mostly on bread and milk ; yet not living well enough then for health. 

President Hitchcock's abstemious views, already quoted from, 
I accepted, 112 and carried them somewhat too far ; considering that I 
took a great amount of exercise all through college, by sawing dry 
hickory wood in two twice, and backing it up four and jive stories for 
only seventy-jive cents per cord, thus earning most of my collegiate ex- 
penses. But over-working with underfeeding wore in upon an excel- 
lent constitution. I violated the law of proportion? 1 

In 1835 I began my vegetarian experience, with results already 
detailed. 110 Whether, on the general average, it improved or injured, 
its beginning or else its accompanying bathing, perhaps their union, 
was certainly most beneficial ; whilst a return to a mixed diet was 
about equally so. 

Against one of my habits, writing nights, I warn all concerned. 
The composition of every one of my early books caused a sickness, more 
or less severe, on its completion, probably consequent on night writing. 
Unable to write during the day, because continually interrupted by 
professional calls, I wrote nights, and often till daylight. My day 
labors were enough for any man, and, when supplemented by night, 
became too much for any. On retiring, a fitful, dreamy state pre- 
cluded sufficient sleep. This obtained up to 1869, and prevented my 
writing more than one work between 1850 and 1869. 

A severe varioloid attack, caught in 1841, in professional 
practice, almost ended my life. Unaware that I had been exposed, 
I worked on till it had actually broken out. I felt very badly for a 
day or two, administered to myself a Thompsonian course, Thursday, 
p. m., lectured Thursday evening, that night went to a new home, for 
the first time so sick that I sent for Dr. Lee, now of Buffalo, who 
pronounced it small-pox ; kept my bed ten days, suffering terribly in the 
head meanwhile ; steadily refused to take medicines ; adopted the let- 
alone-pa thy, excepting using a wet cloth on my forehead ; was pro- 
nounced hopeless Saturday night, but I ordered a tub of cold water 
brought to my bedside, and a dozen cloths kept soaking in water, and 
changed every five minutes all night ; broke the back of the disease 
that night ; was prescribed wine whey Sunday, which I refused, for I 
wanted only to rest and breathe ; found my appetite returned Monday, 



ACUTE DISEASES, WOUNDS, CONVALESCENCE, ETC. 617 

and Wednesday most foolishly and wickedly began to revise "Matri- 
mony," which brought on an intense pain in my forehead, that lasted 
and tormented me incessantly till 1865 ; all of which would have been 
avoided simply by waiting a week or two before resuming my pen. 157 

From 1835 to 1849 I ate two daily meals, then only one till 1865, 
was benefited by changing from three to two, and also by changing from 
two to one ; but still farther improved by returning to two, which both 
observation and my own experience convince me are the best, and 
taken before beginning, and after finishing, the day's work. 

An inherited weak stomach, and consequent dyspepsia, was my 
perpetual plague and enervator from 1827 to 1865, since which it has 
disappeared wholly, leaving instead the disgestion seemingly of an 
ostrich ; though it has been gradually improving since 1835. 

A terrible typhoid pneumonia in 1860, contracted by the 
striking in of the perspiration incident to sea-sickness, while crossing 
the Bay of Fundy, where the tide rises and falls sixty feet, after 
lecturing all summer, and continuing to redouble it by lecturing in- 
stead of giving up to it, came within an ace of ending my life and 
labors together. Lecturing first between two open windows, and then 
with a window open on my back, was the immediate occasion of this 
attack. Three doctors pronounced death inevitable, but missed. The 
special danger lay in diarrhoea supervening on the turning of the 
disease; which was averted by using water enemas, with a little 
Cayenne pepper. 

After becoming convalescent, the doctor said six months was 
the soonest time possible for resuming lecturing, yet I resumed in less 
than six weeks ; but a relapse was induced by lecturing in a cold hall, 
which induced a terrible cough and consumptive attack, compelled 
another five weeks' suspension, and left my nervous system extremely 
feeble, which took two years for recovery. I serve this absolute in- 
junction on all typhoid patients — to wait several months after they 
think themselves perfectly restored before again resuming work. 

This typhoid gave the death blow to my dyspepsia, which an 
important adjunct in 1865 completely routed and annihilated, followed 
by a marked improvement in every aspect of health and intellectual 
vigor; and in 1868 that expectoration already mentioned routed the 
last remnant of my inveterate headache, and prepared the way for the 
resumption of my pen. But for my wickedly resuming work too soon 
after both my sicknesses, no such intermission need or would have 
occurred. Let all similarly circumstanced take warning, 157 



618 THE CURES OF DISEASES. 

Severe pain in my forehead supervened almost immediately on 
resuming my night authorship, accompanied with fitful dreams 
on first retiring ; to obviate which I wore a cold wet towel on it 
during sleep, which took out every night the inflammation engendered 
by the previous day's and night's work. Night writing is unmistak- 
ably bad. You who enjoy morning papers little realize the wear and 
tear of brain and constitution which serves up this intellectual break- 
fast ; and those who write nights must sleep abundantly, and keep a 
cool forehead, somehow. 

"Sexual Science" occupied just one year in preparation and 
proof-reading. Its amount of thought will bear inspection. To pre- 
pare a 'philosophical page, requires much more deep thought and 
adjusting of ideas than any other. To average three such pages per 
day, and revising, costs more labor than originating — to lecture twice 
per week on the average, summer and winter, and do all the requisite 
agency, and then transact all the office labors besides, would soon 
break down most young men, much more old. My usual day's 
routine was, in summer, to rise before the sun, write till after ten, 
breakfast, wait on professional calls, read proof, answer correspondence, 
and rest till seven p. M., then write with all steam on till eleven ; but 
in cold weather, to rise at eight, and write from seven p. M., to two A. 
M., never going out of doors except to lecture. How I endured all 
these severe and varied labors without breaking down is unacountable, 
unless by the efficacy of my doctrines. Their effects for good on those 
who desire or require to perform great brain labor are certainly 
wonderful. 

A hearty appetite Uniformly accompanies severe and pro- 
tracted brain labor, whether professional or in authorship. Mind 
uses up organic material quite as fast and effectually as muscle, and 
promotes digestion, instead of retarding it. Vigorous health is as 
compatible with severe and protracted study as work. I regard my 
ability to sustain severe and protracted brain labor as something mar- 
vellous, and proving the efficacy of my doctrines in my own person. 
I attribute this power chiefly to three things : — 

1. Having taken a very great amount of muscular exercise all the 
way along up from boyhood till after fifty. 

2. Having kept w r ell slept up. Sleep I will have, and know how 
to get, and get mornings what I fail to get nights. 

3. Uniform correct habits, and total abstinence from alcoholic 
liquors. 



ACUTE DISEASES, WOUNDS, CONVALESCENCE, ETC. 619 

I certainly never before felt as well, nor as well able and will- 
ing to work, nor as little fatigued by it, and now have every prospect 
of being able to continue work hereafter as heretofore, till after " three 
score years and ten." To know how to pile on and endure any de- 
sired amount of hard work decade after decade, without breaking down, 
is certainly no mean practical recommendation of one's doctrines. They 
will be found to be much more efficacious in practice than theory. 

161. — Rules for preserving and regaining Health. 

Formulas, or short laconic rules for attaining desired results, are 
given in arithmetic, and all the natural sciences. Whatever is governed 
by laws has these rules. Health is thus governed, 72 and has its sum- 
mary rules, or short but explicit direction for preserving and regain- 
ing this best of all acquisitions. We propose to enrich this Part with 
a few of them ; accompanied with their reasons. 

1. Study the science and laws of health. 

Certain conditions accompany health, which all are sacredly 
bound to know, that they may fulfil, 19 and study, that they may obey. 24 
Get what aid you please and can from books, conversation, experience, 
observation, etc., and then make their summary results a matter of per- 
sonal investigation, and right hard searching inquiry. All through 
life you will need to know for your own self what will promote and 
what impair this sacred treasure in yourself. So post yourself; the 
more, especially since you your own self are the main one to be bene- 
fited thereby, and the one personally concerned in the matter. 2 

2. Observe the effects of these things and conditions, and of 
those, upon yourself. 

Constitutions differ. " What is one's meat is another's poison." 
Cold water applications may benefit you yet injure another; or warm 
water may be best for you, but injurious to another. What you espe- 
cially desire, is to know just what kinds and quantities of food, how 
much sleep, what kinds of external applications, etc., are best for 
yourself first, others afterwards. Experience is immeasurably your 
best teacher, for she has a way of enforcing peculiarly impressive. 
She is sometimes dear, but always thorough. Note especially her 
chastisements. They never come unless in reproof for some great 
health outrage. Never allow yourself to be punished twice /or the 
same offence. Learn the first time, so as to escape a second suffering. 
Be quick to " take the hint." Keep your eyes wide open, whenever 
you do suffer, to spell out the cause, and ever after avoid it. 22 The 



620 THE CURES OF DISEASES. 

elephant Romeo, in passing a bridge twenty years ago, broke through, 
and was lifted out only after suffering great pain. Lately he came 
to the same bridge, but absolutely refused to cross it. No persuasions, 
no punishments could get him on to it. Remember the bridges which 
carry you over safely ; but be at least as wise as this elephant, in ab- 
solutely refusing to expose yourself to a second health catastrophe 
from the same cause. 

Note your own changes. What your constitution could weather 
and turn to good account twenty years ago may break it to-day. Keep 
well posted as to the current requirements of your health market. 

Try experiments and note their effects on yourself, being care- 
ful not to prosecute any which are injuring you. Eat this for a 
time, then that, and note their different effects. 

3. Learn from others. 

This neighbor had a terrible fever or fit of sickness. He will 
gladly tell you all about it, for he loves to talk about himself; you 
meanwhile spelling out warnings and directions by which to escape 
the pit into which he stumbled. 

A typhoid fever has attacked this, that, the other member of 
a neighbor's family. For years some one in it has sickened, possibly 
died, perhaps all taken about the same time of year, and their sick- 
ness quite alike. If that family is your own, " step around " right 
lively till you ascertain what caused it, and look sharply when others 
suffer. 

If a dark bed-room is in the house, you need look no farther. 
Breathing over and over again, night after night, the same poisonous 
effluvia, has loaded the systems of those who sleep in it down with 
corruption, and induced this attack. It may be caused by a cesspool 
close by the window, by vegetables decaying in the cellar, a leaky 
roof, stagnant water to the windward, etc., etc. Scan all like condi- 
tions. If they are all right look farther. 

The health habits of that family may be wrong. They uni- 
formly eat hot saleratus bread, and buckwheat cakes swimming in 
butter, or eat voraciously, or late suppers, etc. 

A darling child sickens and dies. Something caused that 
death. 21 See if you can spell it out, and take warning from it not to 
lose your own by a like means. In short, learn all you can from 
other people's sicknesses ; and equally from their health. 

4. Wash your face and hands every morning, and limbs and body 
alternately every other morning. But be especially careful to estab- 



ACUTE DISEASES, WOUNDS, CONVALESCENCE, ETC. 621 

lish a subsequent reaction and glow. So modify your bath that you 
can withstand all colds from it, and secure only benefits. 141 

5. Change your under garments daily. 

Never sleep nights in what you wear by day ; but wear and 
air each every twenty-four hours. They absorb a great amount of 
putrefaction while on you, so give the air a chance to take it out. Air 
beds and bedding often and well. 

6. Do SOMETHING WORTHY OF YOURSELF. 

Work up your constantly accumulating vital forces. Inertia is 
terribly paralytic. Few things are equally so. Have some great mo- 
tive, some paramount life object, some mental or physical work in hand, 
worth accomplishing, and if possible, something in which you are 
thoroughly, deeply interested, so that you really love your work. On 
no account hibernate. If you have money enough, set up some other 
object or idol ; but if you want more money, set about making it ; 
and stick right tight to it. What is worth doing at all, is well worth 
doing well. Do nothing "just for now," but everything thoroughly, 
so as to last. It is better to wear out than to rust out. Nothing is 
more wholesome than work of some kind. 148 Choose head-work, or 
hand work, and the kind of either you like best, but select some- 
thing, and then pitch right in. You will sleep the better, feed the 
better, be the stronger, live the longer and faster, and be every way 
the better the harder you work, provided you do not overdo. 

7. Keep well rested up and slept out. 

There is little danger of your over-doing, provided you rest out 
daily. Your clock of life will not run down if you wind it fully up 
diurnally. Make it a fixed rule never to begin any day's work till 
that of the preceding day is squared off by laying in the next day's 
stock before you begin its use. By resting till noon, if needs be, you 
can do the more work in the afternoon than if you had worked all 
day, tired ; while the latter draws on the constitution, the former im- 
proves it. 69 

8. Keep your bodily machinery in good running order. 
As soon AS anything gives out, stop at once, and repair damages. 

If you still work on, expect a wholesale " smash up." Remember 
the importance of all to each. Life will not go on without all its 
functions. 61 The better you keep your machinery repaired, and in 
good running order, the more and better work it will do. Keep well 
oiled up. Nearly an hour should be spent every morning in taking 
the nicest care of your person from head to feet ; 13T shampooing your 



622 THE CURES OF DISEASES. 

bowels, 118 washing and rubbing and caring for your feet, patting your 
head if, and whenever, it aches, and attending well to your person. 

9. Nurture and favor all weak functions. 

Strong ones will generally look out for themselves, but weak ones 
need balancing up. Be especially careful not to violate Nature's law 
of balance. 61 Be doubly careful not to over-tax weak organs. E xamine 
your machinery, to see which is being worked too hard, or too steadily, 
and give it the more time to rest the harder it is worked. If you 
are consumptive, favor your lungs ; if dyspeptic, your stomach, etc. ; 
and if your business taxes your muscles only, intersperse study ; but 
if it is all brain labor, take daily and vigorous exercise; t specially if 
your brain and nerves greatly exceed your muscles by constitution. 
Nature will have balance, or punish you for want of it. Watch your 
children lest they grow up unbalanced. 

10. Follow nature, by eating when hungry, drinking when 
thirsty, sleeping when sleepy, etc., but then only. 

Instincts to eat, sleep, etc., were created to be followed. They 
either are, or are not, reliable guides. God made them expressly to 
direct us. We should see that they are not perverted, but should im- 
plicitly obey their calls. As far as they are normal, they constitute a 
perfect guide. " Nature's calls are few, but loud." Hear and attend 
to them. 

11. Supply your system with whatever it requires. 

Nothing it needs is too good for it, while its denial saps life en- 
tity at its fountain head. 167 As you would feed your hard-working 
horse, so feed your hard-working organism, not with bread and meat 
merely, but with breath, exercise, sleep, and whatever else it requires. 

12. Retire with warm feet. 

Good sleep is not possible while they remain cold. Nature must 
keep you awake till she can warm them, which may take her hours* 
Warming and keeping them warm by their exercise, friction, etc., is 
far better than by artificial heat. To warm them by hot water, bricks, 
stones, etc., is better than retiring with them cold ; yet it is to them 
what laziness is to the muscles, or nailing a tree to a wall is to its 
trunk — weakening. 62 This is equally £rue of all use of the warming- 
pan. If necessary, toast them well before you retire ; but rely as far 
as possible on natural warmth. m 

13. Never get out of breath. 

Breathing must always keep even pace with your exertions ; but 
never fall behind them. Nature will not trust. She must get energy 



ACUTE DISEASES, WOUNDS, CONVALESCENCE, ETC. 623 

before she can expend it. Nothing draws on the constitution as does 
working beyond breathing. Let those awful feelings consequent on 
panting for breath, attest its hurtfulness. If you must run a long way, 
or work with all your might, keep your wind. Do not do or run so 
fast the first few minutes as to labor for breath afterwards, so that you 
give out on the last heat, and lose the effort. 

14. Begin and close out any powerful effort moderately. 
What folly to work so hard in the morning as to break down 

before noon, and lose all the afternoon's work ! Start in leisurely, 
and increase effort gradually, doing two-thirds of your day's work in 
the afternoon ; but slacken off gradually towards the close ; being 
especially careful not to expose yourselves to colds, or anything inju- 
rious, till well rested up. Few of Nature's operations are sudden, 
except what are destructive. Sunlight waxes and wanes gradually. 
Begin far below your strength and work gradually to and from its 
meridian, but never stop anything suddenly. Any horse had better be 
put right through his day's work at one heat, than make " two bites 
of a cherry." One full effort, and then lay off. Otherwise make two 
days of one by one exhaustive work, a rest, a meal, and then another 
day's work in the afternoon. A like plan will enable invalids to 
get well two days in one by a midday sleep. 

All intellectual efforts, public speaking, writing for the 
press, and the labors of a lifetime are governed by this law. Many 
men throw so much more energy than is needed into the first few 
years of business as to unfit themselves for sustained effort ever after. 
By the time they have worked up a business, they must leave it. As 
soon as they get fairly started in life, their working power is used up. 

15. Avoid sudden changes. 

Habituate yourself gradually to any required changes and 
modifications of your mode of life. If accustomed to a sedentary life, 
you find a more active one necessary for health, business, or pleasure, 
begin the change slowly and increase by littles. If a citizen, you go 
into the country for vacation, and choose to go into the hay field, 
work moderately, even lazily, along for days till your system can ad- 
just and adapt itself to this physical revolution in your habits. 

16. Be doubly careful when about fifty-five. 
Recuperation begins to wane about that age. Self-abuses before 

that are soon made up ; but after that Nature demands respite and 
favoring. Slacken off effort in the afternoon of life, as towards the 
close of the day. Favor yourself by working easily, and husbanding 



624 THE CURES OF DISEASES. 

your strength, and you may work on twenty-five years longer ; other- 
wise not. See how many men die, or else give out, between fifty and 
sixty, and take warning. 

Still later in life, when Nature gives warning that she does not 
intend to do much more repairing on your organism, be doubly care- 
ful to need but little. Octogenarians and even septuagenarians, be 
extra careful of yourselves. 

17. Avoid all passional excesses all through life. 

Things perish with their using. Many men burn out one or all 
of their passions early in life ; so that ever after they " have no 
pleasure in them." This doesn't pay. This sensory principle is well 
worth preserving for future use. 448 All the passions are good in 
their places, but must not be allowed to run tandem. 

Violence of passion sears the nerves. It is to them what looking 
at the sun is to vision. Too much light blurs all future vision. It is 
the fast trains which wear out railroad and stock. All excesses must 
be paid for at a heavy discount. Make no such drafts. Probably all 
organs work only under and by means of pressure, brain included, 
which is effected by the will setting the brain at work and filling the 
skull with blood and brain so that, like an air ball, the greater its in- 
ternal pressure, the more completely it rebounds. Yet too much pres- 
sure congests, strains, and paralyzes. 

18. Be patient, pleasant, cheerful, happy. 

" Fret not" thyself for anything or anybody. Obviate all the ills 
you can, and then patiently endure what you cannot cure. Nothing 
promotes health equally with cheerfulness and serenity of mind ; yet 
nothing wears, corrodes, paralyzes, and shortens life and all its .func- 
tions equally with anger, hatred, envy, malice, grudges, and vindic- 
tiveness. Those who really deserve to be hated are not worth hating, 
and do not merit the life-ammunition fired in hating them. Leave 
Nature to punish those who wrong you ; assured that in her own 
time she will do it up brown. Perhaps you are the one to blame. 
All wrong doing punishes itself. 22 At least, don't hurt yourself by 
indulging any bad, moody, sad, sorrowful, hating, or other like 
feelings. 

If religious faith and resignation will enable you to smother 
wrath, or dispel the blues, or bear life's ills (punishments 21 ), cultivate 
them. As a medicine, they are as much better than nothing as 
calomel is worse, 71 which is considerable, and not hard to take. 
Genuine piety, not long-faced, moody sanctimonious, is an excellent 



ACUTE DISEASES, WOUNDS, CONVALESCENCE, ETC. 625 

tonic and nervine, and the best of all the pathies. None need ever 
fear an over-dose or relapses. 

19. Make every day a happy holiday. Those who enjoy 
" the most are the best fellows." 15 Seize and turn all you touch, and 
all surroundings, into occasions of enjoyment. Lay good, bad, and 
indifferent under contribution, and tax everthing, to promote your 
happiness. That good old-fashioned idea of comfort is the great 
thing. Make yourself just as comfortable in mind and body as pos- 
sible. Let "Sufficient unto the day is the evil thereof" be one motto, 
and " Hope on, hope ever, for the best," another. This gives you a 
double enjoyment in everything : once in expecting it, the other in its 
fruition. 

20. Keep comfortably warm somehow. Cold extremities and 
skin do no fatal damage as long as sufficient vital heat remains at the 
centre to warm the blood ; but when the whole of the blood becomes 
chilled, it congeals, and in passing through the liver, which thus be- 
comes congested, dams up, and of course inflames it, and causes peri- 
tonitis ; and if the inflammation proceeds to suppuration, usually proves 
fatal, because this suppurated matter has no escape. I once wrote 
with might and main, in a room without fire, north of Boston, till the 
middle of October, and felt no special evil effects till seized with a 
terrible cramp and congestion in the liver, which nearly proved fatal. 
Keep warm somehow. Cold hands, feet, and skin generally accompany 
a sluggish liver. 

21. Never carry pins in the mouth, nor eat with silver-plated 
spoons and knives, with their plating partly worn off; because the 
acid of the mouth acting on their brass, creates verdigris, which is a 
rank poison. Hence carrying pins in the mouth often causes a 
prickling in the tongue and mouth. For a kindred reason, never use 
printed paper at evacuations, lest its poisonous ink lodge in the rectum. 
Keep the head cool, feet warm, and boivels open. 

22. Take nice care of teeth and mouth. Teeth are as 

precious as their office is important. 96 None can at all afford to lose 

any of them by their neglect. Tartar gathering at their roots often 

loosens them from the gums, and also corrodes their enamel, when 

they decay. Keeping them and the mouth clean and sweet, by 

washing them in water after each meal, or on retiring, will do much 

to promote digestion, and thereby life itself. A soft tooth-brush 

helps. 

The mouth is in rapport with the stomach ; so that it should be 
79 



626 THE CURES OF DISEASES. 

often cleansed by rinsing in water, and keeps its glands healthy, 
which greatly promotes digestion. 

23. The bowels need the best care you can possibly give them. 

Head aches, ear aches, and a thousand other aches and pains 
originate in the bowels, or can be obviated through them. When 
well cared for they will expel most diseases, while their abuse palsies 
the life force at its centre. Observing directions already given con- 
cerning them will be most beneficial. 

Following these eules, and the other directions and doctrines 
of this Part, will keep you well, if well, and get you well if sick. 
None can at all realize their efficiency or beneficial effects till taught 
them by experience. Every reader and practitioner of these doctrines 
will be immeasurably blessed in and by following every single one of 
its directions. If we can save room we shall add to them hereafter. 



PART III. 
THE SELF-CARING FACULTIES. 



CHAPTER I. 

THE ANIMAL PROPENSITIES.* 

IV. — ACQUISITION: ITS ANALYSIS, CULTURE, ETC. 

162. — Self-interest the paramount Instinct of all that 

lives. 



Regions of the Head. 



Propensities large. 




No. 113. 



No. 114. — Me-che-ke-le-a-tah. 



These organs are located in the base of the propensities large. 
brain (1, in engraving 113), which round and fill 
it out around the ears. They are immense in this 
haggish looking Indian woman, and in the skull 
of Me-che-ke-le-a-tah, an Indian chief, killed at 
the battle of Fort Wayne. Its cuts, A and C, 
were made with a dull tomahawk years before 
he died, as is shown by their having healed over, 
and B is a bullet indentation. All are on the left ° woman/ 

* The Phrenological Faculties will hereafter supply the place of sections. 

(627) 




628 THE ANIMAL PROPENSITIES. 

side, showing that they were received in personal combat from 
the right hand of his antagonist, which shows that he was a man 
of courage and blood. 

Love of self is the all-controlling love of all that lives. 
Selfishness is the mainspring life-motive, lying at the very foun- 
dation of existence itself, without which nothing could live an 
instant. That very " love of life " already shown to be the start- 
ing-point, and great motor wheel of existence, 76 is one, yet only 
one, though the strongest, of its aspects. 

Selfishness is slandered by being accused of trespassing 
upon the rights and interests of others ; whereas, its real function 
is to look out for own self, not to inflict wrong. One can take 
the best possible care of self without interfering in the least with 
the rights of others. Indeed, perfect self-interest is best pro- 
moted without such trespass, because it creates antagonism. All 
the roots of each tree are always spreading, and drawing all the 
nutrition they can, yet none hinder any other from doing the 
same ; nor is there any antagonism among them. Thus should it 
ever be among mortals. Every one should look out well for num- 
ber one ; yet the best way to do this consists in not trespassing 
on other people's rights. Even doing good is but a selfish prompt- 
ing, because the benevolent is but gratifying his own innate 
Kindness. 227 

Losing interest in self is more than losing a fortune, and the 
greatest loss possible, next to losing life itself. By all manner 
of means tone up, but never till the very last relax interest in 
yourself, and your work in hand. 

Something must have charge of everything. Nature puts 
all her young in charge of their parents till each is old enough to 
take care of itself, when she transfers it to its own keeping ; com- 
manding it, in the name of its own paramount instinct, both to 
let nothing harm it, and to take the nicest possible care of self. 
This puts all that lives under bonds the most solemn and sacred, 
to fulfil this self-caring command ; for what is any instinct but an 
imperious divine command from its and our Creator to exercise it 
aright? Thus, what is the feeding, the self-defensive, the sleep- 
ing, the breathing, the parental, and every other instinct, but an 
absolute mandate "from on high," that we fulfil each and all of 
these innate desires ? 



ACQUISITION : ITS ANALYSIS, CULTURE, AND RESTRAINT. 629 

The means of this self-care always accompany this command. 
Selfishness is the warp of all that lives ; and it is furnished with 
the means of weaving into its checkered woof whatever individual 
desires may clamor for indulgence. 

The selfish propensities are the express instruments and 
means of this inherent self-interest. Their location in the base 
of the brain orders us to make ample provision, first of all, for 
our physical wants. All organs are located just where they can 
subserve their purpose to the best possible advantage ; and those 
organs- are located together whose Faculties are required to work 
together in executing great and necessary ends. 7 These animal 
Propensities are located just as close as possible to the orgaus of 
the bodily functions, that they may furnish them with the means 
of supplying all our various animal and physical wants. As heart 
and lungs could not work together advantageously unless located 
contiguously, so Appetite and Acquisition must be located to- 
gether in order that the latter may acquire and keep stored up a 
supply of edibles for the former. This juxtaposition of the 
physiological and animal organs is inimitably perfect; yet no 
more so than the location of the upper organs, right over and 
upon these animal ; thus signifying that all these basilar organs 
are to the moral and intellectual above them, what foundation is 
to house, that on which all rests, and indispensable to the upper, 
yet their menial — the physical pedestal for the moral statue. 

A good hearty animal nature thus becomes of paramount 
life-importance. Terrestrial existence is impossible without it, 
and necessarily weak when it is weak. God created it as a con- 
stituent part of humanity, and as such to be exercised, not ig- 
nored ; cultivated, not exterminated ; prized, not despised ; and 
rightly used, but not abused. Their proper exercise is just as 
proper as that of any other portion of humanity, the moral and 
reasoning Faculties not excepted. Only their perversion is 
wrong. Yet, — 

Abnormal physiological states usually pervert them. They, 
more than all else in man, require sanctification and right direc- 
tion. This is that august and most practically important subject 
we next approach, in that analysis of this animal part of human 
nature which shall disclose its right, and by converse, wrong exer- 
cise — its uses and abuses. 



630 THE ANIMAL PROPENSITIES. 

Large — Experience great intensity of the animal impulses; 
enjoy personal existence and pleasures with the keenest relish ; 
and with great excitability, or a fevered state of body; are strong- 
ly predisposed to sensual gratifications and passional desires ; yet 
if properly directed, and sanctified by the higher Faculties, have 
tremendous force of character and energy of mind, and that self- 
ishness which takes good care of number one ; are strongly at- 
tached to this world and its pleasures ; and with activity great, 
use vigorous exertions to accomplish worldly and personal ends ; 
with the moral organs less than the selfish, and bodily inflamma- 
tion, are liable to their depraved and sensual manifestation; but 
with the moral and intellectual large, and a healthy organization, 
have great force, energy, determination, and that efficiency which 
accomplishes wonders. 

Full — Have a good share of energy and physical force, yet 
no more than is necessary to cope with surrounding difficulties ; 
and with large moral and intellectual Faculties, manifest more 
mental than physical power. 

Average — Have a fair share of animal force, yet hardly 
enough to grapple with life's troubles and wrongs ; with large 
moral and intellectual Faculties, have more goodness than effi- 
ciency, and enjoy quiet more than conflict with men ; and fail to 
manifest what goodness and talents are possessed. 

Moderate — Kather lack efficiency ; yield to difficulties; need 
more fortitude and force ; fail to assert and maintain rights ; and 
with large moral organs, are good-hearted, moral, &c, yet border 
on tameness. 

Small — Accomplish little; lack courage and force; and with 
large intellectual organs, are talented, yet utterly fail to manifest 
that talent ; and with large moral organs, are so good as to be 
almost good for nothing. 

To cultivate — Keep a sharp eye on your own interests ; look 
out well for number one ; fend off imposition ; harden up ; don't 
be so good ; and in general cultivate a burly, driving, self-caring, 
physical, worldly spirit; especially increase the physical energies 
by observing the health laws, as this will reincrease these animal 
desires. 

To restrain — First and most, obviate all causes of physical 
inflammation and false excitement ; abstain from spirituous Hq- 



ACQUISITION: ITS ANALYSIS, CULTURE, AND RESTRAINT. 631 

uors, wines, tobacco, mustards, spices, and heavy and rich foods ; 
eat lightly, and of farinaceous rather than of flesh diet, for meat 
is directly calculated to excite the animal passions ; avoid temp- 
tation and incentives to angerand sensuality ; especially associate 
only with the good, never with those who are vulgar or vicious ; 
but most of all, cultivate the higher, purer moral Faculties, and 
aspire to the high and good ; also cultivate love of Nature's beau- 
ties and works, as the very best means of restraining the animal 
passions. 

V. ACQUISITION ; * Acquisitiveness." 

163. — Its Definition, Location, Discovery, and Phi- 
losophy. 

The provider and merchant ; economy ; frugality ; industry ; 
husbandry ; thrift ; appropriation ; the acquiring, claiming, mine- 
and-thine instinct; desire to get, own, possess, and keep; love 
of money for its own self, and as an end, not a means ; the sav- 
ing, laying up, and hoarding propensity. 

Excessive and perverted, it creates a mean, sordid, penuri- 
ous, close-fisted, grasping, hoarding, and miserly spirit. 

It is located above and adjoining Appetite and Construction, 
and can be found thus : Draw a perpendicular line from the 
opening of the ear one and a half inches up, and another from its 
top the same distance forward ; the end of the last will be on this 
organ. In proportion as it is large, it fills and rounds out the 
sides of the head just back of the lower part of the temples, ren- 
dering the head rounding and spherical between the tops of the 
ears and corners of the eyes, as in James Fisk, Jr., the Erie rob- 
ber ; and creating, when surrounding organs are deficient, a ridge 
which runs forward nearly horizontally, yet descending slightly. 
Its deficiency leaves a corresponding hollow, and the head thin 
and narrow in this region, as in Gosse, who gave away two for- 
tunes, and has been poor ever since. 

In the head of James Fisk, Jr., this organ and, in fact, the 
entire animal region, is simply enormous, particularly in its get- 
ting part, as is also Causality to plan effective means of obtaining 
money. It is very large in William Teller, the robber and mur- 
derer. 



632 



THE ANIMAL PKOPENSITIES. 



ACQUISITION VERY LARGE. 



ACQUISITION LARGE. 




No. 116. — James Fisk, Jr. 



118. — Mr. Gosse, 
gave away two fortunes. 



Its adaptation is to man's need of a constant supply, "on call," 
of the necessaries, utilities, comforts, and luxuries of life; in 
short of property, of which, by common consent, money is the 
representative. It is based in this principle : These necessaries 
and means of enjoyment are produced at certain times and places, 
yet wanted for use at others. Thus grains, fruits, edibles, &c, 
grow mostly in summer and fall, yet are wanted for consumption 
the year round, which necessitates their saving and storing up 



ACQUISITION: ITS ANALYSIS, CULTURE, AND RESTRAINT. 633 

against times of need, as well as of whatever else man requires 
for future use. 

Storage, as well as saving, thus becomes a human necessity. 
This involves store-houses, boxes, &c, in which they can be pre- 
served from destruction, theft, weather, &c. ; and accordingly 
this organ is located adjoining Construction, that both may work 
together in creating houses and places for keeping things till they 
are wanted, including trunks, locks, doors, &c. 

Commerce is but the natural evolution of this Faculty. One 
man has one natural "gift" for supplying one human need 
better than another. 7 ' 33 Thus one can produce grains, another 
machines, a third fabrics, a fourth books and ideas better than the 
others, and can be happiest by supplying more of his specialty 
than he can consume, and exchanging his surplus with the others 
for theirs. 

Merchants or middle-men to effect this exchange thus become 
indispensable, in order to receive and disburse these surpluses, 
for which service they must have their pay in the profits derived 
from this traffic. This Faculty thus creates all kinds of business. 
But for this or a kindred instinct, though man might feast on the 
stalled ox — yet without this element he would not have stalled 
it — till its flesh spontaneously decayed, still he would not pre- 
serve any of it for future use ; and though he might have plucked 
the golden bounties of summer and autumn to satisfy present 
hunger, — still, without this Faculty, he would not have planted 
or sowed, — yet he would never lay up in harvest his winter's 
supply of edibles, and therefore have inevitably starved. 

Stores, marts, markets, bazaars, exchanges, and places where 
those who have, and who need, these surpluses can meet to effect 
their mutual exchanges, thus become necessary. 

Money is another great branch of this economic tree. For 
all buyers and sellers to take and carry along with them all they 
wish to buy and sell would obviously be very inconvenient. This 
necessitates some commodity which all parties shall regard and 
acknowledge as a "legal tender" for their purchases and sales, 
and of course something which shall represent them all. It must 
be easily carried and counted, and have some standard value. 
Money effects these results, and thus becomes "a very handy ar- 
ticle " to have at command, and sometimes, withal, very necessary. 



G34 THE ANIMAL PROPENSITIES. 

Whatever sellers, buyers, and traders, by common consent, 
recognize as money, thereby becomes such. Gold and silver are 
thus recognized over most of the civilized world, chiefly because 
they are prime articles of human consumption. Yet the Chinese 
put a very much higher price upon the dollar, or give and require 
much more for an ounce of either, than their Western neighbors ; 
yet international commerce must eventually bring all to one 
common standard of valuation, that is, equalize their worth. 

Banks and brokers, or depositories for those who have and who 
want money, thus become public requisitions and benefactions. 
Interest for the use of money is thus due from borrower to 
lender. Nor should law say how much or little, any more than 
what men shall give and take for a bushel of wheat, or yard of 
calico ; but let borrowers and sellers say how much they are mu- 
tually willing to give and take for its use. 

Transportation is another limb of this great trunk of Acqui- 
sition. Wheat, butter, and other commodities raised in the 
country are often wanted for use in cities and foreign countries, 
while " Havana oranges " taste good wherever they can be offered 
good. Ships, canals, railroads, &c, now become necessary, in 
order to bring and carry all kinds of commodities and property, 
except real estate, from and to all parts of the earth, and the 
islands of the sea, and are really a great human institution, by 
filling a natural want. We little realize how much we owe to 
shipping and "the carrying trade," and to "commerce" generally. 

Railroads supply this want in a more domestic form, and, 
though of recent origin, are great public conveniences. All more 
than double the nominal value of the lands along their lines, and 
make them worth at least ten times more, intrinsically, than they 
otherwise would have been. Yet they should be shorn of their 
monopolizing and electioneering power, and especially of bribery, 
by making it annul their charters. They should also be allowed 
exclusive rights only for a limited time, as in copyrights, patents, 
&c, after which the people should be allowed to construct rival 
roads if they choose. Thus " Camden and Amboy " has bought 
and sold New Jersey a hundred times, purchased by bribery new 
leases and larger powers, and then fleeced the people right and 
left unmercifully for half a century. Certain conditions were 
appended to their original charter to guard the people, the spirit 



ACQUISITION: ITS ANALYSIS, CULTURE, AND RESTRAINT. G35 

of all of which it has habitually violated from the first. Its origi- 
nal exclusive rights expired in twenty years, and if it had been 
held to their fulfilment, competition would for twenty years past 
have carried passengers and freight for one fourth it has impu- 
dently extorted ; besides treating its passengers politely instead 
of imperiously. 

Massachusetts gave M The Boston and Lowell " a charter, one 
condition of which was to so reduce its fare that stockholders 
should receive only ten per cent. — then a great interest ; but it has 
notoriously violated this cardinal condition, and robs and laughs 
at the state, while it annually quadruples its chartered profits, and 
bribes all who attempt to call it to account. Legislatures, whose 
railroad or any other of its creatures thus fleece their people, 
should " bring them to time." 

Congress furnished the credit, and most of the money to build 
the Pacific Railroad, on condition that it carry United States freight, 
and pay its interest ; but it does neither, and bribes Congress to 
keep still while it robs the people. Every Congressman owes it 
to his oath and his country to make this corporation " toe the 
mark " of its charter ; and thus of all other legislators. 

California is railroad blessed and ridden, and might and 
ought to have all the blessings without any of this profuse bleed- 
ing which cripples all her industries. Railroads are good things, 
but should be chartered with judicious restrictions, and made both 
to fulfil them, and confined to their legitimate business of carry- 
ing, not corrupting legislators. 

To all public corporations these principles apply equally ; 
for all grow out of this great acquisitive element. 

All individual enterprises which have dollars for their object 
spring from this Faculty. "Public spirit," so called, is its crea- 
ture ; as is most private. " Money is what makes the mare go." 
Reader, how many of your life exertions have this pecuniary in- 
spiration? What would you be or do but for this love of the 
"Almighty dollar"? If it is "the root of all evil," it is at least 
equally the root of all good. That child, youth, man who lacks 
it will never amount to anything like as much as if he had it full. 
For what do workmen work? Solely for their pay, but for which 
they would be idlers, and all manufacturing would stop short. 

Money represents labor. Those dollars in your pocket, in 



630 THE ANIMAL PROPENSITIES. 

all pockets, represent just so much work done by somebody 
some time. Other valuables, as lands, products, manufactures, 
anything of intrinsic value, are just as good a basis, and less liable 
to create those fluctuations in value which cause commercial 
panics and failures. Long-keeping edibles are better, as are 
lands and government bonds, anything on which men can realize 
the value of the money pledged on them. "Ample security" is 
the main thing. 

Industry is the creature of this Faculty. Of its value to the 
individual and the state we need not speak ; nor of the evils of 
that "devil's- workshop," idleness ; for they are apparent without. 
The unexampled prosperity of our country is due to its allowing 
all to have what they earn, which inspires them to earn all they 
can ; and this carries forward all our national industries. Ex- 
slaves will earn double and treble now that they are inspired by 
this personal motive, more than when driven to work by the lash, 
and will soon make "the South" ten times more prosperous than 
it could ever have been under slavery ; for " the blacks " will both 
earn and spend ten dollars now to one then. 

Nature economizes all things, but abhors waste. Nothing 
is lost throughout all her vast domains. Our world was made 
to stand untold myriads of ages, and be crowded with life 
of some sort, for all of whose wants, throughout all time, she 
must make ample provision. She must not furnish a surplus at 
one time with scarcity at another, but each year must have its 
due proportion. All our mountains, and even our entire earth, 
are composed of materials for sustaining vegetable growth. If 
they decayed all through at once the soil would be very rich at first, 
when but few inhabitants needed food, only to be exhausted in 
after ages, when she became crowded; but this . economic law 
causes sun, water, frosts, &c, to disintegrate only the surface of 
rocks and ground, which protects the balance from these decaying 
conditions, and thus keeps it in store for all time to come. 

All over mountains the surface and crevices of rocks are 
creating virgin soil, which one kind or another of tree or vegetable 
appropriates, till its decomposition fits it to nourish some other, 
or allows rains, floods, winds, &c, to transport it into valleys, 
to perpetually augment their productiveness. Grasshoppers feed 
on vegetables, land in streams, feed fish, which feed us, and 



ACQUISITION: ITS ANALYSIS, CULTURE, AND RESTRAINT. 637 

we throw out their bones, which decay and enrich soil, or are 
swept into the sea to feed vegetable or animal life ; the same ma- 
terial being transformed over and over again into something which 
sustains life. 

A shiftless farmer burns his straw and stalks to get rid of 
them, thus seemingly wasting their manure ; but no ; the Divine 
Economist turns it into that carbonic acid gas, on which vegeta- 
bles feed, transports it to yonder distant field or forest, which im- 
bibe it from the air, turn it into grass, grain, wood, nuts, leaves, 
&c, or another farmer's wheat field turns a part of it into wheat; 
but at least nothing of that foolishly burnt straw is wasted. 

Leaves serve their summer purpose, fall, decay, and manure 
the earth's surface with a rich fine mould, precisely adapted to 
start in the spring those fall seeds they covered during the winter. 
Grasshoppers eat vegetables, fowls them, and man fowls ; and the 
fall chill so stiffens them just before they must die of cold, that 
fowls find them an easy prey. Grasshoppers were not made for 
nought. 

One feeder or another stands ever ready to seize and appro- 
priate the carcass of whatever dies to its own life use. A tree 
dies, and worms of this kind or that hatch from eggs deposited 
upon it, and bore all through it, turning this very rotting wood to 
practical account. When we die, worms will consume our flesh, 
and probably another set theirs, besides their decaying gases 
escaping into the air, only to be taken up by some form of vegeta- 
ble life, and this by some animal. The very dung-heap breeds 
swarms of flies iu countless numbers, which issue forth, to bask 
iu the sun, flit gayly in the breeze, and enjoy a fleet, happy 
existence ; creating happiness out of nastiness itself, feeding 
on that filth which would otherwise be injurious to man, and in 
turn feeding that flitting swallow whose sight and flight delight 
man. 

The very offal, faecal, urinal, and cutaneous, ejected from the 
system because hostile to life, enriches the soil, and furnishes an- 
other round of vegetables for feeding man and beast. 

Man and animals excrete carbon by the life process, 113 but 
consume oxygen ; 82 while vegetables imbibe and grow on this 
carbon, yet exhale oxygen ; each living on the other's leavings, 
and multiplying the other; so that the more animals there are, 



638 THE ANIMAL PROPENSITIES. 

the more they promote that very vegetable growth which furnishes 
them with food. The more of either, the more of the other. 

The air needs clearing of those gases noxious to life, gen- 
erated by man and animal, 89 else, in the course of ages, the whole 
of it would be vitiated by human and animal effluvia, just as a 
room now does by being long packed with breathers, when grad- 
ual but inevitable suffocation must needs ensue ; whereas, vegeta- 
bles thus clear it by absorbing the identical elements cast off by 
animal life. Vegetables, too, but for animal life, would soon ab- 
sorb so much carbon, and excrete so much oxygen, as to unfit it 
to sustain any more vegetable growth ; whereas, by this stroke 
of divine economy, animal oflal makes vegetable food, and 
vegetables make those animals which eat them give back to the 
vegetable kingdom all the elements taken from it. 

Behold, O man, and admire these and ten thousand other 
like divine frugalities, on a scale commensurate with all time and 
space, and learn therefrom lessons of economy ; and then look all 
around for something now unappropriated, yet capable of being 
turned to practical account. They say that all parts of the 
slaughtered swine, — entrails, blood, hair, bristles, &c, — are 
now turned to practical account ; and this principle can be applied 
equally to thousands of other things man could make useful to 
himself, but now useless. 

Table fragments are wasted in untold quantities. A dainty 
guest sends back piece after piece of good meat from some fancied 
fault, only to have it thrown away ; whereas, none have any moral 
right to thus squander the necessaries of life, even though they do 
pay for them. Rich people think themselves entitled to waste 
Nature's bounties, but they have not. Economy is one of the 
natural laws, and as such should be obeyed by rich and poor. 
Food is sacred, and should be husbanded. Let the rich gratify 
their Kindness by giving away what they cannot or do not use. 
Christ's economic example of gathering up and utilizing the frag- 
ments should be followed, at least by His followers. The time is 
coming when this utterly useless, and even wicked extravagance 
and waste of to-day will be prevented, probably by forestalling 
these gigantic fortunes, and this by paying more wages to labor, 
and leaving less profit to trafficker and capitalist. The man who 
works really makes the money, and deserves the full avail of his 



ACQUISITION : ITS ANALYSIS, CULTURE, AND RESTRAINT. 639 

labors. He should at least be able to make as much money by a 
hard day's work as the merchant by a hard day's business, fair 
allowance being made for the capital of the merchant, and the 
skill of the artisan. Working men should be better compensated, 
but no laborer should hinder any other from taking what wages he 
pleases. Labor and capital will each finally find their level. 
Neither can thrive except by the help of the other ; then let them 
become and remain mutual friends, not antagonists. 

164. — History, Description, Cultivation, and Restraint 
of Acquisition. 

Gall discovered Acquisition thus : Assembling errand-boys 
and common people in his apartments, by familiarizing himself 
with them he finally led them to * tell on " each other. Some ac- 
cused others of being adroit thieves, who " owned up," and even 
boasted of their stealing skill. He put these chipeurs by them- 
selves, those who abhored theft, and would not touch anything 
stolen by themselves, and also those who were indifferent, and on 
examining their heads, — 

" I was astonished to find that the most inveterate chipeurs had a long 
prominence extending from Secrecy almost as far as the external angle 
of the superciliary ridge; and that this region was flat in all those who 
abhorred theft; while in those indifferent, it was more or less developed, 
but always less than in the professed thieves. All were children of Nature, 
left to themselves; and those who detested stealing were often those 
whose education had been most neglected. 

" Some of the children of the Deaf and Dumb Asylum, where I was 
physician, showed a remarkable propensity to steal; others none. This 
was corrected in some in six weeks, while others were incorrigible. One 
was severely chastised, and put into the House of Correction, but all in 
vain, and felt so incapable of resisting temptation that he wished to learn 
the trade of a tailor, because he could then indulge this propensity with 
impunity. 

"A lad of fifteen, with a small head and low forehead, had this organ 
very large, and was a thief from infancy, despite perpetual chastisements, 
and proved so incorrigible that he was imprisoned for life. Victor Ama- 
deus, first King of Sardinia, constantly stole trifles. Saurin, pastor at 
Geneva, was a natural thief. Another victim of this passion from youth 
entered the army, that its severe discipline might restrain him, where he 
came near being hanged, then became a preacher in order to restrain 
himself, yet kept on stealing scissors, candlesticks, snuffers, cups, tum- 
blers, &c, which he secreted in his cell. Lavater mentions a physician 
who always stole something from his patient's room, whose wife re- 
turned them. A thief stole his confessor's snuff-box while in articulo 
mortis. 



640 THE ANIMAL PROPENSITIES. 

"Among all nations, and at all times, theft has held the most conspic- 
uous place among offences. Few can conscientiously say, 'I never stole 
anything.' What variety, and how long the chain of larceny ? In war, 
litigation, administering on estates, business, lotteries, gambling, &c, 
sponging, cheating, &c, are everywhere perpetrated." — Gall. 

Cases by hundreds are mentioned by Gall of this uncontrolla- 
ble propensity, along with this organ large, and all must know of 
like cases. Natural thieves are N brought by hundreds to ray 
office. One of the commandments is directed against it — "Thou 
shalt not steal." This mental Faculty perverted, causes them all. 
Spurzheim called it covetousness, but finally adopted Acquisitive- 
ness, which we change to Acquisition, as shorter and better. 

Love of property, desire to own and possess, is its special 
function. It is located close by Appetite, that it may store up 
food in seasons of its production, against winter and spring; by 
the side of Construction, that it may prompt to money-making by 
manufacturing useful articles ; by Secrecy, that it may stow away 
in some safe place, hidden from sight, as in the squirrel secreting 
his winter's food ; and in the very centre of the animal group, that 
it may store up the necessaries of life first, luxuries afterwards. 

Whatever gratifies any other Faculty is therefore property. 
A man's home, paid for, is his, and he feels that it is. Two robins 
have built themselves a nest ; it is theirs, and no naughty boy has 
any more right to rob or destroy it than to tear down a house, or 
rob a church, because proprietary "rights" are as "inalienable" 
as any other, and in beast and bird as man. The nuts stored 
away by the squirrel become his by prior discovery, collection, 
and storage, and should not be taken, even by man, unless in 
case of real stress. You planted that cherry tree, but those 
robins have a right to feed on its fruit, derived from Nature, 
which tells them to " help themselves " to what they find. All 
animals which lay up own their stores, that propensity which lays 
up giving them " inalienable rights " in what they store. 

" It prompts man, after having appeased hunger, and protected his 
person against present atmospheric inclemency, to continue to labor by 
the mere delight of accumulating, and the wealth of civilized communi- 
ties is due to those ceaseless industries produced by this Faculty. It 
prompts the husbandman, artisan, manufacturer, and merchant to dil- 
igence in their pursuits, and is one of the sources of the comforts and 
elegancies of life. Its regular activity distinguishes civilized man from 
savage. The prodigal, who spends his last shilling, leaves behind no 



ACQUISITION: ITS ANALYSIS, CULTURE, AND RESTRAINT. 641 

useful traces of his existence ; while the laborious artisan who, inspired 
thereto by this Faculty, saves half of the products of his labor, thereby 
contributes to the stock of national capital, to set in motion the indus- 
tries of unborn generations." — Combe. . 

A money-making knack is conferred by this Faculty. Some 
turn all they touch into gold, others into ashes. Some know just 
how to work a bargain so as to buy for the least, and sell for the 
most possible ; others have no such gift. Some are shrewd and 
sharp in whatever concerns business, and natural traders ; 
while others fail in all their pecuniary undertakings. Some are 
good, others poor, collectors. The former possess, the latter 
lack, this element. It must be most powerful to save up despite 
all this intense desire to spend money. 

Large — Make haste to get rich ; pursue money-making plans 
eagerly ; have a natural bargain-driving gift ; save for future use 
what is not needed for present ; turn everything to good account ; 
allow nothing to go to waste ; buy closely, sell well, and make 
the most of everything ; are industrious, frugal, economical, and 
prosecute all money-making plans with vigor ; desire to get, own, 
possess, and save up ; and always have something laid aside for 
future use; with moderate Hope and large Caution, are penny 
wise but pound foolish ; hold the sixpence too close to the eye to 
see the dollar farther off, and give the entire energies to amass- 
ing property ; with moderate Secretion and large Conscience, are 
close, yet honest; will have dues, yet want no more, and never 
employ deception ; but, with large Secretion and but average 
Conscience, make money any how ; palm off inferior articles for 
good ones, or at least over-praise those on sale, but run down in 
buying ; and with large Parental Love and perceptives added, can 
make a finished horse-jockey ; with moderate Dignity, are small 
and close in deal, and stick for the half cent; with large Hope 
and only full Caution, embark too deeply in business, and are 
liable to fail ; with large Friendship and Kindness, will do for 
friends more than give to them, and had rather circulate the sub- 
scription-paper than sign it ; with large Hope and Secretion, and 
only average Caution, buy more than can be paid for, pay more 
in promises than money, should adopt a cash business, and check 
the manifestations of this Faculty by being less penurious and 
industrious, and more liberal ; with large social organs, industri- 
81 



642 THE ANIMAL PROPENSITIES. 

ously acquire property for domestic purposes, yet are saving in 
the family ; with moderate Secretion, and activity greater than 
power, are so liable to overdo, and take on too much work in 
order to save, as often to incur sickness, and thus lose more than 
gain ; w T ith large Ambition and moderate Secretion, boast of 
wealth, but with large Secretion, keep pecuniary affairs secret; 
with large Construction, incline to make money by engaging in 
some mechanical branch of business ; with large Caution, are 
provident ; with large Ideality, keep things very nice, and are 
tormented by whatever mars beauty ; with large intellectual 
organs, love to accumulate books, and whatever facilitates intel- 
lectual jorogress ; with large Devotion and Dignity, set great store 
by antique and rare coins, and specimens, &c. 

Full — Take good care of possessions, and use vigorous exer- 
tions to enhance them ; value property for itself and its uses ; are 
industrious, yet not grasping; and saving, without being close; 
with large Kindness, are too ready to help friends; with 
large Hope added, too liable to indorse ; and with an active tem- 
perament, too industrious to come to want, yet too generous ever 
to be rich. 

Average — Love property ; yet the other Faculties spend 
quite as fast as this Faculty accumulates; with Caution large, 
love property for itself, and in order to be safe against future 
want ; with large Ambition, desire it to keep up appearances ; 
with large Conscience, to pay debts ; with large intellectual 
organs, will pay freely for intellectual attainments ; yet the kind 
of property and objects sought in its acquisition depend upon 
other and larger Faculties. 

Moderate — Value and make property more for its uses than 
itself; seek it as a means rather than an end ; with Caution large, 
may evince economy from fear of coming to want, or with other 
large organs, to secure other ends, yet care little for property on 
its own account ; are rather wasteful ; neither excel in bargaining, 
nor like it ; have no great natural pecuniary tact, or money-mak- 
ing capability, and are in danger of living quite up to income ; 
with Beauty large, must have nice things, no matter how costly, 
yet do not take first-rate care of them ; disregard small expenses ; 
purchase to consume as soon as to keep ; prefer to enjoy earnings 
now to laying them up ; with large domestic organ, spend freely 



ACQUISITION: ITS ANALYSIS, CULTURE, AND RESTRAINT. 643 

for family; with strong Ambition and moderate Caution, are 
extravagant, and contract debts to make a display ; with Hope 
large, run deeply in debt, and spend money before it is earned ; 
with Kindness and Friendship large, indorse too freely for 
friends, and must swear off from giving and indorsing. 

Small — Hold money loosely; spend it often without getting 
its value ; care little how it goes ; with Hope large, enjoy it 
to-day without saving for to-morrow, — spend while going instead 
of " laying up for a rainy day ; " and with large Ambition and 
Beauty added, and only average Causality, are prodigal, and 
spend money to poor advantage ; contract debts without providing 
for their payment, &c. 

The back part of Acquisition gets, speculates, launches out, 
and seeks to amass, yet pays little attention to smaller sums, and 
invests freely ; while its fore part saves up, keeps, accumulates, 
and amasses. We will call the former Acquisition, the latter 
Frugality. One with the former part large, and latter mod- 
erate, will invest largely to-day in hopes of getting back with 
additions to-morrow, and look away ahead after great piles of 
money, yet leave the smaller sums of to-day unnoticed ; while 
one with the getting part moderate and saving large, saves at the 
spigot; looks after driblets; and prefers bonds and mortgages, 
even at low interest, to large prospects with poor security. In 
Westerners and Southerners getting is large, but saving small ; in 
Easterners, saving predominates, and Americans generally are rav- 
enous to get, yet wasteful in use. As a nation we need less wild 
rushing rage to acquire, with much more economy and frugality. 
Waste is wicked, even with abundance. God saves up every- 
thing, so that literally nothing is lost, 163 and man ought to follow 
His august example. It would seem as if all our wits were 
sharpened up to pick every dollar possible out of every accessible 
pocket, and then contrive all possible ways to get rid of it some- 
how. 

All are put under bonds, by the very existence of this 
Faculty, to lay by enough for all personal necessities, in all future 
contingencies. None have any moral right to squander even their 
own hard earnings until they have first made themselves and theirs 
safe against want. The very office of this Faculty is to keep 
something in store on which to' draw when necessity requires*. 



644 THE ANIMAL PROPENSITIES. 

A dollar in real need is a dollar indeed. This Faculty was created 
to be exercised. Economy is as much a virtue as Kindness. 
Even children should be early taught to w salt down " something 
for future use. Young man, what will be the practical difference 
at fifty of your laying by only a dollar per week, or spending as 
you go? The amount accumulated, interest included, would be 
enormous. Use your Computation to decipher how much. Yet 
this vast sum is but a fraction. After you save up two years you 
will see some corner lot, some piece of fast property, some busi- 
ness opening, where this hundred and iive dollars will give you 
possession or an interest. That property or business rises : gives 
you capital and credit to work with ; renders you respected and 
courted ; and achieves many other life advantages unattainable 
without means, and doubles itself many times over in clear profits ; 
besides giving you a place to "invest" subsequent earnings, a 
nest-egg to draw other layers to your nest, and something to 
"fall back on " besides. 

A young man in Chicago, fast but smart, who earned a hundred 
dollars per month, yet spent it all on one fast pleasure and an- 
other, called on me professionally, and received, after his examin- 
ation proper, a little fatherly advice to quit fast horses, girls, &c, 
and salt down half or more of his earnings, till he could buy some 
fast property, and save what he now squandered. He took that 
advice, saved three months' earnings, except board ; bought a 
piece of property for fifteen hundred dollars ; paid down enough 
to secure it ; paid every surplus dollar on it ; saw it rise very fast 
on his bauds ; bought adjoining property ; and was really rich in 
five years, till the fire crippled him somewhat, but did not burn 
up his ground. There is nothing like deeds. Landed property 
and real estate have risen very fast throughout our whole country 
within twenty years, and will rise much higher and faster here- 
after than heretofore. 

Those with getting large and keeping small should never 
engage in traffic, because they will buy, buy, buy, in hopes of 
realizing, yet keep spending by driblets, and fail to collect, and 
hence be short when pay-day comes ; unless they offset this natural 
tendency by intellect in resolving to buy sparingly, spend fru- 
gally, and keep well collected up. Collection is the great art of 
business. 



ACQUISITION: ITS ANALYSIS, CULTURE, AND RESTRAINT. 645 

Cash down, or at least short credit, is the true way to do 
business. Those who trade where long credits are given must 
pay for the bad debts of poor customers. You had better trade 
at the cash store, for it does not charge extra to make up losses. 
And in general, earn your money before you spend it. "Time" 
is bad for both debtor and creditor. Better * do without " till you 
can pay dovm. 

Buying real estate, however, makes this important difference, 
that it is its own security to the creditor; and if well bought, 
will bring the owner all he gave, even at a forced sale. And 
to buy and mortgage it, and keep buying and mortgaging about 
as fast as you can make sure of paying, has this double advan- 
tage of a secure place to invest what you earn, and its rise on 
your hands. Such debts differ materially from store debts, be- 
cause they have something tangible to show for them ; while the 
avails of store debts are consumed. 

Some safe depository for accumulating savings becomes a 
great public benefaction, almost a necessary commodity. Sav- 
ings banks claim to supply this want, aud when well conducted, 
are excellent institutions ; yet much depends on the personal 
honesty and capacity of their officers. They should be patronized 
till we have something better, by being more absolutely secure. 
Such vast sums, dependent mainly on the personal integrity of all 
their officers and clerks, at least severely test that of all, aud en- 
danger depositors. 

Insurance offices claim and promise to subserve this identical 
want, by insuring life, with the promise of returning it at a speci- 
fied period, but they greatly augment the same objection just 
urged against savings banks. The recent collapse of several should 
warn the insured; but one fact, which all can see and decipher, 
warns still further. They spend untold sums in running their 
concerns. They support an army of officers and agents, all well 
paid ; rent the best offices ; build the very finest buildings in all 
the central cities ; spend largely for advertising ; pay heavy com- 
missions ; and often three to five thousand dollars per year for 
President and Actuary ; in short, lay out large sums for current 
expenses. Who pays all these vast amounts ? Those insured pay 
that much more than they will ever get back, because it has passed 
out of the hands of the company, and is gone, and lost, as con- 



646 THE ANIMAL PROPENSITIES. 

cerns the ones who paid it. They must get back that amount less 
than they gave, its interest excepted. Those who choose to 
stand that loss are quite welcome to, and trust to the individual 
faith of its custodians till and after they die if they like ; besides 
running the risk of losing all they have paid by being a little be- 
hind time in some one payment ; but I wish I had less insurance 
more sure. These glib-tongued agents can well afford to coax 
you to insure, for they are "insured" their commission out of 
what you pay, and the temptation is very strong to insure many 
who are no.t sound. The fact is, Americans are half mad on this 
insurance "policy." Taken in the most favorable light, the 
insured pay all these enormous expenses above their receipts. 

Government should furnish such a national savings bank on some 
such basis as this : A. has an infant son, for whose start in life, 
or college education, or something else, he wishes to make some 
sure provision, and proposes to set apart one thousand dollars for 
that purpose ; B. wishes to make his wife sure of a competence 
in case of his death; C. desires to "salt down" a given sum out 
of the earnings of his mature years for his old age; D. and E., 
married, wish to make a living sure for old age and against vicis- 
situdes of business ; and untold thousands of others would gladly 
make sure of a given sum to be paid back at such times as they 
may designate. None of them desire to use their interest now, but 
all wish principal and interest to accumulate till the time specified. 

None of them desire their money payable all at once, but all 
want it faster than their interest. The infant needs none till fif- 
teen, on which to go through college — wants it payable semi- 
annually during six years — from his fourteenth year to his twen- 
tieth. B.'s wife requires hers along as she may need to use it, 
and none of it for ten or twenty years ; and so of the others. 

Government notes, which the buying parties can have filled 
out as to time and amount to their individual likings, drawing 
interest, but paying none till a given time, and then so much per 
quarter, sufficient to use up principal and accrued interest within 
a specified time, say five years, more or less, as they fill in the 
bond. Their money accumulates while they sleep ; is payable at 
the Post-Office, where all parties know each other personally, yet 
transferable and indorsible over to others ; recorded at the Post- 
Office, and renewable by duplicate if .one is lost ; and paid by in- 



ACQUISITION: ITS ANALYSIS, CULTURE, AND RESTRAINT. 647 

stalments indorsed on the back, so that paying the bond kills it ; 
whereas, in these days paid bonds are not always cancelled, but 
are paid over again. 

Some such plan, improved in detail, can be made to absorb 
hundreds of millions of government bonds, on long time, at low 
rates of interest, and be a great blessing to the people, and an 
eyesore to "bulls and bears." 

The cultivation of Acquisition, when it is deficient, is as 
important as this Faculty is valuable. In order to its culture, 
try to estimate the value of money intellectually, and save up as 
a philosophy ; economize time and means ; cultivate industry ; 
engage in some mercenary business ; determine to get rich, and 
use the means for so doing, and be what you consider even small 
in expenditures ; lay by a given sum at stated times, resolving 
not to use it except in extreme want, and when enough is laid by, 
make a first payment on real estate or to begin business ;'thus com- 
pelling yourself both to save the driblets, and earn what you can, 
in order to save yourself, and do by intellect what you are not 
disposed to do by intuition. 

Cultivating it in children is immeasurably better than leav- 
ing them rich. A youth is richer without a cent, but with indus- 
trious and economical habits, than with thousands in pocket but 
without economy. Indeed, they will soon become poor, no mat- 
ter how rich you leave them, in case they lack it, but well off with 
it full, though left poor. Get them a savings bank, and encourage 
them to save up in it the small sums now spent on candies, &c. 

Inherited wealth is of little value. In order that money may 
do one much good he must earn it for himself ; because this alone 
can teach him its worth, or how to spend it. Do not curse your 
children by prospects of inherited wealth ; but make them earn 
and pay their own way. Nothing takes the starch of effort right 
out of a youth equally with prospective wealth. Personality 
appertains to money-making as much as to breathing. Give 
children a good chance to earn, and then let them have the entire 
disposal of their earnings. They should on no account be 
required to work for parents till twenty-one to pay for their 
"bringing up," for parents have got their pay already. 176 

Its restraint sometimes becomes necessary. Phrenology con- 
demns both the spendthrift and the miser. As Nature never 



648 THE ANIMAL PROPENSITIES. 

saves for future use what she really needs to-day, so we should 
never hoard beyoud a full competence for ourselves and depen- 
dents. Overgrown fortunes curse their owners by breaking the 
law of this Faculty. Though we should never eat what we need 
to plant, nor consume to-day the capital stock requisite for giving 
us future means, yet curtailing to-day's necessities in order to 
amass a fortune is wrong. Since we can enjoy only in the pres- 
ent, 17 we s'hould not scant to-day's needs just to hoard. 

Buying the most enjoyment possible, with every dollar used, 
is after all the great monetary knack and art. Think before every 
purchase, whether this money spent this way or that will yield 
the most lasting pleasure, and spend accordingly. 

To Restrain — Think less of dollars; study means for enjoy- 
ing your property ; often quit business for recreation ; attend 
more relatively to other life ends, less to mere money-getting ; 
that is, cultivate the other Faculties, and be more generous. 



V. SECRETION, or,"Secretiveness." 

165. — Its Definition, Discovery, and Rationale. 

The Concealer — Self-Restraint ; reserve ; policy ; discretion ; 
intrigue ; tact ; cunning ; management ; evasion ; double-dealing ; 
art; secrecy. Its perversions are lying, deception, trickery, 
falsehood, &c. 

Secretion, Acquisition, and all the selfish organs, are moder- 
ate in the head, as they Were in the character of "Honest Old 
Abe." Whatever he said and did, he said and did openly and 
aboveboard. For a lawyer, he was one of the most candid, and 
unselfish of men, notwithstanding his profession. His Tempera- 
ment, too, is that long, prominent, and spare, which indicates 
hard work and great power of endurance. 

In Gotfried these organs are enormous, along with Amativeness ; 
and she poisoned her father, mother, all her children, and several 
husbands, that she might indulge her illicit amours. 

Covering up is one of the ordinances of Nature. Most of 
her operations are performed in secret. Growth takes place 
mostly under cover. Many species of animals would soon be 
exterminated unless they kept themselves well hid, some in the 



SECRETION: ITS ANALYSIS, CULTURE, ETC. 649 

Cunning and Acquisition moderate. Cunning very large. 





No. 119.— President Lincoln. 



NO. 120.— GOTFRIED, THE POISONER. 



ground, others under vegetables and leaves, and still others upon 
trees, in water, &c. Cunning alone protects many kinds. 

Man, too, requires to practise both self-control and policy. To 
express all our thoughts and feelings spontaneously and instantly, 
would be impolitic to ourselves and unjust to others ; because 
many of them are hasty, and all need pruning and considering 
well before they are fit to be expressed ; while many of them are 
utterly unfit, and had much better die before they are born by 
their expression. 




5- 



Nos. 121 and 122. — Cunning vs. Candor. 




Secrecy, in short, pervades all Nature, of which it constitutes 
a distinct department ; ramifies itself throughout all forms of life ; 
is a necessary part of life itself; must needs and does have its 
counterpart in man, who could not exist without it ; and therefore, 
has its primal Faculty in the human and animal mind, and even 
in vegetables, and of course its cerebral organ. 



650 THE ANIMAL PROPENSITIES. 

Truthfulness, however, is an ordinance of Nature. She 
always tells and exacts the whole truth. All deceptions, and even 
cloaks, tell that they exist, and where. Cunning persons betray 
their cunning in their very attempt to hide, just as hunters tell 
that they are hunting, by their stealthy manner and crafty walk 
and looks. None can ever practise artifice without telling of it 
in their natural language, or the very way they look and act. 
Nature can conceal with propriety, but if she really deceived, she 
would violate her own unalterable law of eternal truth. 

Its location is about an inch above the tips of the ears, and 
of course behind Acquisition, and above Destruction. It runs 
horizontally, but extends a little farther before than behind the 
ears. When large, it oftener rounds out the head above the ears 
than creates a distinct ridge or swell, like most other organs 
when large. Its deficiency leaves a horizontal depression at this 
point. It is easily observed, thus : — 

Place your third finger parallel with and touching the tip of 
the ear, your second touching your third, and first, second, all 
pressed snugly against the head. Your third rests on Destruc- 
tion, which, when full, with Secrecy moderate, forms a horizontal 
ridge under this finger; while your second runs along on Secre- 
tion. In proportion as it is large, it rounds and fills out the head 
there. Whenever you can perceive no hollow under this second 
finger, Secrecy is well developed. Its deficiency leaves a hori- 
zontal depression, a little wider than your finger, some two inches 
long, extending farther before than behind the ears. 

"This organ is situated above, and a little in front of Destruction. 
It forms on the head a prominence swelling out and extending longitu- 
dinally forward, and terminating above an inch from the upper super- 
ciliary arch. It is easily contradistinguished from Destruction by being 
farther up and foncard^ and is long instead of spherical. When both 
are large, the whole side of the head forms one full prominence. 

" Those who have heads very prominent at their sides but flat on top, 
are false, artful, venal, perfidious, vacillating, and hypocritical. They 
will overwhelm you with politeness and flattery, and make you feel at 
home, that they may the more effectually plot your ruin without awaken- 
ing suspicion. 

"A family with whom Spurzheim and myself once dined, had this 
organism, yet displayed the utmost frankness; but our nine years' 
acquaintance confirmed our phrenological opinion of them. The same 
thing occurred relative to a young lady, who seemed innocence personi- 
fied; and also in a certain seemingly very friendly professor, who 
worked secretly against us. 



SECEETION: ITS ANALYSIS, CULTURE, ETC. 651 

" Writers and poets in whom it is large will prefer romance, ingen- 
iously combine fact and fiction, and bring their plots to unexpected de- 
nouements. 

"In war, it inspires the general with strategems by which he sur- 
prises his enemy, conceals his forces, masks his designs, and makes false 
marches and feigned attacks. It always supposes a plan, and plays a 
peculiar part in society. It suspects the most innocent words and ac- 
tions; puts a forced construction upon everything; and makes others 
responsible for what they never intended. Artifice and perjury charac- 
terize some nations, truthfulness others." — Gall. 

"Cunning animals conceal with adroitness. Cats pretend to be 
asleep, but steal the meat the moment the cook's back is turned ; and 
watch for mice without the slightest bodily motion; while the dog hides 
his bone. Cunning persons often tell lies to find out the truth ; exag- 
gerate the good to learn the evil; magnify virtues to learn faults; and 
in a thousand ways betray a concealing instinct. The primitive Faculty 
which conceals ideas, things, intentions, and themselves, is always the 
same. I call it Secretiveness." — Spurzheim. 

Gall discovered this Faculty and organ in an apparently 
candid, treacherous friend, and tricky school-mate, both of whom 
had the natural language of the cat ; and in a well-read and tal- 
enjed physician, so cunning in his cheateries that the government 
publicly warned people to beware of his cunningly devised impos- 
tures ; and who told Gall that he knew no pleasure equal to that 
of deceiving people, especially those who distrusted him most. 
In all of them he found this organ large. 

The weak often require to protect themselves by strategy. It 
constitutes an essential element in a prudent character. "A fool 
uttereth all his mind ; but a wise man keepeth it in till after- 
wards." It both restrains the other Faculties, and evades or 
misleads a prying, eavesdropping curiosity. Scott says Napoleon 
could discharge all expression from his face except a vague indef- 
inite smile, and the fixed eye and rigid features of a marble bust. 
It discovers other people's secrets, but conceals its own ; while 
those in w r hom it is deficient are too open-hearted, perpetually 
exposing their intentions, wholly unsuspecting, and ever liable to 
impositions. Those who are friends to your face but enemies 
behind your backs, have this organ large, with moderate Friend- 
ship. It is uniformly immense in all North American Indian 
heads and skulls I ever examined, and always prodigious in their 
characters. 

Its central location in the animal group signifies that its 



652 THE ANIMAL PROPENSITIES. 

express office is to restrain the other animal propensities, and 
their action is about all we ever need to repress. Thus we rarely 
need to hide our Kindness, or Devotion, or Taste, or Knowledge, 
or Thoughts, yet should sometimes conceal our plans and aims. 
Shrewdness is its production, and often very useful and proper. 

Tricks in teade, the first lesson taught to novices, are its off- 
spring, as are all the artifices and deceptions of fashionable life, 
which is one round of mere false appearances. "O, how do you 
do, Miss McFlimsy? How right glad I am to see you! Why 
haven't you called before ? Now, don't go yet ! " — but talk very 
differently behind their backs from before their faces. How often is 
truth thus sacrificed at this make-believe shrine, and the moral 
tone of listening children and youth thus lowered ! Invite to 
visit you only those you desire to see. Be truthful, both because 
truth is policy, and more valuable than rubies. Maintain it in- 
violate. 

Policy is allowable, but deception is damnable. How mean 
discovered hypocrites, and those who fear discovery, feel. The 
lion's skin cannot hide ass's ears. Concealed truth " will ogt." 
Pretend to be only what you really are, yet you need not disclose 
all. Sincerity carries conviction. 

166. — Description, Combinations, Culture, and Eestraint 

of Secrecy. 

Large — Are non-committal and cunning in the extreme ; with 
large moral organs, and only average or full propensities, have 
a good moral basis, yet instinctively employ many strategems 
calculated to cover up motives ; and should cultivate openness 
and sincerity; throw a veil over Countenance, Expression, and 
Conduct; appear to aim at one thing, while accomplishing 
another; love to surprise others; are enigmatical, mysterious, 
guarded, politic, shrewd, managing, employ humbug, and are 
hard to be found out; with Caution large, take extra pains to 
escape detection ; with Conscience also large, will not tell a lie, 
yet will not always tell the whole truth ; evade direct questions, 
and are equivocal, and though honest in purpose, yet resort to 
many cunning devices ; with large intellectual organs and Caution, 
express ideas so guardedly as to lack distinctness and directness, 
and hence are often misunderstood; with large Ambition, take 



SECRETION: ITS ANALYSIS, CULTURE, ETC. 653 

many ways to secure notoriety, and hoist some false colors ; with 
large Acquisition, employ too much cunning in pecuniary transac- 
tions, and unless checked by still larger Conscience, are not 
always strictly truthful or honest ; with large social organs, form 
few friendships, and those only after years of acquaintance, nor 
evince half the attachment felt ; are distant in society, and communi- 
cate even with friends only by piecemeal ; divulge very few plans 
or business matters to acquaintances, or even friends ; lack com- 
municativeness, and have little or no fresh-hearted expression of 
feeling, but leave an impression of uncertainty as to character 
and intention ; with only average Conscience, are deceptive, 
tricky, foxy, double-dealing, and unworthy of trust; with large 
Acquisitiveness added, will both cheat and lie ; with large Cau- 
tion, are unfathomable even by acknowledged friends, &c. 

Full — Evince much self-government, yet, if the Tempera- 
ment is active, when the feelings do break forth, manifest them 
with unusual intensity ; with large Acquisition and Caution, com- 
municate but little respecting pecuniary affairs ; with large Am- 
bition, take the popular side of subjects, and sail only with the 
current of public opinion; with Conscience large, are upright in 
motive, and tell the truth, but not always the whole truth ; and 
though never hoist false colors, yet do not always show true ones. 

Average — Maintain a fair share of self-government, except 
when under excitement, and then let the whole mind out fully ; 
with large Force and an active Temperament, though generally 
able to control resentment, yet, when once provoked, show the 
full extent of anger; with large Caution, see that there is no 
clanger before allowing the feelings to burst forth ; but with an 
excitable Temperament, and especially a deranged stomach, show 
a general want of policy and self-government, because the feel- 
ings are too strong to be kept in check ; but if this Faculty is 
manifested in connection with stronger Faculties, it evinces con- 
siderable power, yet is wanting when placed in opposition to 
them . 

Moderate — Express feelings with considerable fulness ; pur- 
sue an open, direct course ; are sincere and true ; employ but 
little policy, and generally give full vent to thoughts and feelings ; 
with Caution large, evince prudence in deeds, but imprudence in 
words ; express opinions unguardedly, yet are safe and circum- 



654 THE ANIMAL PROPENSITIES. 

spect in conduct; with large Acquisition and Conscience, are 
honest, and think others equally so, and too easily victimized by 
confidence men ; prefer the one-price system in dealing, and can- 
not bear to banter; with large Friendship, are sincere and open- 
hearted to friends, and communicate with perfect freedom ; svith 
large Conscience and Force added, are truthful, and speak the 
whole mind too bluntly; with a good moral organization, manifest 
the higher, finer feelings, without restraint or reserve, so as to be 
the more attractive; are full of goodness, and show it all without 
any intervening veil ; manifest in looks and actions what is pass- 
ing within ; express all mental operations with fulness, freedom, 
and force ; choose direct and unequivocal modes of expression ; 
disclose faults as freely as virtues, and leave none at a loss as to 
the real character ; but with the harsher elements predominant, 
appear more hating and hateful than they really are, because all 
is blown right out. 

Small — Are perfectly transparent; seem to be just what, and 
all they really are ; disdain concealment in all forms ; are no hyp- 
ocrites, but positive and unequivocal in all said and done ; carry 
the soul in the hands and face, and make way directly to the feel- 
ings of others, because expressing them so unequivocally ; are 
too spontaneous ; with large Caution, are guarded in action, but 
unguarded in expression; free the mind regardless of conse- 
quences, } T et show much prudence in other respects ; with Con- 
science large, love the truth wherever it exists, and open the mind 
freely to evidence and conviction ; are open and above-board in 
everything, and allow all the mental operations to come right out, 
unveiled and unrestrained, so that their full force is seen and felt ; 
and conceal nothing, but disclose everything. 

To Cultivate — Supply by intellect that guardedness and 
policy lacked by instinct; try, to "lie low, and keep dark," and 
suppress your natural outgushings of feeling and intellect ; culti- 
vate self-control by subjecting all you say and do to judgment, 
instead of allowing momentary impulses to rule conduct ; do not 
tell all you know or intend to do, and occasionally pursue a 
roundabout course ; be guarded, politic, and wary in everything; 
do not make acquaintances, or confide in people as much as is nat- 
ural, but treat everybody as if they needed watching; be less 
blunt and open ; tell only a part, and that guardedly ; lawyer- 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF DESTRUCTION. 655 

like, let others do most of the talking, and commit themselves, 
but keep yourself to yourself; observe and take lessons from 
those who have it large, and "go and do likewise ; " leave others 
to find out as they best can ; tell the truth as far as you sa}' any- 
thing, but not all; employ policy, not in deceiving others, but 
simply in protecting yourself — in withholding, not misstating; 
and practise " the truth is not to be spoken at all times." 

To cultivate in children, show them how much more they 
could have gained by governing their feelings, and waiting the 
most favorable opportunity for saying and doing things ; let 
them play "hide and seek," and those other amusements which 
innocently gratify this Faculty ; in short, employ those various 
expedients which are perpetually proffered for calling it into 
exercise ; yet let it be scrupulously governed by the moral Fac- 
ulties. 

To restrain — Cultivate a direct, straightforward, aboveboard, 
and open spirit, and pursue a course just the opposite from the one 
suggested for its cultivation ; be less suspicious and more confid- 
ing, for being deceived is better than a cold, distant, suspecting 
distrust of mankind. 

Never distrust or mistrust children or servants. Deal with 
them as though you thought them honest. Take them at their 
word. Never let them know that you think they can lie, till the 
proof is too positive to be denied, and then rather exhort and 
encourage them to do better than disgrace them. The reason of 
this will be seen under Ambition. 

It is deficient, while Kindness is large, in Gosse, No. 124, and 
in Eustache, No. 150, who saved his master and family from the 
San Domingo massacre, and was awarded the prize medal of 
virtue ; but enormous in the accompanying Indian Brave, taken 
with Black Hawk, and remarkable for ferocity. I took a cast of 
his head, from which this is copied. 



VI.— DESTRUCTION, or " Destructiveness." 

167. — Its Location, Discovery, Philosophy, &c. 

The Exterminator ; executiveness ; severity ; rage ; violence ; 
ferocity; sternness; harshness; love of tearing down, destroy- 



656 



THE ANIMa^ PROPENSITIES. 



Destructiveness very 

LARGE. 




No. 123. — Indian Brave, 

TAKEN WITH BLACK HAWK. 



ing, causing pain, death, war, teasing, &c. ; hardihood ; endur- 
ance of pain ; revenge. 

Dissolution forms as integral part of Nature as construction. 
Whatever lives and grows must therefore decay. 

Death is a physical necessity. It inheres 
in that organic principle which manifests 
life. All matter is perpetually undergoing 
changes. To this law our material organism 
must conform. Why should we wish to be 
excepted? If we did, all other organic 
bodies must also remain perpetuated, and in 
this event, pray what could we eat? for we 
can feed only on bodies previously alive, 90 
but which must die and be disintegrated 
before they can possibly nourish us. 50 

Death is a blessing. We might infer 
this from the known goodness of God. Every arrangement of 
Nature is ordained to promote only enjoyment. 15 Then shall 

death alone constitute an ex- 
ception? All a priori rea- 
soning proves that, like all 
else in Nature, its mission is 
to bless, not curse, those to 
whom it comes, and when- 
ever it comes. And bless 
it actually does, always. Un- 
less we lived under the action 
of natural laws, we could 
not enjoy. 19 Their violation 
causes pain, 21 which is also 
instituted and necessary for 
our own best good. 23 A 
railroad smash up, a steam 
scald, a bullet through the 
heart, or a thousand other 
accidents to which all are 
perpetually liable, both ren- 
der us helpless, and inflict on 
us all the misery human nature can endure ; or mental surroundings 



Destructiveness small, and Benevolence 
large. 




No. 121. — Gosse. 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATIOi 0¥ DESTRUCTION. 657 

equally agonize us. Suppose there were no death, yet all the living 
suffering we could possibly endure forever, would not death then 
be a boon, equalled only by life itself? Or we escape accidents, 
but wear out with old age ; become helpless ; lose all former friends 
and even children ; are in everybody's way ; and decrepit ; would 
and should we not then desire to die? Like suppositions will 
crowd upon thinking readers, and demonstrate both the necessity 
and utility of death, and that it is next to life in practical value, 
and alone saves it from a termination inexpressibly disastrous and 
horrid. 

Death inheres in life. The living process is a dying one. 
Literally life is death, thus : Life is composed oi periods, growth, 
maturity, and decline, each of which, like the seasons, merges 
naturally into its successor. Who would alter, who but sees hap- 
piness in, this part of life's programme? Yet it eventuates in 
death. These various periods of life appertain to all that lives, 
and each is graduated to all the others. Whatever is long or 
short in maturing is correspondingly long or short in maturity and 
decay, a law explained under Time. Life must needs have its 
feeble incipiency, for how could anything burst suddenly into* 
full-orbed maturity? 176 This presupposes a like gradual decline. 
Our very earth must needs grow old, and die. At least, death is 
a fact, a department of Nature. In the midst of life we are in 
death. " It is appointed unto all men " and whatever lives " once 
to die." Death is a sure prospective reality. 

Natural death is pleasurable always, painful never. Those 
muscular twitchings which often accompany it need not be, and prob- 
ably are not, any more painful than like muscular twitchings often 
experienced when going to sleep, and are doubtless due to the mag- 
netic forces equalizing themselves, in this case taking final leave. 
Even premature death itself is not painful, but only those viola- 
tions of the natural laws which hasten it are so ; for all death- 
dealing blows benumb instead of agonizing. Come death when- 
ever and to whomever it may, it comes always and only as a 
friend and benefactor to be sought, not an enemy to be shunned. 
The vitative principle itself lets go its hold on life voluntarily 
whenever it can no longer hold on to it with pleasure. Who has 
not known those who longed and prayed to die? What does that 
mean? The aged and infirm generally look Death calmly in the 
83 



658 THE ANIMAL PROPENSITIES. 

face, and court rather than shrink from him. He is terrible to 
undergo by those in robust life, but not by those whose life force 
is exhausted. Those who make death a great religious scarecrow 
only humbug the living, without doing them any good, because 
a frightened repentance is worthless. And all death-frights hasten 
death. Living right prepares the way to die right. Scaring 
children with death scenes and stories is horrible. 

Death is a calm sleep. Let the countenances of very many 
who die attest whether they do not look for all the world precisely 
as though they had fallen into a sweet, happy, heavenly sleep. 
Some dead faces have a ghastly, horrible aspect, doubtless be- 
cause the medicines administered or some other cause hastened 
their death too abruptly to give death its legitimate effects. Yet 
all countenances grow far less ghastly and more benignant and 
happy looking a few hours after than at the dying moment. What 
does this mean? That it takes some hours to fully die, and this 
spirit principle in which life inheres 18 enjoys this dying process, 
.and writes its delights upon the countenances hours after death ; 
else why look more serene and heavenly after than at death? 
A kindred point will come up again under Spirituality, 
whilst " mourning for the dead " is well treated in Sexual Sci- 
ence. 460 

Dissolution follows death, as invariably as daylight sunrise. 
Life embodies and organizes particles of matter into organs suitable 
to its wants, 50 and keeps them together till it is done with them, 
when, by a chemical law inherent in matter, they resolve them- 
selves back into their inherent isolated state till, and in order to 
be, again embodied in some other organic form. But for this 
prior decomposition how could the same matter live but once, in 
which case there could be but little life; whereas, now it can be 
used over and over again inimitably, each new form capable of 
helping to introduce a new spirit upon the plane of eternal exist- 
ence ! O, that Infinite Wisdom which devised all this ! Dissolu- 
tion is at least a fact which appertains to man, and must therefore 
have its mental Faculty, adapted and adapting man to this dying 
and dissolving ordinance of Nature. Destructiveness is that Fac- 
ulty, and carries on this identical adaptation and end. God 
devised it, applied it to man, created a primal mental Faculty to 
carry it on, and to destroy other forms of vegetable and animal 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF DESTRUCTION. 659 

life for his own subsistence — how could he himself live if he did 
not — and Destruction with its organ is that blessed Faculty. 

Things by myriads must be exterminated in order to fit our 
earth for human habitation. Till it is wanted by man, Nature 
allows trees, shrubs, thorns, wild beasts, and things innumerable, 
to pre-occupy it, which he must destroy, before he can enjoy her 
luxuries. He must cut down, cut up, and burn up trees and 
shrubs, and clear the earth before he can plant it; often blast 
and remove rocks ; and do up a vast amount of rough, hard work, 
and therefore needs and must have some Faculty which accom- 
plishes and enjoys this rough work. And after he has planted 
corn, cotton, or cabbages, up spring myriads of weeds, which he 
must exterminate, or else be exterminated by them. He finds 
lions, foxes, vermin, &c, standing in the way of his enjoyments, 
along with a thousand other pests, all of which must be "done 
for." 

All authority is also based in Destruction. Of what use 
would any command be unless enforced by an implied threat 
underlying it, and appended in its non-fulfilment! "Do this, or 
suffer that," alone secures obedience. All law, human and divine, 
is based upon it, and by it alone rendered efficacious. What 
would any and all laws and rules be unless enforced by penalties 
attached to their violation? and what are punishments but the 
exercise of Destruction? the infliction of pain? Could man live 
without laws, both human and natural? 23 Of course not. And 
equally not without Destruction to render them efficacious by 
punishments. 

Procuring food, both vegetable and animal, demands its exer- 
cise. Both must be killed before they can nourish. This requires 
us to keep killing something perpetually, or stop eating. 

A mad dog or man threatens our lives. We must kill, or be 
killed. We must sometimes even surrender our own life or else 
take that of another. 

Present pain must often be endured and inflicted, as a relief 
from subsequent. Teeth must often be extracted or plugged, and 
surgical operations innumerable performed and borne, which re- 
quire this pain-causing Faculty in the surgeon, and pain-enduring 
in the patient. Without it none could ever operate, or be oper- 
ated upon ; but with it, we can do both. 



660 THE ANIMAL PROPENSITIES. 

Wars are often necessary to progress. Man has no greater 
blessing than those grand breaking up of hoary evils they effect. 
How, without war, could the Magna Charta ever have been grant- 
ed, our independence established, slavery abolished, or the Bour- 
bons, who never forgot nor remembered anything, have been 
dethroned, or France taught her place? 

Pain exists. 21 It even constitutes an institution of Nature as 
much as gravity. It also appertains to man. We are subject to 
it, and must have some inherent element to put us in relation with 
it, just as we must have eyes to put us in relation with light. 
Destruction effects this relation, and enables us to both endure 
and inflict it. Without it we could have no relation with the 
painful action of the natural laws. Pain must be endured till all 
can learn to obey them all. It adapts man to that great part it plays 
in the divine economies. 21 It reforms and cures us, 23 yet mean- 
while must be borne and resisted, or it would often take our lives. 
We then need to "grin and bear" it, and by doing so can greatly 
mitigate it. Destruction enables us to patiently endure those life 
ills we cannot cure. Thus two young ladies, one having Destruc- 
tion large, the other small, by drinking hot tea and eating candies, 
have broken the laws of their teeth till they ache terribly ; the 
latter lets them ache on night and day, suffering genuine agony in 
preference to the additional temporary pain of their extraction; 
while full Destruction takes the dentist's chair with resolute 
energy, virtually saying, "Doctor, pull out this provoking tooth 
which aches so ; " and the moment he begins to hurt braces herself 
up against it ; thereby enduring but a tithe as much suffering as 
her non-destructive mate. Defying and enduring what we must, 
abates half the pain ; while succumbing doubles it. Reader, 
incorporating these two practical lessons into your every-day life 
will double its pleasures, and halve its sufferings. 

1. Give yourself the best you can afford. I once hired an 
Irish laborer, just over, but smart, shirtless, and with a ragged 
coat. His co-laborers laughed at him, to whom he replied, — 

"I am unable yet to get shirt or coat, because just landed; but as 
fast as I get able I shall give myself the best I can get. If I were only 
able, I would treat myself to clean linen every morning; for nothing I 
can do for Patrick Mahoney is too good for him." 

Reader, you are worthy of just the best treatment you can give 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF DESTRUCTION. 661 

yourself. 162 Infinite Goodness has placed beautiful flowers and 
luscious fruits all along our life pathway, and comforts and lux- 
uries everywhere within the reach of those who have eyes to discern 
'and energy to pluck and enjoy them, and bids us, by virtue of 
that self-love which constitutes our strongest instinct, 162 to pluck 
and enjoy all we can. 15,17 But, after having done our very best, 

2. Skeletons occupy every house and heart. A lost child or 
dear friend, a drunken husband or relative, a broken heart, in 
wedlock or out, some unfortunate trait of character, some bitter 
enemy, some Mordecai, more favored than ourselves, jealousy, 
poverty, or some bodily infirmity, or one or another of the myriads 
of those ills flesh is heir to, mar all lives, or agonize most. 
Obviate all you can ; think out and execute your best method of 
escape; but, after you have clone all, endure what you cannot 
cure. Offset by Destruction what you cannot obviate by fore- 
thought. Not only never borrow trouble, nor magnify it by suc- 
cumbing to it, but "pass it by on the other side." Ignore it as 
you would a disagreeable acquaintance. In short, make the best 
of what is, and let it go at that. " Fret not thyself" for anything 
or anybody. An old and a young traveller are subjected to the 
same common hinderance or nuisance. The young makes matters 
worse by raging and storming at the inevitable ; while the old 
puts up with the bad, and enjoys all he can under the circum- 
stances. Be like the old, always, in everything, like the young 
in nothing, ever. These two lessons adopted in practice will be 
worth a thousandfold the price of this book, which alone teaches 
them. 

Seest thou, reader, the philosophy, the uses, the adaptation, 
and the absolute necessity of this destructive element? 

Finally facts, on a scale coeval with human history and com- 
mensurate with man, attest a bloodthirsty propensity in the race. 
]ts v/arlike spirit throughout its history, and utterly uncalled for 
cruelties ; all the homicides and murders wantonly perpetrated 
from sheer malice prepense; an inherent love of cruelty per se ; 
and all suicides and incendiaries, attest this cruel instinct. Des- 
peradoes, who, taking their own lives in their hands, menace all 
other lives, are a Western institution, and "vigilance committees" 
in San Francisco, Virginia City, and other places, were right 
in giving them a dose of their own medicine — death. 



662 THE ANIMAL PROPENSITIES. 

" Count de Carolais, even in childhood sports, manifested an instinct 
of cruelty which might make one shudder; amused himself by torturing 
animals; treated his servants with a violence absolutely ferocious; min- 
gled cruelty even with his debauches ; practised divers barbarities on 
his courtesans ; murdered without interest or resentment ; and used to 
shoot bricklayers to enjoy the barbarous fun,of seeing them fall from the 
tops of houses. Milan lured children into her house, killed, salted, and 
ate them. 91 A robber often threw his robbed victims into the canal to 
enjoy seeing them struggle with death. 

"In the whole history of ancient and modern nations, what sin- 
gle spot on earth has not been reddened with human gore? Read the 
histories of the Jews and Romans ; follow the Spaniards to Cuba, Mex- 
ico, and Peru ; open the Inquisition ; read of religious wars, Sicilian 
Vespers, St. Bartholomew's Day, and the French Revolution ; and behold 
everywhere funeral piles, wheels, and instruments of torture by thou- 
sands ; and military glory superseding all others! Behold Caligula, 
cutting out innocent tongues, and throwing them into the cages of wild 
beasts; compelling parents to help execute their own children; giving 
those doomed their choice between the wheel and rack, and then amus- 
ing himself with their agony ; wishing that the Romans had but one 
neck, that he might behead them all at one stroke; feeding w T ild beasts 
kept for shows on living men, and whose strongest desires were for pes- 
tilence, famine, conflagration, and the loss of an army. Look at Nero 
poisoning Britannicus; murdering his own mother, and the husband of 
the woman he desired to violate ; sacrificing to his fury his own wife 
Octavia, Burrhus, Seneca, Lucian, Petronius, and his mistress Poppaea; 
setting fire to the four corners of Rome, and then ascending an elevated 
tower to enjoy the awful sight at his ease, and wishing he could see the 
whole world on fire; covering Christians with wax, and burning them by 
night, that they might serve for lamps; laying plans to murder all the 
governors of provinces, generals, and all the exiles and Gauls in Rome, 
poison the senate at a meal, set all Rome on fire a second time, and turn 
the wild beasts loose to keep the people w T ithin. Behold Louis XL, who 
killed his own father with fear; reigned only by terror; executed four 
thousand victims, and devised the most excruciating modes of torture ; 
stationed himself behind a lattice to enjoy their agonizing shrieks; be- 
spattered the children of the executed Duke of Nemours with his spirt- 
ing blood, and then put them into scuttled-shaped dungeons, thus tor- 
turing them perpetually by their cramped position ; wearing images 
and relics, and getting absolved from past murders only to commit new 
ones. Look at Scylla, Tiberius, Domitian, Marcus Cains, Aurelian, 
Caracalia, Septimius Severus, Henry "VIII., Catharine de Medicis, and 
others. It would take years to enumerate the scenes of horror earth 
has witnessed. How many murders are daily committed with all the 
refinements of cruelty, in spite of education, morality, religion, and the 
laws ? Who but must admit in man an innate propensity to kill his own 
species? What beast is as ferocious? manifesting itself now with imbe- 
cility, anon in mania, and then in cold-blooded torture." — Gall. 

North American Indians fasten hands, feet, and body tight, 
on the backs, to keep their victims perfectly still, sometimes by 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF DESTRUCTION. 663 

driving spikes through their hands and limbs, build a slow fire 
under one side between hip bone and ribs, and dance and yell in 
fiendish ecstasy over their cries and moans of slow expiring 
agony ; and in them this organ is simply enormous. All human 
(inhuman?) history, and universal human nature, attests both its 
existence and fearful cruelties. In short, — 

Destruction both promotes life, and is its auxiliary, as well as 
one of the most benign arrangements of Nature, Man must, and 
does, fulfil this destructive end, and therefore must, as he certainly 
does, have this destroying and pain-causing and enduring propen- 
sity. Here is a distinct and a necessary class of functions to be 
fulfilled, which must therefore have its executive mental Faculty, 
and of course cerebral organ in Destruction, which together ex- 
ecute this entire range of functions. Both as a divine invention, 
and as a means of enjoyment, it is unsurpassed. 

168. — Discovery, Description, Culture, and Restraint 
or Destruction. 

Murder was the first name given by Gall, its discoverer, to 
this Faculty, because he discovered it in the skulls of murderers 
and suicides, naming it from its perversion, instead of normal 
function. 

"The skull of a parricide was once sent me, which I laid aside, 
thinking it could be of no possible use to me, and shortly after, that of a 
highway robber who had added many murders to his robberies. I fre- 
quently examined both side by side, and noticed every time that, though 
they differed greatly in other respects, yet that both swelled out prom- 
inently right over the external opening of the ear. I could not consider 
this great development common to two murders merely accidental. On 
comparing the developments of carnivorous animals with frugiferous, I 
found carnivorous heads like those of the murderers, and asked myself 
if there could possibly be any relation between this form of head and 
a disposition to kill? The idea at first was revolting, yet I knew no law 
but truth." — Gall. 

His proofs of its existence are demonstrative, and all my own 
observations confirm his. Let one suffice. 

In Pittsburg, Pa., at a crowded lecture, a doctor proposed 
that I examine publicly a skull he had with him. I begged post- 
ponement till the next evening, because I had been riding night 
and day, and was fatigued with a long lecture besides. He 
implied that I was afraid of so searching a test. I said " then 



664 THE ANIMAL PROPENSITIES. 

send it along up," which he did. I pronounced it the skull of a 
murder, for money, and detailed his Acquisition, Cunning, Destruc- 
tion, and Amativeness, with but little moral restraint. His char- 
acter corresponded precisely with my public description. Like 
tests in Jane^ille, in South Boston, in scores of places, attest its 
existence and correct location. 

Executiveness, which involves exterminating all obstacles, is 
its real office, an£. would constitute its appropriate name; yet this 
change is hardly worth while, since Destruction expresses it. Dr. 
Vimont says "all flesh-eating animals, without exception, are 
largely developed in this cerebral lobe, tigers, cats, foxes, mar- 
tens, weasels, ermines, &c, for example; as also all carnivorous 
birds." It is oftener deranged than probably any other, and 
sometimes moral, pious, and affectionate parents can barely re- 
strain themselves from killing their own dearly-loved families, 
while others beg to be put into irons to prevent their killing some 
inoffensive friend. 

Cursing and swearing are among its manifestations. Anger, 
not a petulant, spiteful irritability, but a bitter, hating, hateful, 
revengeful, injuring spirit is its product, of which cursing is the 
verbal expression. Those in whom it is large feel wrathful and 
malicious, and therefore swear with unction, and "for a premium ;" 
while those in whom it is moderate make a fool of swearing, for 
lack of its vindictive spirit. 

Large — Experience the most powerful indignation, amount- 
ing, when thoroughly provoked, even to rage and violence ; and 
with large Force, act like a chafed lion, and feel like rushing into 
the midst of perils and dangers ; tear up and destroy whatever is 
in the way ; are rough, harsh, and often morose in manner, and 
should cultivate pleasantness ; with large Force, and Firmness, and 
moderate Ambition, are exceedingly repulsive, hating and hateful 
when angry, and much more provoked than occasion requires ; 
with large intellectuals, put forth tremendous mental energy; 
should offset this Faculty by reason and moral feeling, and culti- 
vate blandness instead of wrath ; impart that vim which removes 
or destroys whatever impedes progress ; with Firmness large, 
have that iron will which endures till the very last, in spite of 
everything, and will carry points anyhow ; with large Force, have 
a harsh, rough mode to expression and action, and severity if 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF DESTRUCTION. QQ5 

not fierceness in all encounters ; with large Acquisition and Con- 
science, will have every cent due, though it cost two to get one, 
yet want no more, and retain grudges against those who have 
injured the pocket; with large Ambition and Force, feel deter- 
mined hostility towards those who trifle with reputation or impeach 
character ; with large Dignity, against those who conflict with its 
interests, or detract from its merits ; with large Friendship, when 
angry with friends, are angry forever ; with large Kindness and 
Conscience, employ a harsh mode of showing kindness ; with 
large comparison and Expression, heap very severe and galling 
epithets upon enemies ; with large Beauty, polish and refine ex- 
pression of anger, and put a keen edge upon sarcasms, yet they 
cut to the very bone, <&c. Such should avoid and turn from 
whatever provokes. 

Full — Evince a fair degree of this Faculty, yet its tone and 
direction depend upon the larger organs ; with large propensities, 
manifest much animal force ; with large moral organs, evince 
moral determination and indignation ; with large intellectual or- 
gans, possess intellectual might and energy, and thus of its other 
combinations ; but with smaller Force, are peaceful until thor- 
oughly roused, but then quite harsh and vindictive ; attack only 
when sure of victory, yet are then severe ; with smaller Dignity, 
exercise this Faculty more in behalf of others than of self; with 
large Caution, and moderate Force, keep out of danger, broils, 
&c, till compelled to engage in them, but then become desperate, 
&c. 

Average — Are like Full, only less so. 

Moderate — Evince but little harshness or severity, and shrink 
from pain ; with large Kindness, are unable to witness suffering 
or death, much less to cause them ; possess but little force of 
mind or executiveness of character to drive through obstacles ; 
with large moral organs added, are more beloved than feared ; 
manifest extreme sympathy, amounting sometimes even to weak- 
ness, and secure ends more by mild than severe measures ; with 
moderate Force and Dignity, are irresolute, unable to stand 
ground, or take care of self; fly to others for protection; can do 
little, and feel like trying to do still less ; fail to realize or put 
forth strength ; and with large Caution added, see lions where 
there are none, and make mountains of molehills : and with 



6S6 THE ANIMAL 'PROPENSITIES. 



small Hope added, are good for little; but with large Hope and 
Firmness, and full Dignity and Force, accomplish considerable, 
yet in a quiet way, and by perseverance more than courage, and 
by siege than storm, and with large intellectual and moral Fac- 
ulties added, are good, though not tame ; exert a good influence, 
and that always healthful, and are mourned more when dead than 
prized while living. The combinations under this organ large, 
reversed, apply to it when moderate. 

Small — With large moral Faculties, possess too tender a soul 
to enjoy our world as it is, or to endure hardships or bad treat- 
ment ; can neither endure nor cause suffering, anger being so 
little as to provoke only ridicule, and need hardness and force ; 
and experience and manifest little of this Faculty. 

To cultivate — Destroy anything and everything in your way ; 
take the rough-and-tumble of life with a zest, and put your plans 
straight through all that opposes them. Killing weeds, blasting 
rocks, felling trees, using edge-tools, tearing up roots, ploughing 
new ground, cultivating new forms, hunting, exercising indigna- 
tion when wronged, and against public wrongs, espousing the 
cause of the oppressed, fighting public evils, such as intemper- 
ance and the like, are all calculated to cultivate and strengthen 
this Faculty. Still, care should be taken to exercise it under the 
control of the higher Faculties, and then no matter how great 
that exercise. 

To restrain — Kill nothing, and offset Destruction by Kind- 
ness ; never indulge a rough, harsh spirit, but cultivate instead a 
mild and forgiving temper ; never brood over injuries, nor indulge 
revengeful thoughts or desires, nor aggravate yourself by thinking 
over wrongs ; cultivate good manners ; and when occasion requires 
you to reprove, do it in a bland, gentle manner rather than 
roughly ; never tease, even children, or scourge animals, but be 
kind to both ; for oaths express and admeasure animality ; and 
also avoid cursing and swearing, sarcasms, and all bitter and vin- 
dictive feelings ; and when anger begins to rise, turn from the 
provocation, for poring over it only re-aggravates ; remember 
that both may be in error, and irritated by a foul stomach, or ner- 
vousness ; that the other cheek is better than revenge ; and find 
all possible excuses for the provocation. 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF FORCE. 667 

VII. FORCE, OR "COMBATIVENESS." 

169. — Its Definition, Location, Philosophy, &c. 

The Defender — pluck ; power ; resolution ; efficiency ; courage ; 
bravery ; determination ; intrepidity ; boldness ; persistence ; re- 
sentment ; contrariness ; resistance ; energy ; defiance ; presence 
of mind ; protection of self, rights, &c. ; vim ; coolness in danger ; 
anger ; indignation ; love of contention, and opposition ; let-me- 
and-mine-alone ; get-out-of-niy-way, &c. When perverted it 
creates pugnacity, and a quarrelling, 

«... ., , . -i. ... Force large. 

figjjting, attacking disposition. 

Force is one of the primal and 
essential attributes of Nature, and 
all her productions. What could 
anybody or anything accomplish or 
enjoy without it ? Could earth move, 
winds blow, water run, tides rise, 
or anything whatever grow, or even 
put forth one single function? 
Every transaction in Nature, every 
function of life, involves and requires 
its exercise. 

Resistance is also indispensable to both existence and enjoy- 
ment. Is not breathing a perpetual double resistance to atmos- 
pheric pressure in both inspiring and expiring air? What is 
walking, working, every motion we put forth, but resistance to 
air, gravity, obstacles, <&c. A stone, log, anything is to be 
lifted, or anything else executed ; pray what is all we do but 
resisting something? What is raising our hand to our head, 
and every other motion, but resistance? Do not our bodies per- 
petually resist atmospheric pressure? How could growth take 
place without resistance? Does not every tree maintain itself 
every instant by perpetual and most powerful resistance to grav- 
ity, winds, frosts, &c. ? And this is virtually true of whatever 
grows above ground. In fact, — 

Life is one round of resistances of all kinds. We even live by 
fighting off disease and death. 

Cold, heat, storms, winds, must be defied and overcome. 




668 THE ANIMAL PROPENSITIES. 

Seated in a room rendered comfortable by this very resisting 
principle, we wish to go out to a lecture, or for any other pleas- 
ure-promoting purpose. We first put on overcoat and hat, 
overshoes and scarf, all solely to resist and oppose cold, wind, 
and snow. The moment we open the door a stiff blast of freez- 
ing cold wind, with snow flying into our face, would soon drive 
us back but that we brace ourselves up against them with a 
powerful effort of the will; fend and fight them off; drive right 
out into cold and storm ; breast stinging cold and hurricane 
winds, and snowdrifts encountered; overcome gravity itself; and 
fight our way to and through all opposing difficulties to our place 
of destination, ay, even actually enjoying our trip all the more 
on account of our struggles in going; whereas, but for this re- 
sisting element, we would have dozed away at home. 

Self-defence is both an attribute of Nature, and but another 
aspect of this resistance. Only those who protect themselves can 
be at all well protected. Non-resistants are easily and generally 
imposed upon. Nature puts everything into its own keeping, 162 
with this most powerful and perpetual command to allow nothing 
to injure self, and to fend off all such attempts ; and backs it up 
with some efficacious means of self-defence. Thorns and thistles 
defend themselves by their sharp points, thus virtually saying 
"then let me alone." Stinging insects, such as wasps, bees, 
hornets, &c, say the same thing, yet always let us alone if we 
do not trespass upon them or their domicile. The very hardness 
of stones, wood, and whatever is hard is but this identical resist- 
ance and self-defence united. What is the bark and outside cov- 
ering, skin included, on everything that grows ; the bony armor 
of all Crustacea, all scales included ; the horns and nails of what- 
ever has either ; the hair on all heads and bodies ; the dermic 
cushions on soles and palms ; hoofs, eyelids, scalp, kneepan, and 
ten thousand like natural contrivances, but so many protecting 
and self-defensive artifices, devised expressly to resist, fend off, 
and protect? But why enumerate any when all Nature is inter- 
spersed with both of these elements, resistance and self-protection? 
What one thing but embodies them ? and to the very existence of 
what is it not necessary? "None shall injure me with impunity" 
is a label placed by Nature on all her productions, with armor of 
some kind to execute it. 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF FORCE. 669 

Other persons and things besides self must be defended. 
AH parents naturally do and should defend children, wife, hus- 
band, property, character, the oppressed, rights, the weak, truth, 
&c. 

Growth is but another manifestation of this great element. 
Roots must force themselves through hard soil; sap must enforce 
enlargement in thick bark ; blood must force its passage through 
several sets of very fine capillary vessels ; man must force his 
plans and ends through opposing obstacles innumerable ; and 
myriads of like illustrations show the necessity of some en- 
forcing element. The very origination of life, and exercise of all 
its functions, involves great force from its beginning to its ending. 

Ideas, even, must be enforced. Most of the doctrines of this 
book, for example, are both entirely original, and at variance with 
the received ideas of mankind. They are true and important, 
but can never be beneficial or adopted any farther than they are 
driven home upon the inner sense of their adopters, and with suf- 
ficient force to compel existing ideas to give place to them. 
"Milk-and-water" tameness could never effect this. 

Aggression is another fixed fact in Nature. Her policy is to 
crowd all her domains full of various forms of life, some of which 
are constitutionally antagonistic to each other ; and whatever 
cannot co-exist, which is quite often, must either conquer or be 
overcome. The race of life is a severe one, and given by natural 
law to strength. Nations must serve, unless they can enforce 
servitude in some form ; so must persons and things. This 
presupposes some antagonizing element. The stronger and more 
virile kinds of vegetables, animals, and men overcome and dis- 
place the weaker, and appropriate them and their places. Nature 
wants no sickly lilliputs any longer or farther than till she can fill 
their places by stronger productions, and has ordained that weakness 
shall everywhere go under. This presupposes aggression in the 
stronger, and resistance in the weaker. 

Dangers often threaten. Their sources are almost infinite. 
We must escape them somehow, or be overwhelmed by them. 
Caution supplies one means, but defiance another. A right sturdy 
fight often unhorses them ; while cowardice makes us their easy 
captives. A bold front often either disarms them, or enables us 
to avert their impending blows. A frightened horse dashes off 



670 THE ANIMAL PROPENSITIES. 

and endangers our life and that of all we hold dear ; yet, by 
doing just the right thing at the right time, the threatened danger 
is converted into safety. *■ 

Presence of mind is, at least, a very handy life-attendant. 
Sometimes every power of mind and body must be taxed to their 
utmost tension to save life, or limb, or property. But this requires 
some marshaller of all these forces. Intellect, both perceptive 
and reflective, must see all existing facts, and devise instantly by 
just what ways and means the threatening danger can best be met 
and averted, and every Faculty of the mind, every muscle of the 
body, every energy of our being, must be instantly summoned to 
the rescue, and be made to contribute each its full quota. A 
mental marshal to effect all this is the first prerequisite. This 
Faculty furnishes it. 

Battles, physical and mental, of all kinds, and in reference to 
all imaginable subjects, are to be fought all through life. Every 
boy and girl, man and woman, must "take own part," or it will 
be very poorly taken. We must both be aggressors even in en- 
forcing our ideas, and resist aggression ; must fight, and fight 
back; must overcome, or else be overcome; and put down, or 
be put down. In short, what is life but one triumphal march 
from "conquering to conquer?" Passivity is not life. The oys- 
ter may seem to form an exception, but does it not resist by its 
shell, and open and shut its valves in feeding? 

The very mastication of food, as well as getting it, every stroke 
of work done, breath drawn, motion made, idea put forth, and 
function of life exercised, involves and requires force, power, 
resistance, energy, and vim. This whole class of nouns, and 
their verbs, including bold, brave, daring, intrepid, angered, and 
a thousand like expletives, demonstrate the existence of this attri- 
bute of Nature, and element in man, which presupposes a corre- 
sponding Faculty of the mind, 33 and organ in the brain, 39 which 
we call Force, as more expressive of its function than Combative- 
ness ; though resistance or energy would do about equally well. 

170. — Analysis, Description, Cultivation, and Restraint 

of Force. 

Gall discovered this Faculty and organ by collecting at his 
house coachmen and others of the lower class, stimulating them 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF FORCE. 671 

with beer, wine, and money, obtaining their confidence, and 
inducing them to tell what they knew about each other's 
peculiarities. ft 

" Some they called bravos, others contemptuous poltroons. I arranged 
each by themselves ; inspected carefully the heads of both ; found those 
of the braves much broader and fuller immediately behind and on a level 
with the tops of the ears than those of the poltroons ; assembled again 
a lot of the braves, and afterwards of the poltroons, separately, and 
found my first observations confirmed ; compared the heads of known 
brave men with acknowledged cowards, with the same results ; found 
a first-rate, intrepid, fearless fighter, who entered the ring to sustain alone 
a fight with a wild boar, or bull, or any ferocious animal whatever, these 
public fights being then common ; took a cast of his head ; found this 
same region in it very broad and rounded, and this same form in uni- 
versity students expelled several times for duelling, one of whom, though 
small and seemingly feeble, took intense delight in sitting in an ale- 
house and mimicking drinking workmen till they challenged him to fight, 
when, putting out the lights, he battled them in the dark with fists and 
chairs; examined quarrelsome and peaceable boys in schools and families 
with precisely the same results; found a beautiful female, who often 
before marriage donned male attire and fought with street blackguards, 
and after marriage often challenged guests and others to wrestle ; and 
another small and delicate, but plucky fighter; observed this region very 
large in the skull of a remarkably brave general lately deceased, and like 
that of the beast fighter, but flattened and narrow in the cowardly poet 
Alexinger, who allowed himself to be imposed upon, &c, till I began to 
speak and. write with confidence about this Faculty and organ of 
courage. 

"Horses whose heads are narrow between their ears are skittish and 
timid; while those whose ears are set far apart at their base are bold and 
steady. Cowardly dogs are narrow above and a little behind their ears, 
whilst those rashly bold are narrow in this region. A cock-fighting am- 
ateur told me, as a great secret, that he could always tell good fighters 
by their great breadth of head a little in front of the ears. Dr. Spur- 
zheim makes the same observation on English gamecocks, the hens of 
which drive off all others. 

" Graminivorous animals are often more courageous than carnivorous. 
A deer, in the Vienna arena, destined to be torn in pieces by a lioness, 
when he saw her about to spring on him, sprang on her first, stamped on 
her ribs, and so disabled her that she could hardly be got back to her 
cage, where she died soon after. He goats sometimes crush dogs with 
their horns, and hunters frequently become victims of the chamois, while 
rats and squirrels are often rashly daring. If beasts of prey, armed as 
they are with teeth and claws, were also courageous to rashness, nothing 
could withstand them ; yet nothing but hunger induces them to risk a 
bold stroke. The wild bull often engages and usually conquers the 
tiger with his incredible strength and suppleness." — Gall. 

"There is a principle in our minds which is our constant protector, 
which slumbers when not wanted, but becomes the more vigorous the 



072 THE ANIMAL PROPENSITIES. 

more its aid is needed. A sword, or other defensive weapon, rushing 
into our hands just when needed, would be but feeble assistance com- 
pared with this simple emotion which Heaven has caused to rush, as it 
were, into our minds, for repelling every attack* — Dr. Thomas Brown. 

" Combativeness, then, confers the instinctive tendency to oppose. 
In its lowest degree of activity it leads to simple resistance ; in a higher, 
to active aggression, physical or moral, to remove obstacles. Courage 
accompanies the active state of this propensity. Hence, one with pre- 
dominant Combativeness anticipates in a battle the pleasure of gratify- 
ing his ruling passion, and is blind to all other considerations. He is a 
fighting animal. Courage, however, when properly directed, is useful to 
maintain the right. On this account a considerable endowment of it is 
indispensable to all great and magnanimous characters. Indeed, I have 
observed that the most actively benevolent persons of both sexes, who 
face poverty and vice to relieve them, have this organ fully developed. 

"When too energetic and ill-directed, it inspires a love of contention 
for its own sake, and produces the controversalist who will wrangle and 
contest every point, and 'though vanquished, argues still,' rendering con- 
tradiction a gratification. 

" When large and active, it gives the voice a hard, thumping sound, 
as if every word contained a blow, as did Bonaparte's, when angry; 
and a sharp expression to the lips, and throws the head backward and a 
little to one side, like boxers and fencers." — Combe. 

Gall christened it "instinct of self-defence, and defence of 
property," which Spurzheim justly changed to resistance, and re- 
christened it "propensity to fight, or Combativeness," which 
Kobert Cox still thinks too limited, and calls it " propensity to 
oppose, or Oppositiveness," all of which the Author thinks still too 
limited in range; and that Force, to surmount obstacles, and 
carry out one's wishes against all opposition, is its true function. 
We thought to call it Resistance ; but this is too passive a name 
for so positive an element, while Force certainly expresses its 
average manifestation in every-day life better than either of the 
other names suggested. At least, its philosophy ', as already given, 
conveys a correct idea of its normal function. 

Large — Show always and everywhere the utmost heroism, bold- 
ness, and courage; can face the cannon's mouth coolly, and look 
death in the face without flinching ; put forth remarkable efforts in 
order to carry measures ; grapple right in with difficulties with a 
real relish, and dash through them as if mere trifles ; love pioneer 
life, and adventurous, even hazardous expeditions ; shrink from 
no danger ; are appalled by no hardships ; prefer a rough and 
daring life of struggle and hairbreadth escapes to a quiet, mo- 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF FORCE. 673 

notorious business ; are determined never to be conquered, even 
by superior odds, but incline to do battle single-handed against an 
army; with Caution only full, show more valor than discretion, 
are often foolhardy, and always in hot water ; with smaller Se- 
cretion and Ambition, are most unamiable, if not hateful ; with 
drinking habits and bad associates, have a most violent, unsjov- 
ernable temper; are most desperate, bitter, and hateful, and 
should never be provoked ; love debate and opposition ; are per- 
fectly cool and intrepid; have great presence of mind in times 
of danger, and nerve to encounter it ; with large Parental Love, 
take the part of children ; with large Inhabitiveness, defend 
country ; with activity large and vitality moderate, overdo per- 
petually, and should throw far less vim into efforts ; with a pow- 
erful muscular system, put forth all the strength in lifting, work- 
ing, and all kinds of manual labor ; with great Vitativeness and 
Destruction, defend life with desperation, and strike irresistible 
blows; with large Acquisition, maintain pecuniary rights, and 
drive money-making plans; with large Ambition, resent insults, 
and large Friendship added, defend the character of friends ; 
with full or large Dignity, defend personal interests, take own 
part with spirit, and repel all aggressions ; with moderate Dignity, 
and Kindness and Friendship large, defend the interests of friends 
more than of self: with large Conscience, prosecute the right, 
and oppose the wrong most spiritedly ; with large intellectual or- 
gans, impart vigor, power, and impressiveness to thoughts, 
expressions, &c. ; with disordered nerves, are peevish, fretful, 
fault-finding, irritable, dissatisfied, unreasonable, and fiery in. 
anger, and should first restore health, and then restrain this fault- 
finding disposition, by remembering that the cause is internal, 
instead of what is fretted at. 

Much apparent courage, however, is prompted by other Faculties. 
Soldiers, with it only fair, often fight desperately from Ambition to be 
called brave at home, or from patriotism ; and some even from fear 
of being branded cowards, or captured, or because they know running 
is actually more dangerous than fighting; while others still both run 
and fight from imitation, because others do either. A boy in 
Milton, Penna., reputed brave, even to rashness, because he dared 
ride a running, rearing horse, yet whom I pronounced a coward, in a 
public blindfold test examination, who feigned bravery, yet always 
85 



674 THE ANIMAL PROPENSITIES. 

backed down when forced to fight, and could never be got on to a 
strange horse, confessed when finally told by his mother : — * 

" John, you know you are a coward, because 3 T ou never dare go to 
bed alone, and are afraid to go anywhere in the dark." 

" I know it, mother, but I don't want the other boys to know it, and 
pretend to be brave to make them afraid to call me out, and so let me 
alone." 

Rashness, is often consequent on fear, or Caution reversed. Wm. 
B. Powel claimed to have discovered an organ of desperation, adjoin- 
ing Caution, because found large in stabbing and shooting Southrons : 
whereas these affrays usually result from excessive Caution frenzied, 
or fear lest they themselves be killed first. Runaway horses are reck- 
less, and dash into danger, from fright not Force. The question turns, 
not on the act itself, but on the actuating motive, a principle already 
applied to some of the other Faculties, and applicable to all. 

Caution Large, with disordered nerves, constitutes a com- 
bination peculiarly unfavorable to the happiness of both its victims 
and those around them. Excessive Caution alone is quite bad enough, 
but superadding nervousness makes it ten times worse, especially in 
exquisitely organized women, who are also disordered in their special 
organs. Such ailments, while they affect all the manifestations of the 
mind, cause gloomy, blue, sad, murky, forlorn feelings, as sexual health 
does buoyancy and ecstasy of spirits, 340 ~ 3M . 

They affect Caution by far the most unfavorably, rendering those 
who are naturally the most pleasant and agreeable of women the most 
repulsive, suspicious, and hateful possible. They thus become like 
skittish horses by moonlight, seeing some spook behind everything, 
some death in every pot, some occasion for alarm in everything, good, 
bad, and indifferent. If a husband is absent one minute over his 
wonted ^time, he is killed sure. If a child is out of sight, its life is in 
imminent danger. All prospects are scanned through their sombre 
glasses of apprehension and fright, and evil, and only evil awaits them 
at every turn. A sword hangs ever suspended over their doomed 
heads by a hair, in constant danger of falling and piercing them 
through their hearts. If while riding the horse shies aside one step, 
he is about to run away and smash all to atoms. If a husband looks 
at any other woman, suspicion and jealousy frenzy all their love, and 
prompt false accusations and recriminations, the only grounds for 
which exist in their disordered fears. They fuss and worry, tew 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF FORCE. 675 

and stew, scold and threaten, accuse and malign, not only wholly 
without cause, but against possibilities. Sensible in all other respects, 
they seem utterly bereft of reason by their whimsy fears. Let such 
bear in mind that these morbid fears are consequent on physiological 
disorders alone, and spring from within not without. 

Delirium Tremens has a kindred origin. Why should it conjure 
up such horrid, ghastly, frightful spectres, such hideous sights? The 
principles explained in 26 - 28-30 answer. Those principles mean far more 
than they seem to at first sight, and give cast and coloring to all the 
mental manifestations; all must recognize their truth, but none at all 
realize how true they are, nor hew far reaching and potential their 
influence. 

Full — Evince those feelings described under large, yet in a 
less degree, and modified more by the larger organs ; thus, with 
large moral and intellectual Faculties, show much more moral 
than physical courage ; maintain the right, and oppose the wrong ; 
yet, with Firmness large, in a decided rather than a combative 
spirit, &c. 

Average — Evince this combative spirit according to circum- 
stances ; when vigorously opposed, or when any of the other Fac- 
ulties work in conjunction with Force, show a good degree of 
this opposing, energetic feeling ; but when large Caution or Am- 
bition, &c, working against it, are irresolute, and even cowardly ; 
with an active Temperament, and disordered nerves, especially if 
dyspeptic, have a quick, sharp, fiery temper, yet lack power of 
anger; will fret and threaten, yet mean and do but little ; with a 
large brain, and large moral and intellectual organs, will put 
forth fair intellectual and moral force when once thoroughly 
roused, which will be but seldom; with large Ambition, and 
small Acquisition, will defend character, but not pecuniary 
rights ; with large Caution, may be courageous where danger is 
far off, yet will run, rather than fight; with smaller Caution, will 
show some resentment when imposed upon, but submit rather 
tamely to injuries ; with very large Parental Love, and only 
average Friendship, will resent any injuries offered to children 
with great spirit, yet not those offered to friends, &c. 

Moderate — Rather lack efficiency ; with only fair muscles, 
are poor workers, and fail to put forth even the little strength 



676 THE ANIMAL PROPENSITIES. 

possessed ; with good moral and intellectual organs, possess tal- 
ent and moral worth, yet are easily overcome by opposition or 
difficulty ; should seek some quiet occupation, where business 
comes in of itself, because loath to intrude unbidden upon the 
attention of others ; are too good to be energetic ; with weak 
Acquisition, allow virtual robbery without resentment; with 
large Caution, are tame and pusillanimous; with large Ambition, 
cannot stand rebuke, but wilt under it ; with moderate Dignity 
and Hope, are all "I can't, it's hard," &c, and will do but little 
in life. 

Small — Are inert and inefficient ; can accomplish little ; never 
feel self-reliant or strong ; and with large moral and intellectual 
organs, are too gentle and easily satisfied ; with large Caution, 
run to others for protection, are always complaining of bad 
treatment, and manifest scarcely any energy. 

In speaking, when large, it is to the enunciation of words what 
a full charge of powder is to a ball, namely, it hits each word a 
propelling thump as it comes out, and expels it with such force 
as to strike the auditors, as it were, with unction and emphasis, 
so as to command attention, and make and leave a distinct 
impression ; whereas, deficient Force lets the words drawl 
slowly and fall tamely at the speaker's, or rather winner's, feet. 
Its influence on the style of writers is similar, and it causes both 
writers and speakers to use words of a harsher and more positive 
import. Much of that positiveness of manner and boldness of 
expression usually attributed to self-esteem are caused by this 
Faculty. 

Irritability of temper, usually attributed to this Faculty, 
comes mainly from disordered nerves, and is consequent more on 
its deficiency than excess ; because those in whom it is large feel 
all strung up taut, ready to meet and face everything, and hence 
never fret or chafe ; yet those in whom it is deficient are easily 
overcome, and forever complaining ; while pugnacity, rowdyism, 
fighting, &c, are its perversions, not legitimate functions. 

To cultivate — Encourage a bold, resistant, defiant, self- 
defending spirit ; fend off imposition like a real hero ; rather 
encourage than shrink from encounter; engage in debate, and 
the mental conflict of ideas and sentiments in politics, in religion, 
in whatever comes up, and take part in public meetings; espouse 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF FORCE. 677 

sides in everything; say, and try to feel, "None shall provoke 
me with impunity." To develop it, exercise it. Never indulge 
an "I can't," nor allow yourself to be beaten, provided you are 
right, nor be so faint-hearted as not to try; but make a bold, 
though judicious push, and then follow up so energetically as to 
carry all before you ; have none of this tame pusillanimity which 
palsies effort, but be resolute. Do not stop to enumerate the 
obstacles in your path, but carry them by storm; and speak out 
as fearlessly and emphatically as though you meant all you said, 
and intended to enforce it. 

In weakly children, its culture often becomes indispensable, 
and can be effected first by muscular culture, for physical strength 
begets mental courage, as weakliness does cowardice ; and by 
telling them to always take their own part, never let any one 
not older and stronger than they impose on them. Teach "the 
other cheek" doctrine to rough, aggressive boys, but resistance 
and "fight" to cowardly snivellers. Never pity or baby such 
when they hurt themselves, but say "Never mind that," "You're 
no chicken," "Up and at it again," and encourage them. Boys in 
whom it is small are eternally troubled with the "I can'ts." In- 
fuse "I can and I will" into such, by encouraging them to try. 
Never scold them when they give up discouraged, or consider 
mountains molehills, but induce them to rely on themselves ; and 
even imposing on them just enough every now and then to pro- 
voke their resentmeut, or start their " grit," will benefit them. 
Never wait on them. 

To restrain — Do just the opposite of the preceding advice; 
whenever you find anger rising, turn on your heel ; avoid debate, 
and say mildly and pleasantly whatever you have to say ; bear 
with imposition rather than resent it ; cultivate a turn-the-other- 
cheek spirit ; never swear, or scold, or blow up anybody ; and 
restrain temper and wrath in all their manifestations. 



678 THE SOCIAL GROUP. 

CHAPTER II. 
THE SOCIAL GROUP. 

171. — Its Location and Office. 

The domestic affections create man's social ties, and Louie 
interests, and family and congregating instincts. 

Their location is in the back and lower portion of the head. 
In proportion as they are developed they push the brain back and 
out behind the ears, and elongate it from the openings of the ears 
to the occiput. 

The embodiment of mankind into a great variety of groups, 
for accomplishing a great many purposes, is its distinctive mis- 
sion. With the sexual and parental loves, it embodies mankind 
into families, and conjoined with Inhabitiveness, it creates home, 
with all its uses and sacred associations, including country, and 
aided by Dignity, institutes governments, with all their goods and 
evils ; with the moral Faculties, religious denominations ; with 
the intellectual, literary societies, and institutions, lyceums, pub- 
lic assemblages, schools, &c, and thereby effects indispensable 
ends innumerable. 

Large — Are social, domestic, dotingly attached to family, and 
a dear lover of home, and all its ties and associations ; take the 
greatest life pleasures in the family relations ; sacrifice any and 
everything on the altar of family interests and enjoyments ; are ex- 
tremely loath to leave, and unhappy when away from family and 
home, and return with passional eagerness and fondness ; and feel 
all over "There's no place like home." 

Full — Love family, home, and their ties and relations well, 
and sacrifice much, but not all for fiimily, and love and enjoy it 
much ; but this love is not paramount. 

Average — Have a fair, but only fair, share of the domestic 
affections ; will enjoy family well, but other things better ; and, 
with culture, will be and make tolerably happy in the domestic 
relations, but not without. 

Moderate — Are rather deficient in the domestic sentiments 
and virtues ; rather easily turned against family and home ; leave 
them without much regret, &c. 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF LOVE. 679 

Small — Care little for home, its inmates, or pleasures, and 
are barren of its virtues; and have scarcely any social ties, and 
they weak. 

VIII. LOVE, or "Amativeness." 

172. — Its Definition, Location, Philosophy, and History. 

The Creator — Gender; sexuality ; the procreative and trans- 
mitting capacity and instinct ; generative power and energy; es- 
timation and love of the opposite sex ; desire to love and be 
loved; sexual admiration and courtesy; gallantry in men, lady- 
ism in women, and sexual politeness in both ; conjugal devotion ; 
parentage ; physical love ; passion. Its excess and perversion 
create libertinism, sensuality, obscenity, lasciviousness, lrympho- 
mania, lust, seduction, prostitution, <&c. 

Its natural language is very apparent, and cants the head 
directly back upon the nape of the neck. All lovers can tell by 
this sign whether and how much they are beloved. Note that 
affectionate backward reclining or drooping of the heads of all 
loving brides during their honeymoon, and learn therefrom to 
diagnose its active state in all others. This language is still more 
\ apparent in its ultimate exercise. 

^ Its facial pole is in the lips, near their middle portions, 
which its full development thickens and projects; so that large 
lips at their centres, as in Byron, indicate a warm, glowing, 
gushing love element. This shows both why love always kisses 
its object, and only with the middle of the lips ; while Friendship 
and Platonic Love kiss about half way between the corners of the 
mouth and middle of the lips and Parental Love with one corner 
of the mouth. 

Gall discovered it early, by accident, in a young widow pa- 
tient who was the victim of periodical nymphomania, by often 
observing, while holding up the back of her head in his open 
hand, that it was both very thick at the nape of her neck, and 
very hot, and drawn back by its natural language, while she was 
suffering from its paroxysms. His knowledge of her inordinate 
passion, along with this thickness and heat, suggested the exist- 
ence and location of this Faculty and organ, which have been 
verified extensively. 



680 THE SOCIAL GROUP. 

" It is situated at the top of the neck, and its size is proportionate to 
the space between the mastoid process, immediately behind the ears, and 
the occipital spine, in the middle of the hind head." — Spurzheim. 

It is truly immense in the accompanying engraving of Aaron 
Burr, in whom this passion, with the power it gives over the 
opposite sex, exceeded anything often found ; but it is small in 
that of the infant, as it is in all infants, and in a maiden at sixty, 
but is very large in Gotfried, who poisoned her father, mother, all 
her children, and several husbands, because they prevented new 
loves. 

Very large. Small. 





No. 12G.— Aaron Burr. No. 127. — Infant. 

"The size of the cerebellum is indicated by the extension of the 
oceipital bone backwards and downwards, or by the thickness of the 
neck at these parts between the ears. In some these lobes descend or 
droop, increasing the convexity of the occipital bone rather than its ex- 
pansion between the ears. In such cases, the projection may be felt 
during life by the hand if firmly pressed on the neck." 

"The nerves of sight can be traced into the nates lying very near 
these parts, while the nerves of hearing spring from the medullary streak 
on the surface of the fourth ventricle, lying immediately under the cer- 
ebellum, thereby corresponding with the fact that the eyes express most 
powerfully the passion of love ; that abuses of the amatory propensity 
produce blindness and deafness ; and that this feeling subsequently ex- 
cites Friendship, Force, and Destruction into vivid action. Spurzheim 
says, ' It is impossible to unite a greater number of facts in proof of 
any one truth than those which determine that the cerebellum is the 
seat of the amatory propensity;' and in this I agree with him. Those 
who have not read Gall's section on this organ can form no adequate 
conception of the force of the evidence he has collected." — Combe. 

"In the quiet and unobtrusive state of this feeling, there is nothing in 
the least gross, or offensive to the most refined delicacy; while its defi- 
ciency is a very palpable defect, and a most unamiable trait of character. 
It softens all proud, irascible, and anti-social feelings and conduct towards 
the opposite sex, and augments all the kindly and benevolent affections. 
This shows why men are more generous and kind, more charitable and 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF LOVE. 



G81 



benevolent towards women than men, or than women are to each other." 
— Mr. Scott. 

Its adaptation is to Nature's sexual, or male and female ordi- 
nances. Whatever appertains to males and females as such, in- 
cluding marriage and reproduction, comes under this Faculty, and 
is governed by its laws. That creative department of Nature 
which it carries forward, and over which it presides, is primal and 
paramount in practical importance. It is even antecedent to life 



A.MATIVENESS AND DESTRUCTION VERY LARGE. 



AMATIVENESS SMALL. 





No. 129. — Skull of a Maiden at Sixty, 
who died in the poorhouse, was taken to the 
dissecting-room, and found to be a virgin ; ob- 
viously from sexual indifference. This organ is 
scarcely perceptible. 



No. 128. — Gottfried, Old Man. 



itself, which it creates, and was properly numbered one in former 
phrenological works ; because it is the antecedent function of 
Nature, that which originates all her other functions, and without 
which no life could ever be put forth ; for it must first be 
begun before it can execute any of its operations ; yet as concerns 
each individual, Vitativeness is first, and starts the whole machi- 
nery of life into operation, and then keeps it running just as long 
as possible. 76 Life must first be generated, but without Vitative- 
ness, it would expire with its creation ; so that we have headed our 
list of Faculties with Vitativeness, instead of Love, and followed 
with those functions necessary to animal existence ; yet treat this 
next, as next in relative importance. 

Nature sexes all forms of life. "Male and female created 
He" all that lives, and all their emanations. 60 All the tones of 
voice of whatever utters vocal sounds, every look and act, every 



682 THE SOCIAL GROUP. 

idea and thought, is masculinized or fernininized by this all-per- 
vading element. 

Keproduction is the end it attains. All forms of life emanate 
from this all-creative source — an end as important as life itself is 
valuable. 15 

Male and female are both its creation, and its instrumentality 
of action ; while their mutual attraction constitutes the mode or 
manner of its expression. Love as such, throughout all its 
phases, is its out workings. 

The vast number of human interests, and the amount of enjoy- 
ments which grow on this amatory Faculty far exceed those al- 
ready •shown to grow on Appetite, or any other element. What- 
ever appertains to either sex as such, and all their mutual duties 
and inter-relations, grow on this tree, such as love, selection, 
courtship, married life, and reproduction, of course including the 
treatment due between fathers and daughters, mothers and sons,&c. 

173. — Description, Culture, and Eestraint of Love. 

It creates in each sex admiration and love of the other ; ren- 
ders woman winning, persuasive, urbane, affectionate, loving, and 
lovely, and develops all the feminine charms and graces ; makes 
man noble in feeling and bearing, elevated in aspiration, gallant, 
tender, and bland in manner, affectionate towards woman, highly 
susceptible to female charms, and clothes him with that dignity, 
power, and persuasiveness which characterize the male. 

Large — Are admirably sexed, or a well nigh perfect male or 
female ; literally idolize the opposite sex ; love almost to insanity ; 
treat them with the utmost consideration ; cherish for them the 
most exalted feelings of regard and esteem, as if they were supe- 
rior beings ; have the instincts and true spirit and tone of the 
male or female in a pre-eminent degree ; must love and be beloved ; 
are sure to elicit a return of love, because intuitively winning, at- 
tractive, and attracted ; almost worship parents, brothers, or 
sisters, and children of the opposite sex ; with organic quality, 
and the other social organs large, have the conjugal intuition in a 
pre-eminent degree ; assimilate and conform to those loved, and 
become perfectly united ; and with Constancy large, manifest 
the most clinging fondness and utmost devotion, and are made or 
unmade for life by the state of the affections ; have many warm 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF LOVE. 683 

friends and admirers among the other sex ; love young and most 
intensely, and are powerfully influenced by the love element for 
good or evil, according as it is well or ill placed ; with Friendship 
and Constancy large, will mingle pure friendship with devoted 
love; cannot flourish alone, but must have a matrimonial mate, 
with whom to become perfectly identified, and whom to invest 
with almost superhuman perfections ; with large Beauty and the 
mental Temperament added, will experience a fervor and intensity 
of love, amounting almost to ecstasy or romance; can marry 
those only who combine refinement of manners with correspond- 
ingly strong attachments ; with Parental Love and Kindness also 
large, are eminently qualified to enjoy the domestic relations, and 
be happy in home, as well as to render home happy ; with Inhab- 
itiveness also large, will set a high value on house and place ; 
long to return home when absent, and consider family and chil- 
dren as the greatest of life's treasures ; with large conscience 
added, will keep the marriage relations inviolate, and regard un- 
faithfulness as the greatest of sins ; with Force large, will defend 
the object of love with great spirit, and resent powerfully any 
indignity offered them; with Appetite large, will enjoy eating 
with loved one and family dearly ; with Ambition large, cannot 
endure to be blamed by those beloved ; with Caution and Secre- 
tion large, will express love guardedly, and much less than is 
experienced ; but with Secretion small, will show in every look 
and action the full unveiled love of the soul ; with Firmness, 
Dignity, and Constancy large, will sustain interrupted love with 
fortitude, yet suffer much damage of mind and health therefrom ; 
but with Dignity moderate, will feel crushed and broken down by 
disappointment ; with the moral Faculties predominant, can love 
those only whose moral tone is pure and elevated ; with predom- 
inant Beauty, 'and only average intellectual Faculties, will prefer 
those who are showy and gay to those who are sensible, yet less 
beautiful; with Mirth, Time, and Tune, will love dancing, lively 
company, <&c. 

Full — Possess quite strong susceptibilities of love for a con- 
genial spirit; are capable of much purity, intensity, and cordiality 
of love, if its object is about right ; with Friendship and Kindness 
large, will be kind and affectionate in the family ; with a highly 
susceptible Temperament, will experience great intensity of love, 
and evince a good degree of masculine or feminine excellence, &c. 



684 THE SOCIAL GROUP. 

Average — Are capable of fair conjugal attachments, and cal- 
culated to feel and exhibit a good degree of love, provided it is 
properly placed and fully called out, but not otherwise ; experi- 
ence a greater or less degree of love in proportion to its activity ; 
as a man, are quite attached to mother, daughters, and sisters, 
and fond of female society, and endowed with a fair share of the 
masculine element, yet not remarkable for its perfection ; as a 
woman, quite winning and attractive, yet not particularly suscep- 
tible to love ; as a daughter, fond of father and brothers, and 
desirous of the society of men, yet not especially so ; and capable 
of a fair share of conjugal devotedness under favorable circum- 
stances ; combined with an ardent Temperament, and large 
Friendship and Beauty, have a pure and platonic cast of love, yet 
cannot assimilate with a coarse Temperament, or a dissimilar 
phrenology ; are refined and faithful, yet have more friendship 
than passion ; can love those only who are just to the liking ; with 
Caution and Secretion large, will express less love than is felt, 
and that equivocally, and by piecemeal, nor then till the loved 
one is fully committed ; with Caution, Ambition, and Worship 
large, and Dignity small, are diffident in promiscuous society, yet 
enjoy the company of a select few of the opposite sex, &c. 

Moderate — Are rather deficient, though not palpably so, in 
the love element, and averse to the other sex ; love their mental 
excellences more than personal charms ; show little desire to 
caress or be caressed ; and find it difficult to sympathize with a 
conjugal partner, unless the natural harmony between both is 
well nigh perfect ; care less for marriage, and can live unmarried 
without inconvenience ; with Constancy large, can love but once, 
and should marry the first love, because the love-principle will 
not be sufficiently strong to overcome the difficulties, incident to 
its transfer, or the want of congeniality ; and find more pleasure 
in other things than in the matrimonial relations ; with an excit- 
able Temperament, will experience greater warmth and ardor 
than depth and uniformity of love ; with Beauty and organic 
quality large, are fastidious and over-modest, and terribly shocked 
by allusions to love; pronounce love a silly farce, only fit for 
crack-brained poets ; with Ambition large, will soon become 
alienated by rebukes and fault-finding ; with Friendship and the 
moral and intellectual Faculties large, can become strongly at- 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OP LOVE. 685 

tached to those who are highly moral and intellectual, yet expe- 
rience no affinity for any other, and to be happy in marriage, 
must base it in the higher Faculties. 

Small — Dislike the opposite sex, and distrust and refuse to 
assimilate with them ; feel little sexual love, or desire to marry ; 
are cold, coy, distant, and reserved towards the other sex ; expe- 
rience but little of the beautifying and elevating influence of love, 
and should not marry, because incapable of appreciating its rela- 
tions, and making a companion happy ; and are passively con- 
tinent. 

^ To cultivate — Mingle much in the society of the other sex; 
observe and appreciate their excellences, and overlook their faults ; 
be as gallant, as gentlemanly or lady-like, inviting, prepossessing, 
lively, and entertaining in their society as you know how to be, 
and always on the alert to please them ; say as many complimen- 
tary and pretty, and as few disagreeable things as possible ; that 
is, try to cultivate and play the agreeable ; if not married, con- 
template its advantages and pleasures, and be preparing to enjoy 
them ; if married, get up a second and an improved edition of 
courtship ; re-enamour both yourself and conjugal partner, by be- 
coming just as courteous, loving, and lovely as possible ; luxuriate 
in the company and conversation of those well-sexed, and imbibe 
their inspiriting influence ; be less fastidious, and more free and 
communicative ; establish a warm, cordial intimacy and friendship 
for them, and feast yourself on their masculine or feminine excel- 
lences ; if not married, marry, and cultivate the feelings, as well 
as live the life of a true and hearty sexuality. 

To restrain — Simply direct this love element more to the 
mental, and less to the personal qualities of the other sex ; admire 
and love them more for their minds than bodies, and more for 
their moral purity and conversational powers than as instruments 
of passion; seek the society of the virtuous and £ood, but avoid 
that of the vulgar ; should mingle in their society to derive moral 
elevation and inspiration therefrom, and be made better, not to 
feed the fires of passion, and yield to their moulding influences 
for good ; should be content to commune with their spirits; should 
sanctify and elevate the cast and tone of love, and banish its baser 
forms; especially should lead a right physiological life, avoid tea 
and meats, and abstain wholly from coffee, tobacco, and all forms 



686 THE SOCIAL GROUP. 

and degrees of alcoholic drinks, wines and beer included ; exer- 
cise muck in the open air ; abstain wholly from carnal indulgence ; 
work off your vital force on other functions as a relief of this ; 
bathe daily ; eat sparingly ; study and commune with nature ; 
cultivate the pure, intellectual, and moral, as the best means of ris- 
ing above the passional ; and put yourself on a high human plane 
throughout. Remember that you require its purification, eleva- 
tion, and right direction, rather than restraint, because it is more 
perverted than excessive ; and that the iuflamed state*of the body 
irritates and perverts this passion, of which a cooling regimen is a 
specific antidote. 

Love ! How inexpressibly sacred ! Is divine Worship any 
more so? What other human emotion penetrates quite as deeply 
into the very rootlets and soul of human existence as does this 
tender sentiment? For what does a man "launch out" as freely 
as to the female he loves? She generally gets more of his 
time, money, feelings, and soul than his Saviour. Even Appetite 
gets but a moiety as much of either. All human experience con- 
curs in pronouncing this " man's one grand master passion." Say, 
all ye who have ever loved, — and who, matured, but has, — what 
one sentiment ever struck away down in the very rootlets of your 
being as did this divine sentiment? 

So immeasurably important is this whole subject of love, con- 
jugality, and reproduction, that the Author has consecrated to it 
an entire volume, nearly the size of this, in which this whole sub- 
ject is discussed from a purely scientific standpoint. Its inherent 
interest and value may be partly inferred from its title-page, as 
follows : — 

Sexual Science, including Manhood, Womanhood, and their Mutual 
Inter-relations; Love, its Laws, Power, &c. ; Selection, or Mutual 
Adaptation; Courtship, or Love Making; Married Life made happy; 
Reproduction, and Progenal Endowment, or Paternity, Maternity, 
Bearing, Nursing, and Rearing Children; Puberty, Girlhood, &c. ; 
Sexual Ailments restored, and Female Beauty, perpetuated, <fcc., as 
taught by Phrenology. 

It can be had of the publishers of this work ; has far out-sold 
any and all other works on the Pacific coast, and been enthusias- 
tically received by woman ; is what its title indicates — a scientific 
treatise on this whole subject of love, marriage, and offspring; 
and with this work, embodies all of the Author's writings. 



CONSTANCY: ITS ANALYSIS, REGULATION, ETC. 687 

IX. CONSTANCY, or "Union for Life." 

174. — Its Definition, Location, History, and Rationale. 

Monogamy — Conjugality; fidelity; mating; duality and ex- 
clusiveness in love ; when morbid it creates jealousy. 

Perverted and in excess, as it often is, it mourns and pines in 
broken-hearted grief over the death, absence, or desertion of one 
beloved, "refusing to be comforted;" thereby spoiling life and 
hastening death. 

Its location is above Love, below Friendship, between the 
two, and on each side of Parental Love. This is precisely where 
its office requires that it should be placed. 

The complete rearing of young is the specific department 
of humanity allotted to this Faculty. It neither creates, nor 
loves them, but its office is to see that all the children of either 
parent are by the other ; in order, thereby, to prevent that edu- 
cational collision which must needs arise if either parent had chil- 
dren by any others. Its real distinctive mission is to secure the 
educational co-operation of fathers in rearing their own children. 
It rests on the following human necessities : — 

1. Parents can rear their own young the best. 176 

2. Fathers must help mothers rear their mutual children. 

3. To this end every father must knoiv his own. 

4. Maternal Constancy to the father of any one of her chil- 
dren thus becomes necessary, in order that all may be by him ; 
because different fathers must needs come in perpetual antagonism 
in the rearing of their children by the % same mother. This renders 
this Faculty necessary in mothers. 

5. Fathers require it to prevent their educational efforts from 
being scattered and distracted, as they must be if they helped 
rear offspring by different mothers. 

Being with children is necessary in order to rear them all 
well. In case he had children by different mothers, either both 
must live together, or else he must be separated from all the 
others whenever he was with either. This would distract him in 
case he duly loved either his children or their mothers ; scatter 
his efforts and means for promoting their comfort ; necessitate 
different domiciles and sets of creature comforts ; and introduce 



688 THE SOCIAL GROUP. 

universal confusion throughout. On that plan no child could be 
much more than half reared ; because its father's support and 
means must thereby be so frittered away upon several mothers 
and their children in as many different places as to be nearly nu- 
gatory. 

Different wives would not live together without quarrelling, 
unless they were either angels, or else completely cowed. If 
they were angels, their children would be worthless for this earth 
and sphere; but if they were cowed, and meekly submitted to 
their hard fate, as do many pious, subdued plurality wives and 
mothers, this crushed maternal state must needs leave their chil- 
dren poltroons, subdued, inert, tame, wanting in Force, 611 " 617 and 
so good that they would be better if they were worse. If these 
different mothers contended, they would necessarily bear natural 
fighters ; while patient, humbled, subdued mothers must bear 
children wanting in snap and vim. 616 All plurality mothers must 
needs have one kind or the other of these children. 

Plurality husbands, too, do not occupy beds of roses. One 
of them, before a room full in my professional office, confessed 
that he was obliged to be very judicious and careful how he sided 
with either wife as against the other, or he got himself right into hot 
water ; for one wife would pour her envious complaints into his 
ear the night he gave to her, and another fill his other ear with 
bitter invectives against Mrs. No. 1 the night he gave to her ; 
and each of his seven wives really insisted that he hear and side 
with her as against^all the others. He must say something, and 
what he said to either about the other was magnified and distorted 
in being repeated. 

A plurality wife expressed this very point, and put this iden- 
tical difficulty well, thus : — 

" When any one of his other wives impose on me, which is often, I 
never say anything to her, but I go for him." 

Many plurality husbands — many? all without one exception, 
"no, not one," will attest this truth practically . This same wife, 
in speaking of the cross this conjugal plurality imposed on poly- 
gamic wives, expressed herself thus : — 

" It does seem as if the Lord had tried His best to see how heavy a 
cross He could compel us poor women to bear ; but I suppose it is all 
right; for the greater the cross, the greater the crown." 



CONSTANCY: ITS ANALYSIS, REGULATION, ETC. 689 

Her piety, to say nothing of her philosophy, has no equal, 
except in the devoted Hindoo widow, burning herself to cinders 
on the funeral pile of her husband. One of them thought God 
must love the men a great deal better than the women, to give the 
former so great a privilege of choosing and enjoying as many 
women as they could support, or make support themselves, yet 
putting women off with a fraction of a man's person and heart. 

All plurality wives invariably "own up" that it goes terribly 
against their natural feelings, and some rebel outright, alleging, 
" I have not piety enough to stand that" — their husbands taking a 
second wife. Outsiders say that polygamic girls will not go with 
polygamists when they can get any monogamist to go with, who 
can take the most strictly educated plurality girls right away 
every time — a statement I neither indorse nor controvert, because 
I know nothing about it farther than that I found all polygamic 
females instinctively opposed at heart to plurality ; and some as, 
grief-stricken, and others as indignant as any women lever saw in* 
reference to any subject. Any institution must struggle long and 
hard to prosper in the teeth of any strong female antipathy 
arrayed against it. 

A powerful instinct, based in a fundamental human necessity r 
is arrayed against plurality, and in favor of monogamy. The hu- 
man mind, and especially female instinct, must be remodelled 
before plurality can be accepted. 

One love vs. plurality is philosophically discussed in "Sexual 
Science," in favor of that duality of affection inherent in the very 
fact of this mating instinct. 417 " 424 Its full presentation there ex- 
cuses us from repeating its several points here ; yet all observa- 
tions made since that work was written coincide perfectly, as does 
universal human Nature, with the me-at-a-tiniQ, love there and 
here recommended. 

Human beings, male and female, you will find practically 
this plurality of loves "a hard road to travel," beset with 
thorns, venomous reptiles, and miseries innumerable ; because it 
breaks God's holy love laws ; but the one-love pathway most easy 
and delightful, because "God hath made us so." None ever have 
found, ever will find, in practice, these scattered, fitful, hither- 
and-yon loves, this one to-day, and that to-morrow, pleasurable 
except at their very beginning, but unmitigatedly wretched ever 
87 



690 l THE SOCIAL GROUP. 

after. Never begin to love without continuing through this life, 
aud the next. 215 This one love intuition was inserted into man by 
Infinite Wisdom to be respected and obeyed, not violated. A 
Faculty of your soul commands fidelity to one. See that you 
heed and obey its " still small voice." 

175. — Description, Cultivation, and Kestraint, of Con- 
stancy. 

Large — Select some one of the opposite sex as the sole object 
of love ; concentrate the whole soul on this single loved one, mag- 
nifying excellences and overlooking faults ; long to be always with 
that one ; are exclusive, and require a like exclusiveness ; are 
true and faithful in wedlock, if married in spirit ; possess the 
element of conjugal union, and flowing together of soul, in the 
highest degree, and with large Continuity, become broken-hearted 
when disappointed, and comparatively worthless in this world ; 
seek death rather than life ; regard this union as the gem of life, 
and its loss as worse than death ; and should take special care to 
love only where it can be reciprocated for life ; seek but one sex- 
ual mate, and are perfectly satisfied with the society of that one ; 
experience the keenest disappointment when love is interrupted ; 
are restless until the affections are anchored ; and should exert 
every faculty to win the heart and hand of the one beloved ; nor 
allow anything to alienate the affections. 

i Full — Can love cordially, yet are capable of changing the ob- 
ject, especially if Continuity is moderate ; will love for life, pro- 
vided circumstances are favorable, yet will not bear everything 
from a lover or companion, and if one love is interrupted can 
readily form another. 

Average — Are disposed to love but one for life, yet able 
to change the object, and, with Secretion and Approbation 
large, and Conscience only full, are capable of coquetry, especially 
if Love is large, and Friendship only full, and the Temperament 
more powerful than fine-grained. Such should cultivate this 
Faculty, and not allow the other Faculties to break first love. 

Moderate — Are somewhat disposed to love only one, yet allow 
other stronger motives to interrupt affection, and, with Love large, 
can form one attachment after another with comparative ease, yet 
are not true as a lover, nor faithful to the connubial union. 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF PARENTAL LOVE. 691 

Small — Have but little conjugal love, and seek the promiscu- 
ous society and affection of the opposite sex, rather than a single 
partner for life. 

To cultivate — Never allow new faces to awaken new loves, 
but cling to the first one, and cherish its associations and remi- 
niscences ; do not allow the affections to wander, but be much in 
the company of the one already beloved, and both open your 
heart to love the charms, and keep up these thousand little atten- 
tions calculated to revive and perpetuate conjugal love. 

To restrain — Seal up and bury the volume of your first 
affection, and another will take its place ; try to appreciate the 
excellences of others, remembering that "there are as good fish 
in the sea as ever were caught ; " if a first love dies or is blighted, 
by no means allow yourself to pore over this bereavement, but 
transfer affection just as soon as a suitable object can be found, 
and be industrious in finding one, by making yourself just as ac- 
ceptable and charming as possible. Above all, do not allow a 
pining, sad feeling to crush you, nor allow hatred towards the 
other sex. 

X. PARENTAL LOVE, or " Philoprogenitiveness." 

176. — Its Definition, Location, Discovery, and Adapta- 
tion. 

The Nurse — Attachment to own offspring ; parental tenderness 
and affection ; the petting, babying, cuddling sentiment ; fondness 
for pets, animals, stock, and the young generally. It renders 
children the richest treasure of their parents ; casts into the shade 
all the toil and expense they cause ; and lacerates them with bitter 
pangs when death or distance tears them asunder. It is much 
larger in woman than in man; and Nature requires mothers to 
take the principal care of infants. Perverted, it spoils children 
by excessive indulgence, pampering, and humoring. 

Its natural language bends the head back upon the neck. 
Those in grief for children naturally drop their heads backwards, 
and when this Faculty is suddenly shocked by their death so that 
they faint and fall, they always fall backwards, because this Fac- 
ulty throws the head back. Always in kissing children and play- 



692 THE SOCIAL GROUP. 

ing with theiri, we throw the head back and forward, or else 
roll it on this organ from side to side. 



Parental Love vert large. Parental Love deficient. 





No. 130. — The devoted Mother, No. 131. — The Unmotherly. 

but poor Wife. 

Its facial pole is in the lips, near the corners of the mouth. 
Parents always kiss their infants with that part of their lips. 
Note this fact, and the way they toss their heads when fondling 
them. We give the rule for finding it elsewhere. 178 

" I have observed that the occipital bone generally recedes more in 
female heads than in male, and of course the quality it manifests must 
also be the strongest. But what is this quality? After adopting and 
discarding many notions, I also observed that monkeys had a like prom- 
inence in this region. I often asked myself what one characteristic they 
possess in common? In a favorable moment, while lecturing, I was 
struck with the extreme love monkeys have for their offspring. I dis- 
missed my class abruptly, that I might instantly compare this develop- 
ment in the heads of males and females. I found it uniformly the lar- 
gest in females — human and animal. This new idea appeared the more 
plausible, because it is situated so near to Propagation." — Gall. 

" Gall and I have examined the heads of twenty-nine infanticide 
mothers, in twenty-five of whom this organ was small. Its protuberance 
is commonly single, though this organ is double, like all the others on 
the middle line of the head. It sometimes enlarges, in breadth, rather 
than in length. Male and female skulls, among animals as well as men, 
can always be distinguished from each other by those of females being 
larger than males in Parental Love, but smaller in Amativeness — male 
heads being shorter and wider, and female longer and narrower. 

"It produces only sympathy for young, not general tenderness; for 
Caribs and New Zealanders are ferocious, yet both parents are much at- 
tached to their young, and submit to all the inconveniences of bringing 
them up amidst privations and hardships of every kind ; and ferocious 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF PARENTAL LOVE. 693 

tigers and hyenas are as fond of their young as the gentlest and most 
docile of animals." — Spurzheim. 

"Nothing can well exceed the kindness with which the Esquimaux 
treat their children, their only amiable trait, and they adopt a great 
deal." — Captain Parry. 

"Mothers carry their naked children on their backs until they are 
stout and able walkers, and give their whole time to them, while fathers 
often play with, but never correct them." — Captain Lyon. 

"This organ is conspicuous, and easily verified, and its manifestations 
are easily recognized. Those in whom it is strong, show it in every 
word and look towards children, who, by a kind of reciprocal free- 
masonry at once discover its presence or absence." 

"Mothers dote most on their infants and feeblest children. Hence 
the youngest is generally the favorite, unless one older is sickly. Its 
primitive function is to inspire an interest in the helplessness of child- 
hood. It fits for the sick chamber, and is essential to a successful 
teacher." — Combe. 

" It makes maiden ladies love and fondle pet animals." — Scott. 

The infantile state is that fact in Nature to which this Fac- 
ulty is adapted. Hearing young is the end it secures. Offspring 
is that department of Nature over which it presides. It rears 
what Love produces. 

Repkoduction is paramount, because in apposition to death ; 
for without it ail forms of life must perish in one generation, 
leaving all earth's bounteous provisions for the happiness of all 
her teeming myriads to go to eternal waste for want of enjoj^ers. 
Hence the potency of love to guarantee the creation of all forms 
of life. 

In case Nature's creative ordinances had ushered mankind and 
all else, like the fabled Minerva from the brain of Jupiter, into a 
possession of all his Faculties sufficiently full to take ample care of 
self from birth, it w T ould have had no object, no work to execute, 
and hence been useless ; but such incipient maturity is rendered 
impossible. Mature life is too great an affair to be started right 
out into full-orbed splendor suddenly. All that is, grows. It so 
is that incipient life is so small and feeble as to expose it to death 
and destruction from extra heat, cold, devourers of all kinds, and 
ten thousand other noxious surroundings. How could Nature 
reproduce a full-grown oak, elephant, whale, man, or anything 
else? From what source obtain materials? or who could fashion 
them ? If parents had to bestow half of each of their organisms 



6^4 THE SOCIAL GROUP. 

and strength on every child, how many, rather how few, would 
ever be borne ! Much as ever that she can create life in its lowest 
and most rudimental form ; and even this is a creative marvel. 
Each recipient of life mnst have organs, 25 but must manufacture 
and fashion its own organism, 50 saving that merely rudimental one 
derived from parents. Yet where and how does it obtain the ne- 
cessaries of existence? From adults who have a surplus. How 
be kept warm enough to live, &e. ? 131 By those already well 
grown. In short, — 

It so is that young life needs and absolutely must have a great 
amount of adult care while it is growing sufficiently to take 
ample care of itself; for without it all forms of life must inevita- 
bly perish. Nature's provision for the care and rearing of all her 
young must be as ample and absolute as is the peopling of all her 
domains. Incipient life must be reared, not left to die. This 
rearing must be assured, not incidental ; and universal, not partial. 
It must be inwrought into the very texture of whatever repro- 
duces. This great, this indispensable end, can be secured only by 
an inborn mental Faculty, so as thereby to guarantee this juve- 
nile rearing. So much for the end. Next for its means. 

All provident Nature perceived this want of her young, and 
looking all around for the best means, agent, instrument for its 
execution, what as sure, as efficient, as always on call, as implant- 
ing in all parents an innate love of their young? At least she 
has adopted this means, by creating this sentiment. 

It must be specific, not general; something which will see 
that every one of all her countless myriads of young shall be 
cared for. Only those who can spare from their surplus means 
and strength will serve even this purpose. She interdicts parent- 
age to those not fairly strong and robust ; because she wants no 
sickly productions. 512 Parents, then, have the required strength. 

Fitness is another rearing prerequisite. Huge animals are not 
adapted to rear pygmies, nor lilliputians giants. An elephant is 
not adapted to rear chickens, nor old hens young elephants ; but 
adults of each species are only fitted to bring up young having 
like wants, passions, and appetites with themselves. All parents, 
by virtue of Nature's each-after-its-own kind law, 317-322 are com- 
pelled to produce children like themselves, and therefore naturally 
adapted to rear their own young. They know when and where 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF PARENTAL LOVE. 695 

to find them, because they know when and where they are born, 
and are "on hand" to snatch them at their first breath, and supply 
their earliest wants. 

Incessant and consecutive care and expense are now necessary. 
Only a powerful love for infants as such could bestow this needed 
care, and this love must be as powerful as its needs are imperious. 
Parental Love supplies this incentive. How all-powerful is this 
sentiment ! To try to depict its intensity is mockery. If heav- 
en's languages can adequately portray it, certainly earth's cannot. 
Only love of life exceeds it, and often not even that; 75 for how 
many parents, human and animal, risk their own lives in defend- 
ing their young ! I once owned a most powerful dog. A cow 
with her young calf had just been driven into the yard, which I 
went out to see, this dog following. Though he could have 
thrown and throttled her in a minute, yet the moment he jumped 
into that yard, with head and horns fixed she " went for him " with 
all her might, and drove him from it. Robins pursue crows, 
and blackbirds hawks, by darting on them, and grabbing and 
jerking out feathers when they threaten their nests. A " naughty 
boy " took the eggs of a phcebe bird from her nest, where she 
died of grief, sitting on it, w r ith her head thrown back in the 
natural language of this Facultv in distress, showing that she 
died of maternal grief. Passing the shore of a lake, I saw male and 
female perch swimming round and round in spherical sand basins, a 
foot through, they had made in warm shoal water, laying, impreg- 
nating, and covering their eggs. Spiders back their young around 
with them ; leave them only when in immediate danger of death, 
and return to snatch them the first safe moment ; while ants, dis- 
turbed, grab each an egg, and bear it to some safe place. Wasps 
and bees fight terribly in defence of their young, and sting only 
when their life or home is endangered. Hear that hen's ec- 
static cackle whenever she lays eggs, and see how assiduously she 
incubates them ; almost starving herself with long and constant 
sitting, and how tenderly she broods over, scratches for, and tends 
them with the utmost maternal solicitude ! Those robins, blue- 
birds, all birds, how doting and devoted to their nests and young ! 
How tender are cats of kittens ! Deer defend their fawn with 
the utmost bravery, and even rashness. How fiercely sows fight 
for their pigs, and she bears for their cubs ! How ferocious are 



696 THE SOCIAL GROUP. 

beasts of prey rendered by their young lacking food ! Storks 
dash into those flames which are devouring their nests. Kins: 
quails are sometimes beheaded on their nests by the mower, rather 
than desert and expose it. 

Mothers ! what emotion ever thrilled you as did the first cry 
of your first-born? and girls, what on earth do you like as much 
as your doll baby? Behold the incessant care of that sister for 
her junior brothers and sisters, and how perfectly delighted ill 
seeing and nursing that darling little babe ! Their wants are her 
wants, and their wishes overrule hers. With what mutual joy 
and ecstasy young wives and husbands learn their prospective 
paternity ! What happiness as pure or exalted as that mother 
caring for and nursing her children ! What human anxiety equals 
maternal for her ailing darling? and O, what agonizing orief 
when her heart's idol d^es ! In short, love of offspring is one of 
man's most imperious instincts ; executes an end absolutely indis- 
pensable ; pervades all forms of life ; is strongest in females, on 
whom God in Nature devolves the chief care of young ; is a dis- 
tinct sui generis class of functions, 34 and therefore must be, and 
is, carried forward by its own specific mental Faculty. 

Love of own young is its express function ; yet when strong, 
its yearnings often go forth towards the children of others, and 
even pet cats, dogs, and other animals ; and hence is essential to 
farmers. Childless women often bestow on a favorite lapdog, 
or cat, the spontaneous gushings of this Faculty, even making a 
pet of flowers, trees, &c. 

Its universality commands all to provide themselves with own 
children to love. This anti-child producing and rearing spirit 
now so fashionable is accursed, an outrage on one of man's strong- 
est and holiest sentiments, and deserves rebuke, ay, cursing. 
Those so unwilling to rear should not have been reared ; and those 
who purposely destroy them should themselves have been de- 
stroyed. 

Since Part VIII. of " Sexual Science " is devoted exclusively to 
this rearing, we will not repeat here those principles for the care 
of infants, and government and training of children there 
unfolded ; but remain content with this mere reference to 
them. 633 " 658 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF PARENTAL LOVE. 697 



177. — Description, Cultivation, and Restraint of Parental 

Love. 

Large — Experience the parental feeling with the greatest pos- 
sible intensity and power; almost idolize own children, grieve 
immeasurably over their loss, and with large Continuity, refuse to 
be comforted ; value them above all price ; cheerfully endure toil 
and watching for their sake ; forbear with their faults ; win their 
love ; delight to play with them, and cheerfully sacrifice to pro- 
mote their interests ; with large Kindness, and only moderate 
Destruction, cannot bear to see them punished, and with only 
moderate Causality, are liable to spoil them by over-indulgence ; 
with large Ambition added, indulge parental vanity and conceit; 
with large Caution and disordered nerves, are always cautioning 
them, and feel a world of groundless apprehensions about them ; 
with Acquisition moderate, make them many presents, and lavish 
money upon them ; but with large Acquisition, lay up fortunes for 
them ; with large moral and intellectual organs, are indulgent, yet 
love them too well to spoil them, and do the utmost to cultivate 
their higher Faculties; with Force, Destruction, and Dignity 
large, are kind, yet insist on being obeyed ; with these organs 
moderate, are familiar with, and liable to be ruled by them ; with 
Firmness only average, fail to manage them with a steady hand ; 
with Caution large, suffer extreme anxiety if they are sick or in 
danger; with large moral and intellectual organs, and less Force 
and Destruction, govern them more by moral suasion than physi- 
cal force, and reason than fear, and are neither too strict nor over- 
indulgent ; with Ambition and Conscience large, value their moral 
character as of the utmost importance, and are particularly, inter- 
ested in their moral improvement ; with large excitability and wor- 
ship, and only average Firmness, will pet one minute, but punish 
the next ; with larger Ambition and Beauty than intellect, will 
educate them more fashionably than substantially, and dress them 
off in the extreme of fashion ; with a large and active brain, large 
moral and intellectual Faculties, and Firmness, and only full 
Force, Destruction, and Dignity, are well calculated to teach and 
manage the young. It renders farmers fond of stock, dogs, &c, 
and women of birds, lapdogs, &c. ; girls fond of dolls, and boys 
of being among horses and cattle ; and creates a general interest 
in young and small animals. 



698 THE SOCIAL GROUP. 

Full — Love own children well, yet not passionately ; do much 
for them, yet not more than necessary ; and with large Force, 
Destruction, and Dignity, are too severe, and make too little 
allowance for their faults ; but with Kindness, Friendship, aud 
Conscience large, do and sacrifice much to supply their wants and 
render them happy. Its character, however, will be mainly de- 
termined by its combinations. 

Average — Love own children tolerably well, yet care but 
little for those of others ; with large Friendship and Kindness, 
like them better as they grow older, yet do and care little for in- 
fants ; are not duly tender to them, or forbearing towards their 
faults ; and should cultivate parental fondness, especially if Force 
is large. 

Moderate — Are not fond enough of children ; cannot bear 
much from them ; fail to please or take good care of them, par- 
ticularly of infants ; cannot endure to have them cry, or make a 
noise, or disturb things ; and with an excitable Temperament, 
and large Force, are liable to punish them for trifling offences, 
find much fault with them, and are sometimes cruel ; yet, with 
Kindness and Friendship large, may do what is necessary for 
their comfort. 

Small — Care little for own children, and still less for those 
of others ; with Force and Destruction large, are liable to 
treat them unkindly and harshly, and are utterly unqualified to 
have charge of them, and conduct towards them as the other Fac- 
ulties dictate. 

To cultivate — Play with and make much of children ; try to 
appreciate their loveliness and innocence, and be patient, tender, 
and indulgent towards them ; and if you have no own children, 
adopt some, or provide something to pet and fondle. 

To restrain — Set judgment over against affection; rear 
them intellectually ; give yourself less anxiety about them, and 
if a child dies, by all means turn your mind from that loss by 
seeking some powerful diversion and a change of associations, 
removing clothes and all remembrances, aud keep from talking or 
thinking about them. 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF FRIENDSHIP. 699 



XI. FRIENDSHIP, or ff Adhesiveness/' 

178. — Its Definition, Location, Discovery, and Adapta- 
tion. 

" United we stand, divided we fall." 

The Confider ; co-operation ; sociability ; fondness ; cosiness ; 
association ; love of society ; joining efforts ; desire to congre- 
gate, affiliate, unite with, visit, form friendships, entertain 
acquaintances, seek consorts, blend in with community, &c. 

Its location is external to Parental Love, and slightly above 
it. Friendship, Parental Love, and Inhabitiveness, are all easily 
found, in conjunction with Appetite, Force, and Destruction, by 
observing the following 

Rules for finding the Social and Animal Organs : Beginning 
at the external angle of the eye, draw a line to the tip of the ear, 
and you are on Destruction, which runs horizontally. Three 
fourths of an inch before you reach this tip, and then three fourths 
of an inch down, brings you on Appetite. An inch above De- 
struction you are on Secretion, and an inch in front of Secretion, 
on Acquisition. Continuing this line straight on about an inch or 
inch and a quarter beyond this tip, brings you on to Force ; and 
continuing it straight around to the middle line of the back head, 
brings you upon Parental Love. Letting your index finger rest 
on this point, spread your thumb and second finger an inch and a 
half or two inches apart, and you are on Friendship ; while In- 
habitiveness is an inch above Parental Love. 

Gall discovered this Faculty and organ thus : He was re- 
quested to take the cast of a lady for his collection who was a 
model of friendship ; having formed ardent friendships while in 
moderate circumstances, and become affluent and honored, yet 
still clinging to her old friends. He took it carefully. 

" I found two great prominences, constituting the segment of a sphere 
by the side of Parental Love. As up to that time I had never seen 
these prominences, which were evidently formed by the brain, and ex- 
ceedingly symmetrical, I considered them a cerebral organ ; but what 
were its functions ? 

"I inquired of herself and friends for what one characteristic she 
was especially remarkable, and all concurred that she had the most in- 



700 THE SOCIAL GROUP. 

vincible attachment to her friends ; and in passing from poverty to honor 
her feelings for her old friends had never changed. The idea occurred 
to me that there might be an organ of Friendship, and these promi- 
nences were that organ. This was greatly confirmed by their being di- 
rectly above Love, and by the side of Parental Love; all three senti- 
ments being analogous, gave it a degree of probability amounting almost 
to certainty. 

"History presents noble examples of those who gave themselves up 
as hostages for their friends; and the inviolable fidelity of the friend- 
ships of depraved criminals sometimes commands our admiration. 
They have been seen to support tortures and brave death, rather than 
betray accomplices. 

"He who feels friendship lives for friends, and is happy only in their 
society ; they are his greatest good ; he is ever ready to do and sacrifice 
for them, and expects them to make sacrifices for him. Their happiness 
and sorrows are his, and his theirs; and he is incapable of feeling envi- 
ous and malignant towards them. How happy is that family, who at 
table, and in the social circle, reciprocate this sacred feeling ; master, 
subordinates, and domestics, making the happiness of each others their 
chief business. 

"Yet there are those who never experience this feeling, and excuse 
their cold indifference by a thousand little pretexts. A mild, benevolent 
man, who is excessively fond of his children, and untiring in nursing the 
sick, assures me that he does not know what attachment or friendship 
is; separation by journey or death never causing him the slightest 
regret. 

" Some aximals herd. The attachment of apes exceeds all idea. One 
species of parrots always die from separation. Tiger and dog, lion and 
dog, horse and dog, or two dogs, often become indissolubly attached to 
each other. A seal I once had a few days became so attached to me 
that, when I went out, he would make strong efforts to leap from the 
trough and follow me. Dogs often defend their master to the last, and 
sometimes die of grief and hunger on his tomb, or of joy at his return. 
The heart of one such was ruptured. Some never forget, others never 
care for, their first master. All this, and much more, proves that friend- 
ship is a primal Faculty. 

"It is stronger in woman than man. Her friendship secures success. 
Who does not know a thousand cases of her devotion to a husband who 
has betrayed her a thousand times? No sacrifice is too great for a wo- 
man in serving her friends. She penetrates prisons, and throws herself 
at the feet of her sovereign. Happy is he who has a female friend ! It 
is much larger in affectionate animals and birds than in indifferent spe- 
cies and individuals." — Gall. 

"Mary Machinnes, executed in Edinburgh for murder, showed a 
romantic attachment for her paramour, even on the scaffold. He had 
sent her a pocket-handkerchief the day before her execution, with his 
name written on it, and half an orange, requesting that she eat it on the 
scaffold, in token of their mutual friendship. She held the corner hav- 
ing his name on it in her mouth most of that night, and the next morn- 
ing, and even on the scaffold, and ate the orange on the scaffold, seem- 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF FRIENDSHIP. 701 

ingly forgetting the terrors of death in the ardor of her affection." — 
Phren. Transac, p. 376. 

" Abuse results from its excessive energy, in over-regretting the loss 
of friends; and without it men become anchorites and hermits." — 
Spurzheim. 

" Those in whom it is strong feel an involuntary impulse to embrace, 
and to cling to any object which reciprocates fondness. It gives ardor 
and a firm grasp to the shake of the hand, and experiences delight in 
the return of affection." — Combe. 

Co-operation for various purposes is its specific function. 
But for it every man would wander up and clown alone, Ishmael 
like, his hand against every man, and every man's hand against 
him ; without society, without any community of feeling or con- 
cert of action, and even without written or verbal language, and 
consequently destitute of all the pleasures and advantages now 
derived from conversation, news, papers, sermons, lectures, 
schools, and the institutions to which they give rise ; none caring 
for any, and all the selfish Faculties of all in perpetual and most 
violent antagonism, each waging a war of extermination against 
all ; whereas, this Faculty now renders all brotherly towards all, 
and all disposed to help each. But for it, none would ever join 
efforts with any others in attaining any common object whatever ; 
and nothing could ever have been done except what one man 
could begin and finish, nor anything even then except what apper- 
tained to himself alone. Families, with all their ties and ben- 
efits, 427 must have been forever unknown, and the sexes, after 
sating mere passion, would never again have thought or cared 
for each other. No railroad could ever have been built, except 
what one man could construct, equip, run, and patronize 
from beginning to end, which would be "narrow guage," short, 
and a losing investment at that ; for men would never help, but 
only hinder, each other in everything ; whereas, now all human 
efforts are co-operative. No manufacturing or commercial oper- 
ations could ever commence, and must cease instantly, without its 
aid. Isolated effort could never accomplish anything worth 
notice. What could the best do, become, or enjoy all alone? 
All centres, where all go to exchange with all, are its creatures. 163 
This fjreat human fruit-tree has innumerable branches, each full 
of limbs, and each limb of twigs, each of which bears some deli- 



702 THE SOCIAL GROUP. 

cious and nutritious fruit of human virtue and enjoyment. 3 To 
instance a few. 

All religious organizations, such as sects, general assemblies, 
bishoprics, synods, churches, Sabbath schools, prayer meetings, 
circles, sociables, and cliques, are its creation; for without it man 
might worship a little alone, but none along with any other one. 
None would meet to worship together, or provoke or inspire each 
other "to love and good works," 211 which would of course kill all 
propagandism and missionary efforts. 

All public conveyances must cease without it ; for few would 
care to go anywhere but for its promptings. 

All the mechanic arts, and all combinations where two or 
more " work together," must be suspended without it. How 
great would be that hiatus ! 

All schools, and literary institutions, societies, and bodies 
must cease, because it is their bond principle. 

All corporations, railroading, shipping, and that whole range 
of community of interest and effort, grow out of it, and must 
stop instantly if it were annulled. 

All governments are but its natural outgrowth, as are all 
laws, legislatures, politics, papers, &c. What a hiatus striking 
it out would leave ! All police and criminal laws are its " handy 
work for common protection." 

All literature is its offspring. Author, publisher, and 
reader must combine in furnishing and consuming any book, 
getting up any paper, public library, lyceum, and gathering of 
all kinds. Freemasons, oddfellows, and all like societies are its 
production. 

These samples show how many other useful and all-important 
human ends are prompted and continued by this great human 
sentiment, to say nothing of those clubs, neighborhood cliques, 
partnerships, and a thousand other like human institutions which 
grow out of this fundamental element. How great, how good a 
mental "invention" it thus becomes ! But for it, man could not 
possibly exist. In short, — 

Human brotherhood in all things is its specific aim and mis- 
sion. All men are brothers, but they have not yet learned this 
great practical truth. All human interests blend in with all, in- 
stead of any conflicting with any, and vice versa. Labor and 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF FRIENDSHIP. 703 

capital are mutual friends, not antagonists ; and those who antag- 
onize them hurt both, but workmen the most. The co-operative 
principle, in which each workman shares in the profits instead of 
working for wages, is the true manufacturing policy, except for 
jobbing work. Workingmen, instead of striking, should join 
together and hire capital, and every man have his proportion of 
profits, which will make all anxious to advance the work, instead 
of this present shirking, wasteful indifference. Raising cotton on 
shares illustrates this idea, and makes every hand eagerly save every 
boll, because he shares in its profits ; whereas now, what cares 
he how much goes to waste, or how little he does, so that he but 
gets to-day's wages. This personal interest in one's work will at 
least double its results. 

The common good is also that of the individual. "God hath 
made of one blood all nations," all persons. Injuring any injures 
all, and benefiting "one of the least" benefits all. As no leaf can 
fall in any forest without moving the air where it descends, and 
this enlarging its circuit till it modifies and affects the entire air, 
and all the other leaves of that great forest, so whatever promotes 
the happiness or misery of society's humblest member, thereby 
and therefore promotes that of his or her immediate circle, and 
this the circles of each of this circle, till it affects every one 
in the nation, in the race ; so that injuring any other also injures 
self. Mankind are not isolated, but embodied. Then let all act 
to all as he would to himself. 

Brotherly love thus becomes a genuine human commodity, a 
fixed fact in mundane affairs, and to be cherished by all, outraged 
by none. Look and act towards all affectionately. 

179. — Description, Cultivation, and Restraint of Friend- 
ship. 

Large — Love friends with the utmost tenderness and intensity, 
and will sacrifice almost anything for their sake ; readily form 
friendships, and attract friendly regards in return ; must have 
society of some kind ; with Force and Destruction full, defend 
friends with spirit, and resent and retaliate their injuries ; with 
Dignity moderate, take character from associates : with Acquisi- 
tion moderate, allow friends the free use of purse ; but with 
Acquisition large, will do more than give ; with Kindness and 



704 THE SOCIAL GROUP. 

Ambition moderate, and Acquisition only full, will spend money 
freely for social gratification, ; with Dignity and Force large, must 
be first or nothing ; but with them only average, and large Ambi- 
tion, Kindness, Conscience, Beauty, and reasoning organs, will have 
many friends, and but few enemies ; be amiable and universally 
beloved ; with large Eventuality, will remember, with vivid emo- 
tions, bygone scenes of social cheer and friendly converse ; with 
large reasoning organs, will give good advice to friends, and lay 
excellent plans for them ; with smaller Secretion and large moral 
organs, will not believe ill of them, and dread the interruption of 
friendship as the greatest of calamities ; willingly make any sac- 
rifice required by friendship, and evince a perpetual flow of that 
commingling of soul, and desire to become one with others, which 
this Faculty inspires ; with Appetite large, love the social ban- 
quet, and set the best before friends ; with Ambition large, set 
the world by their commendation, but are terribly cut by their 
rebukes ; with the moral Faculties large, seek the society of the 
moral and elevated, and can enjoy the friendship of no others ; 
with the intellectual large, seek the society of the intelligent; 
with Expression large, and Secrecy small, talk freely in company; 
and with Mirth and Beauty also large, are full of fun, and give a 
lively, jocose turn to conversation, yet are elevated and refined ; 
with Dignity large, lead off in company, and give tone and char- 
acter to others ; but with it small, receive character from friends ; 
and with Imitation *arge, are liable to copy their faults as well as 
virtues ; with Caution, Secretion, and Ambition large, are apt to 
be jealous of regards bestowed upon others, and exclusive in the 
choice of friends ; having a few select, rather than many common- 
place ; with large Causality and Comparison, love philosophical 
conversation, literary societies, &c, and are every way sociable 
and companionable. 

Full — Make a sociable, warm-hearted friend, who will sacri- 
fice much on the altar of friendship, yet offer it up on the altar 
of the stronger passions ; with Kindness large, will cheerfully aid 
friends, and have a few warm ones, yet only few, but perhaps 
many speaking acquaintances ; and with the higher Faculties gen- 
erally large, will be a true, good friend, yet by no means enthu- 
siastic. The combinations under Friendship large, apply to it 
when full, allowance being made for its diminished power. 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF FRIENDSHIP. 705 

Average — Are capable of tolerably strong friendships, yet 
their character is determined by the larger Faculties ; enjoy pres- 
ent friends, } r et sustain their absence; with large Acquisition, 
place business before friends, and sacrifice them whenever they 
conflict with money-making ; with Kindness large, are more sym- 
pathetic than affectionate, and relish friends, yet sacrifice no great 
for their sake ; with Love large, love the person of the other sex 
more than their minds, and experience less conjugal love than ani- 
mal passion ; with Ambition large, break friendship when rid- 
iculed or rebuked ; and with Secretion large, and Conscience only 
average, cannot be trusted as friends. 

Moderate — Love society somewhat, and form a few, but only 
few, attachments, and these only partial ; may have many speak- 
ing acquaintances, but few intimate friends ; with large Force and 
Destruction, are easily offended with friends, and seldom retain 
them long ; with large Kindness, will bestow services, and with 
moderate Acquisition, money, more readity than affection; but 
with the selfish Faculties strong, take care of self first, and make 
friendship subservient to interest ; with large or very large Force, 
Destruction, Dignity, Ambition, and Acquisition, will serve self 
first, and friends afterwards, and form attachments, yet break them 
when they conflict with the stronger Faculties ; with large Secre- 
tion and moderate Conscience, will be double-faced, and profess 
more friendship than possess. 

Small — Think and care little for friends; dislike copartner- 
ship ; are cold-hearted, unsocial, and selfish ; take little delight in 
company, but prefer to be alone ; have few friends, and, with large 
selfish Faculties, many enemies, and manifest too little to exert a 
perceptible influence upon character. 

Its cultivation is as important as the blessings it confers are 
numerous and great. The friendless, whether made so by pov- 
erty or aristocracy, the latter are far the most numerous, are indeed 
pitiable ; while a cordial, genial spirit is a perpetual feast in itself, 
and a reliable resource in trouble. God blesses those who exer- 
cise, but curses those who ignore it. 

Isolation starves yourself. The terrors of the dungeon are 

due mainly to its solitude. "As iron sharpeneth iron, so doth the 

countenance of a man his friend." By a natural law of mind, all 

action of the Faculties in one awakens them in all beholders, 

89 



706 THE SOCIAL GROUP. 

Dozing stupidly in your room leaves them torpid, while mixing 
up with others rouses all your passional, moral, and intellectual 
powers to that sustained activity which develops them for future 
effort. 64 Nothing is as fatal as that inertia which comes of lone- 
liness ; nor is anything as beneficial or happifying as that healthy 
mental stimulus provoked by contact with mankind. That vol- 
untary hibernation created by pride is contemptible in itself, and 
destructive to its perpetrators. Without this contact, Ambition, 
Imitation, Taste, Worship, Kindness, Expression, and the whole 
intellectual lobe must rust out and starve to death with ennui. 
We were created for society, and to open wide, not bar and bolt, the 
portals of Friendship. Misanthropic hermits violate a fundamental 
law of being, and must suffer the palsying penalty in that internal 
desolation which congeals the sweetest emanations of life. Such 
should see no human soul "till their proud heart breaks." This 
codfish, stock-jobbing, mushroom aristocracy is despicable any- 
where, but in our country, consecrated to equality, really outra- 
geous. Those who cannot conform to the spirit of our institu- 
tions should "emigrate" to a country consecrated to caste. 

Cordiality and a hearty, friendly spirit are due from all to all. 
Travellers, and those thrown together casually or permanently, 
owe it to each other to "scrape acquaintance" at once, remember- 
ing that this inborn Friendship constitutes an open letter of rec- 
ommendation from our common Father to all His children. Purse- 
proud dignitaries, pull down those bars of exclusiveness, and "mix 
up" with your fellows, in place of that cold, solitary, distant, 
austere, aristocratic spirit ! By creating you with this friendly 
element, your Maker commands its exercise towards all His 
creatures. 

Neighbors should be doubly social and cosey, always exchanging 
pleasant looks and remarks, and often joining in picnics, parties, 
social gatherings, meetings of all kinds, and extending hospital- 
ities, visits, &c. Religious meetings thus effect a great good. 

Families should be still more familiar and cosey, and bury 
rivalries and animosities. Not " business before friends," but 
friends before business, unless, best of all, business with friends. 
And all business firms should make friends of each other first, as 
their best means of making money. Men reap the merest fraction 
of the pleasures and profits derivable from this Faculty. Phre- 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF FKIENDSHrP. 707 

nologists owe it to our common cause to embody, not scatter, our 
efforts ; unite, not antagonize ; co-operate, not oppose. 

Andrew Jackson became and remained our president by virtue 
chiefly of his hearty Friendship, which he evinced especially 
towards young men. This attached them to him, made them 
work for him like beavers, and set all their friends, and friends 1 
friends, also at work, and this gave that eclat which swept him 
on and up to the White House, and then re-elected him. 

Young man, every friend you make will be ever on the alert to 
help you in time of need, when a friend is one indeed ; while 
every enemy will nurture his smothered wrath till a small seed be- 
comes a colossal grudge, and when he finds you in some tight place 
will take a hundred fold revenge, when you are too busy or power- 
less to strike back. "Young man?" Why not young woman 
even more ? For if she does not care for the acquaintance of a 
young manner se, yet he might "introduce" an acquaintance of 
his whose friendship might be very desirable. 

Select friends judiciously, and form the best associations 
possible, yet we should not exclude all those not just to our precise 
liking, and never be unduly led by them. Nor grieve piningly 
over their traitorous desertion ; because this hardens this friendly 
spirit, and steels it against others. 

To cultivate — Go more into society ; associate freely with 
those around you ; open your heart ; be less exclusive and dis- 
tant ; keep your room less, but go more to parties, and strive to 
be as companionable and familiar as you well can ; nor refuse to 
affiliate with those not exactly to your liking, but like what you 
can, and overlook faults. Familiar weekly circles, parties, and 
friendly gatherings, where show and fashion are laid upon the 
shelf, not expensive, little or no eating, composed of intimates 
and their wives and husbands, with a good sprinkling of young 
folks, in which all kinds of amusements, games, theatricals, blind- 
man's-buff, plays, &c, are got up and participated in right heartily, 
cannot be too highly recommended ; nor can picnics, camp-meet- 
ings, and all other cordial interminglings of men, women, and 
children with each other. 

fo restrain — Go abroad less, and be more select in choosing 
friends ; besides guarding yourself against those persuasions and 
influences friends are apt to exercise over you, and trust friends 
less, as well as properly direct Friendship by intellect. 



708 



THE SOCIAL GROUP. 



INHABITIVENR9S LARGE. 



XII. INHABITIVENESS. 

180. — Its Definition, Location, Discovery, and Office. 
The Patriot — Love of home and domicile ; attachment to the 
place where one lives and has lived, and unwillingness to change 
it; desire to locate, and remain in one habitation, and to own and 
improve a homestead or farm ; agriculture ; love of native town, 
country, and government; patriotism. Homesickuess results 
from its excessive and morbid action. 

Its location is directly -above Pa- 
rental Love, and partly between and 
above the two lobes of Friendship, 
an inch apart. When it is large, and 
Friendship only fair, the head presents 
a ridge quite like a flatiron, projecting 
in the middle, and pointing upwards, 
yet retiring rapidly ; but when Friend- 
ship is full, and Inhabitiveness defi- 
cient, a marked depression, sufficient 
to hold the ball of a finger, runs up 
and down, or rather opens into Con- 
tinuity, and above and below strikes 
against Parental Love. In examining 
children and youth I rarely ever fail 
to predicate whether they have always lived in one house, or in 
two or more domiciles, just by the deficiency or development of 
this organ; though usually this same deficiency obtains in those 
whose parents moved within a year or two before the child 
observed was born, too soon for the parents to become much 
attached to their new domicile before this one's birth ; this defi- 
ciency being consequent on either the parental or else juvenile 
disturbance of this Faculty. 

All my observations confirm the accuracy of Spurzheim's 
location and analysis of this organ and Faculty. I regard it as 
fully established, and hence will not take further sides in discuss- 
ing the differences between Gall, Spurzheim, and Combe touching 
this organ, except to state them. 

Gall argued that the function in question was a manifestation 




No. 132. 



■Henry Clay, the 
Patriot. 






ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF FRIENDSHIP. 709 

of Dignity or domination ; that it made proud persons seek per- 
sonal elevation, and love hills and heights, and those animals in 
which it was large, as the goat, chamois, eagle, &c, climb and 
soar high, creating love of elevation; from which Spurzheim dis- 
sented, and argued a separate Faculty of Love of Home, as 
above analyzed ; while Combe argued that it gives concentrated 
action to all the Faculties, and called it Concentrativeness. Both 
Spurzheim and Combe are right, there being two organs and Fac- 
ulties, Inhabitiveness, as above located and analyzed, and Continu- 
ity, located above Inhabitiveness, and extending farther outwards, 
as well as encircling Friendship, and lying under the lambdoidal 
sutures, shaped quite like a new moon with its horns downward. 

Its adaptation is to human and animal need of a domicile. 
Parental Love renders it an absolute necessity ; for how could 
young be reared without some place, however rude, in which to 
rear them ? How could birds hatch eggs, and brood and feed their 
little ones without nests? Or canines, felines, &c, breed without 
a lair? Or human parents care for their infants without some 
domicile for maternal confinement and infantile sleep and protec- 
tion against scorching sun and freezing cold, as well as winds, 
storms, and rapacious devourers. 

Parents, and indeed all, must of necessity have some place to 
lay their head at night, and sit at their ease by day, as well as store 
food, clothes, and creature comforts of to-day not wanted till to- 
morrow? 163 Only those animals which have nothing to store, and 
whose young are able to "rise and walk" from birth, but need some 
habitation. The very fish need and have some for their spawn. 
So much as to a domiciliary necessity. 

As a fact this home element is almost universal. The very 
earth has and keeps her own elliptical home around the sun, and 
every vegetable, tree, and whatever grows has its home in that 
particular spot of hillside or valley, marsh or sea-bed, w T here it has 
planted its roots and built up its superstructure. Even every 
stone has its home in that sand-bed made by and for itself, or in 
that ledge of •which it forms a part; while every particle of 
matter, of which all bodies are composed, has its own domicile in 
that part of this body in which it is stationed. Every blade of 
grass, every weed, grain, and root, all sea-grass and roots in- 
cluded, have their own home where they grow ; every seed in its 



1 



710 THE SOCIAL GROUP. 

own seed lobe, every apple, fruit, and nut, in that place on the 
branch to which its stem fastens it ; while every limb, and twig, 
and leaf has its domicile where it fastens itself to its parent tree. 
Every clam and oyster, every turtle and alligator, has its crusta- 
ceous habitation in the sea mud where they grow ; and every ant 
in that hillock, or under that stone where it has laid its eggs to be 
sheltered from wet and kept of equal warmth night and day, by 
this stone giving off during the night that surplus warmth it im- 
bibed from diurnal sunshine. Serpents have their dens, eels their 
mud homes, most birds their nests, and all beasts sleeping-places. 
Wild swine have their quarters, and fowls their rookeries; while 
foxes, woodchucks, badgers, <&c.,-have their holes, squirrels their 
"summer residences" in trees, and "winter quarters" in their 
ground holes, where they store up their winter's supply of nuts. 
Monkeys have their bush-houses, Indians their cabins, and men 
their houses. In short, this domiciliary principle constitutes a 
necessary department of Nature, and want of all her productions. 
Qur very clothes are habitations we carry around with us, and 
their pockets are their closets ; while trunks are apparel houses, 
barns stock and grain domiciles, and the skins and barks of what- 
ever has either, form the home of whatever they enclose. Behold 
this domiciliary ordinance ascending from every particle of mat- 
ter along up throughout all forms of life, vegetable and animal, 
and mounting to the starry heavens, where it gives "a local habi- 
tation " to all its shining hosts ! 

This home need and fact, constituting, as it does, a depart- 
ment of Nature, must, of necessity, have its mental Faculty, and 
therefore cerebral organ, to carry forward this great want and in- 
stinct, and this sui generis class of functions. Inhabitiveness 
"fills this bill." 

Good homes and their improvement, including domiciliary 
architecture, naturally come up here for consideration. The 
building, and especially cheapening of domiciles, is a most impor- 
tant subject. If room remains, Part VI. will develop a plan by 
which better homes can be " got up " at less thifti half the cost 
now usually expended on them. More "progress" is possible in 
this department than in any other ; an outline plan for effecting 
wmieh we shall give if space will possibly admit ; or, if not, shall 
embody our ideas on the gravel wall, and octagonal form of houses 
in a separate work. 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF LOVE OF COUNTRY. 711 



181. — Description and Cultivation of Inhabitiveness. Our 
Country: "Kepublicanism." 

Large — Are liable to homesickness when away from home, 
especially for the first time, and if Parental Love is large, will 
suffer almost any inconvenience, and forego bright prospects rather 
than leave home, as well as remain in an inferior house or place 
of business rather than change ; have a strong desire to locate 
young, and have a home or room exclusively ; leave home with 
great reluctance, and return with extreme delight; soon become 
attached to house, sleeping-room, garden, fields, furniture, trees, 
&c, and highly prize domestic associations; are not satisfied 
without a place on which to expend this home instinct; with Pa- 
rental Love, Friendship, Observation, and Locality large, will 
love to travel, yet be too fond of home to stay away long at a 
time ; may be a cosmopolitan in early life, and love to see the 
world, but will afterwards settle down ; with Ambition and Force 
large, will defend national honor, praise own country, govern- 
ment, &c, and defend both country and fireside with great spirit ; 
with Beauty large, will beautify home ; with Friendship large, 
will delight to see friends at home rather than abroad ; with Ap- 
petite large, will enjoy food at home better than elsewhere, <&c. 

Full — Prefer to live in one place, yet willingly change it when 
interest or the other Faculties require. 

Average — Love home tolerably well, yet with no great fervor, 
and change the place of abode as the other Faculties may dictate ; 
take some, but no great interest in house or place, as such, or 
pleasure in their improvement, and are satisfied with ordinary 
home comforts ; with Acquisition large, spend reluctantly for its 
improvement ; with Construction moderate, take little pleasure 
in building additions to home ; with Observation and Locality 
large, love travelling more than staying in one place, and are sat- 
isfied with inferior home accommodations. 

Moderate or Small — Care little for home ; leave it without 
much regret ; contemplate it with little delight ; take little pains 
with it; and with Acquisition large, spend reluctantly for its im- 
provement ; with large Parental Love and Love, will think more 
of family than house, and feel little and show less love of home 
as such, and be as contented in one place as another. 



712 THE SOCIAL GROUP. 

Our country is a stupendous affair, glorious beyond descrip- 
tion, and worthy our whole heart's homage. Governments are an 
outgrowth of several Faculties — Inhabitiveness, which loves 
home and country; Friendship, which loves to unite; Caution, 
which seeks, and Force, which gives, mutual protection ; Dignity, 
which commands; Ambition, which loves office; Devotion, which 
obeys; Order, which regulates all by-laws, &c. All men always 
have had, will have governments of some kind, because they are 
the exjDression of primal Faculties. 

Different feoples need different governments. Fierce sav- 
ages need and seek a strong, absolute government, because they 
internally feel their need of restraint, and therefore seek it in 
monarchy. Yet, in proportion as their upper Faculties develop, 
they become a "law unto themselves," and all put themselves 
voluntarily under the restraints of laws and punishments. But 
in a perfect human state, the moral and intellectual Faculties will 
so far control each and all that none will need restraints, nor 
penal codes, nor criminal lawyers, judges, police officers, prisons, 
&c. Still, for that "good time coming" men must wait. 

Experiment must determine when peoples are yet sufficiently 
advanced to rule themselves ; but instinct also aids this solu- 
tion ; for in proportion as men become fitted for self-government, 
they love and seek it, and hence "break every yoke," and institute 
free governments. That our Pilgrim "Forefathers " loved liberty, 
and made such sacrifices to free themselves from British taxation, 
only showed their moral advancement and elevation. In propor- 
tion as Conscience is developed, it will neither do wrong, nor 
submit to it. 

I long feared a relapse of our government into a ballot-box 
despotism, in which "roughs" would control city and national 
governments, and vote all they liked out of rich, industrious pock- 
ets, into poor and shiftless ones, as in New York City, under 
Tweed & Co. ; the more so since I saw that baneful example 
spreading, and " rings " forming everywhere. But the breaking 
up of that and the Erie rings only foretokens the extermination 
of all rings for all selfish purposes. Only^o bono publico " rings " 
can. ever endure long, because men love themselves too well to 
allow themselves to be robbed any longer than till they see and 
can reach the robbers. All abusers of office and power thereby 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF LOVE OF COUNTRY. 713 

oust themselves as Tammany has just done. Men love right, and 
hate wrong", and will "go for" all wrong doers. Human nature 
is thus constituted. 

In 1848, when New York State voted " license " or " no license," 
I saw what till then I had doubted, that the moral and intelligent 
portion of community held the reins when they chose to say so ; 
and again, when in 1864 a great people, by an overwhelming ma- 
jority, voted money and blood to preserve the nation inviolate, 
rather than spare both by allowing separation, I saw that genu- 
ine patriotism, that supreme human virtue, held the reins of this 
great country. What moral grandeur and sublimity were em- 
bodied in that trying vote, that pivot in our country's destiny ! 

What dignity, what power, what moral grandeur inhere in 
every presidential election ! Think of the mind it embodies ! 
All voters have read, heard, and thought out each side, and 
chosen one. And their vote means the underlying determination 
to support the rule of the majority. A great people speaks in its 
collective capacity ; and speaks to be heard and heeded. And all 
ballot-box trifling will soon hurl its abettors from power, as will 
all corruption, all wrong doings. Since New York City can out- 
vote all her "roughs," surely all other places can theirs. You 
who want a long lease of power, see that you merit it. 

Eepublican superiority over other forms of government con- 
sists in this simple principle — the greatest good of the greatest 
number; while all arbitrary governments are based in the su- 
preme good of the few, and servitude of the many. All exclusive 
privileges must be swept away. The " public good " must be the 
supreme law. Even the self-interest of each requires this. 

Only in republics can humanity grow and develop itself. 
When I am in the Provinces young men consult me about going 
to the States, alleging that routine, red tape, and privileges pre- 
vent all rise by merit, and they are bound to go where worth can 
claim its reward. England will soon throw off her aristocratic 
incubus, and be republicanized. Italy should have adopted a re- 
publican form of government, and will yet. Thiers may block 
the wheels of popular government for a time, but they will crush 
him unless he helps, not hinders, the republican movement. 
Germany is virtually republican now, and will become more so ; 
and Austria is taking long and rapid strides by way of relinquish- 



714 THE SOCIAL GROUP. 

ing feudal privileges, and serving the mighty many, not the aris- 
tocratic few. 

Our own country must improve immeasurably faster hereafter 
than heretofore, because the ivhole people are now at work each 
for himself. That simple principle is the mainspring of our na- 
tional prosperity. Men will work and earn for self voluntarily, 1G2 
when they would not lift a linger from compulsion by and for 
others. In that fact lies our strength. 

One error underlies our institutions — that an illiterate, drink- 
ing, loafing vagabond, who pays no taxes, and has nothing at stake, 
has just as much voice in public affairs as Astor or Stewart, who 
pay a hundred thousand, and are intelligent and moral. Every 
man should have one vote, yet certain conditions, as in a stock 
company, should entitle to an additional. 

My countrymen, we have incomparably the best government 
on earth, because it gives us the most good for the least cost. 
The mere salary of Napoleon the usurper was two hundred and 
twenty times greater than that of our President ; besides all his 
palaces being supported, and his retinue of harpies plundering by 
wholesale ; and the Royal Family of Great Britain consume un- 
told amounts of the people's earnings ; all of which is unknown 
in our country. 

Our government has errors, but it contains the elements of 
its own renovation. This will soon be much more apparent than 
it now is. It sets the people to thinking and talking. Just think 
of every presidential election as a discipliner of the public mind, 
calling out all the speaking, and listening, and reading talents of 
the whole people, and thus developing their mentalities ! God 
wrote Republic into human nature only to grow and glow with 
time. 

Our material prosperity is genuine, not fictitious ; inheres 
in our institutions, and will soon make all pecuniarily independent, 
and thus turn public attention into higher channels. 

Embodiment, or co-operation, is its basis, and must give it 
prosperity, because it fulfils a natural law, which isolation vio- 
lates. 178 A Nova Scotia ex-prime minister said, — 

" Professor Fowler, I envy you your national birthright. You belong 
to a great people; and this commands respect. I, though ex-prime min- 
ister, and duly authorized to negotiate our Nova Scotia railroad bonds, 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF CONTINUITY. 715 

went to England for that purpose. In offering them, rich, intelligent 
bankers would say, ' From Halifax ; Nova Scotia bonds. Really, sir, 
excuse me, but I do not know where Nova Scotia and Halifax are;' 
whereas, if I had been from the States, 'An American: sit down, sir. 
We will consider your application.' But I am only a Bluenose." 

States-rights is but another phase of isolated action. If 
states may act singly, so may counties, towns, and persons. 
This resolves society back to its primal state, and virtually dis- 
bands governments ; whereas, centralization is but that co-opera- 
tive, embodying principle applied to governments which^we have 
already applied to commerce, &c. 163 God wrote co-operative, 
not isolated action, into the human constitution. This states-rights 
doctrine, if applied to war, would put each to fighting on his own 
hook, and destroy all idea of an army acting as a whole. 

Patriotism is a human virtue second to none ; while traitorism 
is a vice unparalleled ; for it aims at the life of a whole people, 
in place of an individual. Let us duly estimate the many and 
great blessings we perpetually enjoy at the hands of our funda- 
mental principle, "the majority shall rule." "Wherein it is yet 
imperfect, let us try to improve both the fundamental law, and its 
practical workings ; but at least love our country and them. 

Love one another. Members of the same government natu- 
rally like each other when they meet abroad ; then let us cherish 
this fraternal spirit at home. Let us make common cause, culti- 
vate community of interests, and love and sacrifice for our com- 
mon country ; for we have one worth living in and dying for. 



XIII. CONTINUITY, or " Concentrativeness." 

182. — Its Definition, Location, Adaptation, &g. 

The Finisher — Application; unity; completeness; consec- 
utiveness ; connectedness ; prolixity ; amplification ; fixedness of 
attention ; a plodding, poring disposition ; desire to do but one 
thing at once, and finish it up before leaving. 

It is located above Friendship and Inhabitiveness, and forms 
a semicircular arch over them. It is right under the lambdoidal 
sutures. It was remarkable in both the head and character of 
that great Hebrew scholar, Rev. Dr. Bush. 



716 



THE SOCIAL GROUP. 



Continuity large. 




No. 133.— Rev. Dr. Bush. 



The rule for finding it is : placing the left hand on the fore- 
head to balance the pressure, spread your right thumb and second 
finger an inch and a half apart, place them 
on Friendship, and rubbing them up and 
down an inch or so, as far as it is deficient 
it leaves a hollow, shaped like a new moon, 
horns downward, which your thumb and 

finder cross ; but when it is full or large, 

© ' © 7 

no such hollow is perceptible. Or, placing 
your first, second, and third fingers close 
together, put the middle one on Inhabitive- 
ness, the first and third will be on the two 
lobes of Continuity. Now carry your fin- 
gers up and back, and if they cross a de- 
pression this organ is proportionally defi- 
cient, yet its full development creates no swell, but only evens up 
that part of the head. 

A bony excrescence formed by the junction of the lambdoidal 
sutures sometimes reaches up to it, which makes it seem smaller 
than it is. 

Spurzheim and Combe differed as to the precise analysis of 
this Faculty. Gall does not mention it. Spurzheim located In- 
habitiveness only at this point, but ignored Continuity ; while 
Combe ignored Inhabitiveuess, and substituted this organ ; whereas, 
I find both correct, by there being two organs. Its discovery is 
due to Combe ; yet he seems not to have given it its best and 
most expressive name. He calls it Concentrativeness, I call it 
Continuity ; yet our views of this fundamental power differ little 
if any. One may concentrate all his powers for the moment, 
when this organ is small, yet not continue them long at a time, 
while one may continue without concentrating them. To continue 
our feelings and intellectual operations to completeness, till the 
last finishing touches are added, is its primal office. 

"A cerebral convolution in each hemisphere runs along the top 
of the corpus callosum, 21 from Concentrativeness and Self-Esteem to the 
intellectual lobe ; and is in connection with several other organs of the 
propensities. Several years after these views were first published, M. 
Solly demonstrated in a prepared brain that these convolutions contain 
bands of longitudinal fibres, connecting the anterior, posterior, and mid- 
dle lobes of the brain. Observation proves that it is a distinct organ 

" Some can detain their feelings and ideas a long time, giving them 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF CONTINUITY. 717 

the quality of continuity ; * while others experience great difficulty in 
detaining so as to examine and compare them, and hence cannot take 
systematic views of things, for want of concentrating their powers on 
one point. I find this organ large in the former, but small in the latter. 
Some in conversing naturally fall into a connected train of thinking till 
they have placed it clearly before the listener's mind; in such this organ is 
uniformly large. Others shift from topic to topic, regardless of their 
natural connection, leaving no distinct impression ; in such this organ is 
small. A lady first suggested this idea. It gives continuity to feelings 
and ideas. The power to give continuity to emotion and intellectual 
conception was a striking feature in the minds of the late John Kemble 
and Mrs. Siddons. During long and solemn pauses in their declamation, 
their audience saw the mental state prolonged over the whole interval, 
which added to the depth and intensity of the effect." — Combe. 

"If we consider the human mind, we find it unlike a wind musical 
instrument, which loses its sound when the breath ceases, but like a 
stringed instrument, the vibrations of which remain, but gradually and 
insensibly decay." — Hume. 

"Looking at a volume on my table recalls to mind the friend who gave 
it, and remembering him suggests his family; the evening I spent with 
them ; the subjects of our conversation, &c. The conception of my 
friend may continue, mingled indeed with various conceptions, as they 
rise successively, but still co-existing with them. 

" When we sit down to study a particular subject we must have a cer- 
tain conception, probably dim and shadowy concerning it, which suggests 
another, and this a third, which had no reference to the first; yet the 
fact is, we often occupy hours without any deviation from the original 
design, all arising conceptions being more or less intimately related to 
the subject." — JDr. Thos. Brown. 

"When a subject associated with strong emotion takes possession of 
our minds, we find ourselves incapable of banishing it from our thoughts, 
even though very desirous of doing* so. The uninterrupted sustaining 
of the attention which constitutes continuity depends upon this property 
of giving continuance to thought and feeling. It is a law of thought 
that any feeling or conception naturally calls up others of this same 
class. Ideas of Causality call for the other ideas of it, and emotions of 
Kindness or Destruction are each followed by like feelings, which thus 
re-act upon and re-increase the original one. Large Caution, with defi- 
cient Hope, gives & permanent tinge to all the mental operations. Every 
sentiment thus casts its own peculiar light over the whole mind, and the 
objects beheld reflect that light — the splendor of joyous feelings, and 
the sombre illusions of melancholy alone upon the mind. 

" We occasionally find persons with large reflecting organs who are 
little given to sustained reasoning. Their intellectual perceptions are 
strong and rapid, and momentarily brilliant, but the energy ceases as 
soon as its impression is felt by the auditor, but never prolonged. They 
came to their conclusions at a bound, not by ratiocination. Whatever 
can be seen at a glance or two, they perceive, and often with much 
perspicacity and originality, but they fail in whatever requires the inves- 

* Readers will please observe that Combe uses " continuity " repeatedly in de- 
scribing this Faculty. 



718 THE SOCIAL GROUP. 

tigation of abstract principles or logical deductions. They are better 
orators than writers, and in conversation than either. Perhaps they 
argue well in controversy, because the successive replies of debate break 
the reasoning into steps, and always present some new point for imme- 
diate judgment, all consequent on a deficiency of this Faculty. 

"Others, with rather poor intellects, are great dabblers in argument, 
and perpetually skirmishing and hair-splitting on their favorite opinions. 
Such have it large. 

" When large, and joined with large Causality, the power and philos- 
ophy of reasoning appears in its greatest perfection. The mind pos- 
sesses large intellectual resources, and makes the most of them by col- 
lecting its conceptions into a strong mental picture, and conveying them 
with the full force of a sustained presentation. This intellectual picture 
is enlarged in its dimensions; more completely filled up with related 
conceptions ; has its lines more strongly drawn ; and there is a more 
comprehensive view of its multiplied connections." — Ed. Phren. Jour. 

It is adapted to man's perpetual requisition for continuing all 
he begins till it is completed. Fragments are of little account in 
anything. One wants not one square rod of ground here, and an- 
other yonder, but all together; nor a good strong thought now and 
then on different subjects, but requires to embody those analogous 
to each other by themselves into a speech, sermon, or book. Na- 
ture always groups analogous things by themselves, and man, of 
course, needs some Faculty to perceive and apply this classifica- 
tion. And in book-making and reading we prefer one book on 
Anatomy only, another on Theology alone, a third on " Human 
Science," not a hodge-podge conglomeration of all kinds of unas- 
sorted thoughts and facts on diverse subjects, flung together at 
random. Fables are good, though isolated, but they must be 
assorted. Nature always groups analogous things together, and 
man needs some Faculty adapted to her classifying principles. 

"Then why is it placed among the feelings? and why not among the 
intellectual organs, where it so obviously belongs ? " Because 

It belongs with the feelings the most. The intellectual 
operations need sustained consecutiveness much, but the feel- 
ings by far the most. Inhabitiveness especially demands a con- 
tinuous residence in one place. "Three moves are as bad as a 
fire." We need to improve our home by permanent fixtures, 
such as trees, fences, flowers, cistern, and a thousand like things, 
to enjoy which we require to remain stationary in the same spot 
a long time — all our lives for that matter. 180 

Friendships need to be consecutive in liking the same persons, 
instead of making and breaking a new friendship every day or hour. 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF CONTINUITY. 719 

Parental Love especially requires its aid. A darling infant 
left uncared for only a short time perishes. That care, to be 
effective, must be perpetual, not fitful. Parents must continue to 
love their children till they are matured ; and must have this con- 
tinuing Faculty which enjoys this perpetuating necessity. 

Love, however, best illustrates this continuous necessity. Its 
office is to create offspring ; but we have already seen the need 
of all who begin to love continuing, at least till all their youug 
are reared. And pure love does so continue. Only sensuality is 
fitful, yet this would give only very poor offspring; while pro- 
ducing good ones requires love, as is fully proved in "Sexual 
Science." Yet how could Love be continuous without a contin- 
uing Faculty? All are perpetually conscious of continuous men- 
tal action in ten thousand forms, but most in love. How ex- 
tremely difficult, notwithstanding the most powerful motives, to 
tear one's affections from one beloved ! Its being placed right 
over and partly surrounding this social group which so imperiously 
demands its action, is at least appropriate and philosophical. 

All we do demands this finishing up element. A neighbor 
always did everything "jist fur now," and was, consequently, 
perpetually doing over and over again what doing it for good 
would have rendered unnecessary. " What is worth doing at all, 
is worth doing well," is but its instinctive action. 

Our steps must all be consecutive, and directed one way, not 
one step this way and another that, or one East, the second 
North, third West, fourth South, and all isolated, but each after its 
predecessor, and before its successor, and all directed to one point. 

All our motions, doings, feelings, intellectual operations, 
researches, in fact everything mental and physical, demand it. 
How could a sowing farmer reap unless he waited, watched, and 
tended his crops, and was on hand to gather them at the right 
time? How could man or beast feed themselves by detached 
mouthfuls? How could a writer convey ideas unless his words 
followed each other in that order which conveyed his meaning? 
How could we see much unless we fixed our eyes on what we 
would inspect? How could we breathe by fits and starts, or 
without continuing from birth to death? And thus of digestion, 
circulation, &c. 

These illustrations suggest enough other analogous ones to 



7-20 THE SOCIAL GROUP. 

convey a definite idea of the office of this Faculty, its uses, the 
part it plays in the natural and human economies, and its mode 
of cultivation. Trees, and whatever grows, must have it. Large 
trees must continue to be where they have been. Sun and sea- 
sons, day and night, must be consecutive. This is as much an 
element of Nature as it is a Faculty in man. 

183. — Description and Cultivation of Continuity. 

Large — Fix the mind upon objects slowly, yet cannot leave 
them unfinished ; have great application, yet lack intensity or 
point; are tedious, prolix, and thorough in a few things, rather 
than an amateur in many ; give the entire mind to the one thing 
in hand till it is finished; complete at the time; keep up one 
common train of thought, and current of feeling, for a long time, ; 
are disconcerted if attention is directed to a second object, and 
cannot duly consider either; with Friendship large, pore sadly 
over the loss of friends for months and years ; with the moral 
Faculties large, are uniform and consistent in religious exercises 
and character ; with Force and Destruction large, retain grudges 
and dislikes for a long time; with Beauty, Comparison, and Ex- 
pression large, amplify and sustain figures of speech ; with the 
intellectual Faculties large, con and pore over one subject of 
thought or study, and impart a unity and completeness to intel- 
lectual investigations ; become thorough in whatever is com- 
menced, and rather postpone until sure of completing. Do well 
one thing at once is its and the true motto. 

Firmness gives perseverance in general plans, opinions, <&c, 
while this organ is adapted to the minor operations of the mind 
for the time being. Without it the mental operations would be 
extremely imperfect, deficient in thoroughness, and too vapid and 
flashy ; yet its absence may be advisable in some kinds of busi- 
ness, as in the mercantile, where so many little things are to be 
done, so many customers waited upon in a short time, and so 
much versatility of talent is required. 

Full — Dwell continuously upon subjects, unless especially 
called to others ; prefer to finish up matters in hand, yet can, 
though with difficulty, give attention to other things ; with the 
business organs large, make final settlements ; with the feelings 
strong, continue their action, yet are not monotonous, &c. 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF CONTINUITY. 721 

Average — Can dwell upon one thing, or divert attention to 
several, as occasions require; are not confused by interruption, 
yet prefer one thing at a time ; with the intellectual organs large, 
are not smatterers, nor yet profound; with the mental Tempera- 
ment, are clear in style, and consecutive in idea, yet never 
tedious ; with Comparison large, manufacture expressions and 
ideas consecutively and connectedly, and always to the point, yet 
never dwell unduly. 

Moderate — Love and indulge variety and change of thought, 
feeling, occupation, &c. ; are not confused by them ; rather lack 
application ; with a good intellectual lobe and an active Tempera- 
ment, learn and do a little about a good many things, rather than 
much about any one thing ; think clearly, and have intensity of 
thought and feeling, yet lack connectedness ; with large Expres- 
sion and small Secretion, talk easily, but not long at a time upon 
any one thing ; do better on the spur of the moment than by pre- 
vious preparation ; and should cultivate consistency of character 
and fixedness of mind, by finishing whatever is once begun. 

Small — With Activity great, commence many things, yet fin- 
ish few ; crave novelty and variety ; thrust many irons into the 
fire ; lack application ; jump rapidly from premises to conclusions, 
and fail to connect and carry out ideas ; lack steadiness and con- 
sistency of character ; may be brilliant, yet cannot be profound ; 
humming-bird like, fly rapidly from thing to thing, but do not 
stay long; greatly prefer short paragraphs, prayers, sermons, 
speeches, &c, to long, and the off-hand to the thorough: 
have many good thoughts, yet they are scattered ; are restless, 
and given to perpetual change ; with Activity great, are composed 
of gusts and counter-gusts of passion, and never one thing more 
than an instant at once ; and talk on a great variety of subjects 
in a short time, but fail sadly in consecutivencss of feeling, 
thought, and action. An illustrative anecdote : An old and faith- 
ful servant of a passionate, petulant master, finally told him he 
could endure his testiness no longer, and must leave, though with 
extreme reluctance. "But," replied the master, "you know I am 
no sooner angry than pleased again." w Ay, but," replied the 
servant, "you are no sooner pleased than angry again." 

To cultivate — Dwell on, and pore over, till you complete 
the thing in hand ; make thorough work ; and never allow your 
91 



722 THE ASPIRING GROUP. 

thoughts to wander, or attention to be distracted, or indulge 
diversity or variety in anything. 

To restrain — Engage in what will compel you to attend to a 
great many different things in quick succession, and break up that 
prolix, long-winded monotony caused by its excess. 

Americans evince its almost total deficiency, and accordingly, 
in ninety-nine in every hundred it is small. This error is en- 
hanced b}' our defective system of education in crowding so many 
studies upon the attention of children and youth per day. In our 
common schools, a few minutes are devoted to reading, a few to 
spelling, a few more to writing, arithmetic, &c, all in half a 
day. By the time it has brought the Faculties required by a 
given study to bear upon it, so as to do them good, the mind is 
taken off, and the attention directed to another study. Hence 
Americans are proverbially superficial. They are content with 
obtaining a smattering, running knowledge of many things, yet 
rarely go below the surface. A bird's-eye glance satisfies them. 
This is wrong. When the mind becomes engaged in a particular 
study or train of thought, it should be allowed to remain fixed 
without interruption until fatigued. Only one, at best two stud- 
ies, or subjects, should be thrust upon the mind in a day. One 
should be made the study, and others recreations merely. Make 
thorough work of one, and then of another. 



THE ASPIRING SENTIMENTS. 

184. — Their Necessity, Adaptation, &c. 

Excelsior is the watchword of Earth, and all her inhabitants. 
Of this fact in human life we have already spoken. 62 We now 
come to its analysis. 

Aiming high is the first and a necessary step in shooting high. 
JLooJcing aloft is the necessary precursor of going aloft. Desir- 
ing a thing is first and indispensable to its attainment. Personal 
aspiration is the paramount means of personal elevation. But 
for some ever-working instinct to perpetually goad them up, men, 
like clams, would ever have remained as low down in the creative 
scale as they w T ere born ; whereas, they are, and ever have been, 
aspiring higher and growing better, as all history attests. And 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF ASPIRATION. 723 

this must continue till they become as perfect practically as they 
are constitutionally, which will be much more so, and in very 
many particulars, than now. His natural destiny is superlatively 
exalted, and far above our most glowing imaginations. Yet in 
order to attain this exaltation, to rise at all, or even to retain the 
elevation in which he was created, he must have this aspiring, 
self-exalting group of Faculties. At least he has them. 

Government is a human necessity. The advantages attained 
by national, state, county, city, and town governments are too 
numerous and apparent to need mention. But family govern- 
ment, discipline, subordination, authority, and obedience are eveu 
more indispensable, and secured by these Faculties. 

Self-control is even more important. One may often wish 
to do^irhat it would destroy him to do. On the open ocean, in a 
life-boat, without water, and perishing for want of it, though 
it is all around, and you feel powerfully tempted to sate your 
raging thirst with sea water ; yet you know if you do, you re- 
double your parching agony, and shorten your life. You now 
need some all-potent will power to restrain yourself; and here it 
is. Life is brim full of temptations to be resisted, and things 
necessary to be said and done, contrary to our existing inclina- 
tions. We often have to work when we would not, but that 
some powerful motive prompts and impels it. 

Foreign influences must often be resisted, else others will 
keep us always grinding their axes. These Faculties enable us 
to resist outside importunities, say "No," and elevate ourselves. 

Eternity awaits us ; and this exaltation must develop in the 
individual, as well as in the race. Man could not improve be- 
yond the grave unless he had this innate desire to improve here. 
He does thus aspire, and by means of these Faculties. 

They are selfish. Their object is the individual; and yet 
they appertain to a higher order of ends and attainments than 
those propensities just analyzed. 162 Those appertain to our per- 
sonal, physical, animal wants and requisitions ; these to society, 
and its inter-relations. 

They are located higher up than the passions ; are situated 
in the back and upper portion of the head, or at its crown ; are 
placed over the social group, without which there could be none 
to command or obey ; border on the moral organs, thus signifying 



724 



THE ASPIRING GROUP. 



Selfish Sentiments Large. 



that they help them elevate and moralize mankind ; are adapted 

to man's erect stature, and 
dispose him to stand, in- 
stead of crawling, and play 
a most eventful part in hu- 
man history, and in every in- 
dividual life. 

Their predominance sets 
the head well up, and back at 
an angle of about forty-five 




degrees. 



It 



is large in the 



No. 134.— A Conceited Simpleton. 



Conceited Simpleton, the 
Proud Youth, Dr. Caldwell, 
Henry Clay, and Judas; but 
small in Humility. 



XIV. CAUTION, or "Cautiousness." 

185. — Its Definition, Location, Adaptation, &g. 

The Sentinel: Carefulness; solicitude; prudence; anxiety; 
watchfulness ; circumspection ; apprehension ; irresolution ; inde- 
cision ; security ; foresight ; protection ; provision against pos- 
sible want and danger ; pusillanimity ; foreseeing and avoiding 
prospective evils ; discretion ; care ; procrastination ; vigilance ; 
suspense ; the watch-crow. 

Its excess and perversion create fear, terror, fright, panic, 
despair, and stupefaction. 

Its location is at the upper and lateral portions of the side 
head, and the easiest found of all the organs. It is just about in 
the centre of the parietal or wall bones of the head. A simple 
yet sure rule for finding it is this : Starting at the middle of the 
back part of the ears, or their posterior margin, draw a perpen- 
dicular line, when the head is erect, straight up to where the 
head begins to slope back in forming its top, and Caution is lo- 
cated just on the first turn. It, with Secretion, are large in Mr. 
Sly, who admirably expresses the natural language of both these 
organs, and in Deacon Seth Terry, of Hartford, Conn., a remark- 
ably careful man, but deficient in that bold, daring, even rash 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF CAUTION. 



725 



warrior, Charles XII., King of Sweden. In almost all Caucasian 
heads it is far larger than in any others except Africans, though 



Secrecy and Caution Large. 



Large. 



Small. 




No. 135. — Mr. Sly. 



No. 136. — Deacon Seth Terry. 



No. 137.— Charles XII. 
of Sweden. 



it is also large in Indians. It is much larger in woman than in 
man, doubtless because she requires more of it in the care of her 
infant than he, and because she instinctively saves herself and 
children by timely and stealthy flight, while man stands at bay, 
and fights his antagonists sturdily. It is much less in Orientals 
than Occidentals ; and one of the nuisances of running a railroad 
in India is their carelessness in sitting upon the track till knocked 
off by the engine. 

Its location is especially noteworthy, as promotive of its 
functions. It is placed nearly over the centre of the animal 
group, in order that it may work with them in guarding our or- 
ganic nature and functions against external injury; corners on 
Acquisition, that it may help store up, so as to be safe from 
dietetic wants ; touches Secretion, that it may save by hiding, as 
do most otherwise defenceless animals ; adjoins Force, that it 
may commingle prudence with courage, and even employ rash 
and desperate measures for self-protection, and that of life ; cor- 
ners on the social group, so that the family may be special objects 
of solicitude and provision ; lies broadside to Ambition, that it 
may guard character and standing with the utmost solicitude by a 
proper, popular life ; and to Conscience above, that it may make 
us doubly careful to do right, and fearful lest we do wrong ; and 
borders on both the moral and the aspiring groups, that it may 



726 THE ASPIRING GROUP. 

better promote these great ends of human existence. Is not this 
location both inimitably beautiful and perfect per se, and pre- 
eminently promotive of several of the great pre-requisites of life ! 
Gall discovered it in the heads of a prelate and a magistrate, 
who were both remarkable for this trait of character. The prelate 
was so slow and cautious, so guarded and qualified in all he said, 
as to exhaust Gall's patience, and make his sermons disliked, 
because so afraid of saying something definite and pointed ; be- 
sides preparing with infinite precautions for the most insignifi- 
cant undertakings, and subjecting everything he did and said to 
the most rigid examination ; while the magistrate's indecision had 
given him the nickname of Cacadubio. At a public school ex- 
amination they sat side by side, and he right behind both, so that 
he could scan their bald heads at his leisure. 

" What particularly struck me was, that both heads were very broad 
in their upper, lateral, and hind parts. This extraordinary breadth, 
coinciding with the particular character of these two men, whose qual- 
ities and Faculties were very different, and who resembled each other 
only in their circumspection, and in this conformation of their heads, 
suggested to me the idea that irresolution, indecision, and circumspec- 
tion might be connected with this large development of the brain. In 
a short time, my own reflections, and the new facts presented, converted 
my presumption into certainty. 

" Several of my brothers and sisters were from infancy short-sighted 
and fickle, while others were cautious and considerate. I found a like 
difference in my schoolmates, acquaintances, and friends; and pursued 
my observations in a great number of families of the highest and low- 
est conditions ; and invariably found some short-sighted, noted for levity 
and gayety, rashness and imj3ulsiveness ; the others considerate. The 
former are always impetuous, hazardous, and unfortunate ; hurting them- 
selves, breaking dishes ; losing their money by neglecting to take proper 
security ; letting children fall into water, by not properly guarding it, 
&c. ; while the latter are always on their guard ; anticipating chances 
of failure ; asking advice ; never breaking anything, or cutting them- 
selves with edge tools, though always using them ; never losing money ; 
always criticised for their forebodings and precautions ; and asserting 
that ninety-nine misfortunes in every hundred are our own fault ; and 
hence, always guarding everything. 

" A large development of these convolutions raises the superior-pos- 
terior outer portion of the parietal bone into a lateral prominence, so 
that, to the eye and touch, the head presents a very broad surface in 
its superior-posterior lateral region. On the contrary, it will be narrow 
in this region, when this organ is moderate ; as in heedless, inconsider- 
ate, precipitate persons, beggars, and the visionary. I found it large in 
two bankers, brothers, who gave excellent advice ; engaged in no com- 
mercial enterprise without considering all the possible chances; and 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF CAUTION. 727 

mannged their bank with extreme prudence. I have never found a skil- 
ful physician without its marked endowment. Patients with it very 
large think it a bad sign if the doctor calls often, and neglectful if he 
don't. The two patients, who, though well off, were afraid they might 
die of hunger, had it large ; and one who broke up his air-gun, lest if 
any one should be shot his house might be searched, and he charged 
with it ; who sat up most of the night and kept examining his door to 
see if he had locked it, and his papers, for fear they might be stolen, 
had not only a very broad head, but on each parietal bone a prominence 
projecting out like the segment of a sphere, and denoting an extraordi- 
dary development of the subjacent cerebral part. Most melancholic 
patients present this organization. I have a list of eleven hundred and 
eighty suicides, of whom five hundred and twenty-six were melan- 
cholic. 

" I have always admired Nature's greater preservation of females 
than males, by giving them the most circumspection. 

" I have killed twenty squirrels without killing one female, though 
out of their maternal season. In forty cats caught in my garden, only 
five were female. Among five hundred bears killed in two counties in 
Virginia, only two were females. Eighteen hundred and ninety males 
to five hundred and twenty-two females were killed. Chamois goat- 
leaders are always females. One of my female mongrel birds, once 
caught by going from the aviary into the cage, could never be induced, 
even by protracted hunger, again to enter it." — Gall. 

" A Georgian merchant did not give credit to my being a Turk ; cross- 
examined me suspiciously ; desired to look at my head ; decidedly 
pronounced it that of a Christian, which he said is broad behind and 
flattened out at the crown" — Foster. 

"This organ is almost uniformly large in children, and hence de- 
velops earlier than many of the other organs. This is a wise natural 
provision, as it is never more indispensable to individual safety than 
during helpless childhood. Children in whom it is small will be hap- 
less. Fifty keepers will not supply the place of its instinctive guar- 
dianship. 

"Its natural language, when predominant, opens the eyes wide, 
turns the head horizontally from side to side, and often looks all 
around." — Combe. 

"We often meet with individuals who are naturally timid, fearful, and 
undecided ; while others act promptly. Many children are very tim- 
orous, and easily frightened. Females are more careful than males. 
Finally, whole species, and different individuals of the same species, 
evince different degrees of shyness. This feeling must, therefore, be 
considered as fundamental. 

" When treating of Combativeness, I said that anxiety and fear could 
not result from want of courage, but must be positive affections of 
some Faculty. In my opinion this is it." — Spurzheim. 

Gall argued that fear was a negative quality, produced by an 

absence of Courage; Spurzheim, that it is a positive affection of 

Caution. Spurzheim is obviously in the right. 



728 THE ASFIRING GROUP. 

Its philosophy or necessity is perfectly apparent. It so is 
that all formentive materials must be transported in a fluid state, 
and harden after they are placed. 120 129 This necessitates their 
protection against external injury while hardening. Thus, how 
could sap harden into wood or honey feed seeds, unless meanwhile 
guarded, one by bark, the other by seed lobes. All nuts are pro- 
tected, and that pulp of all fruits which we eat is but the overcoat 
of their seeds, to keep in heat and moisture. Whatever is, has a 
skin, or bark, or shuck, or bran, something to protect it; and 
man employs clothes, houses, fires, &c, to subserve a like pro- 
tecting purpose. 

All animals guard themselves, some by flight, Crustacea by 
their bony encasement, others by their very thick hides, and some 
by stings, teeth, claws, poison, as in venomous -serpents, &c. ; 
others by secrecy, or stirring abroad only in the dark, as bats and 
owls. 

The very hardness of stone, wood, iron, and whatever is hard 
subserves this same cautionary purpose — preserving it from dis- 
integration. The hardness of wood is to protect the tops and 
fruits of trees from destruction by falling; and the enlargements 
of all bones at their joints have for their object both to fend off 
injuries, and guard the interior hinging parts from external injury 
and internal frangibility. 

What is hair but a protection of that delicate gelatinous struc- 
ture, the brain, against overheating in summer and freezing in 
winter; against this rude blast, and that hard, brain-addling 
knock? Additional cerebral protection is awarded to the brain 
in a very thick skull, hard to penetrate, and often in horns which 
protect the brain by their roots, and hook off injuries. 

Those gristly cushions at all joints from heels to head, includ- 
ing that cutaneous cushion on the bottom of the heels, keep, 
break, and deaden all sudden jars and falls ; thus neutralizing them 
before they reach the brain, else they must disorganize its gelat- 
inous structure. 37 The very spherical form of all heads, bones, 
trees, grains, seeds, fruits, nuts, &c, is a self-protecting form, 
and the cylindrical form adopted where elevation is needed, as in 
stalks, trees, man, &c, or length, for locomotion, as in serpents, 
fishes, felines, &c, is but this spherical form stretched out. Our 
very nails are but protections from injury of digital and pha- 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF CAUTION. 729 

langeal extremities, as are those numerous metacarpal bones in 
hands and feet, which allow motion, yet secure strength. How 
wonderfully those delicate organs, the eyes, are protected by their 
shape, location, sockets, eyelids, even lashes and w 7 iukiug, obvi- 
ously because so useful, yet injurable, that they need and have 
this extra guarding. Teeth are protected by enamel, tongue by 
teeth and mouth, heart, lungs, and visceral organs by ribs, spinal 
marrow by backbone, and everything by some means. In 
short, — 

Nature guards most assiduously all she makes against all in- 
ternal dissolution, and external injur} 7 , by devices inconceivably 
multifarious and ingenious. This precautionary necessity is ap- 
parent. 

Some cautionary instinct to seize upon and apply these nat- 
ural precautions becomes a necessity, else this element must 
needs remain forever unused ; so that all things would be guarded 
merely by passive protection, none would guard themselves; where- 
as, seZ/-protection becomes an additional necessity. Thus, though 
the semi-fluid brain is protected by its hard skull, spherical form, 
&c.,yet unless man superadd an internal instinct to dodge im- 
pending blows, foresee dangers and flee therefrom, and shrink 
back from injuries of all kinds, all these natural protections would 
go for nought. This guarding element must extend to the mind. 
As we must have eyes to put us in relation with light, and dispose 
and enable us to use it in seeing, so w r e must likewise have some 
mental element to put us in relation with all these cautionary pro- 
visions of Nature, and enable and dispose us to use them in effect- 
ing this needed and designed protection. Please note the par- 
amount natural necessity for both safety itself, and a mental 
Faculty for employing it. 

Caution supplies this want ; is adapted to this need ; executes 
this function ; and subserves this purpose. None of us, nothing, 
could live long without it. It forms a constituent element of 
Nature herself, and of all her products. 

186. —Description, Cultivation, and Eestraint of 

Caution. 

Large — Are over-anxious ; always on the lookout ; worried 
about trifles; afraid of shadows ; forever getting ready, because 



730 THE ASPIRING GROUP. 

so many provisions must be made ; lose by procrastination what 
might be gained by promptness ; are careful in business ; often 
revise decisions, because afraid to trust the issue ; live in perpet- 
ual fear of evils and accidents ; take extra pains with everything ; 
lack promptness and decision, and run no risks ; often put off till 
to-morrow what ought to be done to-day ; with excitability large, 
live in a constant panic ; procrastinate ; are easily frightened ; see 
mountains of evil where there are only mole-hills ; are often un- 
nerved by fright, and overcome by false alarms ; with only aver- 
age or full Force, Dignity, and Hope, and large Ambition, accom- 
plish little or nothing, and should always act under others ; with 
large Acquisition, prefer bonds and mortgages to traffic, small but 
sure gains to large but more risky ones, and safe investments to 
active business ; take ample time to get ready ; make everything 
safe ; bind sure that they may sure find ; with large Force, Hope, 
and an active Temperament, drive, Jehu-like," whatever is under- 
taken, yet drive cautiously ; lay on the lash, yet hold a tight rein, 
so as not to upset plans; combine judgment with energy and 
enterprise, and often seem reckless, yet are prudent ; with large 
Acquisition and small Ambition, take special care of all money 
matters, but not of reputation ; with large Friendship and Kind- 
ness, experience the greatest solicitude for the welfare of friends ; 
with large Conscience, are careful to do nothing wrong; with 
large Causality, lay safe plans, and are judicious; with large 
intellectual organs and Firmness, are cautious in coming to con- 
clusions, and canvass well all sides of all questions, yet, once set- 
tled, are unmoved; with small Dignity, rely too much on the 
judgment of others, and too little on self; with large Parental 
Love and disordered nerves, experience unnecessary solicitude 
for children, and take extra care of them, often killing them with 
kindness, &c. 

Full — Show a good share of prudence and carefulness, except 
when the other Faculties are powerfully excited ; with large Force 
and very large Hope, have too little prudence for energy ; are 
tolerably safe, except when under considerable excitement; with 
large Acquisition, are very careful whenever money or property 
is concerned; yet, with only average Causality, evince but little 
general prudence, and lay plans for the present rather than 
future, &c. 






ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF CAUTION. 731 

Average — Have a good share of prudence, whenever this 
Faculty works in connection with the larger organs, yet evince 
but little in the direction of the smaller ; with large Force and 
Hope, and an excitable Temperament, are practically imprudent, 
yet somewhat less so than appearances indicate ; with large Cau- 
sality and only average Hope and Force, and a Temperament 
more strong than excitable, evince good general judgment, and 
meet with but few accidents ; but with an excitable Temperament, 
large Force and Hope, and only average or full Causality, are 
always in hot water, fail to mature plans, begin before ready, and 
are luckless and unfortunate in everything, &c. 

Moderate — With excitability great, act upon the spur of the 
moment, without due deliberation ; lose much from carelessness ; 
meet with many accidents caused by imprudence ; are too apt to 
say, "I don't care ; " with large Force, are often at variance with 
neighbors, and make many enemies ; with large Ambition, seek 
praise, yet often incur criticism ; with average Causality and large 
Hope, are always doing imprudent things, and require a guardian ; 
with small Acquisition, keep money loosely, and are easily over- 
persuaded to buy more than can be paid for ; with large Parental 
Love, play with children, yet often hurt them ; with large Ex- 
pression and small Secretion, say many very imprudent things, 
&c. 

Small — Are rash, reckless, luckless, and have no fear; and 
with large Hope, are always in trouble; with large Force, plunge 
headlong into difficulties in full sight, and are likely to fail, and 
should assiduously cultivate this Faculty. 

Its cultivation, when it is deficient, is as important as the 
evils it averts are numerous and great. To have enveloped us in 
a protecting shield, would have excluded much good as well as 
evil; whereas, this self-guarding avoids impending evils, yet 
never intercepts any good. In order to cultivate, count the 
advantages against, but not for ; look out for breakers ; think how 
much indiscretion and carelessness have injured you, and be care- 
ful and watchful in everything. Imprudence is your fault. Be 
judicious ; and remember that danger is always much greater than 
you anticipate ; so keep aloof from every appearance of it. Re- 
member that heedlessness is the chief cause of your misfortunes, 
most of which carefulness would obviate. Keep an eye to the 



732 THE ASPIRING GROUP. 

windward ; think over the dangers you have narrowly escaped, 
and take warning against future mishaps; make "sure bind, sure 
find " your motto ; and " look out sharper next time." 

Careless boys should never be put into dangerous trades. In 
1835 I told the father of a careless lad never to let him learn any 
dangerous business, but choose only a safe one. My warning 
was not heeded. He was apprenticed to a tinman, and in tinning 
a block of houses, instead of going up and down the ladder, he 
walked around, back and forth, on unfinished brick walls, stepped 
on a loose brick, fell, and killed himself. Dr. Noble, who heard 
my warning, narrated his careless death. 

Its restraint, however, is far more important than its cultiva- 
tion, because it is almost always excessive, but rarely deficient. 
Many allow merely imaginary fears to worry them perpetually ; 
like the woman who lived in mortal dread lest her cow would 
choke herself to death by swallowing the grindstone. Such 
should conquer fear by sense ; decide one way or the other, off 
hand, and then drive ahead, hit or miss, and will even then be 
too timid ; should bear ever in mind that they always apprehend 
more evil than they ever experience, and waste time in procrasti- 
nation which should be devoted to action ; overrate difficulties, 
and underrate prospects ; make trouble out of whole cloth ; 
always look through alarm glasses, and most of their apprehen- 
sions are purely fictitious ; and should fuss and prepare less, and 
let things take their course. 

Disordered nerves often cause these false fears and moody 
feelings, which can be obviated only by curing these nerves, 152 

Timid children should never be frightened by threatenings of 
any kind, being shut up in the dark, told about " raw bones and 
bloody head," or made afraid of the dark, &c. Many mothers, in 
addition to transmitting it in excess to their children, perpetually 
caution and alarm them besides ; whereas, they should assuage, not 
augment their fears ; soothe, not frighten ; tell them, "Never fear," 
not, "Take care ; " and offset fear by courage, thus : A timid little 
girl became terribly frightened, the first night after moving into a 
new house, by rats running and screaming overhead, and the next 
night still more so. Her father, determined to subdue her fears 
by chastisement, — the very way to increase them, — found her 
so really frantic with panic that she clasped him around the neck 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF AMBITION. 733 



convulsively. Perceiving the utter impossibility of subduing 
her fears by force, he offset them by awakening her courage, in 
sending for a stick with which to whip rats, not her, and putting 
it into her hands, emboldened her to get down, go to the wall, 
strike it, and finally put her back to bed, stick in hand, telling 
her to "give it to them if they troubled her any more," and thus 
saved her from the after evils of that fright ; for one panic often 
lasts a lifetime, and makes one foolishly fearful ever after. 



XV. AMBITION: "Approbativeness." 
187. — Its Definition, Location, History, and Philosophy. 

" A good name is rather to be chosen than great riches." — Solomon. 

9 

The Aristocrat — Emulation ; rivalry ; sense of honor ; re- 
gard for character and appearances; love of praise, fame, glory, 
commendation, esteem, and a good name; sensitiveness to the 
speeches of people; desire to excel, be thought and spoken well 
of, attain distinction, attract attention, be popular, rise to emi- 
nence, and become distinguished; love of show, style, publicity, 
popularity, display, fashion, social position, <&c. Its excesses are 
vanity, jealousy of rivals, envy, bashfulness, &c. 

Its location is behind Caution, which it joins, parallel to Dig- 
nity, above Continuity, and below Conscience. It can easily be 
found thus : Draw a perpendicular line from the opening of the 
ear, when the head is erect, to the top of the head ; this is Firm- 
ness. Passing backwards one and three fourths inches brings 
you on Dignity ; which, like Firmness, runs along up and down 
the middle line. Ambition lies along on the two sides of Dig- 
nity, its two lobes being a full inch apart. 

These rules will enable you to find it : 1 . Let the head ex- 
amined be placed straight up and down with its spine, as when 
sitting erect ; draw a line from the opening of the ears to the 
crown of the head, at an angle of forty-five degrees ; this brings 
you to Dignity. Place your left hand on the forehead, to steady 
it ; put the balls of your first and second fingers on Dignity, and 
their ends will strike the opposite lobe of Ambition, while their 
first joints will strike the lobe on the side next to you. 2. When 



734 



THE ASPIRING GROUP. 



Dignity is large, and Ambition deficient, the head will be fullest 
on its middle line, and slope off each way; but when Dignity is 
deficient, and Ambition large, the ends of your ringers will strike 
against a ridge running up and down, while the first finger joints 
fall into a hollow, and that part of the finger next will strike the 
other swell of Ambition. 3. Standing behind the person observed, 
and bringing your bent elbow down nearly between his shoulder- 
blades, place the ball of your second finger upon Dignity, and 
lay those one each side snugly along its side ; in proportion as 
Dignity is deficient, and Ambition large, your second finger will 

fall into a hollow at first, and then 
strike prominences running parallel to 
them ; but if Dignity is largest, the 
second finger will be higher than the 
first and third. It is much larger in 
women and girls than in men and boys, 
both in head and character ; so much so 
that learners may almost recognize its 
appearance, when large, by observing 
the form of female heads at the crown. 
It and its natural language are large in 
the proud boy, but deficient in Got- 
fried, and "Conscience large." 
Some nations have it much larger than others. I never knew 
a French head in which it was not large, and generally it appears 
to be twice as large in them as in Englishmen. Hence French 
ornamentation in dress, furniture, everything, and their quondam 
national hauteur. It has justly been said of them, — 

"To Frenchmen, glory is the condiment of the whole feast of life, 
and the trumpet of fame makes their sweetest music. If I were to rule 
Fiance, I would make every man an officer, and give all some badge." 

Thanks to Prussia for having taken out some of that conceit 




No. 138. — The Proud Youth. 



and warlike bluster, which kept all 
armed, at immense cost to civilization. 



foreign 



nations anxious, and 



" This organ is by the side of Dignity. It is manifested in the crani- 
um by two large prominences, projecting like the segment of a sphere, 
situated by the side of the oval, elongated prominence of Dignity. These 
prominences are on the parietal bones, at about one third the distance 
between the parietal and temporo-parietal sutures, reckoning from the 






ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF AMBITION. 735 

former. Hence it is that the heads of vain people are short from the 
forehead to this organ. My observations, made since its discovery, 
in hospitals for the insane and society at large, fully establish this as its 
form and seat. They took us once to a patient whom they thought 
mad from pride, but his loquacity, costume, and gestures proved that he 
was mad from vanity, not pride, and we found in him these protuber- 
ances of vanity, yet no pride. I once examined with Esquirol, at the 
Salpetriere, the head of a woman who believed herself queen of France. 
It had precisely these same protuberances, which I found at Vienna, on 
the head of the maniac mentioned elsewhere, who also believed herself 
queen of France." 

" Apes have often astonished me. All know how passionately fond 
they are of dress, as well as sensitive to mockery and ridicule. Those 
not decidedly vicious, like baboons (engraving No. 17), and apes whose 
heads are flat, but are like ourang outangs and monkeys, with a con- 
siderable prominence of forehead (engraving No. 16), I advance boldly 
to and caress ; and they ordinarily receive me with the utmost mildness, 
and utter sounds of joy, tenderly embracing and kissing me. But if 
they perceive one mocking them, or unable to conceal a smile, they show 
their teeth, leap upon him, and bite and slap him with admirable agility; 
and they have the organ of vanity very distinctly shaped, like two 
segments of a sphere." 

"Vanity, ambition, love of glory, are modifications of the same funda- 
mental quality. Woman shows it in dress, statesmen in love of office, 
and soldiers in defending their country. It is as common as beneficial 
to individuals and society ; for it is one of the most powerful, laudable, 
and disinterested motives to action. How many brilliant deeds, in- 
stances of generous devotion, and admirable exertions does it inspire ? 
Parents and instructors can employ no more efficient incentives to good 
deeds than this; and what recompense can be more flattering to the 
generous, noble-hearted man than public marks of distinction and merit, 
celebrity, and a wide and brilliant reputation ? " 

"For my part, I like ambition and a sense of honor, in my shoemaker, 
for it induces him to make me good shoes ; and in my gardener, for it 
gives me the very nicest fruits. I want no advocate, physician, general, 
or minister who is not anxious for glory, and cares only for gold. I like 
the native vanity of that young girl ; it will some day inspire her with 
ambition to become an excellent wife and mother. Rectify this pre- 
tended weakness, and society will always be the better for it than for the 
apathy and indifference of those philosophers who pretend to despise it." 

" I thank Nature for giving all more or less of it. Rigid justice rarely 
appreciates good qualities; but the divine enchantress, Vanity, consoles us 
for our own defects, and the advantages of others over us, in some self- 
compensations which we prefer to everything else. Where is the man 
who, all things considered, would exchange with another?" 

" Vanity is the same in forests, villages, and cities. It makes the 
most uncivilized nations believe themselves superior to the rest of man- 
kind ; considering their condition the climax of human felicity, and 
model of perfection, and esteeming others according as they approach 
their standard. One is vain of some of its members, another of its 
wealth, population, antiquity, and power; while those who have nothing 



736 THE ASPIRING GROUP. 

else, boast of their ignorance, simplicity, mountains, forests, slavery, 
poverty, or the absolute despotism of their tyrants." 

A thousand artificial wants spring from it to embellish our 
dwellings, support our industries, and create the conveniences of life. 
To this, chiefly, we are indebted for the nourishing state of the arts and 
sciences, sculpture, painting, natural history, public gardens, libraries, 
monuments, palaces, and temples, which, but for emulation, would be 
pitiable. So far from being a source of national corruption and ruin, it 
becomes the mainspring of the arts and sciences; the soul of commerce ; 
the chief agent of national grandeur and opulence, and great incentive 
to charities, public and private." 

" Brutes, too, love approbation. How caresses delight dogs ! How 
sensitive are horses to marks of appreciation, and how emulous not to 
be passed ! Where, as in Southern France, they decorate smart mules 
with bouquets, their most painful punishment consists in depriving them 
of this token. My female ape, whenever they give her a handkerchief, 
throws it over her, and takes wonderful pleasure in dragging it behind 
her, like the train of a court robe. My female dog is never happier than 
when charged with carrying my slippers, when she bridles up and wrig- 
gles, and is the more animated the more I say, 'fine Stella,' but suddenly 
became and remained sullen for two years, from jealousy of a squirrel, 
yet resumed her gayety the day it died. Birds are equally delighted by 
praise." — Gall, 

"It makes us attentive to the opinions entertained of us, and creates 
the inquiry, ' What will people say ?' It is fond of approbation in gen- 
eral, without regard to the manner of acquiring it; and may be directed 
to objects good, indifferent, or hurtful. Its sphere of activity is very 
extensive, for it is sensitive to caresses, flattery, compliments, applause, 
and glory, and men endowed with it use many devices to attract atten- 
tion. They dress fashionably, and resort to show, decorations, titles, &c. 
Ambition is its goal in great objects, and vanity in trifles. The victori- 
ous general is elated with the applause of his countrymen, and the slave 
delighted by his master's approval. Combined with the propensities, it 
glories in being the greatest eater, drinker, and fighter. Some will do 
everything to gain notoriety. It is one of the most powerful motives in 
society. It creates politeness, yet makes us slaves of fashion, and is the 
mortal enemy of personal liberty. The number of those who seek dis- 
tinction for talents and virtue is small." 

"Its great development elongates the posterior, upper, and lateral part 
of the head, yet sometimes spreads out on either side, which widens in- 
stead of elongating the head." — Spurzheim. 

" Its due endowment is indispensable to an amiable character. It 
produces agreeableness to others ; is the drill-sergeant of society ; sup- 
presses numberless manifestations of selfishness, lest we should give 
offence; and is the butt on which wit strikes to obviate our follies. To 
be laughed at is worse than death to those in whom it is large. No 
Faculty is more prone to excess. It pays unmeaning compliments, 
which most persons like when bestowed on themselves, but ridicule in 
others. It renders the school-girl miserable if her dress and style of 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF AMBITION. 737 

living are inferior, and torments the lady if her apparel and equipage 
are surpassed by her rivals. It makes the individual talk of himself Ins 
affairs, and connections, so as to convey vast ideas of his own greatness 
or goodness." 

" Those in whom it is deficient are strangers to ceremony, and indif- 
ferent to censure, and are unaffected by indignities and rebuffs, consti- 
tuting what are termed ' impracticables.' 

" When powerful it carries the head backward, and a little to one 
side, softens the tones, and puts smiles into the countenance." — Combe. 

Its facial pole is located just outside of the corners of the 
mouth, so that its action draws these coruers straight outwards ; 
while that of Mirth is located slightly above and outside of these 
corners, so as to draw the mouth upwards and outwards. Both 
Ambition and Mirth smile, but a practical eye can easily distin- 
guish the smile of vanity from that of facetiousness thus : the 
former draws the mouth outwards and upwards, the lattei 
straight out. The former is a laugh proper, the latter a leer, as 
when one is praised. A practical eye can distinguish between 
both separately, and the two united. 

Professor Mapes's daughter, whom the Author has often 
seen, had a large part of her skull over Ambition and Dignity- 
broken by a fall, and removed, so that their motion was perfectly- 
perceptible. George Combe also saw her, and tried this inter- 
esting experiment of awakeniug each sentiment in turn, and 
noticed that, when he praised her, Ambition showed great throbs 
bing and activity, while Dignity was quiet ; but when he awak- 
ened Dignity, and not Ambition, the former organ moved rap- 
idly, and protruded, but not the latter; whilst, when her intel- 
lectual organs were rendered active by being required to decipher 
arithmetical problems, neither showed this trepidation, but both 
were more sunken than when they were excited. 

Some things are constitutionally commendable, and others, in 
their very nature, disgraceful. A child falls into the surging 
billows, but is rescued at the risk of life by a self-sacrificing 
lover of his race. "Noble, worthy of all praise," exclaim all 
who hear of the honorable deed. A son of shame casts this 
same child into this same stream, and, though it is saved, 
" disgraceful, contemptible wretch," murmur all who know it. 
"Shame on you," "That's a fine boy," and kindred encomiums 
and reproaches appeal to this Faculty. To this inherent praise- 
93 



738 THE ASPIRING GROUP. 

worthiness of some actions and characteristics, and disreputable- 
ness of others, this Faculty is adapted, and adapts man. 

Conformity to each other, and to established societary usages, 
grow out of it. Such conformity is necessary to homogeneousness 
in dress, manners, &c. What is called "society "is chiefly its 
creature. " Public opinion " is its legitimate offspring ; and it is 
all-powerful. "Virtue" is due far more to it than to Conscience. 
How many pure women are so from motives of reputation, rather 
than any per se love of virtue, or repulsion to vice? How many 
men are kept passably straight by fear of public scandal, who 
would otherwise run riot? 

Outside show, and a pleasing exterior, are its special cre- 
ations. It "puts the best foot forward," and does a great many 
things "to be seen of men," and admired. The other Faculties 
institute certain rules of conduct, to which it requires conformity, 
on pain of public reprobation. 

Nature herself makes a great show throughout all her bor- 
ders. Not content with mere utility, she must superadd orna- 
ment. The sun glows, as well as warms ; shining with that iden- 
tical " ostentation " we see in man. Daylight, twilight, meridian 
splendors are naturally adapted to elicit commendation. A fair 
exterior graces and adorns most of Nature's productions. What 
is her entire floral department but a great gala-day display of 
the most gorgeous and exquisite paintings of the most variegated 
and showy forms imaginable ! How very fine an appearance 
every tree makes w T hen loaded with fruit ; and how much hand- 
somer all fruit is outside than in; and ripe than green. The 
very green of what is green, the golden yellow of maturity, the 
variegated hues of the autumn forests and lawns, the very forms 
of all Nature's productions, are specifically adapted to exhibit 
each in its best light. 

The outside of birds is by far more beautiful than their 
inside. What means that exquisite painting on the ends of their 
feathers? Why all this pains to show off their exterior to such 
fine advantage, yet leave their under feathers, and the covered 
parts of feathers unadorned ? Why this inimitably beautiful out- 
side finish of flowers, fruits, birds, animals? Why these orna- 
mental mottles on leopard and fawn, zebra and giraffe? And the 
shining, elegant coatings of most animals? Why that magnifi- 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF AMBITION. 739 

cently superb-looking tail of peacock, when spread, and birds of 
paradise? How admirable is the external form, and velvety 
cutaneous coating of man, and especially of woman ! Why do 
all involuntarily praise a splendid looking woman ? Why praise 
her externals? Why her glowing cheek, — that part first and 
most seen, — and why not thus paint hidden parts? Why that 
magnificent bust in front, not rear, and above, not below? Why 
set all these beauties on a hill, seeable afar off? 

Their virtues men exhibit in the boldest possible relief, their 
vices they hide. All try to show how smart, talented, and good 
they are, none how poor, ignorant, or unworthy. Here is a 
range of facts, a. principle in nature, which must, of course, have, 
and has for it this its obvious philosoplry. 

Men must imitate. We shall soon see why. 234 They copy 
most what the} r see most. If the ugly, deformed side of all Na- 
ture, and the worst aspects of human nature, were the most 
apparent, mankind would pattern after these hideous examples 
and sights, instead of, as now, after the beautiful. 

This exhibiting attribute of Nature, so apparent, so uni- 
versal, must of course have its counterpart in man ; 3 else how 
could he conform to, or even perceive it? much less fulfil its re- 
quirements? Ambition to make a respectable appearance, and 
be creditable, is the product of this Faculty. It must be, it is, 
a permanent mental fixture, inherent and inwrought into the hu- 
man constitution. Let us learn its "natural use," and obtain 
from it those varied enjoyments it is designed to create. Let us 
scan some of its outworkings. 

Aristocracy is one of its chief manifestations, and most ben- 
eficial to high and low, by giving the low a pattern, and incentive 
to rise up to. It sets all hands on a keen jump to outstrip all 
competitors, and be in at any established goal first. But for it 
there could be no emulation, nor much excellence without that 
spirit of rivalry it creates. By rendering each anxious to outdo 
all, at least in some respects, it inspires all to do their best. 
Who but takes pleasure in riding through the fashionable streets 
of cities? Yet but for this ambitional incentive who would 
spend money on stylish houses and grounds? Who in church 
but is delighted with its superb toilets, and all its genteel pro- 
prieties? Yet without this Faculty, who would take any pains 



740 THE ASPIRING GROUP. 

or expense to dress and behave thus elegantly? What citizen but 
is benefited by their soldiers' gallant defence of their common 
country ? Yet does not love of glory, sense of honor, fear of being 
branded a coward, and desire to be reputed brave, inspire more 
martial prowess than patriotism, than any other lighting motive? 
What listener but is benefited by a gifted oration, or reader by a 
superb book ? Yet who would ever become smart in either but 
for ambitional inspirations? Who would bestow public charities 
if the left hand never knew what the right hand gave? or if all 
charities were kept a profound secret? Who but likes and is ben- 
efited by public morality? yet who, without this Faculty, would 
care whether they ever seem to be good or bad ? In short, a good 
name is one of the most potential of all the human motives, and 
attains desirable ends innumerable. 

Many evils, however, grow out of its abuse and wrong action, 
among which are some of the fashions. Though public modes 
and fashions in dress and behavior are indispensable, and benefit 
a hundred fold more than they injure, 234 yet wrong ones do incal- 
culable damage. To what excesses and extravagances do they not 
lead vain women, not by scores, but by millions! What untold 
sums they worse than waste in making all concerned miserable ! 
What foolishly expensive and ridiculously furbelowed toilets they 
do get up ! How they deform the naturally elegant female figure 
into a hump-backed wasp ! — squeezing in the waist and lungs, 
but padding to downright deformity above and below ! What 
painting of cheeks and pinching of feet of Western snobbery and 
Eastern celestials ! What piles of false hair, and false forms, with 
false teeth thrown in ! What hobbling, nippy, stiff-jointed, 
affected, ugly walks, in place of pretty, charming gaits and mo- 
tions ! What outside hypocrisies and practical lies, just to keep 
up false appearances ! What sacrifice of female virtue just to ob- 
tain the means to make puppet shows ! What human evil bears 
any comparison with these accursed fashions? What loss of 
health, and life, and offspring, by rendering female devotees of 
fashion too "genteel" to become mothers, but not to hide shame 
by infantile destruction ! What ! Must- that most lovely, most 
exalted, most precious entity on earth or in heaven, female nature, 
be distorted, deformed, perverted, destroyed? O Sacrilege, 
where is thy limit? 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF AMBITION. 741 

How comes a Faculty thus glorious, then, to produce results 
thus damnable? Because its laws are violated. It fastens on 
wrong objects, which it compels all to adopt, on pain of societary 
excommunication. Let its juxtapositions teach its directions. 
It is located directly above the Social Group, that it may seek 
praise from consort, parents, children, and friends ; alongside of 
Caution, that it may render us careful not to injure our reputa- 
tion ; and below Conscience, that it may seek praise for doing 
right. All Faculties should work with their superiors, located 
above them, not inferiors, located below. Ambition should there- 
fore work mainly with Conscience to do right though heaven falls, 
and defy that public opinion which may require us to do wrong. 
Moral and intellectual reputation should be its chief goal. It 
may justly combine with Inhabitiveness and Force to attain war- 
like glory by defending country and family, and with Acquisition, 
in seeking honors which come from riches, yet it should look and 
work upwards and forwards mainly. 

To rectify public opinion, then, wherever it violates this law 
of Conscience and sense, is the bounden duty of all. In unim- 
portant matters, let men and women follow unmeaning show if 
they will, yet "set their faces like a flint*' against all popular 
wrongs. Thus, a woman who appreciates the evils of fashiona- 
bleness may conform just enough not to be noticed as either 
exquisite or delinquent, yet right should overrule popularity. 

Rewards of merit are due for meritorious actions, as much as 
wages for work. When children, servants, all persons, have 
earned commendation, it belongs to them as much as does that 
house they have earned and paid for ; and to scandalize them is 
as wicked as to cheat or rob them. Your wife has done her best 
to prepare you such a dinner as she knows you like ; now, whether 
she has failed or succeeded, she deserves praise, at least for her 
attempt. If she fails, she deserves praise only for trying her 
best; bpt if she succeeds, she deserves double praise for both 
good intentions and good works. And the best way to get a good 
dinner to-morrow is to praise whatever you can commend in 
to-day's dinner; for this will stimulate her to earn more praise 
to-morrow by doing what gained it to-day. But to blame her 
when she tries her best is both unjust and cruel, is even wicked in 
you. If she is unable to do any better, pity, not reproach her. 



742 THE ASPIRING GROUP. 

Yet, perhaps, the fault is in you, you constitutional grumbler ! 
Quite likely you would find fault with an angel in heaven, because 
you yourself may be in a grumbling, dissatisfied, ugly mood. 
Those who find the most fault usually deserve the most. The 
good rarely complain. At least a wife deserves all the praise you 
can find places to put any in. Woman is far more fond of it, and 
sensitive to blame, than man ; and this wise institute in them 
should be respected, not outraged, as it generally is. Husbands 
would get much more service, affection, everything desirable and 
praiseworthy, if they only praised more and blamed less — a cheap 
way of paying for services rendered. 

Praise inspires, blame demoralizes. Few other motives in- 
cite, stimulate, and inspirit to do more and better equally with 
commendation ; while few things crush and dishearten equally 
with condemnation. Praising others turns all their Faculties to 
and for you ; whilst blame arrays them all against, as in the ridi- 
culed monkey Gall mentioned. A reproached servant not only 
will not try to do better, but delights to tantalize and provoke 
you by doing worse. One of the causes of the acknowledged 
demoralization of our household servants is consequent on that 
wholesale scolding to which they have been subjected. No child 
or servant will do well under much reproach. You who admin- 
ister it are foolish. You stand in your own light. You know 
little of human nature, and proclaim your own depravity. Praise, 
or say nothing, or else tell others that by doing thus and so they 
will please you ; but all censure reacts on its author. 

All distinguished persons have it large. But for it they 
would not even try to do well. I found it immense in Brandreth ; 
and that puffery of his pills this Faculty inspired created their 
sale. It was altogether enormous in Webster, Calhoun, Clay, and 
Preston. What is any public or private man worth without any 
Ambition ? Not his salt. 

Natural differences in men originate a great amount of this 
censure. Two differ, and both blame each other for not conforming 
to their individual standard ; but whose standard is right? Each 
thinks his own best, yet both may be, probably are, wrong ; and 
their disposition to blame quite likely comes from others not con- 
forming to their wrong standard. At least, think twice before you 
blame once, and consider that possibly the error lies in yourself. 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF AMBITION. 743 

Men deserve praise. All do about as well as they can. Most 
human errors are constitutional, not intentional. They mean about 
right, but do wrong chiefly from errors of head, not heart, or in- 
capacity, not wickedness. 

Be careful how you accuse others. A. steals ; B. is honest ; 
C. accuses B. of the theft. Now is not C. as bad as A. ? To 
charge crime on the innocent is about as heinous as the crime 
itself. Especially an innocent in your own family. The fireside 
should be too sacred to band} r mutual accusations. Husband, be 
a little careful how you lay any wrong thing to your wife's charge 
till you know both that she is guilty, and did it with malice pre- 
pense. Wives, be very careful how 3^011 jealously accuse your inno- 
cent husbands. A" little"? Ay, extremely. And calculate that 
every reproach will shorten your next dress, and postpone its ad- 
vent. To blame one on whose good will and kindly feelings you 
are so dependent, is suicidal to all your own best interests. Such 
are fools. They do no know the way to their own mouths. 
Parents, don't, O, pray don't, harden and demoralize your dar- 
lings by scolding them unjustly ! Yet where is as much blame 
administered as in the family? or where is it a tithe as baleful? 
Let us hear no more forever. Never once, after choosing sweet- 
hearts, turn their Faculties against } r ou by reversing Ambition ; 
never once reproach "bone of your bone, and flesh of your flesh," 
for their faults may be inherited from you \ Other means of re- 
form will prove more efficacious, this only disastrous. 

\ 188. — Description, Cultivation, and Restraint of Am- 
bition. 

Large — Set everything by the good opinion of others ; are 
ostentatious, if not vain and ambitious ; love praise, and are mor- 
tified by censure inordinately ; are keenly alive to the smiles and 
frowns of public opinion, and cut by censure ; mind what people 
say ; strive to show off to advantage, and are affable, courteous, 
and desirous of pleasing ; love company ; stand on etiquette and 
ceremony ; aspire to do and become something great ; set much 
by appearances, and are mortified by reproach ; with moderate 
Dignity and Firmness, cannot breast public opinion, but are over- 
fond of popularity ; with only average Conscience, seek praise 
without regard to merit ; but with large Conscience, seek praise 



744 THE ASPIRING GROUP. 

mainly for virtuous doings ; with large Beauty, and only average 
Causality, seek praise for fashionable dress and outside appear- 
ances rather than internal merit ; are both vain and fashionable 
as well as aristocratic ; starve the kitchen to ornament the parlor ; 
with large Acquisition, boast of riches ; with large Friendship, 
of friends ; with large Expression, are extra forward in conversa- 
tion, and engross much of the time, &e. This is the main organ 
of aristocracy, exclusiveness, fashionableness, so-called pride, and 
nonsensical outside show ; with large Caution and moderate Dig- 
nity, are bashful, take the popular side, and fear to face ridicule ; 
yet, with Conscience and Force large, stick to the right, though 
unpopular, knowing that it will ultimately confer honor; with 
large Kindness, seek praise for works of philanthropy and mercy ; 
with large intellectual organs, love literary and intellectual dis- 
tinctions ; with large Friendship, desire the good opinion of 
friends, yet care little for that of others ; with large Dignity, 
Force, and excitability, are very touchy when criticised, seek 
public life, want all the praise, and hate rivals; with large per- 
ceptives, take a forward part in literary and debating societies ; 
with large Force, Hope, and activity., will not be outdone, but 
rather work till completely exhausted, and are liable to overdo, 
in order to eclipse rivals. 

Full — Value the estimation of others, yet will not run tan- 
dem after it ; seek praise in the direction of the larger organs, 
yet care little for it in that of the smaller ; are not aristocratic, 
yet like to make a fair show; with large Friendship, seek the 
praise and avoid the censure of friends ; with large Conscience, 
set much by moral character, and wish to be praised for correct 
motives; yet, with moderate Acquisition, care little for the name 
of being rich ; with large Kindness and intellectual organs, desire 
to be esteemed for evincing talents in doing good, <&c. 

Average — Show only a respectable share of this Faculty, ex- 
cept when it is powerfully wrought upon by praise or reproach ; 
are mortified by censure, yet not extremely so, and call on the 
other Faculties to justify; are not particularly ambitious, yet by 
no means deficient, and not insensible to compliments, yet cannot 
well be inflated by praise. 

Moderate — Feel some, but no great, regard for popularity; 
and evince this Faculty only in connection with the stronger ; with 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF AMBITION. 745 

large Dignity and Firmness, are inflexible and austere ; and with 
large Force and small Urbanity, lack civility and complaisance ; 
disdain to flatter, and cannot be flattered, and should cultivate a 
pleasing, winning address. 

Small — Care little for the opinions of others, even of friends ; 
are comparatively insensible to praise ; disregard style and fash- 
ion ; despise etiquette and formal usages ; never ask what will 
persons think, and put on no outside appearances for their own 
sake ; with large Dignity, Firmness, and Force, are destitute of 
politeness, devoid of ceremony, and not at all flexible or pleasing 
in manners ; with large Force and Conscience, go for the right, 
regardless of popularity, and are always making enemies ; say and 
do things in so graceless a manner as often to displease ; with 
large Acquisition and Dignity, though wealthy, make no boast of 
it, and are as commonplace in conduct as if poor, &c. ; aud care 
almost nothing for reputation, praise, or censure. 

Its cultivation, when it is deficient, which is rare, is impor- 
tant. Despising the good opinion of mankind is as suicidal as 
disdaining food. Properly directed it is a most powerful incen- 
tive to virtue, and preventive of vice. It was not created for 
nought, and cannot be ignored with impunity. Emulation to do 
and become what will insure commendation is one of the most 
potential stimulants to goodness. All should try their best to 
stand fair in the community as far as known and become known. 

To cultivate it — Remember that you often stand in your own 
light by caring too little for the speeches of people, for appearance 
and character ; and cherish a higher regard for public opinion, for 
your character and standing among men, for a good name, and do 
nothing in the least to tarnish your reputation, but cultivate a 
winning, politic, pleasaut manner tow T ards all, as if you would 
ingratiate yourself into their good will ; try your best to excel ; 
keep your character spotless ; say and do nothing disgraceful ; 
assume those pleasant expressions and winning manners calculated 
to please ; say as many agreeable things as you well can, espe- 
cially since people deserve more praise than they get ; mind ap- 
pearances even in trifles ; and when you must say unpleasant 
things, say them as pleasantly as possible, uniting persuasiveness 
with force. Reformers will find this course greatly to promote 
their cause. Especially, seek to retain and enhance the estimation 



746 THE ASPIRING GROUP. 

of friends, and enhance their attachment by rendering them proud 
of us ; for none can ever love those of whom they are ashamed. 
Still, truth should never be sacrificed on the altar of popularity. 

Praise youth always, or say nothing ; for reproach both hard- 
ens them, and turns all their Faculties against you. Nothing 
stimulates them equally. They can be flattered into almost any- 
thing. Telling John he does well, yet can do better, and you 
hope he will* redoubles his praiseworthy efforts; while blasting 
his pride of character by disgracing him, in telling him that he 
is nothing, and never can be; is the worst child you ever saw; 
falsifies, or is forgetful, or alwaj's in the wrong, and ought to be 
ashamed of himself; either makes him ashamed to try, or else 
think he cannot sink any lower in your estimation, and so will not 
attempt to do better. Suspect or accuse him of stealing, and he 
will be far more likely to pilfer than if he thinks you confide fully 
in him ; because, in the former case, he thinks he may as well 
have the game since he has the name ; but in the latter that his 
reputation is at stake, and hence that he must keep it untarnished. 
Those who are perpetually blaming or accusing children or ser- 
vants, do not understand human nature. Keep good their sense 
of character, and if they disgrace themselves, instead of taunting 
them with their fall, and making them feel degraded and outcast 
in their own eyes, let them feel that the error in question will be 
freely forgiven, and they reinstated provided they behave well for 
the future. 225 When regard for character is gone, almost certain 
ruin awaits them. To mortify or shame them makes them feel 
that, since they are disgraced, they may as well " die for an old 
sheep," and sin on. As long as the drunkard was treated with 
contempt, he drank on ; but as soon as that Christ-taught prin- 
ciple of Washingtoniauism elevated him upon a respectable foot- 
ing, shook his hand, and treated him again with consideration, he 
reformed ; because, as long as he considered his respectability 
irretrievably lost, he made no efforts to regain it; while treating 
him with respect, revived Ambition, and strengthened resolution. 
This principle applies to king and beggar, to all mankind, and 
embodies a law of mind wmich all should respect, and can and will 
yet be employed to reform and save abandoned women. 

Its restraint, however, is often necessary. It is one of man's 
largest organs. Few Faculties equally require right direction. 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF AMBITION. 747 

How superlatively ridiculous many render themselves by its ex- 
cess or perversion. Men, and especially women, seek praise less 
for what they are, than wear and possess. Affectation, only the 
outgrowth of this Faculty, spoils the appearance of many. The 
best way to appear well is to think nothing about it. Natural 
manners are always agreeable, artificial always awkward. 

To restrain — Remember that you are infinitely too sensitive 
to reproof; that your feelings are often hurt when there is no oc- 
casion ; that you often feel neglected or reproved without cause ; 
that evil speaking breaks no bones, and will ultimately thwart 
itself; should lay aside that affected, artificial style of manners 
and speaking; be more natural; walk, act, feel as if alone, not 
forever looked at; be less particular about dress, style, appear- 
ance, <fec, and less mindful of praise and blame; subject Ambi- 
tion to conscience ; that is, do what is right, and let people say 
what they like ; be more independent, and less ambitious and sen- 
sitive to praise and flattery. 

Wardrobe pride disparages self by placing the dress above 
the person. Claiming praise for a thirty dollar bonnet virtually 
rates self below it. The greater always confers honor on the 
less, so that those whom dress honors are inferior to it. How 
supremely ridiculous the maxim, "Better be out of the world 
than out of the fashion." Is, then, man-made attire above God- 
made humanity! Is man indeed below thing! Shall silks and 
satin, ribboned off, and cut and sewed in fantastic shapes, and dis- 
tended by coffee-bags and cotton, be the standard of valuation? 
Can fabrics, can even golden trinkets, enhance the honorableness 
of the "lord of creation"? And wilt thou, reader, practically 
indorse a standard of praise so superlatively ridiculous? Will 
you thus libel the dignity and glory of your own God-like nature ? 
O, votaries of fashion ! how foolish, how wicked ! And what 
untold but self-induced miseries you suffer in consequence ! 
Words utterly fail to depict the evils of fashion ! Drunkenness 
bears no comparison with it in the number of its victims, and 
aggravation of its sufferings. All the crimes of all culprits are 
trifles compared with this monster of iniquity. The evils even 
of licentiousness, however appalling, are pygmies by the side of 
this mighty giant; because, while the former slays its thousands, 
the latter devours its tens of thousands, soul and body. Indeed, 



748 THE ASPIRING GROUP. 

but for the latter, the victims of the former would be few. Nine 
in every ten of the daughters of infamy humble themselves to 
procure the means of following the fashions. How generally is 
the poverty of the poor, at least in this country, induced by past 
or present outlays for fashionable display ! Say, hard-working 
husband, do not at least half your labors go to keep up appear- 
ances in dress-, style of living, &c. ? 

Its degradation of soul, however, is its chief evil. Praising 
worth instead of fashion would cause a mighty rush tow r ards intel- 
lectual attainments and moral excellence ! Mankind would not 
then, as now, neglect their minds and live for the fashions, but 
would labor and strive, w 7 ith all the energies of their being, to 
develop by culture the exalted capabilities of their natures. But 
fashion now prevents such culture by engrossing their time. A 
standard of praise thus utterly contemptible and ruinous should 
disgrace even monkeys. Then shall we practically indorse it? 
Shall our ambition fasten on nothing higher than broadcloths and 
bonnets being cut and made after a particular pattern? Shall our 
very lives and souls be offered up on the altar of such a goddess ? 
Shall we who were made to reflect the image of God be darkened 
by such fripperies? Shall we who are constituted to soar aloft on 
the wings of angels descend below inanimate matter? Shall we 
exalt our clothes above ourselves ! or sanction so despicable a 
standard of praise in others ! Let men point the finger of rid- 
icule at our dress as they may, but let our ambition appertain to 
conduct and morals, not to riches, nor any external "pomp or cir- 
cumstance." Let Ambition be governed not by the propensities, 
but by the higher Faculties, and seek praise for what is in them, 
not on them. 

XVI. DIGNITY: " Self-Esteem." 

- 189. — Its Definition, Location, Adaptation, &g. 

The Leader — Self-Respect, reliance, appreciation, satisfaction, 
and complacency ; pride ; independence ; love of liberty and 
power; volition; self-government; will-power; domination; 
authority ; the aspiring, ruling, self-elevating instinct ; nobleness ; 
dictation ; leadership. Perversion and excess, contempt ; arro- 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF DIGNITY. 



749 



ga'nce ; disdain ; presumption ; insolence ; tyranny ; imperious- 
ness ; hauteur. 



Dignity Large. 



Dignity Small. 





No. 139. — Authority. 



No. 140. — Submission. 



Its location is on the middle line of the head between the two 
lobes of Ambition, back of Firmness, and at the crown of the 



head. We gave the rule for 



Dignity Large. 



finding it under Ambition. 

It is large in Authority, the 
Alabama Flathead, Dr. Caldwell, 
the Conceited Simpleton, the 
Proud Boy, and others ; but de- 
ficient in Submission, the kind 
boy, and others, each of whom 
expresses its natural language in 
accordance with its development. 

Dr. Caldwell, a powerful 
writerf and man of commanding 
talents, was wont to manifest its 
excess by saying in his public 
lectures, "America has three truly great men — Daniel Webster, 
Henry Clay, and — but modesty forbids my naming the third." 

"It is formed by cerebral convolutions on the median line, directly 
behind and beneath the summit of the head, and therefore manifested in 
the skull by one elongated protuberance, though there is really one in 
each hemisphere. It appears double only when they are a little sep- 
arated." — Gall. 

" This organ is situated in the back part of the mesial line of the 
vertex, where the coronal surface begins to decline towards the occiput. 
When it is large, the head rises high upwards and backwards from the 
ears." — Combe. 




No. hi.— Alabama Flathead. 



750 THE ASPIRING GROUP. 

Its facial polarity is at the sides of the upper lip, which it 
elongates and fills out over the upper eye teeth. That is, it en- 
larges the face between the outer edges of the nostrils and the 
corners of the mouth. Its powerful action, as in scorn and disdain, 
slightly lifts the outer edges of the upper lips. 

Its natural language carries the head straight back and up, 
pointing towards the crown of the head. Ambition rolls it slight- 
ly to one side, and backwards. Obsequious persons throw their 
heads back, yet cant them slightly round to one side, and then 
the other. 

Gall discovered this organ in a young man, a beggar, of fair 
address, by moulding his head, scanning its form, and then pump- 
ing him as to his peculiarities. He said he had always been too 
proud to condescend to engage in business, either to preserve his 
paternal fortune, or acquire a new one ; and that this unhappy 
pride caused all his misery. 

Gall and Spurzheim differed a little about this organ, just as 
Spurzheim and Combe did about Continuity and Inhabitiveness, 
and for precisely the same reason, namely, that there are two 
organs, so that both were substantially right. Spurzheim had 
discovered an organ which Gall had not, and Combe one Spur- 
zheim had not. Gall attributed to Dignity, or heights, that love 
of ascending, which Spurzheim attributed to Inhabitiveness. 

Men confound " Approbativeness " and " Self-Esteem " so al- 
most universally that I often find difficulty in making my descrip- 
tions understood. Hence my change of their names to those both 
more expressive, as I think, of their true functions, and not liable 
to this confounding of terms and ideas. Gall draws this admi- 
rable difference between them. 

" The proud man is imbued with a sense of his own superior merit, 
and from the summit of his grandeur treats all other mortals with indif- 
ference or contempt; while the vain man attaches the utmost importance 
to the opinions entertained of him by others, and eagerly seeks their 
approbation. The proud man expects others to come to him and find 
out his merits ; while the vain man knocks at every door to attract atten- 
tion and supplicates for trifling honors. The proud man despises those 
marks of distinction which confer the utmost delight on the vain. The 
proud man is disgusted with indiscreet eulogiums ; while the vain man 
inhales with ecstasy the incense of flattery, however awkwardly offered. 
The proud man never stoops, even in urgent necessities; the vain, to 
gain praise, will humble himself, even to crawling. Pride and thirst for 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF DIGNITY. 751 

dominion exist in few, whilst vanity and self-love are universal. Pride 
and vanity are very different fundamental qualities, so that we must 
admit a primitive organ for each." 

"A prince in Vienna, remarkable for his ridiculous pride, stiff gait, 
and always quoting his ancestors, was bald, and had this same confor- 
mation I had noticed in the mendicant. Every one will find proofs that 
this sentiment is innate in their proud and haughty acquaintances." — 
Gall. 

"All men incline to despotism. We crawl at the foot of the throne, 
that we may be above those we would subdue. The lowest slaves to 
their superiors are the haughtiest despots to their inferiors. The vizier 
humbles himself to his master, yet before the pachas puts on the dis- 
dainful airs of the Grand Seignior." — Leroy. 

Its adaptation is to the need of leadership. A head is a uni- 
versal necessity. The body must have its head ; so must every- 
thing else. Every seed must have its chit, which predetermines 
whatever appertains to its future life. Thus grasses, grains, all 
forms of vegetative life, do and must have their respective heads, 
in which all their specialties and products centre. All farms must 
have their head-centre in their house and barn. All flocks of 
geese, pelicans, crows, &c, must have their leader, and of sheep 
their "bell wethers" and head leaders. In all herds which re- 
quire prowess and courage, a male is chosen ; in all which demand 
watchful vigilance, a female is selected ; but all must be led and 
managed. In all broods, as of fowls, the parents lead, and also 
in all households ; and of these two the father is the conceded 
head, except where the mother is his acknowledged superior, and 
involuntarily takes his place, because better fitted to fill it. All 
neighborhoods look up to some one man, put him in chairman, ask 
and take his advice, and make him their "bell wether," while all 
religious bodies find theirs in their dominie. Even all prayer and 
class-meetings must have their "leaders," all churches their synods 
and bishops, and they their cardinals and Pope, in effect, if not 
in name. Every business must have its head man, and firm its 
senior partner, and final umpire. Every court must have its 
judge and leading attorney, and state its superior courts, anfi 
these their head court of appeals, and all the judiciary of all the 
states their " Supreme Court." All towns must have their head 
office, all counties their "board of supervisors," and states legisla- 
tures, and these their congress, and this its presiding officer, and 
the whole their grand presidential head. All armies must have 



752 THE ASPIRING GROUP. 

their commanding generals, all regiments their colonels, all com- 
panies their captains, and all squads their drill-sergeants ; while 
masons, oddfellows, and all other bodies must have their head 
men ; nor can two persons meet but one involuntarily assumes 
and is accorded the leadership. All schools must have their 
masters, and seats of learning their professors, faculty, pres- 
ident, and trustees. Behold this universal fact of leadership 
or headship. Who ever saw man, beast, bird, worm, anything 
without a head, unless sundered by violence? Behold also the 
absolute necessity for this head to everything animate ! Here is a 
natural fact and necessity. Of course man must have some innate 
element adapting him to it, or it must be unknown to him. He 
is adapted to all Nature, and must therefore have a mental Fac- 
ulty to experience and express this entity. Dignity is that ele- 
ment. All have some of it, and all have somebody to command 
— girls their dolls, and beggars some subordinate beggar still 
below them, and the lowest some dog or cat to order or kick 
around. 

Dignity is also an element inherent in all things. Yon tower- 
ing oak stands in grand, dignified sublimity for ages, seemingly 
justly proud of his vast bulk and majestic proportions. Behold 
yon tall pine and great cedar, standing erect in silent majesty as 
if proud of themselves ; and they are justly so, for having braved 
centuries of winds and winters' storms, even hurricanes, and sent 
forth myriads of their young. That powerful horse arches his 
proud neck, erects head and tail, dances, prances, snorts and 
neighs, leaps and jumps, justly proud in the consciousness of his 
tremendous strength. Both tree and horse must and do possess 
this element. 

Creation's noble lord may more justly be prouder still of 
being the greatest terrestrial work of God. Yonder towering 
mountain is majestic ; stupendous Niagara's cataract is awe-inspir- 
ing ; and heaven's azure vault, studded with countless worlds, is 
stupendous ; yet man in comparison is the greatest of all. What 
is Niagara when beheld only by a brute ? What is JEtna's volcanic 
eruption, what the whole earth's gigantic bulk, what even the mate- 
rial heavens and their myriads of worlds in comparison with man? 
Can inorganic matter, however huge, surpass man's divinely-con- 
trived system of bones, muscles, organs, and nerves, all redolent with 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF DIGNITY. 753 

life and teeming with enjoyment? Happiness beiug the standard 
of valuation, 15 that is greatest which enjoys most. Does Chim- 
borazo feel, or the earth enjoy? Was not terrestrial creation 
made for man, not he for it? And is that greatest which is made 
to serve? Is the chariot above the charioteer? Are not more 
Divine Wisdom and Power exhibited in the structure of the human 
hand or eye than in the whole universe of inorganic matter? 

Mind is the greatest work of God. 18 Compared therewith, all 
else is "dust and ashes." The domestic affections, the resisting, 
feeding, economical, provident, emulous, and other instincts, how 
infinitely wise in constitution and efficient in function ! Yet it is 
his moral and intellectual elements which form his crowning: en- 
dowments. These render us near of kin to angels, and "the sons 
and daughters of the Lord Almighty ! " They even array us in 
the robes of immortality, 199 and confer on those who fulfil its con- 
ditions capabilities of becoming eternally and inconceivably holy 
and happy! Yes, "in the image of God" is every one of us 
created. His intellectual and moral likeness is stamped upon our 
souls, and even forms their constituent elements. 207 But His and 
our primitive elements are the same. We are " living stones " in 
His infinite temple. He breathed of His own divine spirit into 
our nostrils, and we became "living souls." "In His own image," 
moral and intellectual, are we created. With "a live coal from 
off the altar" of His own nature, He lighted up the fire of im- 
mortality, which burns, however dimly, within us. His divine 
likeness we bear. That likeness is faded, mildewed, and crushed, 
yet there it is. Sin has stained it, and depravity almost obliter- 
ated it, but the canvas is divine in structure, and the original 
lineaments and colors, as pencilled by the infallible Artist of the 
universe, are still visible — are even a miniature of His own in- 
tellectual and moral conformation ! It is faint, yet perceptible ; 
trodden into the mire of moral corruption, yet there still ! Lift 
it up ; wash off its filth ; remove its stains by varnishing it with 
the oil of forgiveness ; burnish it, hold it up to the light of its 
primitive constitution, and O ! behold the divine in that portrait, 
even yet ! Defaced it can be, but effaced never. God will not 
let His pencillings be extinguished. His spirit He "will not 
utterly take away." Thank the Lord, every one of us carries 
within the innermost recesses of our own souls this mental por- 
95 



754 THE ASPIRING GROUP. 

trait of the Almighty ; and if we " occupy till He comes," we 
shall both see Him as He is, and be like Him. "Beholding His 
face, we shall be changed from glory to glory," till the cleansed 
portrait of humanity, retouched by that same Artist who first 
fashioned it after Himself, shall reflect in the galleries of heaven, 
to all eternity, the perfect "image and likeness" of our Infinite 
Original — the God and Father of us all ! And even all this is 
but the faintest glimmering of what humanity is capable of be- 
coming ! To these exalted ends and destinies Dignity is adapted, 
and adapts man. 

We have a perfect right to place a most exalted estimate 
upon ourselves. Can we overrate our own worth? "We may, 
indeed, value ourselves wrongfully, and even on account of our 
deformities, but not too much. This Faculty may take a wrong 
direction, but cannot well be too large. Then why hang our 
heads or sink back into the corner of insignificance ? Are the 
children of God such inferior, unworthy, degraded " worms of 
the dust " ? All that should humble us is what we are hy practice, 
not Nature. Away with this idea of man's nothingness and in- 
feriority ! Phrenology arraigns it as false. All that even a God 
couid do to exalt and endow humanity, He has done. Eeference 
is had to our primitive constitution, not to man's present degraded, 
depraved condition. That we have fallen from this high estate, 
is a self-experienced fact. That we, created only a " little lower 
than the angels, and endowed with honor and immortality," should 
have fallen instead of soared, should even have so far degener- 
ated from our divine parentage as to deny it, and given ourselves 
up to work all maimer of uncleanness and iniquity, should hum- 
ble us in the very dust. That capabilities thus transcendent 
should be thus abused, so as even to work the work of incarnate 
devils, should sting us to the quick with remorse, and bring us 
upon the bended knees of contrition, imploring, with the prodigal 
son, forgiveness and restoration. And those who do thus repent 
and pray, will be reclothed and reinstated. 224 We are bent, but 
not broken ; trampled into the mire, but not crushed to atoms ; 
withered, but not dead. The divine original is in us still. O, 
arise, son of shame and daughter of sorrow ! Shake off dull 
sloth. Trim thy Heaven-constructed lamp. Meet thy inviting 
heavenly Father. Put away all thy idols, all thy sins ; and array 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF DIGNITY. 755 

thyself again "in garments clean and white." "Touch not, taste 
not," any " unclean thing." Ascend those lofty heights from which 
thou hast fallen. Cultivate the divine gifts within thee. Be in 
fact what thy Creator capacitated thee by Nature to become. It 
is late, but not yet the eleventh hour. The doors of this heavenly 
palace are not yet wholly closed. Arise quickly, and enter. 

A secondary adaptation of this Faculty is to that law of mind 
by which confidence in our own strength promotes success, and ap- 
preciating our capabilities augments efficiency . Then trust and dis- 
trust those who trust and distrust themselves. Men take us at our 
own self-estimate till they find out to the contrary. Tell that boy 
he "can't if he tries," and he will either not attempt, or only fee- 
bly; but telling him "You ccm," contributes wonderfully to suc- 
cess. Encouraging self-reliance enhances effort and excellence 
quite as much as exciting Ambition ; while discouraged Dignity, 
like mortified Ambition, palsies the entire man. 187 To this requi- 
sition for self-confidence this Faculty is adapted, and adapts man. 
It elevates all his aims and aspirations, and thereby redoubles 
both effort and success. 

Self-satisfaction is another trait in human Nature as neces- 
sary as it is universal. The poorest beggar would not exchange 
himself, not places, but soul and body, with the richest, wisest, 
most renowned, and best of men. We often feel dissatisfied with 
our lot, but never with ourselves. Even our faults are too often 
converted into occasions of pride. How many times, on telling 
men professionally of this or that excess or defect, such as of 
libertinism, cunning, carelessness, vanity, and the like, have they 
publicly acknowledged that these things were so, and rather 
gloried in them ! But for this principle of self-valuation, what 
endless animosities would everywhere occur ! What complaints 
against God for bestowing more on others than on us ! But this 
trait lulls all such murmurs, and instead, makes us thankful that, 
Pharisee-like, we "are not as other men." This necessary aud 
inimitably beautiful end is secured by Dignity, and the larger it 
is the better satisfied we are with ourselves ; and since all have 
more or less of it, all are more or less self-satisfied. 

190. — Description, Cultivation, and Restraint of Dignity. 
Large — Have the highest respect for self; place special stress 



756 THE ASPIRING GROUP. 

on the personal pronouns ; carry a high head, and walk so straight 
as to lean backward; have a restless, boundless ambition to be 
and do some great thing; put a high estimate upon own sayings, 
doings, and capabilities; fall back upon own unaided resources; 
will not take advice, but insist upon being own master; are high- 
minded ; will never stoop, or demean self; aim high; are not 
satisfied with moderate success, or a petty business, and comport 
and speak with dignity, perhaps majesty ; are perfectly self-satis- 
fied ; with only full intellect, have more egotism than talents, 
and are proud, pompous, supercilious, and imperious, and with 
Hope large, must operate on a great scale or none, and launch 
out too deeply ; with Ambition large, are most aristocratic ; and 
with only fair intellect, are a swell-head and great brag, and put 
self above everybody else ; with only average Ambition and Ur- 
banity, take no pains to smooth off the rougher points of char- 
acter, but are every way repulsive ; with average Parental Love, 
are very domineering in the family, and insist upon being waited 
upon, obeyed, &c, and should carry the head a little lower, 
and cultivate humility ; with large Parental Love, take pride in 
children, yet with Force large, require implicit obedience, and 
are stern ; with large Friendship, seek society, yet must lead ; 
with large Acquisition added, seek partnership, but must be the 
head of the firm ; with large Firmness and Force, cannot be 
driven, but insist upon doing own will and pleasure, and are 
sometimes contrary and headstrong ; with large Hope, think any- 
thing you do must succeed, because done so well ; with large 
moral organs, impart a tone, dignity, aspiration, and elevation of 
character which command universal respect ; and with large intel- 
lectual Faculties added, enjoy and are very well calculated for 
public life ; are a natural leader, but seek moral distinction, and 
to lead the public mind; with large Force, Destruction, Firm- 
ness, and Ambition, love to be captain or general, and speak with 
that sternness and authority which enforce obedience ; with large 
Acquisition, aspire to be the richest man in town, on account of 
the power wealth confers ; with large Firmness, Observation, Ex- 
pression, and Force, seek to be a political leader ; with large Con- 
struction, Perceptives, Causality, and Force, are well calculated 
to have the direction of men, and oversee large mechanical estab- 
lishments ; with only average brain and intellect, and large selfish 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF AMBITION. 757 

Faculties, are proud, haughty, domineering, egotistical, over- 
bearing, greedy of power and dominion, &c. 

Full — Evince a good degree of dignity and self-respect, 
yet are not proud or haughty ; with large Force, Firmness, and 
Hope, rely fully upon own energies in cases of emergency, yet are 
willing to hear advice, though seldom take it; conduct becom- 
ingly, and secure respect; and with large Force and Firmness, 
and full Destruction and Hope, evince much power of this Fac- 
ulty, but little when these Faculties are moderate, &c. 

Average — Show this Faculty mainly in combination with 
those that are larger ; with large Ambition and Firmness, and a 
large brain and moral organs, rarely trifle or evince meanness, 
yet are seldom conceited, and think neither too little nor too 
much of self, but place a just estimate upon own capabilities ; 
with large Friendship, both receive and impart character to 
friends, yet receive most; with large Conscience, pride self more 
on moral worth than physical qualities, wealth, titles, &c. ; and 
with large intellectual and moral organs, mainly for intellectual 
and moral excellence, &c. 

Moderate — Rather underrate personal capabilities and worth ; 
feel somewhat inferior, unworthy, and humble ; lack dignity, and 
are apt to say and do trifling things, and let self down ; with 
large intellectual and moral organs, lead off well when once 
placed in a responsible position, yet at first distrust own capabil- 
ities ; with large Conscience, Force, and activity, often appear 
self-sufficient and positive, because certain of being right, yet 
more from reason than egotism; with large Ambition, love to 
show off, yet are not satisfied with self; and go abroad after 
praise, &c. 

Small — Feel diminutive ; lack elevation and dignity of tone 
and manner ; place too low an estimate on self, and, with Ambition 
large, are too anxious to appear well in the eyes of others ; with 
large Force and Destruction, show some self-reliance when pro- 
voked or placed in responsible positions, yet lack that dignity 
which commands respect, and leads off in society ; lack self-con- 
fidence and weight of character; cannot command, and often 
trifle ; shrink from responsible and great undertakings, from a 
feeling of un worthiness ; underrate self, and are therefore under- 
valued by others, and feel insignificant, as if in the way, or tres- 



758 THE ASPIRING GROUP. 

passing upon others, and hence often apologize, and should cul- 
tivate this Faculty. 

The cultivation of this ennobling Faculty, therefore, becomes 
important whenever it is deficient, as it generally is. Such should 
try to appreciate their own merits, and rise in their sphere ; should 
say, "I can try, sir ; " " What man has done, man can do ; " should 
choose and act for themselves ; always comport themselves with 
dignity and self-respect ; may hear advice, but should make up and 
follow their own judgment; pay their own way through life, and 
never allow themselves to be beholden or subservient to any ; re- 
member that their oppressive feelings of unworthiness and insignif- 
icance are not caused by actual inferiority, but by deficient Dig- 
nity ; that were they ever so good or great, they would feel thus 
humble ; that they underrate themselves, and require to hold up 
their heads ; that they are as good as the generality of men ; that 
while humility towards God is a virtue, self-abasement, in ref- 
erence to their fellow-men, is uncalled for and injurious ; that, in 
short, they are men and women, and belong to the great brother- 
hood of humanity. As the old Roman felt a conscious pride in 
exclaiming, "I am a Koman citizen," so such should indulge a 
still greater pride in the feeling, " I am a human being, endowed 
with all the prerogatives and immunities of humanity ; " should 
feel as Blackhawk expressed himself when brought before Jack- 
son, "I'm a man, and you're another." You may reverse this — 
"You're a man, and I'm another;" but remember, practically, 
that others are only men, yet that you also are human ; that some 
of them may be better than yourself, while others are w T orse, but 
that their riches and your poverty, their knowledge and your 
ignorance, their cultivation and your want of it, are as nothing; 
that you are their human brothers; have the same origin, Fac- 
ulties, and destiny, with them ; are fed from the same great table 
of Nature ; sustained by the same breath of heaven ; alike in all 
primary elements, and differ only in degree, and perhaps that 
difference is in your favor. In short, exercise Dignity on the 
one hand, and offset its deficiency by these and kindred reflec- 
tions on the other. Above all things, never belittle yourself in 
your own eyes, or those of others, by doing anything small, 
mean, low, humiliating, or trifling, but always carry and express 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF DIGNITY. 759 

yourself with manly dignity and conscious elevation. Especially 
walk erect, for acting out this Faculty will help you feel it. 

Cultivate it in children, by throwing them on their own 
resources. Do not humble, but rather exalt them in their own 
estimation. Make them feel that they are embryo men and 
women, and created for something noble, and hence should fit 
themselves to fill some important station. This sentiment, so far 
from inflating, will rather humble them. When they have per- 
petrated any mean act, talk to them as though they should feel 
themselves above such self-abasing things. In short, develop 
this Faculty by calling it into action. Especially, never crush 
them by sternness and severity, nor look down upon them so as 
to make them feel menial, or cheap. Raise, not depress them. 

Self-government and training will is another adaptation 
and functional phase of Dignity worthy of special attention. Man 
is a voluntary being, endowed with that self-determining power 
which enables him to choose or refuse evil and good. This iron 
will, which takes the reins into its own hands, and does according 
to its own pleasure, is the product in part of this Faculty, aided 
by Secretion, Firmness, and some other Faculties. Metaphysi- 
cians may speculate on this point for and against, yet the ever- 
present consciousness of every human being assures us all that 
we are endowed with power of choice. We are not machines, 
impelled whithersoever we go by circumstances and our organiza- 
tion, but can resist this besetting sin, and do that virtuous deed. 
When any passion becomes unduly or abnormally excited, there 
is a gubernatorial power within us which can divert the erring 
passion, and set the other Faculties at work by placing their ap- 
propriate food before them, 64 thus restraining the former, culti- 
vating the latter, and controlling our feelings and conduct. Es- 
pecially can it put its veto on sinful indulgence ill act. Man 
requires and possesses self-control, and this Faculty, aided by 
some others, confers it. 

A power thus important should be assiduously cultivated, 
from infancy to old age. When, or in what situation in life, after 
we leave the cradle till we descend into the grave, are we not ex- 
posed to temptations? In this respect all mankind are Adams 
and Eves. Sometimes we are " drawn away by our own lusts and 
enticed," and sometimes by others. Our Eves are of various 



760 THE ASPIRING GROUP. 

kinds, but all are perpetually exposed to temptations. All, 
therefore, require that shield of safety which this self-governing 
power alone can furnish. Then let it be exercised. Let us place 
it at the helm of all we say and do. Will to do this and not to 
do that, and then do it. Never yield, no, not for once, to the siren 
voice of temptation, because the more you do the more you may. 
Even " if thy right eye offend thee, pluck it out." Do what, and 
only what, the higher Faculties dictate. 194,238 Let them, in ac- 
cordance with their primitive constitution, be the king on the 
throne, and will their sworn executor. 

Its restraint and due regulation is necessary in those who 
are proud, egotistical, conceited, forward, pompous, supercilious, 
arbitrary, self-willed, dogmatical, or domineering. The Con- 
ceited Simpleton, No. 134, taken from life, though most homely, 
believed himself handsome, and perfectly irresistible to the ladies ; 
and though " non compos," fancied himself one of the earth's great 
men, in consideration of which he allowed his bust to be taken ; 
and though he could not sound fa, sol, la, yet he thought his the 
best counter-voice in the world. Those whose Dignity thus pre- 
dominates should remember that their self-conceit often renders 
them ridiculous, yet that, like him, they " do not see it " ; should 
attribute their exalted notions of themselves to this inordinate 
Faculty, not to real merit; should bear in mind that, be their 
talents great or small, they overrate them, and hence, that if they 
are ten, they rate them at fifteen or twenty ; that they are too apt 
to play the captain, and put themselves forward ; that others were 
not made to be their lackeys ; and that they must suppress this 
swaggering manner and feeling. Let such often observe this self- 
inflating organ at the crown of their heads, and recollect that their 
developments are no way extraordinary, except for vain-glorying ; 
and if this does not humble them, they must be ninnies indeed. 
This proud, haughty, touch-me-not, imperious, I-am-better-than- 
thou bearing is utterly contemptible. Granted that you are better 
than others, yet what have you that you have not received ? 
Then why thus vaunt yourself on what was given you? Besides, 
true greatness produces humility, not ostentation. No index of 
littleness is more sure than this affected grandiloquence, for it 
shows a predominance of Dignity over the higher Faculties, which 
is a sure sign of intellectual and moral inferiority. Does God 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF FIRMNESS. 761 

condescend to man, and shall man be too proud to speak to his 
brother man? Grauted that you are above them, should you not 
try to elevate them, instead of assuming these monkey airs, and 
manifesting this cold contempt for those as good by nature as 
yourself? When will men learn to exchange this baboon pride 
for that ennobling sentiment designed by nature in the creation 
of this Faculty ? 



XVII. FIRMNESS. 

191. — Its Definition, Location, Discovery, and Adap- 
tation. 

The Pillar. — Perseverance ; stability ; decision of character ; 
pertinacity ; indomitability ; resolution ; wilfulness ; fixedness 
of purpose ; aversion to change ; unwillingness to discontinue, 
&c. Excess and perversion, dogged obstinacy; unreasonable 
mulishuess ; blind stubbornness. 

Its location is on the back part of the top head, on the middle 
line. The rule for finding it is this. When the head is erect, 
starting your second finger at the opening of the ears, carry it 
straight up to the top of the head, and drop it on its middle line, 
and you are on the centre of this organ. It is one of the easiest 
found, and usually large, especially in men. The taller the head 
from the ears to its top, the larger this organ. It can be easily 
observed, these three ways : 1. Standing at the side of the head, 
steady it by placing the left hand on the forehead, put the first 
joints of the right hand fingers on the middle of the head, at the 
top point above described ; if they break over a ridge, it is Firm- 
ness, but if the head is flat there, or hollowing in, as in Con- 
science large, No. 152, it is minus. 2. Standing behind the head 
observed, and steadying it with the left hand, place the three fin- 
gers of the right hand on the back part of the top of the head, 
just before it begins to slope, with your second finger on the 
middle line of the head, the first and third pressing snugly against 
it, this middle finger will rise up above the others in proportion 
as Firmness is developed above the other organs. 3. Place 
your two hands upon the head, with the two index fingers lying 
close to each other ; large Firmness will cause the head to rise 



762 



THE SELFISH SENTIMENTS. 



under the junction; but when the head is flat and level, this 
organ is moderate. Its fore part, when it is larger than sur- 
rounding organs, quite resembles the forward end of a flat-iron. 



Firmness Very Large. 



Firmness Moderate. 





No. 142.— Dr. Caldwell. 



No. 143. — The Good Youth. 



It is much less in women than men. It is very large in Dr. Cald- 
well, Authority, the Conceited Simpleton, Blackhawk, and many 
others, but deficient in Humility, and the Good Youth. 

"This organ is formed by convolutions placed immediately on the 
top of the head, under the two superior anterior angles of the parietal 
bones, at the point where they meet the superior posterior edges of the 
frontal. When they are large they give to the crown of the head a 
spherical protuberance, which is prominent in firm persons, but level ov 
depressed in the feeble and irresolute." — Gall. 

" When this organ predominates it gives a peculiar hardness to the 
manner, a stiffness and uprightness to the gait, with a forcible and em 
phatic tone to the voice." — Combe. 

Its facial pole is in the upper lip, which its development pro- 
portionally lengthens. Hence, "Now keep a stiff upper lip' 
means remain firm ; don't give up. Persons in its exercise press 
the upper lip down strongly against the upper teeth and gums. 
A short upper lip denotes its deficiency. 

v Stability is one of the most apparent ordinances of Nature. 
Permanency is her motto. She and her Divine Author are "the 
same from everlasting to everlasting." The sun is unwavering and 
undeviating in his course. The seasons go and come the same 
from age to age. Mountains stand on the same bases and in their 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF FIRMNESS. 7G3 

same place for ages past and to come. Rivers flow on in the same 
channels, and marshes and dry lands remain where they ever 
were. Trees and vegetables stand in their places from their first 
sprouting till they have fulfilled their mission and die, unless 
removed and transplanted by violence, which injures. Here is an 
attribute in Nature and a want in man, both of which must 
of necessity have their mental Faculties. To this natural law 
and fact of permanency this Faculty is adapted, and adapts 
man. 

Obstacles gather around our pathway in whatever we do. 
Some must be exterminated, but others worn out. We must watch 
and wait for many of the most valuable possessions of life. A 
gourd, which springs up in a night, but withers in the next day's 
sun, is valueless; while oak wood is valuable, because durable. 
All great undertakings require great persistence and fixedness of 
purpose. 

No man ever succeeded without great will-power to hold on 
and hold out in the teeth of opposing difficulties. I never knew a 
man distinguished for anything, not even crimes, to lack it. It is 
an indispensable prerequisite of greatness and goodness. With- 
out it great talents are of little avail, for they accomplish little ; 
but with it large, fair to middling capacities accomplish commend- 
able results. Success in life depends more on this than on any 
other single attribute. 

Its location signifies its importance. It is placed between the 
animal and moral that it may preside over all, and add perma- 
nency to all their operations ; otherwise they would be fitful. 
It is above the organ of Government that it may impart stability 
to all governments, and prevent men from lightly destroying their 
nation ; for on unstable ones the people could place no permanent 
reliance. 

It obtrudes among the moral organs. This phrenological 
fact is very significant and important. It would not be there 
unless it had important business there. It must help sustain the 
moral Faculties in curbing in and restraining the rampant surgings 
of the passions. It is located at the side of Conscience that it 
may dispose men to stick eternally to the right, and set their faces 
like a flint against the wrong and unjust. Its location among the 
moral organs shows that it is a great moralizer. Its sustaining 



764 THE SELFISH SENTIMENTS. 

power is indeed wonderful. Patiently, persistently it toils on, 
works on, waits on, like a clock perpetually ticking; ticking on 
interminably. Neither pleasures allure it from its marked- 
out course to the right, nor hinderances flex it over to the left; 
nor does even fatigue or sickness arrest its determined prog- 
ress. 

" He who maintains his Faculties in vivid activity the longest will 
frequently succeed at last merely by wearing out his opponent. For- 
titude and patience result from this Faculty. It is large in American 
Indians, and their powers of endurance seem almost incredible to Euro- 
peans. Dr. Gall found it very large in an exceedingly hardened high- 
wayman, long kept in close confinement, and finally beaten to force him 
to disclose his accomplices, without effect, when he strangled himself 
with his chain. After his death his parietal bones were found separated 
precisely where Firmness is located; whether from violent strangulation, 
or the excessive energy of this Faculty, or accident, he could not say, 
but records the fact. It is very large in King Robert Bruce, who dis- 
tinguished himself for unshaken Firmness where ordinary men would 
have been overwhelmed with despair. It was large in Spurzheim and 
Rainmohun Roy.' 1 — Combe. 

192. — Description, Cultivation, and Restraint of Firmness. 

Large — Are set and wilful; stick to and carry out what is 
commenced; hold on long and hard; continue to the end, and 
may be fully relied upon ; are well nigh obstinate, stubborn, and 
with large Force and Dignity, as unchangeable as the laws of the 
Medes and Persians, and can neither be persuaded nor driven ; 
with large activity, power, brain, and intellectual organs, are 
exactly calculated to carry forward some great work which re- 
quires the utmost determination and energy; with large Cau- 
sality, can be turned by potent reasons, yet by nothing else ; with 
full Dignity and large Force, cannot be driven, but become the 
more determined the more driven ; with large Force and Destruc- 
tion, add perseverance to stability, and not only hold on, but 
drive forward determinedly through difficulties ; with large Hope, 
undertake much, and carry ail out ; with large Caution and Cau- 
sality, are careful and judicious in laying plans and forming opin- 
ions, yet rarely chauge ; may seem to waver until the mind is 
fully made up, but are afterwards the more unchanging; with 
Hope very large, and Caution and Causality only average, decide 
quickly, even rashly, and refuse to change ; with Friendship and 
Kindness large, are easily persuaded, especially by friends, yet 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF FIRMNESS. 765 

cannot be driven ; and with large Caution, Force, Causality, per- 
ceptives, activity, and power, will generally succeed, because 
wise in planning, and persevering in execution. Those with 
Force and Dignity large, and Causality only average, will not see 
the force of opposing arguments, but tenaciously adhere to 
affirmed opinions and purposes ; with large Conscience and 
Force, are doubly decided wherever right and justice are con- 
cerned, and in such cases will never give one inch, but will stand 
out in argument, effort, or as juryman, till the last. 

Full — Like Firmness large, show a great degree of decision 
when this Faculty works with large organs, but not otherwise ; 
with Force and Conscience large, show great fixedness where 
right and truth are concerned, yet with Acquisition moderate, 
lack perseverance in money matters ; with moderate Force and 
Dignity, are easily turned ; and with large Friendship and 
Kindness, too easily persuaded, even against better judgment; 
with Caution and Ambition large, or very large, often evince 
fickleness, irresolution, and procrastination ; and with an uneven 
head, and an excitable Temperament, often appear deficient in 
this Faculty. 

Average — When supported by large Force, or Conscience, 
or Causality, or Acquisition, &c, show a good degree of this 
Faculty ; but when opposed by large Caution, Ambition, or 
Friendship, evince its deficiency, and have not enough for great 
undertakings. 

Moderate — Lack perseverance, even when the stronger Fac- 
ulties support it ; but when they do not, evince fickleness, irres- 
olution, indecision, and lack perseverance ; with Friendship large, 
are too easily persuaded and influenced by friends ; with large 
Caution and Ambition, and moderate or small Dignity, are flex- 
ible and fickle, and go with the current, &c. 

Small — With activity great, and the head uneven, are fitful, 
impulsive, and, like the weather-vane, shift with every changing 
breeze, and are ruled by the other Faculties, and as unstable as 
water ; changed by the slightest motives, a perfect creature of 
circumstances, and accomplish nothing requiring perseverance. 

To Cultivate — .Have more a will of your own ; make up 
your mind wisely, and then stand to your purpose ; be sure you 
are right, then hold on ; surmount difficulties, instead of turning 



766 THE SELFISH SENTIMENTS. 



aside to avoid them ; resist the persuasions of others ; begin 
nothing not worthy of finishing, and finish all you begin ; con- 
sider the rewards of perseverance ; give up nothing till it is 
completed ; let no obstacles turn you from your proposed 
course ; never allow yourself to be persuaded contrary to your 
better judgment; steadily resist temptation, and remember that 
those who hold out unto the end alone are crowned ; especially, 
never yield in the least where right is concerned. Moral decision 
is a virtue of the highest order. Firmness and Conscience are 
located side by side, and should always support each other in 
character. Hope is also located upon the two sides of the fore 
part of Firmness, so as to work in conjunction with it ; and 
nothing is calculated to excite Firmness more than confident 
hopes of success ; and the two combined form one of the strongest 
elements of efficiency and success. 

To cultivate it in youth, be careful not to require them to 
do what they cannot complete, nor allow them to leave anything 
unfinished. Let them be taught to accomplish all they begin. 
Making children servile, and requiring strict obedience, is apt to 
weaken this Faculty. 

To Restrain — Remember that you are too obstinate and per- 
sistent, often to your own loss ; at least listen to and duly consider 
the advice of others, and govern Firmness by Intellect and Con- 
science, not allow it to govern them. Those who, mulishly stub- 
born, will not see their errors, or, seeing, change, should be 
especially careful not to decide till they are sure they are right, 
nor ever commence anything not best ; then hold themselves open 
to conviction and correction, and remember that their excessive 
Firmness is liable to so blind their intellects that they cannot 
perceive the full force of evidence brought against them ; and that 
they are too hard to be convinced, too inflexible, &c. Still, of 
well-directed Firmness no one cau have too much. 



PART IV. 



MAN'S MOKAL NATURE AND RELATIONS. 



THE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF RELIGION. 



193. — Man moral, and religious, by Constitution. 

A moral group, equally with a social, intellectual, etc., is dis- 
closed by a phrenological survey of the human head. Our first engrav- 
ing virtually establishes this foundation fact on which rests the entire 
superstructure of this Part, by pointing out its location on the top of 
the head. This fact places this whole subject of religion upon the 
solid basis of tangible demonstration. Let those who doubt the 
existence of this moral group in man learn its location, and see for 
themselves. 

This existence of certain moral and religious Faculties and 
organs in man creates whatever appertains to morals and religion. 
As we must first be before we can put forth any of the individual 
functions of existence ; so the phrenological fact that moral Faculties 
are inherent in man, constitute an integral part of his being, are inter- 
woven into his physical Nature by cerebral organs, and into his moral 
by this incorporation into it of spontaneously acting mental Faculties, 
constitutes the deep solid corner stones of all morality and religion, 
and of this our proposed religious temple. 

Its ample development elevates the head above the ears, and 
elongates and widens it on top, as in the engravings of Tyng and 
Wesley, while its deficiency leaves it low, flat, and short on top, as in 
Hagarty, the Indian Brave, etc. Woman has generally a larger de- 
velopment of this group than man, and accordingly is much more 
religious. 

767 



768 



MAN S MORAL NATURE AND RELATIONS. 



MORAL SENTIMENTS LARGE. 





No. 144.— Rev. Dr. Tyng. 



No. 145. — Hagarty, Murderer. 



A moral department of Nature then exists. Man is created 
with certain religious aspirations as much as with affectional,. or any 
other. Religion, then, is no myth, but a veritable reality; not a creature 
of education, but a primal, fundamental, natural institute. What then 
is its foundation ? To what is it adapted ? On what does it rest ? 

On fundamental moral enti- 
ties inherent in the constitution of 
all things, with which each Faculty 
puts man in relation ; each holding 
precisely the same philosophical re- 
lationship to its specific moral entity 
which Love holds to the opposite 
sex, 172 Appetite to food, 90 Causality 
to causation, Dignity to inherent 
worth, 189 Form to configuration, and 
every other Faculty to its natural 
object. 3 Thus: 

Food exists ; man needs to eat it, 
and is adapted to this fundamental 
arrangement by being created with 
a feeding Faculty, which unfolds and 
governs whatever appertains to ali- 
mentation. Some eating conditions, those which conform to this entity, 
are beneficial, others injurious, but all that can be said and done, all 
there is, touching eating, grows out of this inherent feeding entity and 
its laws. It so is that individual things exist, of which it becomes 
necessary for man to take cognizance. To do this, he is endowed with 




No. 146. — Rev. John Wesley. 



THE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF RELIGION. 769 

the Faculty and organ of Observation, the constitutional action of 
which brings to his notice whatever it is necessary that he see ; and 
everything connected with things, or depending thereon, has its foun- 
dation and counterpart in this constitutional existence and function of 
Observation. In these relations consists the rationale of this Faculty, 
and of all connected therewith. It is so that man enters the world 
in a condition so utterly helpless, that succor of some kind, assist- 
ance from some quarter, must be had, or all children must die, and 
our race soon become extinct. Hence the rationale of Parental Love. 176 
None will dispute that all the relations of parents as parents, to their 
children as such, grow out of this constitutional existence, function, 
and adaptation of this Faculty to its counterpart. And all that we 
have to do for, to, or with them, is simply what this Faculty requires 
should be done. Beauty exists, and appertains to all things; and 
man is created with a Faculty to perceive, enjoy, and apply this natural 
element, which acts spontaneously whenever beauty is presented to it ; 
and whatever can be known concerning it this Faculty teaches. This 
is deep, but clear, goes to the bottom of the ladder of things, and ap- 
plies to man's moral Nature. Thus — 

It so is that man both enjoys and suffers, and can enhance the 
pleasures and pains of others. To this natural fact Kindness is 
adapted, and adapts man. This is its foundation, beginning, and end, 
and the complete analysis of this Faculty discloses whatever apper- 
tains to this entire department of Nature and of man. He is con- 
stituted to adore a Supreme Being, as to sleep; and the complete 
exposition of this Faculty teaches us all we can know, and all there 
is concerning God and His worship, its times, modes, places, frequency, 
character, effects, etc., as also whatever appertains to His attributes, 
works, government, requirements, and our entire duties and rela- 
tions to Him. So Conscience likewise exists ; and when we know 
all that Phrenology can teach us of this Faculty, its conditions of 
action, combinations, dictates, requirements, and nature, we shall 
know all that man can know as to what is right and wrong, good 
and bad, sinful and holy ; of duty, penitence, pardon, rewards, 
punishments, natural and artificial, and everything, little and 
great, connected with this whole department of the Nature of man. 
Not that either of these organs singly, without reference to their com- 
binations and other relations, will do this, but that all which can be 
known of all the Faculties in all their combinations with all the others, 
and everything else bearing on them, will do this. Similar remarks 
97 



770 man's moral nature and relations. 

apply to Hope, and a future state ; to Spirituality, and a world of 
spirits, spiritual admonitions, impressions, existences, etc. No 
attempt to go back to the beginning of the moral and religious nature 
of man has ever before been successful, and the reader is earnestly 
solicited to become thoroughly master of this point, before he proceeds. 
Reperusal and mature reflection, it will certainly require, but give 
them. This subject itself will repay you. So will the great truths 
unfolded in subsequent pages. And the very bottom of all is the 
happiness enjoyed in the right exercise of these moral Faculties. 
What is the reason of the existence of any and every Faculty of man? 
The substratum of all ? To render man happy in the exercise of 
each. Thus, as Parental Love is based in the infantile condition of 
man, this infantile condition itself is based in the happiness of both 
children and parent. As Appetite is based in that arrangement of 
man's Nature which requires food, so this arrangement itself is based 
in the happiness of man. As Beauty is based in the constitutional 
existence of the beautiful, it itself is based in the happiness its exer- 
cise confers on man. So of each of the moral Faculties. The reason 
or the rationale of Kindness is, that its exercise is conducive to the 
best interests of man. From this bottom of this whole subject, let 
us ascend and examine, step by step, piece by piece, individually and 
collectively, all the constituent vessels and portions of this wonderful 
temple of the moral and religious Nature and constitution of man. 

Religion is as necessary as any other human Faculty. Man could 
no more exist without it than without Appetite, or thrift, or the 
family, or business. God puts nothing into man not necessary to his 
well-being, and even existence. Churchism is as much a human neces- 
sity as a market, and will no sooner be generally ignored. Man will 
continue to worship as long as he continues to eat or breathe. Have 
no fear that he will ever cease to be religious any more than cease to 
till the soil ; for both are engraven away down into his primitive con- 
stitution, and can no more be eradicated than love or music ; nor 
even decline. He will never be any less religious than he always has 
been, for as his past religion was an outgrowth of an inborn instinct; 
so his future religious predisposition is guaranteed by this same in- 
herent religious element. What God inserted into humanity He 
inserted to stay. Ministers need not concern themselves lest man 
should cease to be religious, or even become indifferent to religion, 
any more than to dress, or food, or money, or pain, or children ; but 
they and all others should concern themselves to rectify, sanctify, and 



THE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF RELIGION. 771 

properly direct this God-adoring sentiment. Men will be religious 
while grass grows or water runs ; but a wrong religion, like a wrong 
diet, will do him irreparable damage, and the more damage, the more 
beneficial a right one is. Not till he ceases to relish luscious fruits 
will he cease to "hunger and thirst after" religious light and incen- 
tives. And as he loves good fruits better than poor, and wholesome 
than poisonous, so he will seek the best and truest religion attainable. 
All apostates prove only that their abandoned religion was unsatis- 
factory. 

194. — Religion a natural and demonstrable Science. 

First principles govern Nature throughout, 19 and therefore this 
her moral department. She is a complete system of causes and effects, 
not of isolated parts ; and all parts are governed by her natural laws. 
Mind is governed by them. They create that " higher law " code, 
the decalogue being but its partial summary, in which all natural 
rights and duties originate ; of which the duties of debtors and credi- 
tors, husbands and wives, parents and children, are but a few illustra- 
tions among millions. These fundamental moral laws, by governing 
every action and feeling, render even every breath, turn of the hand 
and eye, right or wrong, and prevent any from being neutral. 

Morals are scientific. That is scientific which is sure; and 
that is sure which is governed by natural laws. Man's moral and re- 
ligious Nature exists, 193 and constitutes a part of Nature, and therefore 
has its governing natural laws as much as matter its in gravity ; and 
they reduce whatever appertains to morals and religion to that same 
scientific certainty to which mathematical laws reduce mathematics. 
Is the sun sure to rise on time forever in the future as past, because 
governed by gravity ; and will not right to-day be right forever, as 
it ever has been ? So equally of God and His worship ; of whatever 
appertains to a future life, and to all forms of moral obligation and 
duty. What is duty to-day, in given circumstances, has been and will 
be duty forever, under the same circumstances ; because rendered so 
by unchanging natural laws. So of theology, of a future life, and of 
all else moral and religious. 

Reader, after you had demonstrated the correctness of a mathe- 
matical sum, would a thousand other demonstrations add to its cer- 
tainty or truth ? So no amplification of this truth can make it any 
more sure or true, but only more fully understood. This problem is 
important. We erect the entire superstructure of this Part upon it. 



772 man's moral nature and relations. 

Please scan it thoroughly, and try to comprehend its length, breadth, 
dimensions, and foundations. Is it not as solid, broad, scientific, and 
sure as is Nature herself? Therefore : — 

Religion is an exact science. It has its natural laws. These 
laws render it exact, fixed, and scientific. Since there are sciences of 
mathematics, projectiles, chemistry, everything, because of their re- 
spective laws, therefore is there an absolute, a fixed natural science of 
religion ; but if there is no science of religion, then nothing in Nature 
is scientific. If religion is not a science, then mathematics are not. 
If natural laws do not govern man's moral Nature, then they govern 
no part of Nature. If natural law governs anything, it governs all 
things, and morality and religion just as much as the motions of the 
heavenly bodies. If all Nature is not chaotic, then man's moral 
Nature and relations are not. Reader, just see if you can break this 
argumentative chain ; for presently we shall bind with it. Examine 
beforehand whether it holds good. 

Religious tkuth, then, exists. It has a being. It is a natural 
entity. It has its governing laws of eternal right and wrong, which 
appertain to, and govern you and me, reader, along with all who have 
ever lived or ever may live; are incorporated into the primal consti- 
tutions of all men ; form an integral part and parcel of all ; appertain 
to all the deeds, feelings, and doctrines of all ; and are forever bind- 
ing on all, at all times, and under all circumstances. Not till we can 
" flee from the sun and the air, ay, from our own very selves, can we 
flee from the presence of omnipresent right." Nor should we wish to, 
for who would desire to flee from light f then why from eternal right 
and duty ? What would be gained, how great would be the loss, by 
fleeing from either ! As light makes us happy, so does right. As we 
should love sunshine for itself, because it makes us happy, 15 so should 
we love eternal right for the same reason. Both were alike created, 
and rendered universal, in order to secure an inexpressible amount of 
enjoyment, in ways innumerable. 193 Let us love and study the latter as 
we do the former ; yet all of us, though we should love and appre- 
ciate both with all oar powers, will fall as far below their intrinsic 
value and lovableness as the finite falls below the infinite. 

Religious science is cognizable. It was instituted to be 
obeyed by all, 24 and all are given Faculties for understanding them, 
and those very Faculties which constitute us religious beings, also 
teach us universal moral and religious truth and science. 

Sectarianism is " without excuse." Truth is one, and always 



THE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF RELIGION. 7/3 

self-consistent, never self-contradictory. Does ever any mathematical 
truth clash with any other truth ? Nature is a unit, so is truth. If 
DabolPs Arithmetic said two and two make four, and Greenleaf 's that 
two and two make five ; if a thousand and ten different arithmetical 
teachers, each having its own " seminary," taught that two and two 
make each a different sum, what would you think of each ? or how 
long study them ? or how much money pay out in their support ? 
Would they be entitled to either ? Or if one geometrician taught the 
"pons asinorum" problem as true, and a thousand and ten geomet- 
rical teachers taught each a result differing from all the others, and 
in conflict with all, how long would you, would any who are sensible, 
study, listen to, and uphold them ? If a thousand and ten different 
physiologists, each the advocate of a different kind of food, taught 
that his particular kind was alone fit to eat, and calculated to nourish 
body and mind, while each of the thousand and nine other kinds of 
food, pronounced good by all of the other physiologists, were bad, in- 
nutritious, indigestible, injurious, and even poisonous, how much 
respect would you, would community have for such physiological 
teachings? how much pay for their lectures? Would you not justly 
say, " Professors, each and all, first agree among yourselves before you 
solicit, or we bestow, patronage." 

Doctors disagree. Does this clashing of schools signify truth, or 
error ? If all were in the truth, would not all agree ? Is such 
agreement not a condition precedent to all truth ? So plainly so, that 
all further argument is supererogatory. 

One thousand and ten different religious sects or denominations 
are or have been among men, some as diametrically opposite to 
each other as Orthodox and Universalist, Trinitarian and Unitarian, 
Catholic and Protestant, Mohammedan and Christian, Jew and Infidel, 
Buddhist and Pantheist, Mythologist and Atheist, each alone claiming 
to be " ordained of God," and guided by inspiration. Let each say how 
worthless are all the others. 

Pharisees and Sadducees contended, one for, the other against, 
the resurrection. 

Some apostles differed from others, some being for Paul, others for 
Apollos, and " The Fathers" quarrelled violently, though all four be- 
longed to the same sect. 

The Council of Trent contended so fiercely as to tear itself, and 
that sect it represented, asunder, as Infallibility is now rending it 
again; nor are any wars as bitter or bloody as those about religion, 
Did not the Inquisition practically proclaim that religious heresies and 



774 man's moral nature and relations. 

dissension were so numerous and dangerous as to demand repression 
by the utmost agony man could inflict and suffer ? making pain an 
art, as a warning to others ? 

Luther flaked off from the Pope, Calvin from Luther, Episcopa- 
lians from all, and Methodists from them ; and every new year wit- 
nesses some new sect, or sub-division of some old, while " Old School" 
and " New," " High Church" and " Low," and dissensions in every 
religious body, great and small, including every vestry, and the ever 
differing beliefs, ad infinitum, among all the individual members of 
all religious denominations, only prove how far all, one possibly ex- 
cepted, are from religious truth. 

Drs. Lyman Beecher and William E. Channing were each 
great religious lights in their day, to each of whom millions of intelli- 
gent and well-meaning religious followers looked up for biblical inter- 
pretation and guidance. Both were eloquent speakers and cogent 
logicians and writers, and as perfectly honest and sincere in their 
biblical researches and interpretations as men could be ; and yet both 
were in perpetual antagonism. Each according to the other, imbibed 
and taught the worst of heresies, and all from the same identical 
passages ! 

Drs. Parks and Woods, even both belonging to the same de- 
nomination, and Presidents of Andover Theological Seminary, pro- 
nounce each other heterodox, and in nearly every church some 
member calls some of his brother members unsound, or else " infidel." 
Now all this is utterly without excuse, because there is an exact 
religious science, and all are capable of perceiving it ; so that all can 
and should " see eye to eye, and face to face." Religious truth can 
be found, if looked for in the right place. 24 Who would say that 
arithmetical truth could not be found anywhere, because it was not 
in geology, or optics ? As mathematical truth can be found only in 
mathematics, geological truth only in geology, etc. ; so moral and 
religious truth can be found only by searching aright for it in its 
specific department of truth, man's moral constitution, 11 which we are 
now exploring in its search. These toto cmlo differences only show on 
how low a plane religion still remains ; and all who love it should mourn 
them, and most heartily set about righting them ; that is, improving 
the religious doctrines of mankind. 

Charity is effectually taught by this difference. Many who 
differ from you are at least as good as you, and have as good judg- 
ment in other things. Then respect their judgment, not virtually tell 
them that you alone are right, and all who differ from you wrong. 



THE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF RELIGION. 775 

195. — All their own Priests and Prophets. 

Personality appertains to everything, animate and inanimate. 
Every human being must eat and breathe, enjoy and suffer, for him- 
self, and every beast do his own walking and running, while every 
fowl and insect must fly and feed for itself, and every plant grow and 
bear in 'person. 

Religion is governed by this law. Every man is righteous "for 
himself, but he that sinneth, he alone shall bear it. " We can do up 
many things by proxy ; but religion is not one of them. Others can 
make bargains, pay moneys, etc., for us, but every individual soul 
must worship for himself, and do his own thinking and praying in 
'propria persona. Pinning our religious faith on other people's 
sleeves will never ticket us for heaven, nor to its antipode. As 
" those who want anything well done must do it themselves" so those 
who would reap the full benefits of a right religious theology or prac- 
tice, must worship " under their own vines and fig trees." 

Personal religion, too, is alone of any practical avail. Getting our 
religious " thinking done out" does us no good. As when a teacher 
deciphers the boy's " sums" for him, they do him no good; so all the 
religious thinking done for you by priest or theologian is worthless to 
you. As only when scholars cipher out their own sum do they under- 
stand it, or does it benefit them ; so only when the layman himself 
thinks out any religious problem is he benefited by it. 

The moral and intellectual lobes are located side by side, as 
seen in engraving 1. All organs whose Faculties are designed to act 
in concert, are located side by side ; and all thus located, spontaneously 
thus work together. Heart and lungs, nose and mouth, eyes and 
optic nerves, all joints, all grouping of the phrenological organs and 
Faculties, etc., furnish illustrations of this law. Therefore this juxta- 
position of the moral and intellectual organs shows that their Faculties 
were created to act with each other in combination, and their joint 
action creates a disposition to reason on religion. Theology results 
from such union, and is just as natural to man as smelling of food 
before tasting it is to animals. 

Polemical theology, caused by super-adding Force to these two 
groups, is therefore written into the human constitution. Reasoning 
from their ever- varying standpoints, each differs from all, and all 
from each. As in mechanics, one man makes one discovery, and 
another another, all perfecting all ; so each one contributes his 
quota to this great religious problem. Men were made to differ in 



776 MAN'S MORAL NATURE AND RELATIONS. 

their views of religion as well as of other things, till all men think 
just right, when all will see "eye to eye, and face to face." 

Reason is the great enforcer of all truth. Showing any child why 
he should mind, is the most effective means of securing obedience. 65S 
By a law of mind the upper-Faculties should and do rule. 2S0 Since 
the moral organs are supreme, because located on top of all, 196 the 
reasoning organs are equally supreme, 25 ° because located on the same 
level, but still farther forward ; and the two together should harness 
all else human into their triumphal car. Nothing can ever be fully 
realized which we cannot understand. Parrot-like learning is of no 
account in anything. " Understandest thou what thou readest ? " 
Saying the Lord's Prayer correctly in Greek, without understanding 
it, does no good ; nor does getting one's religion done us by proxy. 
Let the following anecdote illustrate : — 

The Author lived many years at Fish kill, on the Hudson Eiver, 
sixty miles above New York city. A steamboat plied between Fish- 
kill and New York, furnishing then our chief transit to that city, by 
starting about 6 P. Ml, and landing us next morning. Of course 
neighboring passengers must kill time somehow from 6 P. M. to bed- 
time ; which was often done by groups discussing, now farming, then 
politics, and sometimes religion. On one trip myself and a neighbor 
Armstrong conducted a discussion on religion, somewhat as follows : — 

11 Neighbor Armstrong, we have found you a first-rate neighbor, 
an excellent tinman, and a smart sensible man in town-meetings, 
conversation, and speaking generally. Then, pray, how is it that you 
were first a zealous Orthodox, then an ardent Methodist, next a Uni- 
tarian, at length a Universalist, then an Infidel, and finally a strict, 
almost bigoted Roman Catholic ? Can you give any intellectual rea- 
son for all these religious tergiversations ? " 

" Professor Fowler, I claim to have a good reason for all I do. I 
was brought up an Orthodox, but its Calvinistic self-contradiction of 
foreordination and free-will made me give it up for something less in- 
herently absurd. I found Baptism no better, but Methodism was, be- 
cause it taught less election and more personal free-will ; still I found 
many mysteries and some effervescent zeal. 

" Unitarianism, however, relieved me of my Calvinistic difficulties, 
but had its own, in its negatives and omissions, while Universalism 
at first seemed in keeping with the known 'goodness of God,' and 
was at least a pleasing doctrine ; but how could good and bad here 
stand alike after death ? 

11 Finally disgusted, in turn, with the errors of all, I sought refuge 
in the cold, lifeless doctrine of negation, wandering, like Noah's dove, 
over the face of the waters, vainly seeking a resting-place for the 
soles of my religious feet, which was worst of all, till reflection finally 
brought me to this satisfactory conclusion, — 



THE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF RELIGION. 777 

V All man needs to know about religion Christ knew and taught to 
His disciples, and they to their almoners ; so that, therefore, ' the Holy 
Catholic Church ' is the repository of whatever religious truth God 
has seen fit to reveal to man, and sufficient for his salvation. Accord- 
ingly, I accept what the Hoty /Catholic Church teaches as inspired 
truth, letting her do im^ thinking for me." 

" Let this church eat your dinner for you, then, or at least ' open 
your mouth and shut your eyes and blindly swallow ' unchewed and 
untasted, whatever she puts into it." 

Indifference is one of the evils of this proxy piety. Those who 
accept their doctrines second hand do not at all realize the force and 
import of what they seem to believe. A proxy believer in f f eternal 
burnings " either has no belief in it, or else no conception of its im- 
port. He believes " hell fire " awaits all not converted. He knows 
his neighbor is not thus converted, and if he should die as he is, " the 
lake which burneth with fire and brimstone" is his eternal doom, from 
which repentance and faith alone can save him. And yet, mirabile 
dictu, he makes no effort to induce this saving repentance. They meet, 
talk about the most trifling things, any, everything but his " soul's 
salvation." If he does really believe this doctrine, and is thus indif- 
ferent to his neighbor's conversion, he is a monster. He is a disbeliever, 
or else a heathen. Let him and his acquaintances say which. 

That neighbor's house is on fire. He sees the smoke bursting 
from the lower story while his neighbor and family are in the upper. 
He knows that when this smouldering fire does once burst out, all 
chance for their escape is cut off, and yet lets them slumber on unalarmed! 
Every dictate of humanity demands that he "cry aloud and spare 
not" till his neighbor is roused and saved. He believes in prayer, 
yet prays for him very tamely, if at all. Let those who claim to be- 
lieve in this doctrine say whether they are infidels or brutes — infidels, 
if they do not believe ; worse than brutes if they do, yet put forth no 
efforts to avert this " wrath to come." 

A conjugal mate thus endangered, or a dear child, only makes 
this matter still worse. An intellectual realization of this doctrine 
would make them wild and frantic for their deliverance. 

Reader, it is your sacred, solemn duty to be religious. You have 
no more right to be indifferent to religion than to children, or wife, 
or debts ; yet proxy religion makes you so. Your sacred duty is to 
have a right religion, and a live one, which enters right into, and sanc- 
tifies your innermost soul and life. All this requires that you study 
up and search out religious truth with your own head, that you may 



778 MANS MORAL NATURE AND RELATIONS. 

incorporate it into your feelings and life. Let every man be his own 
theologian, and religious teachers be to religion what school teachers 
are to school studies. 

196. — Man's moral Organs Highest, and Faculties Supreme. 

The superlative degree appertains to the human functions as 
much as to other things. They stand relatively, "good, better, best;" 
" high, higher, highest; " " positive, comparative, superlative." Then 
what test admeasures their relative elevation ? 

The altitude of their organs in the head. All functions are the 
more important the higher up their organs. Fruits, seeds, nuts, the 
ultimate end of each, grow on top. Feet, located the lowest down, 
fulfil the menial function of all; yet the lowest bodily organs, higher 
up in position, fulfil a function more important; for whereas feet are 
handy articles, yet we can live without them, but cannot live long 
without these lower organs, or with them disordered. But heart and 
lungs, located still higher up, are still more indispensable to life, while 
the brain is located above all. 

The several parts of this brain must needs be governed by this 
law of altitude, so that its Faculties must be the more exalted the 
higher up their organs in the head. The basilar or animal organs are 
indispensable, yet less elevated than those aspiring, self-elevating 
Faculties located in the crown. 

The moral Faculties occupy the very top of the head, and are 
therefore highest of all. Learn, in engraving No. 1, this great natural 
truth, that the moral group occupies the whole of the very upper por- 
tion of the human head, that crown of man ; thus signifying that 
these moral Faculties are the highest part and parcel of the mind 
of man, as this mind is of the human being. 18 

Behold, O man, these two great moral truths demonstrated by 
Phrenology — that man is a moral and religious being by constitu- 
tion, 193 and that this department stands towering in dignified majesty 
above all its peers ! Does this smack of infidelity ! Would not men 
be the better, the more they had of such infidelity ? Mark this great 
practical lesson taught by this principle, that 

The Moral Sentiments should govern Man. 

A supreme court governs all law-abiding nations. Its decisions 
are final, and override and overrule all else ; just as these moral 
Faculties constitute the appellate court, the final umpires of all things 
human. Accordingly, moral men are the most honored among men. 






THE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF RELIGION. 779 

Blackstone and Marshall stood first as jurists, because of the conceded 
justice of their decisions ; as Howard for missionary prison labors. 
We honor hearty feeders, hard workers, battle-scarred soldiers, Heenans, 
Sayers, and all physical champions ; honor kings and potentates by 
virtue of their position ; honor artisans and inventors ; but, after all, 
men honor moral excellence above all other gifts and qualities. What 
of honor men award to Washington is awarded to his virtues more 
than to his intellectual or martial genius. He would not tell a lie. 

In neighborhoods, who are most honored and trusted? Those 
who are the most moral and upright. Are not church-goers honored 
because they go ? That is, they fulfil this moral requirement. 

Christ, too, who must needs fulfil this prerequisite, has received 
the homage of all Christendom, and will do so forever, not because of 
personal beauty or strength, nor of His animal propensities, or aris- 
tocratic observances, nor even of commanding talents ; but chiefly for 
His exalted moral virtues. Religion w^s His crown, as it is that 
of His followers. 

Man's moral faculties rule him. The religious of the race 
always have controlled it with supreme authority. All individuals 
and communities are what they are because of their religion. Change 
that and you change them. How many men and women have been 
completely revolutionized by their religion ? Paul was changed by it 
from a persecutor to a defender of " Christ crucified." How many a 
swearing, immoral man has a religious " conversion " made a good, 
patient citizen, and an exemplary Christian ! Reader, what do 
you suppose you would have been to-day, but for its power over 
your life ? Men cannot well enjoy even their passions, without the 
assent and actual participancy of their moral sentiments. Sensual 
Grecians and Romans must have a sensual and sensualizing religion ; 
and so both " got up" an imaginary Venus, beautiful, but sensual, to 
whom they built temples, in which to provoke and indulge this ama- 
tory passion to its utmost; besides worshipping their other gods more 
for this trait than for any other. Their strong Appetite must make 
Bacchus a god, so that they could drink and carouse in the name of 
piety. They loved taste, statuary, poetry, and eloquence, and hence 
made Minerva a goddess, so that they could unite this sentiment with 
religion. Human beings can rarely enjoy what their ideas of con- 
science and religion condemn. Where can such instances be found ? 

Mormons must make polygamy a divine institution, a direct God- 
commanded duty, in order to enjoy it; as they have made some other 



780 man's moral nature and relations. 

propensities. In fact, men weave everything they desire into their 
religion. This is but the history of the race from the first, and must 
necessarily continue to be ; for it is a fundamental natural law of 
man. The Fathers, Calvin included, felt the need of some strong mo- 
tive to help check their fierce propensities, and so called in a passion- 
curbing religion to their aid. The Oneida community wanted every- 
thing in common, even the sexes, and got up an " all things in com- 
mon " religion. In phrenological language, all the other Faculties 
harness themselves into the triumphal procession of religion. They 
may flex it this way or that, but will not go without its lead. 

A right standard of morals and religion, therefore, becomes as im- 
measurably important as a right and a wrong religion is potential for 
good or evil upon man. All should tremble in view of the power 
theirs wields over them, and tremblingly inquire, What is the right 
religion ? We proceed to investigate this august problem. 

XVIII. WORSHIP; OR "VENERATION." 

197. — Its Definition, location, and Adaptation. 
The churchgoer — Devotion ; adoration of God ; reverence for 
religion and things sacred ; love of prayer, religious rites, observances, 
etc.; obedience; conservatism. Perverted it causes idolatry, bigotry, 
superstition, etc. 

" Lo, the poor Indian, whose untutored mind 
Sees God in clouds, and hears Him in the wind." 

"Reverence" does not express its primitive and specific function, 
but worship of God does. We therefore call it Worship. 

It is located on the middle of the top of the head, and can be 
found thus: holding your hand over the head, drop your second 
finger down as near on the middle of the top of the head as possible, 
and you are on this organ. It is directly under the sagittal suture. 
Its predominance causes a swell in the middle of the top of the head, 
like that on Diana Waters 43 engraving 147. In most American and 
in many English heads it is deficient, as in 148. 

We constantly find in devout persons the posterior mean part of 
the superior half of the frontal bone projecting considerably. It is 
large in Diana Waters, Heber Kimball, next in Piety to Brigham 
Young, Father Oberlin, Tyng, Wesley, Bishop White, and in many 
others, but small in the murderer and others. The contrast between 
Diana Waters and the murderer is marked. 



GOD: HIS EXISTENCE, WORSHIP, AND ATTRIBUTES. 781 



WORSHIP VERY LARGE. 
18 



VERT SMALL. 
18 




No. 147.— Diana Waters, who went about No> 148# _ A Negro Murderer, who ignored 
Philadelphia praying and exhorting all she ALL Religion . 

met to repent and pray to God. 

A negro in Wilmington, Del., about 1840, the grandson of an en- 
slaved African prince, murdered his brother-in-law. He had never 
shown much regard for religion, and all the efforts of ministers to 
elecit devotional feelings while imprisoned under sentence of death 
where quite nugatory, and made him very angry. In him Worship 
was very small, in head and character. 

The mode of discovering this Organ and Faculty attests both the 
truth of its existence, and that is office is faithfully embodied in the 
definition above given. Let Gall, its discoverer, speak for himself: — 

"All my ten brothers, sisters and m} T self received the same educa- 
tion, but our Faculites and tendencies were very different. One 
brother, from infancy, had a strong tendency to devotion. His plaj'- 
things were church vases, which he sculptured himself, copes and sur- 
plices, which he made out of paper. He prayed God »and said masses 
all day, when obliged to miss church service, and passed the time in 
ornamenting and gilding a crucifix of wood. My father had designed 
him for commerce, for which he had an invincible aversion, because, he 
said, it compelled him to lie. At twenty-three, having given up all 
hope af fitting himself by study for a priest, he lost all patience, ran 
away from home, and turned hermit. Five 3'ears after he took holy 
orders and till his death, lived in the exercises of devotion and 
penance. 

" I observed in schools that certain pupils were indifferent to reli- 
gious instruction, while others were veiy eager for it. This preinclina- 
tion was born in them, and could not be attributed to example or 
education ; and most of them devoted themselves to a religious life, 
contrary to parental wishes. I visited the churches of all sects, to 
inspect the heads of those who prayed with the most fervor, and were 
most absorbed in their contemplations ; observed that the most fervent 
devotees were almost always bald, and that their heads often rose 



782 



MAN S MORAL NATURE . AND RELATIONS. 



WORSHIP VERY LARGK. 



VERY LARGE. 




No. 149. — Ancient Mexican, from 

THE TEMPLE OF THE SUN. 




No. 150. — Heber C. Kimball. 



gradually to the top — precisely the form of head which had first struck 
me in my brother ; visited the monasteries and observed the monks, and 
collected exact information as to their devotional character. Those 
who performed the functions of preacher and confessor had this organ 
much larger than their butlers, cooks, and servants. All those who 
were especially devout, have heads greatly raised towards the crowns, 
and that the portraits of zealous religious ecclesiastics had the same 
formation, and also that ancient artists represented the heads of 
high-priests and sacrificers with venerable heads thus formed. 

" In the lunatic asylums of Amsterdam we saw a madman in whom 
this organ was large, and who said he could not be saved, because he 
was forced to sin contrary to his will. An ecclesiastic, who said he 
was condemned to eternal burnings, had this same form of head. 
Elizabeth Lindemon had this organ very large, and kept raising her 
e} T es to heaven, testifying sadness and anguish in all her looks and 
gestures, alleging that she was possessed of a devil, who tried to draw 
her into hell. 

" In the collection of M. Esquirol are casts of religious lunatics, 
in all of whom this organ is extremely developed. It was also unusu- 
ally large in a brother and sister, peasants, who were attacked peri- 
odically with a religious insanity. 

"In the head of Christ, by Raphael, the organs of the pro- 
pensities are deficient, whilst, on the contrary, His intellectual and 
moral Organs, or those which indicate sagacity and penetration, Bene- 
volence and Worship, are greatly developed. Is this form imaginary, 
or a faithful copy of its original? If artists, in making it, have 
copied the shape most commonly found in great and good men, their 
observations confirm mine; yet the general form of the head of Christ 
has probably been transmitted to us. Luke was a painter, and doubtless 
wished to preserve the likeness of his master. This form is certainly 
one of great antiquity, for we find it in mosaics, and the most ancient 
paintings, the Gnostics of the second century possessing it. 

Religious mania often coexists with the other active Faculties in 



god: his existence, worship, and attributes. 783 

health; sometimes with physical love, causing its coexistence with ero- 
tic desires ; at other times with murdefc, or suicide, or Pride, or Fear, 
or Sympathy. A deranged hussar manifested an intense desire for 
the salvation of the whole human race, constantly calling the Holy 
Trinity to witnes." — Gall. 

" This faculty is the source of natural religion, and of that ten- 
dency to worship a Supreme Being which manifests itself in almost 
every tribe of men yet discovered. 

" This organ was large in King Robert, the Bruce, who was enthusi- 
astically religious, and ordered his heart to be carried to the Holy 
Land, because he could not fulfil his vow to visit it in person. 

" It is possessed by all men, but in different degrees of power. 
Every sane individual is naturally capable of joining in religious 
worship, but each will experience a glow of devotional feeling more 
or less intense according to the development of this part of the head. 
The difference in the strength of this emotion is certain, independently 
of Phrenology ; so that this science reveals only the relation between 
its intensity and the size of this organ. 

" It is large in the portraits of Constantine, Aurelius, Charles I., of 
England, and Malebranche. In the portrait of St. John in the Last 
Supper, by L. Vinci, it and Benevolence are represented as very large. 
It is also very large in the heads of philosophers and poets who are 
distinguished for piety, as in Newton, Milton, and Klopstock, but 
deficient in Spinoza, who professed atheism." — Combe. 

11 We cannot deny certain difficulties in dissipating those illusions 
which belong to a very exalted devotional fanaticism. How can we 
bring back to sanity a madman puffed up with pride, who considers 
himself an envoy of the Most High, a prophet, or even a divinity ? 
What arguments can offset his visions and revelations, doubting the 

© 7 O 

truth of which makes him furious ? Nothing is more common in hospi- 
tals for the insane than alienations produced by too exalted devotion, 
scruples carried to fatal excesses, or religious terrors." — Pinell, the 
highest Authority extant on Lunacy. 

"•It is thus shown by the states of both disease and health, that the 
sense of the existence of a Supreme Being, and the propensity to re- 
ligious worship, are fundamental qualities of the human race, and con- 
sequently must be produced by a separate Faculty of the mind, and 
organ of the brain." — Gall. 

Religious insanity is its most common form. Most readers 
must know persons deranged on religion, who are sane in all other 
respects. This proves that there is a separate Faculty of religion, 
which can act independently. M What proof need or could be stronger 
of any fact than this is of the existence of a primal element of devo- 
tion ? — the specific point we are now making. 

Turkish heads, as seen in 185 , rise so much higher in this region 
than Christian that they can be assorted by this sign and Caution, 
and Turks are ten times more zealous and bigoted in their religious 
observances than Christians ; drop everything for devotion when prayer 



784 man's moral nature and relations. 

time comes; make their canals crooked because God makes rivers 
crooked, and piously go away round instead of straight across, 
because God knows just how to make the best watercourses; and 
propagate their religion by the sword, because they love it so devoutly. 
Tribes of monkeys are described by travellers which assemble 
every morning, obviously for religious worship. "Obviously," be- 
cause they have the natural language, tones, manners, and awe which 
accompany devotion, have their spokesman ; and dogs sometimes at- 
tend church regularly, with the attitude and mannerism of divine 
worship. Undoubtedly this sentiment 

11 Lives in all life, extends through all extent." — Pope. 

u There is not a single nation, however barbarous, so destitute of 
laws or morals, which does not believe that there are gods. This be- 
lief is as ancient as the existence of the human race. Nature herself 
has engraven this idea into all hearts ; otherwise, it is too sublime 
for man to conceive. 

11 This idea brings with it religious rites and forms, an assemblage 
of religious duties, such as humility, homage, submission, gratitude, 
and hope. Hence men's endeavors to render themselves agreeable to 
God is as ancient as is belief in a God. Men always have been led 
by an instinct, a secret impulse, to acknowledge an omnipotent Being. 

" Hence the origin of idolatry, and the well-merited reproach that 
1 man is a superstitious animal.' The seas were peopled with tritons, 
naiads, etc., the count iy with nymphs, and the forests with dryads and 
hamadryads. Every stream, fountain, village, and city had its divini- 
ties, who exacted honors, and were appeased by bloody sacrifices, even 
of human victims. Add to all this the adoration of trees, the idols of 
the Chinese, the palladium of the Trojans, the sacred buckler of the 
Romans, the universal confidence which men have in talismans and 
amulets, in divinations, dreams, and oracles, all showing that from 
east to west, and north to south, all men have like objects of adoration, 
modes of worship, and religious maxims. 

" How should men, so different in all other respects, yet agree on 
the existence and worship of a Supreme Being, unless their Creator 
had implanted it within their hearts, and impressed it into the organism 
of the human race ? " — Gall. 

Phreno-magnetism still further attests that the specific function 
of this cerebral organ is divine worship. 44 In every single instance, 
every magnetized Faculty expresses itself impromptu, incomparably 
more perfectly than any actor could possibly represent it; and in 
thousands of experiments I never magnetized Worship, without also 
seeing the subject clasp and raise the hands in the attitude of worship, 
assume a devotional aspect and tone of voice, and express a desire to 
pray, or else break forth in the worship of God, enraptured in con- 



GOD: HIS EXISTENCE, WORSHIP, AND ATTRIBUTES. 785 

templating Him. Thus is the worshipping function of this Faculty es- 
tablished by Phrenology beyond all dispute. No proposition in 
geometry is more fully proved than this. 

Those denominations who are especially attached to their rituals 
and church services, such as Episcopalians, Catholics, etc., have this 
part of their heads high and long ; and so have the Methodists ; and 
the high church and old school conservative wings of all denominations 
have it much larger than the progressive " low church " and " new 
school" wings. 

Gall called it, " Sense of the existence of a God, and propensity 
to religious worship." 

The fact of a disposition to worship a Supreme Being is coeval 
and coequal with the existence of the race. Find man whenever and 
wherever you may, you find him a worshipping being. Egyptians 
and Persians, Chaldeans and Jews, the Amalekites, Perizzites, Hit- 
tites, Ammonites, and all other ancient ites, had their gods. Chinese 
and Hindoos, Grecians and Romans, Mohammedans and Christians, 
worship some kind of a god, gods, or goddesses, to whom they ascribe 
all power, and acknowledge the most implicit allegiance. What In- 
dian tribe or individual but adores " the Great Spirit," and fears to 
displease Him. Black Hawk, in whom this organ was very large, 
says — 

" I never take a drink from the cooling spring, or enjoy anything, 
without, thanking the Great Spirit for all his goodness to me and my 
tribe." 

In scores of Indian casts, taken from life, in American and Eng- 
lish phrenological collections, and in every single Indian skull the 
Author ever saw, — and he has seen thousands, — this organ has been 
very large; as also in every Egyptian mummy's skull, in all Fejee 
Islanders, and in every single Chinese and Hindoo but one; and ac- 
cordingly their religious observances sway supreme control over their 
conduct, and even lives. Nearly all Africans, native and American, 
evince strong religious proclivities, and take their greatest delight in 
devotion. The inhabitants of Madagascar, of the Pacific Islands, Arabs, 
Tartars, native Caucasians, Calmucks, Russians, Poles, French, English, 
Scotch, Irish, all the inhabitants of the earth, now and ever, are or 
have been religious. The trouble is not to say who are religious, but 
who are not ; and their religion has been supreme over all their other- 
interests. Only love bears any comparison with religion in power- 
over men. They love money much, but religion more. The Jews 
99 



786 man's moral nature and relations. 

devoted one-tenth of all they produced to their priests ; and the Mor- 
mons pay over one-tenth to their religious leader with pious pleasure 
despite their large families. Where is the human being who has 
never feared, loved, or worshipped the great Architect of heaven and 
earth, the All-potent first Cause of all causes ? Standing upon the top 
of some lofty eminence, which commands a view of some vast, varie- 
gated, indescribably beautiful plain below, loaded with Nature's choicest 
treasures, and skirted with yonder bold cliffs and rugged mountains, 
rising one above another till they hide their majestic heads in the 
clouds ; or beholding, in mute astonishment, the cataract of Niagara, 
in all its sublimity and grandeur; or watching the swift lightning, and 
hearing peal on peal of roaring thunder; or witnessing the commo- 
tion of the elements, and the raging and dashing of the angry seas; 
or examining minutely the parts of flowers, and the adaptation of 
every part to the performance of its own appropriate function ; or the 
organs and adaptations of our own wonderful mechanism ; or, indeed, 
scrutinizing any of the innumerable contrivances and adaptations with 
which all Nature teems; where is the moral man, endowed with 
an intellect capable of perceiving these wonders and beauties, whose 
heart does not kindle with glowing emotions of adoration and praise, 
rising, not alone to Nature herself, but mainly to her Author ! Who 
has never realized the existence of a Spirit in Nature analogous to the 
God of the Christian ! And if, perchance, in some dark corner of 
our earth a human soul should be found, which never acknowledged 
this sentiment of Divine worship, just as there are some whose Color 
is too small to percive the colors of the rainbow, does this prove that 
this sentiment does -not exist in any other soul ! Shall the blind man, 
who can see no sun, assert that therefore there is none ! Shall those 
who cannot see guide those who can ! Shall those who experience 
this heaven-born emotion be argued out of its existence, because, for- 
sooth, some self-made atheist «ays he has never experienced it ! If 
one does not, another does, and -our argument rests not on the fact 
that all experience it, bust that any do. If, from the first opening of 
the eyes of Adam upon the surrounding beauties of creation, down 
t<y the present time, a single human soul has poured forth a single 
heartfelt offering of prayer and thanksgiving to a Divine Spirit, he 
l has exercised some organ and Faculty in doing this, and that is Wor- 
ship. Man adores God. As well assert that sun never shines, as 
that man never worships a Spiritual Being. What mean yonder 
towering steeples, yonder houses erected in every town and hamlet, in 



god: his existence, worship, and attributes. /8/ 

Christian and in Pagan lands, to the worship of God ! What means 
yonder Hindoo widow, voluntarily ascending the funeral pile of her 
departed husband, or that mother committing her darling child to the 
deified waters of the Ganges ! Seest thou yonder towering pagoda, 
yonder temple of Juggernaut, yonder thronged mosque, yonder altar, 
reeking with human gore, just offered up in sacrifice to a god, yonder 
solemn convent, and crowded sanctuary ! Hark ! Hearest thou, in that 
secret closet, the soft accents of heartfelt prayer and praise to the 
Almighty Giver of every good! Look again. Dost thou see yonder 
domestic group, bowed down around the family altar, all offering up 
their morning and evening sacrifices of prayer and thanksgiving to 
the God of every mercy and blessing, and supplicating their con- 
tinuance ! Do these not sincerely worship a Deity ! Indeed, nothing 
is more plain, no fact is more apparent and universal than that man 
does worship God. And the amount of this worship is inconceivably 
great. It is natural. He can no more live and be happy without 
adoring a God, than without reason, or any other equally essential 
Faculty. 

Some Faculty and organ exercise all this worship. Every 
other is completely engrossed in performing each its own func- 
tion, leaving no other to exercise this devotional feeling. Parental 
Love, completely engrossed in loving and providing for children, 
has no time, no capacity to worship. Force is wholly engrossed in 
resisting and defending, so that it cannot worship; nor is it capable 
of exercising any other than its own appropriate feeling. Appetite is 
all taken up with table luxuries, and too greedy ever to think of any- 
thing else. Acquisition is exclusively occupied in hoarding, and does 
nothing but save. Caution, full of alarms, does not, cannot, worship. 
Beauty is so completely absorbed in contemplating and admiring the 
glowing beauties which throng in upon its delighted, ecstatic vision 
from every quarter, that, though it may admire the beauties of crea- 
tion, it cannot worship their Author. Causality, though it may reason 
nut the fact of the existence of a great First Cause, yet does not, 
cannot fall down on the bended knees of devotion, and worship Him ; 
because, to investigate and apply causes is its sole function. Its con- 
stitution precludes its exercising any other. Similar remarks apply 
to Kindness, to Comparison, to each of the intellectual Faculties, to 
each of the propensities and feelings, and to every mental and moral 
element of man, so that there remains no other organ or Faculty but 
this to exercise this worshipping function. 



788 man's moral nature and ralations. 

Some important function is performed by every Faculty. 3 The ab- 
sence of any, as of Causality, would leave a great hiatus in the human 
mind. If all power of observation were destroyed, if Weight were 
entirely inert, so that we could not stand or move, if any one of man's 
Faculties were annihilated, the chasm, the " aching void " thus crea- 
ted, would be inconceivably great; because every Faculty performs a 
function indispensable to man's existence. 34 Worship, therefore, has 
some important function, the loss of which would spoil humanity. 

The universality of this sentiment proves its innateness. This 
God-adoring tendency is either natural, or artificial. It is too power- 
ful to result from habit, and too universal to be the product of educa- 
tion, which can only call out, not create. We could as soon educate 
a man without eyes to see, or a tongue to talk, as one without Worship 
of God to adore one. As if eating were educational and therefore 
irksome it would soon be neglected and lost; so unless this devout 
sentiment is innate, and like breathing a part of his very self and life, 
it would soon decline and cease. Nothing but its being constitutional 
could cause or account for its universality, perpetuity, or tremendous 
power over man. If men were taught to walk on their hands, who 
would long continue to walk thus, or teach it? Only those who felt 
its supreme importance. No; it is not taught; it is rendered constitu- 
tional by man's having been created with a primitive Faculty, whose 
sole office is to worship God. Whence those words in all languages 
which signify God and His worship? From this worshipping impulse. 

Here is a distinct class of functions; of course they are executed by 
a primal mental Faculty. If there is any truth in Phrenology, there 
is truth in. this organ and Faculty. 

The determining question is this : Whence comes man's admit- 
ted tendency to worship ! What rears religious temples wherever 
men go, and throughout all ages ! What pulls all these huge piles 
of money out of the pockets of even close, sharp business men, who 
never spend one dime without getting back a profit on it somehow ! 
Whence all these religious paraphernalia of churches, ministers, meet- 
ings, sacred music, denominations, religious books, periodicals, dis- 
putes, and all that ! Whence Juggernaut (probably tantamount to 
Jupiter) ! Does all this come from education f Education may bend 
a twig, but cannot create one. A worshipping instinct must be, before 
it can be flexed. We have already proved that this worshipping 
Faculty exists. 

The Accumulative force of this argument is worthy of special 



GOD: HIS EXISTENCE, WORSHIP, AND ATTRIBUTES. 789 

attention. The mode by which this Faculty was discovered, and the 
great number of individual facts adduced in its support, are conclusive 
evidence that man is created with a God-worshipping sentiment and 
instinct. The fact of religious insanity, which can be rationally 
accounted for on no other hypothesis, but can be on this, and the 
universality of man's divine belief and worship, taken collectively, 
overwhelmingly prove, beyond cavil or controversy, that this divine 
idea is innate, not educational, constitutional, not artificial, an integral 
part of his nature, not a fungus, and inherent, not a parasite. We 
therefore consider this point established. All phrenologists maintain 
it. Gall propounded it, and Spurzheim took precisely the same view 
of it with Gall, merely changing its name, and both the Combes 
followed in the footsteps of both; while both the Fowlers, with their 
almost half a century of just that practical manipulation of the de- 
velopments of all ages and classes calculated to test this organ by 
inductive experiment, coincide perfectly with the phrenological fathers 
as to both its location and function ; and all other phrenologists, how 
much soever they may differ fron* Gall on other points, accord with 
him on this. 

1*98. — Analysis and Combinations of Worship. 

Large worship places God as supreme up on the throne of the soul, 
and makes His homage a central duty ; creates the highest degree of 
divine love and adoration ; gives extreme fervor and delight in prayer 
and religious ordinances; experiences a deep awe of God and things 
sacred ; feels true devotion and fervent piety, and respects superiority; 
adores God as the centre of all hopes, fears, and aspirations; sets all 
the world by religion ; makes church-going and religious observances 
a paramount life duty and pleasure; is shocked by profanity; and 
creates obsequious reverence for the ancient and venerable, for time- 
honored forms, ceremonies, and institutions. 

In combination with small Dignity, and very large Caution and 
Conscience, and diseased nerves, it creates a feeling of the utmost un- 
worthiness, self abasement, and guilt before God, with a crushing 
sense of vileness and sinfulness; perpetually dreads Divine wrath, 
and is liable to religious gloom and melancholy, which should never 
be indulged; with large Hope and Spirituality, worships Him as a 
Spirit, and hopes to be with and like Him ; with large Ideality, con- 
templates His works with rapture and ecstasy; with large Sublimity, 
adores Him as infinite in everything; with large reasoning organs, 



790 man's moral nature and relations. 

gives clear, and, if the Faculties are evenly developed, unperverted 
and correct ideas of the Divine character and government, and delights 
to reason on theology; with large Parental Love, adores Him as a 
Friend and Father; and with large Kindness, for His infinite good- 
ness, etc. ; with large Causality added, as securing the happiness of 
sentient beings by a wise institution of law, and as the great first 
Cause of all things; with large and perverted Caution mingles fear 
and dread with worship; with large Construction and Causality, ad- 
mires the order and system evinced in His architectural plans, con- 
trivances, etc.; with large Friendship, takes heartfelt pleasure in 
public religious worship, neighborhood prayer meetings, etc., and with 
large Parental Love added, earnestly desires the conversion and sal- 
vation of friends, and prays fervently for these objects, besides enjoy- 
ing family worship ; but with small Continuity, is annoyed during 
devotional exercises by wandering thoughts, yet strives against them, 
and finds difficulty in keeping the mind on the prayer and sermon, 
besides preferring short prayers and sermons, and disliking prolixity, 
but liking variety ; with large Force, is polemical, and defends reli- 
gious doctrines with great warmth and spirit, and with large Destruc- 
tion added, is severe and harsh on opponents, and with large Firmness 
and Dignity superadded, is ritualistic and very set and bigoted in 
religious matters ; adheres blindly and tenaciously to particular tenets 
and forms of worship, and denounces those who differ therefrom ; 
with Firmness moderate and Spirituality large, will often change reli- 
gious opinions and connections, and yet be very zealous in all ; with 
large Secretion and Ambition, and only moderate Conscience, will 
make quite a show of religion, be ostentatious, join some fashionable 
and aristocratic church, and put on a fair outside show of religion ; 
yet neglect duty, disregard justice, violate moral principle, and then 
take shelter under the cloak of religion ; will " have the form of god- 
liness without its power," and be worldly week days, yet a strict 
Sunday Christian ; with large Conscience, Causality, and Comparison, 
will delight to study theology, and the character, attributes, laws, and 
works of the Deity ; contemplate and adore His perfections in Nature ; 
adopt consistent religious doctrines and practices ; search earnestly 
after religious truth ; and be an honor to the Christian name and 
profession. 

Full — -experiences a good degree of religious adoration whenever 
circumstances excite it, but allows the stronger Faculties frequently to 
divert it, yet prays at least internally ; with large or very large Con- 



GOD: HIS EXISTENCE, WORSHIP, AND ATTRIBUTES.^ 791 

science and Kindness, places religion in doing right and doing good 
more than in religious observances, and esteems duties higher than 
ceremonies ; with strong propensities, may be devout upon the Sab- 
bath, yet is worldly through the week, and experiences some conflict 
between religious and worldly feelings and aspirations. 

Average — adores the Deity, yet allows the larger Faculties to 
overrule it ; with large Friendship, Kindness, and Conscience, loves 
religious meetings, so as to meet friends, and prays for the good of 
mankind, or because duty requires attendance, yet is not habitually 
devotional, except when this Faculty is especially excited by circum- 
stances. 

Moderate — is not particularly devout or worshipful ; with large 
Kindness and Conscience, if religiously educated, may be religious, 
yet will place religion more in works than faith, in duty than prayer, 
and be more moral than pious ; in prayer, will supplicate blessings 
upon mankind, and with Conscience large, confesses sin more than ex- 
presses an awe of God ; with large reflectives, worships no farther 
than reason precedes ; with moderate Spirituality and Conscience, cares 
little for religion as such, but with large Kindness, places religion 
mainly in doing good, etc. ; is not conservative in religion, but 
takes liberal views of religious subjects, and is religious only when 
this Faculty is considerably excited ; with large or very large Con- 
science and Kindness, if religiously educated, maintains a consistent 
religious walk, and " does works meet for repentance," yet pays com- 
paratively little regard to religious creeds and observances ; is zealous 
in reforming the world, and " converting men from the error of their 
ways," yet despises sectarianism, and regards only the "weightier mat- 
ters of the law ;" makes great sacrifices in order to do goody promote 
pure morality, and prevent sin, yet is not particularly devout; makes 
the chief burden of petitions to the throne of grace consist in confes- 
sions of sin and supplications for mankind, rather than in adoration 
and worship ; follows the dictates of personal conscience, even though 
obliged to forsake " the good old way," and adopt new measures ; 
thinks more of doing good than of attending religious meetings; lives 
an upright and consistent Christian life, and performs all the essentials 
of religion, yet pays little or no attention to meats and drinks, etc. 

Small — experiences but little feeling of devotion, or love of reli- 
gious worship as such; will manifest little deference or respect for 
parents, teachers, or superiors; and be deficient in the heart, and soul, 
and fervor of devotion ; will not be very pious, nor at all particular in 



792 man's moral nature and relations. 

observing religious ceremonies, nor especially impressed with a feeling 
of solemnity and awe while engaged in religious exercises. 

With moderate or small Conscience and Spirituality, has very 
little regard for religion; seldom, if ever, attends religious meetings; 
and goes then from other than devotional feelings ; is little affected by 
solemn or religious exercises, or appeals to conscience, or fear of 
offending God, and influenced but little by the restraints of religion ; 
doubts almost everything connected with religious belief; is irreverent, 
irreligious, unprincipled, and .sceptical ; and, with large Mirth, and 
Imitation added, inclined to ridicule religious people and services by 
mocking them ; and with large Force, Destruction, and Dignity super- 
added, opposes everything pertaining to religion ; denounces it as a 
delusion, by which designing men impose upon the simple and unsus- 
pecting, etc. Worship small, with large Love, Honor, Ambition, 
and Beauty, attends church more to see the other sex, and be 
seen by them, than to adore God, and selects the most fashionable 
and stylish churches ; with Expression added, goes to hear eloquent 
preachers, and with Tune large, to hear good music, but not from love 
of religion. 

The descriptions and combinations under Worship moderate, apply 
also to this organ small, after making due allowance for its diminished 
force. 

199. — Worship adores a God ; therefore a God exists. 

Adaptation is a paramount ordinance of Nature. Sun, air, earth, 
water, fire, man, etc., are all mutually adapted to each other. Light 
and eyes are thus adapted ; as are teeth and tongue, mouth and 
throat, food and stomach, bones and muscles, heart and lungs, and 
thus of adaptations innumerable. 

Ale adaptations of anything to another, prove the existence of 
both. Thus, we find one half of an oyster shell expressly adapted to 
its other half; could any proof be stronger, that this second half was 
created, expressly adapted to this found half? And does not their ex- 
istence, and their adaptation to contain an oyster, prove absolutely 
that an oyster was created specifically adapted in size, shape, and 
everything, just fitted to their united cavities ! The knee-pan is 
adapted to the knee ; could or need proof be stronger that a knee was 
created precisely adapted to every knee-pan ever created ! Skulls are 
adapted to hold and protect the brain ; was any skull ever created 
without the co-existence of its brain adapted to it ! Was a finger-nail 



GOD : HIS EXISTENCE, WORSHIP, AND ATTRIBUTES. 793 

ever created without its own finger, an eye or a tooth without its indi- 
vidual socket, or socket without its eye or tooth? scalp without skull, 
skin without body, half joint in the end of one bone without the other 
half in its co-working bone ! and so on ad infinitum f Nature is one 
great whole, not made up of disjointed fragments. Those who do not 
perceive and admit this truth have neither observation nor sense, and 
are unworthy of notice. 

How monstrous a blunder! — blunder? crime — to create eyes, and 
a seeing desire and instinct, without also creating light to supply this 
natural want ! thereby keeping all in total darkness forever ! Every 
animal is adapted to feed on some special aliment; 92 how unjust not 
also to create its specific food ! How outrageous to create this eating 
instinct without food to sate it! lungs without air! bones without 
muscles ! muscles without bones ! taste without beauty ! need of 
clothes without any clothing material ! stomach without food ! thirst 
without liquids ! or any great human want without that to which it is 
adapted ! 

Man exists adapted to Nature, while all Nature is adapted to 
man. He has specific Faculties adapted to this, that, and the other 
requirements of his Nature ; and finds in Nature that which specifi- 
cally supplies each want. Among his other natural inherent impulses 
is one for worshipping God ; therefore this instinctive desire has like- 
wise its legitimate object and supply. Does Nature ever falsify, or 
stultify herself! Does "she ever hoist an ignis fatuus only to humbug 
her creatures by inciting them to run tandem after a nonentity ! 
Would she lead us all, by an impulse we can no more resist than 
hunger, to fall down and worship a phantom? or something which 
does not exist ! Those who say aye, are quite welcome to their ideas 
of Nature, and no philosophers, but downright fools. They have 
neither eyes nor reason. Away with such self-stultified nonsense. 

Man is created with a Faculty of his mind, and an organ of his 
body, expressly adapted to worship a Supreme Being ; therefore a God 
exists specifically adapted to receive the homage this Faculty prompts 
him to pour forth. What proof of any problem, even mathematical, 
could be any stronger ! It has but two conditions — that man is 
adapted to worship God, and that the existence of one thing in Nature 
adapted to another, proves the conjoint existence of both. The first is 
a matter of sight and touch. This organ is easily found. 197 Now see 
whether those who are large, rounding, and full here, are or are not also 
devout worshippers of God in some form, and do or do not experience 



794 man's moral nature and relations. 

a strong feeling of sacred awe and reverence. They may worship 
idols, or sacred images, or ministers, or in this sect or that ; may be 
pantheists, " looking through Nature up to Nature's God ; " but they 
will worship some God somehow. They may have it small, and yet 
be strict Sabbatarian worshippers from duty, or fashion, or spirtuality, 
or other motives ; or have it large, and discard all sects, but will wor- 
ship what is a God to them. 

The only other prerequisite to render this proof of the Divine 
Existence absolutely demonstrable is this law of adaptation. Who 
will jeopardize their reputation for sense by denying that! 

A part of Nature, a part and parcel of man, a portion of his 
anatomical structure, a Faculty, a great section of his mind, that very 
highest part of Nature, and of the body, together with the most 
exalted and central function of the human mind, is adapted, and 
adapts man, to loving and worshipping God : therefore a Supreme 
God exists, adapted to receive this spontaneous human love, adoration, 
and worship. No proof of any natural truth, not even that two and 
two make four, is any more absolutely demonstrated. 

A comparison of the force of this proof with that usually relied on, 
— Paley's, the Bridgewater's, etc., — is worthy of a moment's attention. 
Paley, etal., are arguing to convince an Atheist that there is a God, 
thus : 

"Every cause must needs have its own legitimate effect. This is 
on axiomatic truth. The eye exists, and therefore has its cause ; 
and if that cause is not primal, this secondary cause must have its 
ca use, and so on till we arrive at the Great First Cause of all things 
in a God." 

M Granted all, and as much more like it as you please, but pray, 
Messrs. Palely & Co., from your own showing (with a roguish twinkle 
in the e3 T e, thumb to nose, and fingers playing antics), pray what is 
the cause of God ; for, by your own argument, this God, too, in com- 
mon with all the other causes, must also have His cause. Gents, your 
argument is a rope of sand. It has no tact. Its therefore has no 
wherefore. If this is all, good morning." 

Not so our argument. Its therefore has its wherefore. A God 
exists, because Nature, in her highest aspect, is adapted to one. 

An atheistic clique in Philadelphia, in 1838, were defiantly 
challenging ministers and laymen by name to meet them anywhere, 
at any time, in their own churches, and before their own partisans, if 
they chose, to discuss the being of a God, immortality, etc., not from 
the Bible, but from all other sources of evidence. The Author ac- 
cepted their challenge, and made the preceding argument. Their 



GOD: HIS EXISTENCE, WORSHIP, AND ATTRIBUTES. 795 

leader, 189 a man of great mental calibre, having a forehead of rare 
height, breadth, and reasoning developments, concluded the debate 
substantially thus: — 

" Fellow Atheists, I give it up. You have chosen me your atheis- 
tic leader. I resign your leadership commission, for I am an Atheist 
no longer. I have scanned, with whatever intellectual acumen I pos- 
sess, which you have thought considerable, all the arguments of Paley, 
the Bridgewater Treatises, Good's Book of Nature, and all else I 
could find on this whole class of subjects ; have challenged and dis- 
cussed with all the ministers who deigned to meet me ; and thought 
over in my own mind this problem of the Divine existence, without 
ever finding so much as a reed on which to found an intelligent proof 
for the being of a God. They all lack cohesion. Non sequitur — this 
does not follow from that — applies to all their arguments. All have 
some fatal flaw in premise or conclusion, or oftener in both. Up to 
this glorious hour I have been a conscientious atheist ; but am one 
no more. 

" I always wanted to believe in a God more than others wanted 
me to, but could accept no dogma, no assertion, nothing without proof. 
Whatever I admit must come through my understanding and reason. 
This phrenological proof of a God I can understand. Like all of 
Nature's other truths, it is just as plain as arithmetic. Its inferences 
fasten to its premises, so as to leave no loophole, no chance for doubt 
or cavil. It is short, to the point, absolute, and demonstrative. From 
having been an atheist, I become a deist, a godist, and shall hereafter 
follow out this same mode of phrenological investigation, and learn 
all I can from it touching this whole subject of theology. Words 
cannot tell how much pleasure I experience in at last planting my 
foot on terra fir ma, in being enabled to worship God under standingly, 
a course I recommend to you." 

He followed me from city to city, and city to country, saying : — 

"Please allow- me always to hear, over and over again, these doc- 
trines which have opened the windows of my soul to a Divine ex- 
istence." 

His club disbanded. All like clubs must break up, when they 
once fairly see the force of this proof. 

Every thorough phrenologist is a worshipper of God. All 
the writings of all its fathers breathe a devout spirit. Hear once 
more Gall's closing paragraphs on this Faculty : — 

" It is necessary that each individual should find and fear in him- 
self a secret censor, a supreme Judge, from whom escape is impos- 
sible. Let us take posession of this new organic proof of the exist- 
ence of a God." 

"All our senses are in relation with external objects. Of what 
use are the mouth, sense of taste, hearing, smell, sight, if in the ex- 
ternal world there did not exist objects of touch, molecules, emana- 



796 man's moral nature and relations. 

tions, vibrations, and light, adapted to produce savors, odors, tones, 
and vision ? These senses would be incomplete if no external objects 
existed." 

" All the propensities of man and animal are predicated each on 
some external object. The amatory instinct is predicated on the male 
and female sexes ; love of offspring on children and young; and self- 
defence on enemies ; while the carnivorous instinct everywhere finds 
animals to prey upon ; the imperious instinct, persons and nations to 
subjugate; and the Faculties of place, music, calculation, mechanics, 
etc., space, colors, tones, etc., on which they can be exercised. Each 
Faculty would be useless without its specific external object on which 
to operate. Nature would have trifled with man and animals if, in 
giving them instincts, propensities, and Faculties, she had refused or 
omitted the external objects which satisfy each. Their first state 
would be an agonizing want, their second, death. It is therefore cer- 
tain that Nature has created no sense, no organ and Faculty, without 
also preparing for it beforehand a legitimate object for its function." 

" It is certain that, in all ages and centuries, man's intuition has 
led him to acknowledge a Supreme Being, feel his dependence on a 
First Cause, have recourse to a God, and render homage to Him. Who 
would dare maintain that this single sentiment is without its object? 
No ; Nature cannot so far wrong men in their most important interest ! 
There is a God, because there exists in man an organ and Faculty 
for knowing and adoring Him ! " 

God is. A great Supreme Creator and Governor of this entire 
universe, then really and truly does exist! Blow this trumpet over 
all the earth, forever ! Herald this truth throughout creation ! Let 
all the ends of the earth, to its remotest nooks and farthest corners, 
know that " God ruleth over all." Let bereaved orphans, and all 
others in affliction, feel that a great " Father of all " exists in propria 
persona, ready and glad to receive the filial homage of all His children. 
Let all evil doers tremble that all their wicked deeds are known, and 
will be punished ; but let the righteous be bolder than lions, and 
hopeful of their final reward. Let each and all bow in devout homage 
and filial love before Jehovah's " blessed" throne, and place their 
trust in God ; assured that all wrongs He will finally right, all oppres- 
sors He will bring to justice, all who truly love and serve Him He 
will finally avenge, and every possible good His fatherly love will 
finally confer ! The very " wrath of man He maketh to praise Him," 
and restrains what He cannot convert into good to those who love 
Him aright. " Hosannas in the highest," that all flesh indeed has a 
veritable eternal God to love, worship, and obey. 

O, man ! Behold thyself allied to angels, and linked to the Creator 
and Lord of this stupendous universe ! Behold heaven opened, and 
a communication established between thy great God and thy poor self! 



GOD: HIS EXISTENCE, WORSHIP, AND ATTRIBUTES. 797 

Behold " thy father in heaven ! " Consider His tender, parental re- 
gard for all thy best interests. As thy mother before thy birth knew 
thy prospective need of raiment, domicile, and creature comforts, and 
tenderly provided them ; so thy God knew thy need of food, breath, 
and ten thousand other wants, and behold how tenderly He supplies 
them all ! As those are very heathen who neglect to love their 
mothers, how much more those who neglect the all-provident Author 
of their life and all its enjoyments ! O, atheists, what heathens ! 

Truth is glorious, but what other is a tithe as glorious as this? 
All truth benefits man, but what other confers on him blessings a 
hundreth part as many or as great? 

The superiority of this phrenological argument over all others 
lies in its meeting this objection — 

" 'Tis education forms the common mind; 
Just as the twig is bent the tree's inclined. " 

"Men believe this, that, the other religious doctrine according as 
they are taught either. Those born and reared in the Chinese, or 
Hindoo, or Mohammedan, or Christian religion, always 'follow in the 
footsteps of their illustrious predecessors ; ' and so even of any par- 
ticular shade of either. All the ancients, enlightened and darkened, 
all moderns, barbarians and civilized, continue in the respective be- 
liefs in which they were reared. One born and reared a Catholic dies 
one ; and thus of other religious beliefs. Conversions from one belief 
to another are rare, and even then can generally be traced to some 
sinister motives. Facts on the largest scale, throughout all ancient 
and modern history, prove that religion is all educational, not innate. 
Socrates, that great thinker, unable to shake off the griping power 
still wielded over him by his early teachings, when ready to die with 
his last breath exclaimed, 'Now sacrifice the cock to the manes (rooster 
to the ghosts) in order to prepare me to die ? 7 Rammohun Roy, 35 the 
learned Hindoo Brahmin, a man of commanding natural talents and 
extensive learning, died a bigot in the religion he was taught. None 
can ever quite divest themselves, even Socrates could not, of their 
juvenile religious superstitions, even though they know them to be 
superstitions. Man is religious from education, not Nature. There- 
fore 3 r our God-existing argument falls to the ground." 

None can be educated to worship till he first has a worship- 
ping Faculty capable of being educated, any more than a chicken can 
be cooked before it is first caught, and even before it grows. Can you 
teach a tiger to pray, or a cow to cipher ! But why not ? Solely be- 
cause neither have those primary Faculties which pray and " figure 
up." You can teach a dog to bark at this, and not to bark at that, 
because he has a barking disposition to start with ; but can you teach 
a kitten to bark at this, or even to bark at all ? All education is 



798 man's moral nature and relations. 

wholly nugatory unless it is addressed to some pre-existing primal 
element of the mind. Can you teach a dog to eat hay, or to low, or a 
cow not to? or a duck not to swim or quack? The fact, the mere 
possibility, that men can be religiously educated, concedes the whole 
argument. As a man can be educated to walk forward, or backwards, 
or sideways, but must have feet before he can walk at all ; so the 
mere fact that man can be educated at all in any religion, proves the 
pre-existence in him of a primitive worshipping Faculty, as a con- 
dition precedent to any and all religious education. Your argument 
upsets your own theory, yet establishes ours. 

11 But both Combe and Spurzheim maintain that its office is to in- 
spire deference, respect, and obedience to superiors, create conser- 
vatism, regard for law and order, and have even named it Combe 
Veneration, Spurzheim Reverence, while you j^our own self call it 
Veneration. Why call that Veneration which means Worship ? " 

Xeither Gall, Spurzheim, Combe, nor the Fowlers differ one hair's 
breadth from each other as to its function; but only as to the name 
most expressive of it. Spurzheim says, — 

" My observations induce me to consider it as the special sentiment 
of reverence in general. By its agency man adores God, venerates 
saints, and respects persons and things. Its application to religion is 
very noble ; but it also, finds man}- other objects in society." " Let 
us adore the God of true Christianity in spirit and in truth." "It is 
the source of Natural Religion, and of that tendency to worship a 
superior Power which manifests itself in almost every tribe of men } T et 
discovered." " Heretofore we have considered Veneration or\\y as 
directed to religion, which is undoubtedly its noblest end ; but it has 
also objects and a wider sphere of action in the present world." 

All concede that worship of God is its paramount function ; yet 
its having other objects in no way prevents its having this : and its 
having divine worship as one of its primal attributes suffices for our 
argument. Its worshipping God as one of its legitimate functions, 
though it may have others, proves that it has its legitimate object in 
God. 

But all these views are analyzable by the following, published by 
the Author in 1842 :— 

11 This organ is divided. While its back part, next to Firmness 
and Conscience, gives the devout, religious feeling just ascribed to it, 
its frontal portion creates respect for elders and superiors, and vene- 
rates the ancient and sacred. It is the conservative Faculty, prevents 
sudden changes, and discountenances radicalism. It is usually small 
in the American head and character, rendered so, doubtless, by the 



god: his existence, worship, and attributes. 799 



'? " V"""" ) 



necessary tendency of our republican institutions. We should pa}' 
deference to superiors ; show respect towards all ; cultivate a deferen- 
tial feeling in our youth ; and discountenance impudence and disorder, 
or our liberty will become lawlessness, and our republic but an unmean- 
ing name." — Religion, Natural and Revealed. 

Though Reverence for man, antiquity, etc., is one of its nor- 
mal functions, yet the argument for a God remains equally strong. 
The following case is perfectly analogous throughout. The office of 
Appetite is love of food, which presupposes its existence. This Faculty 
craves its different kinds, such as meat, bread, fruits, etc., which pre- 
supposes the existence of all these various kinds of food it legitimately 
loves. It craves wheat, meat, fruits, and vegetables, which presup- 
poses that wheat, meat, fruits, and vegetables each and all exist. 
As its loving vegetables together with the others presupposes and 
proves that vegetables exist as absolutely as if it loved only vegetables ; 
so the fact that Worship adores and reverences man, proves that God 
exists just as completely as if it did not create deference for man. 
This duplicity of function in no way weakens the argument. 

200. — This Demonstration of the Divine Existence timely. 

Seasonableness is an attribute of Nature. Winter comes after 
fall has stored up in animals the fat needed to supply the additional 
heat required. When civilization advances so far that man demands 
coal, steam, and telegraph, they burst upon him ; et cet., ad infinitum. 

A demonstration of the divine existence is just now becoming an 
imperious human want. Heretofore men have been willingly led " by 
faith," yet are now outgrowing their religious " swaddling-clothes," 
and demanding something larger, newer, better. 

" The Christian Evidence Society is giving lectures in London 
under very high patronage, with a view to ' meet the various forms of 
unbelief prevailing among the higher classes,' but they do not apparently 
succeed. Although archbishops and bishops take the chair and learned 
professors deliver lectures 'of the most abstruse character,' according 
to the reports, but very few persons attend." — Correspondent. 

Yon glorious god of day, while pursuing his diurnal revolu- 
tion on the all-potential Fourth of July, 1776, looked down upon 
and lighted up the most puissant event in the annals of time, one per- 
haps excepted. Though only a band of then rebels were merely sign- 
ing a parchment, yet they were signing both the death warrant of all 
past wrongs, delivering of the race from the thraldoms of the past, and 
issuing a commission of universal liberty of thought, speech, and action. 



800 man's moral nature and relations. 

In a little room in an inland town they were revolutionizing the race 
throughout all its minutest habits of thought and action, and blessing 
every individual inhabitant of this whole earth forever after! 

A century, almost, elapsed before the nation fully realized that it 
was free ; but it was. Not politically merely, nor even mainly, but 
intellectually and morally as well — free to think, and to worship God, 
each one under his own moral vine and fig tree. The greatest good 
of the greatest number was that day declared the fundamental law 
throughout the whole earth, and all castes and privileges were stricken 
down ! 

All-glorious Fourth ! None at all realize how glorious — how 
great, how fundamental the good thus effected ! Revolutionary Pa- 
triots, all hail ! Let all you disenthralled shout your hosannas forever 
— throughout eternity as well as time ! Let all worship God under 
the stripes and stars, on* that birthday of freedom ! And foreigners 
even more than "those to the manor born." For thee, our country's 
flag, we praise God forever, for thou first taught men to think, and on 
religion. You undermined and upset the dogmatic errors of past ages; 
annulled priestcraft; and began to usher in a millennial glory of indi- 
viduality in religious thought. 

Great changes commence slowly; so did this. Men are only just 
beginning to dare to think for themselves. Before, they met some 
bull, anathema, excommunication, all of which are now emasculated. 
All the leading minds of the race are out on religious foraging expe- 
ditions on their own hooks — setting a bold example of independent 
investigation. "Vicegerents" are being shelved. Men are every- 
where saying, — 

" We have been fed on these stale sectarian husks, rehearsed for 
the ten thousandth time, long enough. Give us something else, or we 
go somewhere else, or not at all." 

Men little realize where each other stand theologically. In- 
telligent men by millions, sharpened by business discipline, are 
applying business principles to their religion, virtually saying in 
practice, — 

" These creeds and ceremonies, this church-going and camp-meet- 
ing enthuiasm are better than nothing, yet poor enough, in all con- 
science. Our women must have some recreation, some religious idol 
to worship, something to dress for, some assemblage for the exhibition 
of their wardrobe fineries, some great fashionable show-room, where all 
can show their toilet paraphernalia to all, and envy and be envied by 
each other." 



GOD : HIS EXISTENCE, WORSHIP, AND ATTRIBUTES. 801 

" My wife and daughters take real delight in dressing up in splen- 
did style and the latest fashions ; yet what would be the use, unless 
the} r had some great soriee in which to exhibit their tout ensemble. 
To this end 'service' is peculiarly adapted." 

" Churchism is a good thing all round. The lower classes require 
it to keep them passably straight, while upper-tendom needs it as a 
fashionable resort and amusement. I myself like to see bevies of 
handsome ladies elegantly dressed, and put upon their propriety, pretty 
charms, looks, and ways, and find it in ' service.' I like to hear good 
singing and speaking, both of which it furnishes. I like some popular 
object of charity, where my liberal donations are duly praised, and find 
it in ' the church.' I like a weekly respite ; this gives it. I like to 
have my children and clerks under some moral restraint, for they need 
it ; and here it is, and good at that ; and for many like excellences : 
but as to believing or practising a tithe of these sermons, 'eternal 
burnings ' and all, I don't. They make a good scarecrow for those 
who require one, and a good ' figure-head ' for ton, yet its ' tenets ' 
won't bear much business scanning. Still, I do wish we could have 
something which would combine all the excellences of churchism with 
solid, tangible relisdous truth. Its humdrum is almost intolerable.'' 

Phrenology with its demonstration of-the being and attributes of 
God, just here rushes upon the human stage, and unfurls its banners. 
It begins where all religion ought always to begin, by proving the first 
principles of religion and morality. 193199 It supplies a desideratum 
as great as a right theology is important to man. It meets and re- 
futes atheism, and furnishes an excuse for the follies and vagaries of 
Christendom by showing why men adopt them. It is just as sure to 
revolutionize existing dogmas as men are sure to go on thinking, 
and because they think. 

The Author began his phrenological career solely to obtain the 
means of prosecuting his theological studies in preparation for the 
orthodox pulpit ; but had not prosecuted it long before he became 
enamoured of its moral and religious bearings, and loving religion, 
yet seeing this science perverted to supporting infidelity, he determined 
to rescue it from such perversion ; thinking he could do more good in 
this broad field of religious labor than in the restricted one of a sec- 
tarian pulpit ; and this part is the result of that labor. 

Intelligence will have a rational religion, one which does 
not every now and then contradict common sense, and which will 
bear the test of philosophy and fact, and finds it here, 'though it is 
only a blind worshipping instinct — 

" What I Only a blind propensity, and just as liable to worship stocks 
and stones, Chinese images and a Hindoo Juggernaut, as the true 
God? We really thought } r ou had propounded a genuine religious 
101 



802 man's moral nature and relations. 

guide, bat this blind worship upsets the whole. Man may as well have 
no Worship as only this blind instinct." 

That science of man's moral nature 194 which teaches the being 
of a God 199 might be expected to unfold, as we shall soon see it does 
disclose, " the true God." Worship alone does not do this, but its 
combinations and laws of action do, as will be seen in its order. 207 In 
revealing a part, Phrenology unfolds the whole. It analyzes God, and 
guides this worshipping sentiment upon a right object. 

201. — Duty and Pleasukes of divine Worship paramount. 

All Faculties are made to be exercised, and for nothing else. 
Love of the other sex was created to be exercised in the family rela- 
tions, not to slumber and doze out in celibacy. 425-437 Parental Love 
was created to love and nurture our own children, not to lie dead, or 
to pet a lapdog, and places parents under solemn natural bonds to care 
for the fruit of their own bodies. 176 

A heathen mother, in the City Hotel, in Utica, N. Y., in 1840, 
was accustomed to let her infant go wholly uncared for from over 
night until after her ladyship had dined the next day. The ladies in 
the hotel, tortured by its piteous moanings, begged her to allow them 
to administer to its wants, but were refused. It died of sheer maternal 
neglect. What thought we, what think you, of her ? That she was 
" worse than a heathen." Yet she inflicted no pain. She only omitted 
a maternal duty. She committed no sin of commission, yet her sin of 
omission amounted to infanticide. But for it that dear babe might 
now have been a stalwart man, blessing wife, children, and neighbors, 
instead of slumbering in the cold, damp grave. She deserved im- 
prisonment solely for omitting to exercise Parental Love. 

We live in society, are solemnly bound by Ambition to observe 
its requirements, and live reputable, worthy lives, except when she 
clashes with that " higher law " due to God. 187 

A neighbor in distress has a natural right to call on us for relief, 
for our being created with Kindness, puts us each under sacred moral 
obligation to exercise it when circumstances demand its action, espe- 
cially if he is our friend, and still more if a member of our own 
family ; each Faculty creating a sacred moral duty to exercise it. 

Worship is one -of these primal Faculties, and as such imposes on 
its every possessor a solemn, sacred, bounden duty to exercise it in 
Divine worship. Not till you can " flee from the presence of the Al- 
mighty " can you escape this dnty. All are born with it. This 



GOD : HIS EXISTENCE, WORSHIP, AND ATTRIBUTES. 803 

puts all under holy bonds to exercise it. Its being small and feeble, 
so far from this excusing any from its exercise, only makes it the 
more a duty. Would weak Appetite excuse you from eating till you 
had starved to death f Would not this very deficiency make it all 
the more necessary that you pamper and nurture it ; that you look 
assiduously for the most palatable hinds of food, and then coax it up f 
Would your banker accept your plea of small Acquisition in lieu of 
your money due? Would he not justly say, "The weaker it is the 
more you need to cultivate it," and would " put you through." Or 
would a man's lack of Conscience excuse him for wronging you ? 
You would retort, — 

" Then cultivate it, you unprincipled sinner." 

All are born with some Worship. None are ever born without 
some degree of all the Faculties. Those born with but one religious 
talent, in the name of their own best interests, should make the very 
most of that one by its assiduous culture. 64 The weaker any organs, 
the more assiduously should they be nurtured. None are as foolish 
or as wicked as those who allow weak organs to grow weaker by 
disuse. 

One and all whether this Faculty is naturally or practically 
strong or weak, by all the advantages to be derived from/it, — and God 
did not make it for nought, — as you would cultivate memory, judg- 
ment, taste, affection, goodness, etc., by their daily habitual exercise, 
so cultivate Worship. 

The pleasures of adoration are most exalted. Enjoyment accom- 
panies all normal action. As if a man loves his books, or family, or 
anything legitimate a little, he takes a little pleasure, but if he loves 
a great deal, he takes a great deal of pleasure ; so if a man loves and 
worships God ten per cent., he takes ten per cent, of religious 
pleasure; whereas, if he loves fifty per cent., he takes five times the 
more pleasure. Nature demands that we worship, yet pays liberally 
for all she orders. She is the best of paymasters both ways, — paying 
for omissions in barrenness. As the more vigorous a man's intellect, 
the greater his pleasure in intellectual culture, while the fool takes 
little, yet knows not what he is losing ; so our religious indifference 
costs us the loss of all the pleasures it could yield if active. It causes 
a dearth, coldness, barrenness, a self-abandoned, listless, good-for- 
nothing feeling through our whole system ; while religious fervor im- 
parts a warmth, zest, glow, and rapture, better felt than described. 



804 man's moral nature and relations. 

Behold the joy religion gives to that humble colored woman ! 
Neither cold nor storms, ridicule nor fatigue, nothing can induce her 
to give up her church. It is her chief delight. Hear her shout 
" Glory ! glory ! " at the camp-meeting. Scan her rude prayer. 
Does that brilliant lawyer take more interest or zest in pleading 
causes than she in pleading her suit for mercies and blessings on her- 
self and others ? She is no hypocrite. All she says she feels, she does 
feel, and she says no words can tell how happy she is in " the love of 
Jesus." Yon rich banker and aristocratic merchant might well envy 
her her ecstasy. 

Camp and revival meetings create almost a fervor x)f ecstatic 
joy. Those touching strains of thrilling music bear no false witness, 
but gush right up from souls brim full to overflowing with a depth 
and luxury of holy joy " the world knoweth not of." 

"Behold that new convert." Yesterday he was downcast, 
moody, almost dumb and palsied, because his Worship was in a re- 
versed state ; but hear him pray, sing, and shout to-day. In his de- 
lirium of joy, he clasps his friends convulsively, begging them to 
participate in his inexpressible happiness. Is all this make-believe? 
Look into that face, radiant with holy, happy fervor, and beaming 
with a rapture of delight words can but mock in their descriptive at- 
tempt. Let young converts attest. Only love approximates religion 
as a source of enjoyment — that end of life. 15 And if religious zeal 
could but be kept up, it would keep up this ecstasy pari passu with 
it. What if you could not enjoy theirs ? they can and do. If your 
religious feelings could only be equally wrought up, you too would be 
equally happy. Consider well its reasons : — 

1. The highest organ in the human head is Worship. It is on 
the middle of the top of the head, and the most exalted function in 
man. 196 Naturally, therefore, the pleasures of its action exceed those 
of organs located below it. Fighting enemies, making money, getting 
honors and office, paying debts, prosecuting, studying, gratifying a re- 
fined taste, loving and doing for family, etc., make us happy; but 
those who would become just as happy as they can be, must super- 
add religion to all else. 

2. It combines in action with, and intensifies that of all the other 
Faculties. Thus an atheist and a devout Christian have each an 
equally good appetite, stomach, and meal ; the atheist eating and en- 
joying it simply as a meal, without any religious flavoring, while the 
Christian "thanks the Lord" for both food and Appetite; now does not 



GOD : HIS EXISTENCE, WORSHIP, AND ATTRIBUTES. 805 

the Christian relish his meal as much the best as he is the most devout ? 
His piety produces a calm, quiet feeling most favorable to digestion, n6 
so that he eats the more, and is nourished the better, the more religious 
thankfulness he experiences. The Jews enjoyed and digested their 
sacrificed meat better than any other. 

A lofty summit, visited together, gives pleasure as a scene, to 
both, but the Christian sees God in fertile fields, meandering streams, 
grazing herds, fruitful orchards, and magnificent forests, enjoying the 
scenery, as such, equally with the atheist, and then superadding the 
pleasures of active Worship by adoring God in flowing rivers, wav- 
ing grain, and loaded fruit trees. No man can at all appreciate 
fruits, flowers, scenery, all natural pleasures, unless he 

" Looks through Nature up to Nature's God." 

Tourists, lovers of splendid scenery, put that in your scrap-books ! 
Epicures, intent only on mere gustatory pleasure, flavor your " roast 
beef and plum pudding, " your woodcock and sherry, with thanks- 
giving and praise to their Author. This will also keep you from 
getting drunk. 

Husbands and wives, if you would love each other with the 
highest conjugal glow of which you are capable, love each other "in 
the Lord; " for divine love and worship alone can impart the highest 
zest to your affections. You may love each other well without, but 
how immeasurably better by thanking God that you were created 
male and female ; that He has exactly fitted each for the other, physi- 
cally and mentally ; that you were so singularly brought together ; 
that He has instituted the parental relations, and crowned your bliss- 
ful union with darling children to love and rear ; and such children 
— perfect in limb and body, angelic in face and spirit, so lovely, so 
loving, as only He could make them, etc. And crowns all with the 
luxury of family worship, bending humbly, lovingly together around 
His family altar, — His, because He ingrafted it upon human nature, 
and all knitting yourselves together in love by worshipping Him at 
home and in church in unison. You who ignore or neglect God can 
only half love husband, wife, children, and neighbors. 

Prayer-meetings, governed and sweetened by this worshipping 
ordinance, are excellent and enjoyable neighborhood institutions. 

These examples but show how devotion, in its very nature and 
constitution, redoubles every single pleasure and function of human 
existence. As, "the undevout astronomer is mad," so undevout 



806 man's moral nature and relations. 

husbands and wives, parents and children, eaters and drinkers, 
mechanics and lawyers, merchants and bankers, and the undevout 
everybody are quite as mad. Religion is to life and all its pleasures 
what sauce is to food, and vanilla to ice-cream. Mere self-interest 
should induce each and all to cultivate divine love and Worship. 
As we cannot enjoy a present without being grateful for it ; so hearts 
swelling with gratitude to God alone can enable us to enjoy the boun- 
ties and the luxuries of existence. 

3. The seat of the soul is right under Worship, which thereby 
controls human life throughout. All the states of both are in sympa- 
thetic rapport with it. Exalted Worship exalts every other physical 
and mental function, and palsied Worship palsies all, while frenzied 
Worship frenzies all. 

" What ! Worship located over the seat of the soul ? What is, the 
soul, anyhow ? It has its seat ? What new fandango is all this ? 
Why, sir, the soul is immortal! Seated in the brain? Seated under 
Worship ? Is all this trash ? or has it any philosophical warrant ? 
What is that metaphysical abstraction called the soul?" 

Consciousness constitutes the soul. That very vague, metaphysi- 
cal entity, usually denominated " the soul/' consists simply in the 
embodiment of all the human functions into combined and concerted 
action. 

!N'ow Worship is located right over this great central seat of 
the soul already demonstrated. 35 ^ 8 Therefore all its states, good, 
bad, and indifferent, thrill throughout the entire man, mental and 
physical. 

The nervous system has its great centre in the middle of the top 
of the head, right where Worship is located. Two ranges of facts 
prove this : 1st, those having nervous disorders experience a tender 
and sore, or else a painful state at this point ; 2d, those who are mag- 
netized are paralyzed and benumbed whenever the magnetizer places 
his finger on this central spot. 

Worship is central. Its location is both highest up of all, and 
central to all ; besides being placed right over this seat of the soul, 
thus commanding the entire being. All parts of the body, every 
shred and fibre of every nerve, blood-vessel, and organ, report right 
under its base, and every phrenological organ has its apex right under 
or at the apex of Worship, while all the other moral organs surround 
it as nobles their king. It is the central figure of man, mentally and 
physically — is to all what the commemorative statue is to the monu- 



GOD : HIS EXISTENCE, WORSHIP, AND ATTRIBUTES. 807 

raent it crowns and consummates, what sun is to solar system, that 
from which emanate all its light, heat,, and government. Surely all 
this signifies that this worshipping Faculty is supreme. 

What concentration of facts could teach and impress any truth 
more emphatically than all these convergences teach that, as the moral 
group is the highest group in man, 196 so Worship is the crowning func- 
tion of this group; that, as is a man's religion, so is the man himself; 
that religion is the very highest human interest; that it can yield more 
supreme enjoyment, and that of a richer flavor, than any other ; that, 
whatever a man, woman, child, community, or nation does or omits, 
religion is the first to be done and last to be omitted ; and that a right 
religion confers more good, while a wrong inflicts more evil, than any 
other human institution ? Let us all, then, both be devout, and adore 
God, but see that we adore the true God, \yith our entire being. 

202. — Keligion as a Restraint of the Passions, and Pre 
ventive and cure of disease. 

The mind constitutes the man. 18 In it centre all things human and 
terrestrial. Sun, earth, air, water, food, and all else were made chiefly 
for man, and man mainly to think and feel. Hence God has put 
mind in as captain-general over everything human. "The mind's 
the stature of man." Its states, therefore, control the physical func- 
tions. Whether one is healthy or sickly, lives or dies, depends mainly 
on his mental states. 116 Dyspepsia has a mental cause and cure, while 
" the will cure " is by far the best of all the pathies, the panacea of 
man, 78 rule 18. Who can controvert this premise? 

Divine trust calms the troubled lake of surging worryments with 
the firm faith that " God worketh all things well." An enemy in- 
jures us. Without this trust we would become furious with wrath, 
smothered or open, w r hich would eat in on our very life force itself, 
and bring on proportionate sickness ; whereas, feeling that " Ven- 
geance is mine, J will repay, saith the Lord," as He surely will, for 
all wrong is self -punishing, 22 will smooth down our ruffled temper, and 

ve wrecking our constitution on the quicksands of wrath. 

An intensely passionate man, if he indulges his rampant pas- 
sions, will soon make of himself a physical wreck, a permanent in- 
valid, and shorten his life. Love and worship of God give him moral 
strength sufficient to enable him to curb his surging passions, and pre- 
serve his health. No motives equally with piety, with " Thou God 
seest me ; I love Thee too well to transgress Thy holy laws, ordained 



808 man's moral nature and relations. 

for my best good " — will enable us to " resist easily besetting sins." 
Cultivating love of the Lord keeps temptations at bay. 

Bad habits can be broken up sooner and more effectually by reli- 
gious motives than by any other means. Thus you chew, or smoke, 
or drink; and would gladly reform, yet find your appetites too strong 
to be successfully resisted without foreign aid. A loving wife, an inti- 
mate friend, working with and for you, can tone up your resolution 
to struggle on, but supplicating the Almighty for strength to conquer, 
and, as it were, putting yourself under His charge, exceeds all other 
human means of successfully fighting against all bad habits or evil 
propensities. 

As A reformer and PURIFIER from sin, religion surpasses all 
other moralizers of mankind. Not that a tithe of its reforming power 
is now brought to bear on human morality, but that this power inheres 
in religion. Civilization, together with all its blessings, comes mainly 
from religion and the family affections. Churches are the best jails, 
and good religious teachers the best jailors, because they keep from 
jail millions who would otherwise become culprits. Give to true reli- 
gion but a mere moiety of its inherent moralizing power, and it would 
make short and sure work of "casting out" all man's "devils" and 
devilishness ; save all expense for locks, bolts and bars, all cheating in 
business, criminal lawyers, judges, prisons, hangmen, detectives, police, 
commercial losses and failures, sensualities, and all the money now 
lavishly worse than wasted on the goddess of Pleasure ; and make our 
earth a perfect paradise in every conceivable aspect. As far as it is 
promoted, it will effect these ends. And as a personal blessing to in- 
dividuals, nothing could equal it. And man's present need of a 
criminal code only shows how far his present religion falls below 
doing for him what it might and should do. 204 

A sick man's health is improved by a bright morning ride. The 
exercise, fresh air, etc., benefit him ; but if he superadds gratitude to 
God for creating so glorious a morning ; if he sees God in these green 
fields, blushing flowers, ripening fruits, humming insects, happy ani- 
mals, and happier fellow-men, does not this devout, exultant, holy 
state of mind contribute more than all else to his recovery? Piety is 
the best of panaceas, and delightful to take. 201 This principle applies 
illimitably to all like cases; but these samples direct attention to the 
hygienic and therapeutic benefits of devotion, as well as to its moral- 
izing, sin-quenching, and sanctifying and elevating effects on human 
character and conduct. 



/ 

god: his existence, worship, and attributes. 809 

.Realizing that God made all our organs, and all parts of our 
bodies, holy, is a most powerful motive for keeping them from all un- 
hallowed profanations. Parents can make religion a powerful means 
of promoting filial love, obedience and goodness. In short, there is 
literally no end to its beneficial applications to human happiness and 
virtue. 

203. — Prayer; its Duty, and Benefits, and how answered. 

Prayer, the spontaneous exercise of Worship, is just as much en- 
graven into human life as is love of the opposite sex. Whatever 
makes religion a duty, makes prayer equally so. And since divine 
worship is one of man's greatest luxuries, prayer is equally a cheap 
luxury, with, which all should regale themselves. Its pleasures are 
not surpassed by eating, loving, studying, or any other pleasure known 
to man ; which alone entitles it to universal appreciation and adop- 
tion. It conforms us into the divine image and likeness; calms the 
soul and fortifies the spirits ; diffuses a holy joy and heavenly conifort 
throughout the entire being ; and should be practised by 'all who 
would enjoy one of the richest of human luxuries. Those who ignore 
it, little realize of how great a life comfort they deny themselves. 
They are in this respect what the savage is in reference to letters. 

"Does praying bring to pass what is prayed for? Is prayer 
really answered ? Does it change the course of the Deity, or alter the 
plans of the Almighty ? Does it upset the laws of cause and effect, 
and substitute prayed-for results in place of legitimate ones ? for if 
not how can it be efficacious? " 

PbayeR is desire, and each is proportionate to the other. Now, 
desiring anything, naturally and necessarily prompts corresponding 
efforts to obtain it, and this application of appropriate causes to the 
production of the effects prayed for brings it about, just as we pro- 
duce a crop of corn, wheat, or anything else. Every single thing 
we effect is but an answer to prayer. To pray for a thing, and not 
to put forth corresponding effort to obtain it, is mockery, not prayer ; 
for desire and effort go together, pari passu. Neither can exist with- 
out the other, and the degree of either is but the measure of the other, 
and of the efficacy of the prayer; saving the amount of Causality 
brought to bear upon the end prayed and labored for. Causality 
alone renders prayer efficacious. 

" But we sometimes pray for things beyond our power to effect, and 
on which causes cannot be, and are not, brought to bear. Thus I 



810 man's moral nature and relations. 

prayed earnestly for the conversion of a certain impenitent sinner, 
said not a word to him, and used no means, but he was converted, 
and in answer to my prayers. A mother prays for her son who is far 
off, and wrestles in spirit for dajs, but holds no communication with 
him ; still, he is converted. So with hardened sinners sometimes in 
revivals. So in regard to praying for the sick, and their frequent 
miraculous recovery, and in cases innumerable where this plausible 
exposition will not apply." 

1. Those spiritual influences soon to be demonstrated 214 show 
how prayers for an impenitent sinner can operate as a cause to bring him 
to repentance. Men commune with each other spiritually as well as 
sensibly, and have a spiritual, magnetic, immaterial nature, not always 
chained down to the body, which, bursting the shackless of clay, leaps 
over immeasurable space, and knows neither time nor distance, but is 
indeed and in truth a spirit. This state is pre-eminently a state of 
prayer. And in this state, though the mother sees not her son with 
material eyes, nor addresses him with her voice, yet her spirit holds 
communion with his spirit, and his with hers. Though we see not, 
speak not to the impenitent sinner for whom we pray, yet our spirit 
yearns for his spirit, and impresses him with that religious feeling 
which pervades and engrosses our own soul, which becomes the cause, 
and his conversion the effect. Every Faculty is catching and diffu- 
sive. The exercise of any in one, naturally, necessarily, excites it 
in another. Anger in one electrifies all around with the same angry 
feeling. So with the religious spirit. Religious feelings becoming 
roused in one, excite the same in another. These two combine and 
re-augment and rekindle similar feelings in the souls of others, and 
thus the " revival " goes on till the very atmosphere becomes charged 
with the religious fluid thrown off by so many, which spirit impres- 
ses the impenitent, and finally converts them. 

2. Cause and effect governs our world throughout. Nothing oc- 
curs not caused. 19 And this is as true of the world of mind as matter. 
Now, after the Deity has laid His plans all right in infinite wisdom for 
the greatest good of the greatest number, the prayers of mortals will 
neither change His great purposes, nor nullify the laws of causation 
as to the thing prayed for. Such views of God and Nature are ex- 
tremely limited and erroneous. This doctrine of prayer diminishes 
nought from its efficacy, yet presents the character of God in a digni- 
fied light, and sustains the great arrangement of cause and effect in 
all its power and universality. 

Verbal and public prayer find their counterpart in Phrenology, 



god: his existence, worship, and attributes. 811 

the former in the spontaneous disposition of Expression to clothe 
thoughts and feelings in appropriate language, and of Friendship, to 
pray with friends. On these two principles grow both vocal prayer 
and that social prayer in which one is spokesman for the others. 
Praying with and for others, intensifies the action and extends the 
scope of Worship, and thereby increases the pleasure and the profit 
derived from its exercise. 

The summary of this argument is this : Prayer is a spontaneous 
exercise of a human Faculty. It must therefore have its benefits, for 
all else in Nature is beneficial, and be answered. What folly to pray 
if prayer is not answered — as great as to hunger without food. That 
same argument already applied to prove the existence of God from 
Worship, 199 , also applied in like manner to prayer proves that it must 
be and is efficacious. Yet shall man coax God by prayer to set aside 
His divine plans and substitute mortal wishes, often short-sighted, 
instead? Will He upset His cause and effect ordinances just to grant 
mortal prayers? This breaking in upon His realm of causation is 
rather serious business. How can prayer be answered without both 
changing man's inferior for God's superior plans, and also upsetting, 
annulling, and overthrowing God's cause-and-effect ordinances? with- 
out stopping legitimate effects and substituting other than Nature's, 
totally at variance? Thus, O man. 

Unalterable natural laws govern our world. All causes 
produce their specific effects, but no others. Man can reach and apply 
these causes. When he wants warmth, he has only to use the natural 
means which create it by combustion. When he desires food, he has 
only to use those natural means which procure, prepare, and eat it. 
So whatever he desires, he can and does use means to effect. He prays 
for a given end " in faith, believing." This prompts and inspires him 
to use the requisite means for bringing it about. If he uses the right 
means, his prayer is answered. He both prays, and then himself answers 
his own prayers. If he uses wrong means, his prayers become im- 
potent, no matter how zealous. If he uses no means, they are not 
answered, "faith without works being dead," and fruitless, like either 
sex without the other. And the harder one prays the harder he must 
work ; for works alone give efficacy to prayers. 

Reader, does this state, and then solve, a knotty problem ? 

Communing with God is, however, quite another thing, and 
moulds into His blessed image, and is discussed in 218 . 

Conflicting prayers both confirm these views, and upset those 



812 man's moral nature and relations. 

usually entertained. Thus, when the English and Americans warred 
against each other, all the prayers of both nations prayed against each 
other, with all the " faith " they possessed, — the English that the Lord 
would defeat the American arms, and render theirs victorious ; while 
all the Americans prayed with equal " faith and zeal " that the same 
Lord would put the English hors de combat, and render Americans 
triumphant. And all on each side see the " special providence of 
God " in all the successes of their nation. 

North and South, both worshipping the same God and guided 
by the same Bible, belonging to the same churches and communing 
at the same " Lord's Supper," and equally sincere, conscientious, and 
pious, pit their prayers directly against each other. All Northern 
" Christians " accuse all Southern of being " rebels," traitors, and 
murderers, and pray that God, in righteous indignation, would over- 
throw them with merciless rout and slaughter, cause Northern bullets 
to hit and bayonets to pierce Southern soldiers through head and heart, 
and make the North victorious ; while all Southern Christians pray 
the same Lord to slaughter all Northern soldiers, right and left, day 
and night, till their remnant is completely subdued ! Obviously, 
the Lord can not answer both these conflicting prayers. One would 
naturally think He would be confused and bewildered by these bel- 
ligerent prayers of His beloved " chosen few." His way out of this 
embarrassing dilemma is plain and simple, by virtue of our principle 
— "ours?" His — of giving the victory to the longest, most, and 
best shotted and aimed cannon and small arms, most courageous and 
best disciplined soldiers, and most strategic generals; always, of 
course, including the most " sinews of war." 

Stonewall Jackson, when the war broke out, prayed all night, 
so said his father-in-law, with all his glowing fervor — and if he prayed 
as hard and well as he fought, he prayed very effectively — for the 
Lord to guide and direct him which side to espouse ; and, if mortal 
man ever was sincere, he prayed most faithfully for a Southern triumph. 
One prays for rain, another for drought ; some for this thing, others 
for that, ad infinitum, and all with equal faith and fervor. What 
could more conclusively prove that none are answered merely because 
they pray, nor neglected because they do not ; but that eternal in- 
flexible causation governs all things terrestrial, and that works alone 
achieve the things prayed for: yet that prayer promotes those works 
and thereby helps attain the ends prayed for? 



god: his existence, worship, and attributes. 813 

204. — Men become like the God they love and worship. 

We assimilate and affiliate, by an eternal law of mind, with 
whatever we admire and love. Thus a boy that loves his father, 
uncle, or mother, etc., involuntarily obeys and becomes like the one 
beloved. All children, all adults, illustrate this principle. Two 
friends who like each other, mutually adopt each other's peculiarities, 
and conform to each other's wishes. A coarse man who loves a re- 
fined woman cannot help imbibing and appropriating her refinement, 
and becoming the more refined the more he admires and associates 
with her. That " reformed rakes make the best of husbands," has 
passed into a proverb, because they become like those pure, good 
women they love; and all men become refined and purified by affili- 
ating with good ladies they admire. "Evil communications corrupt 
good manners," while good associates improve poor manners. If a 
good, proper youth who never swears, associates with and comes to 
like one who swears, or uses slang phrases, he too soon begins to swear 
and use like phrases ; while a swearing man who likes one who never 
swears, soon leaves off swearing. What law of mind is more appa- 
rent in practice ? Is it not as much both a fact and a necessity as 
that a hot iron touching cold ones becomes cold, yet makes them 
warm. 

Religion furnishes our best illustration of this law and fact. All 
nations, all peoples, all persons, are as their religions, and these are as 
the gods they worship. The Egyptians, in and by worshipping the 
bull, because of his amatory power and propensity, promoted this pro- 
pensity in themselves by his worship, just as did the Greeks and 
Romans by worshipping Venus ; while the Ephesians promoted their 
own and children's chastity, and restrained their Amativeness, by 
worshipping Diana, the virgin goddess of purity and passivity. Did not 
worshipping Bacchus make all his bacchanalian devotees gluttonous and 
drunken ? Did not worshipping Mercury for lying and stealing pro- 
mote lying and theft in those who adored these attributes ? Did not 
worshipping Minerva, as the goddess of poetry and the arts, make her 
religious worshippers the more poetical and artistic ? 

Young man, if you would become wise or good, intellectual or elo- 
quent, pious or profane, refined or gross, admiring and loving your 
desired trait in others will mould and fashion your character on the 
model you reverence. Could anything be clearer? What other means 
is half so efficacious? 

The Divinity we worship, therefore, modulates our character into 



811 MANS MORAL NATURE AND RELATIONS. 

a like image. If our God is sovereign, austere, vindictive, and puni- 
tive, we become the same in our family; but if He is good, just, and 
loving, we are to our family just what we think He is to us. Worship- 
ping Him as bloodthirsty, makes us likewise bloodthirsty and domi- 
neering ; while worshipping Him in His works, infuses a like spirit 
and purpose into us. Could any truth be more obvious? Is any 
human influence as potential as religion in moulding character and 
shaping conduct ? Then how immeasurably important that each and 
all worship the true God. No means of personal debasement or im- 
provement is half as potential for good as worshipping God as He is, 
or for evil as worshipping false gods. 

Kectifying our theological doctrines, thus becomes a sacred 
human duty, and when thus rectified, let us nestle ourselves right 
under the brooding wings of His parental affection, and watching His 
conduct to His creatures, shape ours after His divine model. Let us 
drink in His loving spirit from Him, and then work it out through- 
out all our feelings and actions. 

Behold, O man, in this great human fact, the infinite importance 
of a right theology, in still another phase. Men can illy afford to 
drift along, as now, in existing religious contradictions. There is a 
right religious doctrine and practice; let us learn them, and then con- 
form to them. 194 

205. — Natural Theology as promoting Eeligion among Men. 

Whatever promotes true religion among men thereby becomes 
the greatest public benefaction. As he who produces additional 
grass, cotton, grains, flowers, fruits, etc., thereby becomes a public 
benefactor, and he a far greater who promotes friendship, conjugal 
fidelity, parental love, kindness, taste, or any of the human virtues ; 
so he is by far the greatest of all who promotes genuine religion. No 
philanthropists, no reformers, equal propagators of true religious feel- 
ings and lives among men. How, then, can this summum bonum be 
promoted ? 

Churchism has this for its sole ostensible object. All the sects 
claim mainly to do this, and to surpass all the others in so doing, and 
as far as they do, are entitled to the heartiest blessings of those bene- 
fited, and all mankind. They oppose each other often, but should 
help always. They are co-workers, not antagonists. Let each pro- 
voke all the piety and good works it can, and extend the right hand 
of fellowship to all the others ; for each is doing its own work, which 



GOD : HIS EXISTENCE, WORSHIP, AND ATTRIBUTES. 815 

no other could do. Chinese, if not Chinese in religion, might not be 
anything, and so of Burmese, Mohammedan, Persian, et al. If the 
untutored Indian did not worship his " Great Spirit," he would not 
worship anything; certainly not the God of white men, who are 
cheating, deceiving, robbing, and murdering his wives and daughters 
thus ruthlessly. And he had by far better worship Him than nothing. 
So cheer on his religious teachers, or " medicine men/'* Mohamme- 
danism promotes the worship of Alia, which is something ; for its 
followers never would be Christians, but would be nothing first. 
Catholicism reaches a certain class, which it brings nearer to the 
divine throne than could any other motives; for many would be 
nothing if not Catholics. So Priests, Bishops, Popes, etc., accept a 
grateful tribute for the good work you are accomplishing. Each 
Protestant sect is in turn reaching a certain class of minds, and draw- 
ing them nearer the " throne of grace"* than their members would 
otherwise get, and as such deserves the gratitude of all the others, and 
of every lover of man. 

Phrenology, likewise, as in this work, claims the same benedic- 
tion, in that it reaches still another order of minds, and that by no 
means the lowest, whom nothing else could reach, and promotes both 
their knowledge of God, His attributes and laws, and deepens their 
religious fervor. 199 Then deserves it not the hearty " right hand of 
fellowship,'" and " God bless your efforts to make men happier and 
better by redoubling their devotion and rectifying their theology ? "" 
But whether it is or is not thus countenanced, it will go on with its 
work of enlarging, deepening, and rightly directing this religious 
sentiment. 

Yet all existing " means of grace/* all sects, creeds, and oecu- 
menical councils, all presbyteries, synods, churches, and prayer-meet- 
ings, all sermons, commentaries, "revivals/" etc., etc., are lamentably 
deficient in wielding over mankind the full power religion ought, and 
is adapted to wield. The Author heard Alexander Campbell, the 
last man to slander or belittle religion, say, when preaching to the 
President of the United States, to the Chief Justice of the Supreme 
Court, the Secretaries of State, War, etc., Senators and Congressmen, 
substantially, — » 

" Chistianity, under the preaching of the twelve Apostles merel} 7- , 
spread in a few years over all the then civilized world ; superinduced 
the day of Pentecost and brotherly love : kept the people from their 
heathen temples, many of which it closed ; with much more of like 
import ; and yet, with all the millions of money and thousands of 



816 man's moral nature and relations. 

missionary lives spent by modern Christianity in sending the gospel 
to the heathen, not one Christian temple has ever yet been raised by 
heathen hearts and hands to Almighty God ! Missionary stations are 
now held by brute force. Withdraw their missionaries to-day, and 
to-morrow scarcely one vestige of their moral influence could be traced 
upon the habits and lives of the people among whom they are planted. 
" Only a moiety of the nations profess Christianity, and of Chris- 
tian nations only a mere fraction are Christian communicants; and 
many of these, judging from their lives, make religion their outer 
garment, to be put on and put off at pleasure. Could a sharp busi- 
ness man select church members from among his customers by their 
being the most honest and straightforward, and the least slippery ? " 

He uttered much more of a kindred import. But whether he 
was right or wrong, religion to-day wields but the merest fraction of 
its legitimate power over men. And where it is potential, as among 
heathen and Mussulmen, who ascribe sickness, drought, every good 
and evil to divine Providence, and the instant their stated hour for 
worship comes, they drop whatever they may be doing and say over 
their prescribed prayers, this power does them more harm than good. 

Must this always be thus ? Must men either make religion vir- 
tually a dead letter, or else a curse ? Cannot men be both intensely 
religious, and yet derive therefrom only good? Must piety thus 
always pervert, when it is not impotent? How can true religion be 
made to yield all its natural benefits, without any of these palpable 
and monstrous evils ? By means of — 

Natural Theology and its teachings. — Intellect naturally 
intensifies and directs all the emotions, that of religious worship in- 
cluded. By a law of mind elsewhere demonstrated, reason and fact 
must precede, guide and inspire the feelings. 238 A wants to sell, and 
B to buy, a horse. A addresses himself at once and wholly to B's 
intellect, by showing him this, that, and the other equine excellence ; 
for he knows the money comes when, but only when, intellect, which 
holds the purse strings, bids. Acquisition parts with dollars only for 
something worth more. All commercial talking up and talking 
down of bargains and values apply this law, that intellect does and 
must rule. Only when it is feeble or uninformed can one be " hum- 
bugged" in anything. 

All Arguings of man w^th man, of politicians with voters, of 
lawyers with judges and juries, in short, all efforts of one man to per- 
suade others to adopt his views and do as he may wish, are based in 
this same law, that intellect instinctively rules, deepens, turns, and 
assuages the feelings. All polemical theology, in fact all polemics, 
have this same foundation. 



GOD: HIS EXISTENCE, WORSHIP, AND ATTRIBUTES. 817 

All sermons, commentaries, and exhortations presuppose and rely 
for efficiency on this same mental principle, as do all revival appeals 
and efforts. The extraordinary power of Finney, the great revival 
preacher, and of all his coadjutors, lies in urgent appeals to the intel- 
lects of those they would convert. They argue them into a state 
of religious enthusiasm. They reach their hearts through their heads. 
They awaken religious emotion by appeals to reason. Their premises 
may be wrong; but conceded by both, or else made plausible by argu- 
ment, the whole plan of revivals, exhortations, sermons, religous peri- 
odicals, and all efforts to moralize and pietize their hearers are 
founded in this law that intellect enkindles emotion. Sensual books 
have this same base; so have poetical, as have also novels, and edu- 
cation. 

Please consider duly not only that this law is true, but how true, 
and how diversified are its ramifications and applications throughout 
human society. We are but expounding a natural fad of the human 
constitution. 

Intellect, therefore, brought to bear on this devout sentiment, 
proportionally enkindles it. Human devotion can be redoubled 
many times over by cogent religious reasonings ; and probably the 
existing impotency of religion stated by Campbell, which all must ac- 
knowledge, is due to this want of deep philosophical conviction. The 
inferences of these sermons may be all right from their premises, but 
their premises may not be felt. Is there not in them all a manifest 
lack of a tangible, understandible, conclusive basis ? As a surveyor 
must first establish his base lines before he sticks stakes ; so religious 
teachers should prove whereof they affirm ; demonstrate the being of 
a God, and those first principles on which they base their inferences ; 
otherwise they need not expect to reach the feelings and conduct of the 
intelligent, nor even of the masses, except "just for now." But 
Natural Theology precisely meets this human and religious want. 
Let us give a few pertinent illustrative examples in 

Model sermons. — " He sendeth forth His snow like wool. He scattereth His 
hoar frost like ashes." — Job. 

" My people, you have often seen and heard described the beauties 
of spring, the glories of summer, and the bounties and luxuries of* 
autumn ; but I bring before you to-day the advantages and philoso- 
phies of winter. 

" Colo plays a necessary part in the natural economies. 154 It tones 
np and invigorates. Compare the inhabitants of the tropics with 
those in the temperate zones and towards the poles, and learn from 
many like illustrations how beneficial it is. 
103 



818 man's moral nature and relations. 

" Air exists, and the sun, shining directly down on that in the 
tropics, but obliquely towards the poles, makes equatorial air very 
hot, but polar very cold. Hot air being rarified and therefore lighter, 
but cold the denser and heavier, causes winds by the colder lifting the 
warm, and rushing into its place. 

" Some equalizer of this cold and heat becomes necessary ; else a 
cold blast would rush down towards the equator, as do the ' northers' 
of Texas to-day, followed by a counter rush of hot air north to- 
morrow ; so that no living thing, not even the old oak, could live, 
much less grow, through them. 

" Snow supplies the equalizer. Whenever hot and cold currents 
commingle, they produce moisture, rain in summer, but in winter 
snow, thus: This moisture takes up this atmospheric cold, which 
freezes and solidifies this water, and forms snow, which falls by its 
specific gravity, settles on the earth's surface, blankets vegetation and 
its roots, and gives a two-fold protection to all forms of life : first in 
abstracting a vast amount of cold from the atmosphere, and, next, in 
shielding vegetation against the balance ; as you farmers know that 
the more snow in winter, the better your wheat comes out in spring. 

11 This snow gives off its latent cold to the next hot southern blast, 
preventing the weather from becoming hot too soon or suddenly ; thus 
constituting a threefold regulator of heat and cold. 

" Ice subserves a kindred regulating purpose, besides effecting 
several other most desirable ends. The cold air, resting on the top 
of the water, gives off its cold to the water on top, which thereby be- 
comes more dense and heavy, on the principle that cold always shrinks, 
and heat expands all things, of course, settles to the bottom ; while 
the warmer bottom rises to the top, to be in turn cooled, and thereby 
precipitated so that no part of any body of water freezes till all parts 
have been brought to the freezing point. A vast amount of cold is 
thus taken out of the air, early frosts prevented, etc. If shrunk in 
freezing, its specific gravity would so exceed that of water, that it 
would form at the bottom ; and soon become so thick as to fill up our 
river beds, turn their descending currents abroad at random through- 
out our fields and valleys, destroy our fish, and not thaw out during 
the whole summer. Instead, just at the congealing point it expands, 
by virtue of that great law that cyrstallization always expands, thus 
becoming larger, and therefore lighter, which buoys it on top of 
water ; protects underlying water against overlying cold, else the 
whole river would soon be converted into ice ; bridges it ; enables us 
to store up winter's cold in ice-houses for summer use ; saves our fish, 
and effects beneficial ends immeasurable. Behold the wisdom, good- 
ness, and forethought of God in these the works of His hands ! 

" Window glass serves a like beneficent end. Our houses must be 
light, yet warm, in cold weather. If we had been obliged to light 
them by ice windows, — how else could we, in the absence of glass ? — 
the heat requisite for keeping us warm would melt this ice, and let in 
the cold, besides preventing our warming and lighting our houses in 
moderately cool weather. But glass has the property of admitting 
light, yet retaining heat ; and how infinite the amount of human hap- 
piness this divine contrivance effects ! Then should not all those who 
1 look out at the window,' thank God for His forethought and provi- 
sions for our comfort, down to the minutest trifles? " 



GOD : HIS EXISTENCE, WORSHIP, AND ATTRIBUTES. 819 

A Sexual Laws Sermon. " ' Male and female created He ' all 
that lives, vegetables included. All forms of terrestrial life originate 
in this principle, which is probably forever generating worlds through 
the fields of space, and then peopling all with every conceivable form 
of individual life, some thirty-three thousand different forms having 
been already discovered on our earth, with probably many more yet 
remaining to be discovered ; and you and I, man and woman, along 
with all that lives, owe our existence, and all we are, or can ever be- 
come, immortality included, to this sexual instrumentality. 

** Love of the opposite sex is its specific function. This begets 
gallant attentions in men, and their pleasing, courteous receptions in 
ladies. God by this instinct commands all men to look after the com- 
fort of all ladies, especially that of their own, and forbids all cross- 
ness from ladies to gentlemen. See that ye all conform to this re- 
quirement. 

" Conjugal affection, that purest and holiest of all the human 
emotions, except love of God, is its specific product ; and nothing else 
equals its purifying, sanctifying, and exalting influences. The family, 
with all its ties, J03-S, and behests to man — and we little realize how 
great they are — flows from this fountain. All men and women should 
surround themselves with all the luxuries, restraints and advantages 
of an idolized conjugal mate, darling rosy children, and ' sweet home.' 
See to it that ye ( multiply, and replenish, and fill the whole earth ; ' and 
that no animosities or reproaches, nothing but pure, devoted love ever 
disturbs your sacred family circle ! Let every husband treat his wife ex- 
actly as the perfect gentleman treats his most appreciated female ac- 
quaintance ; and every wife her husband as that lady treats this gentle- 
man, only much more so. 

" One love is its natural law. All ye, therefore, who love ' here 
and there a little,' are breaking this divine love ordinance, and bring- 
ing down upon yourselves retributions 'greater than you can bear.' 
Young people, all flirtations, all sensualities, all derelictions from vir- 
tue, in either sex, are violations of God's sacred love ordinances, and 
will punish their perpetrators more terribly, and with more varied 
sufferings than God inflicts upon any other breaches of His divine 
laws. 

" Young men, all men, know that sensuality, throughout all its forms, 
personal included, while it gives you but little merely temporary plea- 
sure, makes its victims mere wrecks, blights their immortal souls, and 
is God's special abomination. 

" Each and all, see that you exercise this divine element, but only 
in purity, and virtuous wedlock." 

Could not sermons which should eliminate, ramify, and impress 
like phases of truth be made to keep every young man and woman 
pure till, and through, marriage ? Suppose a D. D. should study out 
thoroughly the laws and facts of optics, provide drawings and models, 
make an elaborate exposition of the divine ways and means of vision 
in one series of sermons, in another of audition, another of digestion, 
and thus of all the other functions, thus uniting Science with re- 



820 man's moral nature and relations. 

ligion, as God in nature has united them, men of intelligence would 
flock to hear him, if only to obtain knowledge, and thereby be in- 
spired to worship Him. 

Every sermon, in short, should be a scientific lecture, and every 
lecture a scientific sermon. Nature is all religion, and religion is all 
Nature. "What God hath joined together, let not man put asunder." 

The natural laws make the best of texts. The laws of eating, 
sleeping, breathing, ablution, health, etc., and the sinfulness of sick- 
ness and premature death, which is virtual suicide, the laws of the 
social affections, self-defence, respect for the rights of others, property, 
honor, kindness, cleanliness, the sinfulness and filthiness of using to- 
bacco, 126 the beauties and poetry of Nature and art, the mechanical, 
dynamic, pneumatic, atmospheric, geometric, and all other natural 
laws, each form bases of sermons or series, which, well got up and 
delivered, would enlighten, and thus reform all the people, and well 
nigh compel men to obey them, by enlisting their very self-interest in 
their fulfilment. Let one example suffice for all. 

'• ' Honesty js the best policy.' Industry is a prime virtue, and 
one of the Faculties God has given us to make provision for our fu- 
ture wants. 163 It promotes all the virtues, as idleness aggravates all 
the vices, being ' Satan's workshop.' It is the solemn duty of all to 
make money enough to keep themselves, and all dependent on them, 
comfortable through life ; while overgrown fortunes curse their pos- 
sessors, ruin their children, who should have their patrimony put into 
them, educationally, not left them, for only what money they earn will 
benefit them, breed pride, pamper vice, break the natural law of pro- 
perty, and indicate deficient business sagacity. 

" Integrity is capital in trad£. If you are honest at heart, you 
will be so in life, which people will discover, praise, patronize, and help 
along. This will give you credit, which is your creditor's capital, 
worth as much as so much cash in hand, save all bantering, raise up 
friends, helpers, and backers, and is your only true road to financial 
success. Gaining a penny dishonestly to-day loses you a dollar 
hereafter. 

" A boy sent with a sixpence to buy a yardstick, the price of which 
was five cents, was refused the penny due in change, which maddened 
boy and father, and though both did a business next door to this penny 
cheat for fifty years, which required twenty thousand dollars worth of 
his goods per year, yet neither ever gave him one cent of custom. 
That one cent wrong cost him the profits annually on. twenty thousand 
dollars worth of goods for fifty years, and the eternal hate of both 
with all the social injuries they could inflict on him. No man eve? 
wronged another in pennies or pounds without losing thousands on 
this identical account. God is just, and therefore punishes those who 
are not. None can at all afford to cheat. All pecuniary wrong inevit- 
ably pays fearfully the wrong way. 



GOD: HIS EXISTENCE, WORSHIP, AND ATTRIBUTES. 821 

" Slander reacts for the slandered, but ruins the slanderer. Truth 
takes time to get her slipper on, but always overtakes and punishes 
falsehood fearfully. Never pity the slandered, for God sees justice 
done to all, nor trouble yourself about your maligners ; for al^ wrong 
reacts in favor of the wronged, and against wrongdoers. Otherwise 
God would not be -just. 

" Injure no hair of man's head, and doubly of woman's ; for God 
loves His children, and both pleads their cause, and avenges their 
wrongs through His natural laws. Never dare to injure his innocent, 
virtuous daughters, for He is their special Protector, and punishes, 
pro rata, to their worth." 

Under like sermons, with some " Thou art the man " in them, 
pithy, elegant, eloquent, able, logical, men would neither nod, nor 
snore, nor ogle ; but would return better and still better, truer, higher, 
holier men and women, husbands and wives, business men and citizens, 
ever after. These natural laws constitute both tl>e foundation and 
binding force of all moral and religious obligations, and should be elu- 
cidated and enforced as paramount, God-commanded, religious duties, 
and all their violations as transgressions against His holy ordinances. 
Sinners against God's natural laws are His greatest transgressors. 

206. — Sectarianism accounted for: the true Sect. 

" Many men have many minds " in many things. We are made 
to differ. As many more animals can be fed by different kinds eat- 
ing different foods than could be if all ate but one kind, as if all men 
were exactly alike in mechanics, the inventions of only one could ever 
bless mankind ; if they were alike in reasoning, all could have but one 
set of ideas ; and so in thousands of like cases ; so all were created to 
look at this religious problem, each from his special standpoint, so that 
each presents it in some peculiar phases, many of which are improve- 
ments. This religious problem itself is as infinite as is its divine 
Author ; so that finite minds can fathom only a small section of it ; 
yet by each propounding his and her own religious speciality, all en- 
large and improve upon the religious thought of each, and each of 
all. This religious diversity, then, promotes the evolution of this 
great problem of religion. Then let each tolerate all, and all learn 
from each. 

Wherein they conflict, however, one or both are manifestly 
wrong or imperfect. One may see one aspect of religious truth and 
another another ; one have this " experience," and another that, with- 
out either colliding with the other. Differing and opposing, are two 
things. Though the science of religion, like all the other natural 



822 man's moral nature and relations. 

sciences, is the same from the beginning of time, 194 yet man's discoveries, 
advancement, knowledge, etc., of these sciences, and of religious sci- 
ence, are progressive ; one adding one, and others other discoveries, 
to the general stock of knowledge. As a hundred persons in travel- 
ling the same way on a given road, some may be -many miles in ad- 
vance of others, see more objects and distant heights more clearly, etc., 
so one may see and feel more religious truth than another, and that 
more clearly ; yet as far as the hindmost sees or feels, they both see 
and feel alike. Religious sects are therefore engraven into human 
nature, and subserves the good of all, just as do different political 
parties. 

Sectarianism is accounted for and reproved thus. Though the 
inquiry would be pertinent here, which sect is farthest on this reli- 
gious road, which have wandered from it, and wherein and how far, 
each is travelling in the wrong direction, etc., which Phrenology 
answers ; yet we have not proposed to stone this wasp nest, but only 
to fill our own cells with pure sweet honey. But fealty to truth 
requires that we show' in what law of mind it originates, namely, — 

Worship adores simply, while the other Faculties determine what 
it shall worship. The God we worship is but an enlargement of our 
own selves. All nations have always worshipped deities in exact cor- 
respondence with themselves. Sensual people have sensual gods, 
possessed of like passions with themselves. All judge others by 
themselves. Those who care little or much for praise, think others 
the same. We naturally think others love, hate, and desire whatever 
we do. What a man thinks about this or that depends mainly on 
what he himself is. All look at all things through glasses colored 
like themselves. Acquisitive men look and judge all things, politics, 
business, science, etc., simply in the light of dollars ; kind people, in 
that of its public benefits ; aristocratic people, in that of popularity ; 
reasoning people, in that of philosophy ; conscientious persons, in that 
of abstract right and duty ; matter-of-fact persons, in that of experi- 
ments, etc. Always " the wish is father to the thought." 

Appetite illustrates this principle ; some relishing, others disliking, 
the very same flavors and kinds of food ; according to the varying 
tastes of the persons, not that of the food they eat. 

Men's tastes are governed by this law. A minister, powerful in 
body and mind, deep and original in reasoning, a profound theologian, 
but cold, inelegant, with little pathos or taste, is liked by those simi- 
larly constituted, because he feeds their Faculties; but is disliked 



god: his existence, worship, and attributes. 823 

by his sentimental and genteel hearers, who appreciate his defects but 
not his excellences ; one class liking, the other disliking him for pre- 
cisely the same attributes ; while another, with opposite developments, 
is liked by those who dislike the former, but disliked by those who 
like the first. Hence, some men are pronounced highly talented by 
some, but simpletons by others. Men differ in their tastes, desires, 
and pursuits, because they differ in their primitive characteristics. 

A perfect picture is admired for its perspective and perfect pro- 
portions by those who have Size large ; its beautiful tints and hues by 
those whose Color is large ; its perfection of figure and likeness by 
those who have large Form ; its richness of taste and beautiful de- 
sign by those in whom Beauty predominates ; and by all according to 
their own specialties. 

Men's judgment is also good or poor according as their various 
Faculties are either. Thus, those having Causality large and Color 
small, are good judges of plans and reasonings, but poor of colors and 
paintings; Beauty large, with Construction small, makes good judges in 
all matters of taste, but poor in those of mechanism ; large Size, with 
small Conscience, judges well of bulk, height, weight, distances, etc., 
but poorly in all matters involving rights and duties, and vice versa in 
both ; and so in reference to all the other Faculties. But those who 
have all the organs fully and evenly developed take consistent and 
correct views of all subjects, have good judgment about everything, 
and entertain correct and well-digested opinions generally. 

The religious doctrines of mankind are governed by this prin- 
ciple. "Worship adores God ; but the other Faculties of each wor- 
shipper predetermine the kinds of gods each worships. Those having 
any or all of the propensities in predominance, worship divinities -to 
whom they ascribe "like passions with themselves." Thus, in the 
earlier ages of the race, when Nature must needs make propagation 
paramount, so as to " fill the whole earth/' by rendering Amativeness 
the master passion, sufficient to override all opposing contingencies, 
men set up a handsome, amorous woman for religious worship. Ado- 
ration and passion must unite to build temples and set up images 
which should provoke each other's procreative instincts. Hence men 
erected and dedicated more religious temples to the worship of Venus, 
the goddess of passion and pleasure, than to all the other gods and 
goddesses put together ; besides worshipping her more ardently than 
all the others, by men and women rushing together in uncounted thou- 
sands to her lascivious temples to provoke each other to the utmost 



824 man's, moral nature and relations. 

promiscuous and unbridled amatory excesses ; he and she being the 
most pious who indulged the most wantonly. This was as much their 
piety as going to church is ours. 

War was another of the powerful passions, and must therefore be 
incorporated into their religion. Force and Destruction, combined 
with Worship, erected the temple of Janus, in which to worship Mars, 
the god of war, carnage, and cruelty. And right zealously did they 
adore and serve him. 

As A growing youth needs to eat heartily, so the ancients needed 
to eat relatively more than moderns, in order to establish a strong con- 
stitution for the race, and this made Bacchus their god ; who, having 
powerful Amativeness, had become deeply enamored of Venus, and 
her of him, worshipping wine and women together; thus creating re- 
ligious feasts, coupled with whatever of sensuality they could provoke. 
Pious debauchery and revelry were their " means of grace," propitia- 
ting their gods, and getting into their sensual heaven. 

Terminus, who preserved their boundaries, and Ceres, who gave 
them prolific crops, came in for devout gratitude and worship, and 
were their most appropriate deities. 

Mercury was worshipped as a lying trickster, an arrant thief, an 
adroit robber, by Worship combining with Secrecy and Acquisition. 
Their powerful impulses "got up" this divinity; and honored those 
most who could steal so cunningly as not to get caught at it. 

Powerful Caution combined with Worship, adored Jupiter with 
fear and trembling, and offered up human victims to appease his 
imagined fierce wrath. The Author saw, in the American consul's 
office at Halifax, N. S., a picture bought at the sale of Queen Vic- 
toria's mother's effects, for a mere song, because it was so old and 
dusty that it had remained among the garret rubbish till its purport 
was lost, probably descended in the English Royal Family for 
a^es, the colors of which our consul had so far restored that most 
of its figures could be plainly read. It represented human sacrifice, 
thus : — 

A statue of Jupiter stood on a lofty pedestal, to the right in 
the recess of a great temple, just dark enough to inspire awe and rep- 
resent grandeur ; large, powerful, tall, yet brawny, the impersonation 
of physical power and manhood ; arms folded on his broad, powerful 
chest; face all aglow with fierce, wild, ferocious rage and wrath; flames 
bursting forth from his eyes and smoke from his nostrils, throwing 
bolts of forked lightning right and left, whom his idolaters were in 



GOD : HIS EXISTENCE, WORSHIP, AND ATTRIBUTES. 825 

vain trying to appease, by offering up human victims on his bloody 
altar. 

Beneath, and directly under his glaring fiery eyes, was his high 
priest, with a rope over his right shoulder, one end clasped with his 
hands, and the other tied to the bent knee of a dangling human 
corpse, just killed, which he was dragging before his offended 
majesty, and saying in looks, " Please behold, O Jupiter, and be ap- 
peased ! " 

A beautiful youth, of glowing eighteen, with classical features, 
a Roman nose, bright auburn ringlets, beautiful face and lovely coun- 
tenance, just becoming pale from loss of blood, but a bright, beautiful 
spot of glowing red and pink still remaining in his otherwise pallid 
cheek, the blood oozing from his punctured arm and trickling into a 
sacred vase, while a priestess felt his waning pulse, and was obviously 
offering him the consolations of prayer and religion ; her pious face 
expressing devotion as exalted, and adoration as heavenly as mortal 
face could express; anxiously tendering him the consolations of reli- 
gion in these his expiring moments ; his own face saddened by being 
compelled to forego those pleasures he was just leaving ; fainting and 
dying from loss of blood, constituted its central figure. 

A woman, hard-faced, haggish-looking, resolute, bloody, firmly 
grasping a short knife in her right hand, and looking as if she could 
go through anything, was obviously the one who opened the veins 
and conducted the ceremonies. 

Rows of victims, bound, but struggling with all their might to 
break their ligatures,* which fairly cut into their flesh from these vain 
struggles ; their veins swollen as if ready to burst, and their large eyes 
protruding from their sockets and rolling in agony in view of the 
bloody fate just before them, were in his rear, awaiting their dreadful 
doom. All this came from Caution and Worship. 

Minerva, the goddes of poetry, painting, and statuary, originated 
in their Beauty and Construction, mingling with Worship; while 
Diana personified their appreciation of chastity. 

Four men, each having Worship large, but differing in their other 

* Religion is derived from the Latin word ligo, to bind, prefixed with re, the 
two meaning re-bound, bound over a second time, to make doubly sure that they 
cannot possibly struggle loose from their impending sacrifice ; this re-ligo, or 
sure binding, being the most essential part of their worship. Our word religion 
is thus derived from this most important part of their most vital religious rite, the 
binding of human victims for the bloody altars of Jupiter. Ligature, obligation, 
bound for, etc., come from this same root. How amazing our religious progress 
compared with them. But have even we reached the goal of religious truth ? 



826 man's moral nature and relations. 

organs, will each adore a god like himself. Thus, one with Worship 
and Conscience large, but Kindness and Reason deficient, adores a god 
of inexorable justice, but destitute of sympathy and sense; while a 
second, with Worship and Kindness large, but Reason and Conscience 
small, worships a god of infinite goodness, but without either justice 
or reason; yet a third, who has Worship and Causality large, but 
lacks Kindness and Conscience, worships a god of cause and effect, or 
natural laws, without regard to sympathy or right; whereas, a fourth, 
having all these organs large, worships a god of kindness, justice, 
and reason — as kind in order to be just, and just in order to be kind; 
and as securing the greatest good of the greatest number by institut- 
ing eternal laws of right; so that the last has ideas of God as much 
more correct and complete than all the others, as he has a larger 
number of the phrenological Faculties the better developed ; that is, 
a better head. 63 

Our Faculties thus constitute as it were our colored glasses which 
impart their own color to all we look at. As things beheld through green 
or red, yellow or smoky glasses look green or red, yellow or smoky ; 
so God appears to us to be what we ourselves are. Those with large 
Conscience worship Him for His inflexible justice, and severe retribu- 
tion ; with large Causality, as the first great Cause of all things ; 
with large Dignity and Firmness, as the omnipotent Sovereign of the 
universe, unchangeable and eternal, and executing His own absolute 
will in heaven and on earth ; with large Kindness, for His goodness 
to His creatures; with all large, as " a God merciful and gracious, long- 
suffering, and abundant in goodness and truth, yet who will by no 
means clear the guilty;" as perfectly holy Himself, and requiring holi- 
ness in all His creatures ; as creating and governing them with a wise 
reference to their greatest ultimate good, and in doing this, as reward- 
ing those who obey His laws, but punishing those who disobey ; or, 
rather, as infinitely benevolent, yet who will " not let the wicked go 
unpunished ; " with large Parental Love, as exercising a fatherly care 
over His children, and providing a bountiful supply for all their 
wants, etc. 198 Hence, one having all these organs fully and evenly 
developed, and unperverted, will take all the characteristics of the 
Deity into account, and give each its due proportion; his views of 
the character, attributes, and government of God being consistent and 
correct. And the nearer any one's head approaches to this phreno- 
logical standard of perfection, 63 the more correct will be his moral 
feelings and conduct, as well as his religious opinions and worship ; 



god: his existence, worship, and attributes. 827 

yet the farther one's head departs from this standard, that is, the more 
uneven, and imperfectly balanced his organs, the more erroneous will 
be his religious opinions, and proportionally imperfect his moral 
conduct. 

This principle shows all just how far, and wherein, their indi- 
vidual religious opinions and practices depart from this perfect 
standard. Those in whom Worship is deficient feel too little devo- 
tion, and should cultivate it ; in whom Firmness, Dignity, and Con- 
science predominate over Kindness, or whose heads keep rising so as 
to form an apex at their crowns, regard God as too severe, abitrary, 
sovereign, and austere ; but whose Kindness predominates over Justice 
and Destruction, take the opposite extreme, and adore Him as all 
goodness, but not retributive ; in whom Causality and Conscience are 
large, and Worship and Spirituality small, are too radical, ultra and 
hypothetical, and more moral than pious, and should pray more, 203 
and theorize less ; whereas those whose Worship predominates over 
reason, believe as they are told, and should think more, but believe 
less. This great principle, applied to the special developments of 
each, gives all a moral formula, by which all can and should both test 
their own religious doctrines and practices, and cultivate their defi- 
cient Faculties, as well as counteract their warped and defective lives 
and ideas. The phrenologies of each and all give all a correct reli- 
gious standard, and show all wherein they deviate from and conform to 
it. By this phrenological tribunal let all abide. Then will hydra-headed 
sectarianism die, and all men embrace the same doctrines of truth, 
and live perfect religious lives. Infidels generally have poorly 
balanced moral heads ; while those who are wise, are wise for them- 
selves. 

A good phrenologist can accordingly tell to what denomination 
any given person belongs. If one joins this church and another that, 
as many do, to gain popularity or business, to see the fine toilets and 
beautiful ladies, or to hear the best singing, or speaking, or because 
his wife prefers to go there, or from drift-wood indifference, or from 
early habit, or associations, or any similar motives, his head does not 
tell to what church he belongs; but, if he is "dyed in the wool," and 
in spontaneous sympathy with any special set of doctrines, his Phre- 
nology certainly does correspond. It cannot always tell whether he 
is a Baptist, Presbyterian, or Congregationalist, because their doctrines 
are alike, and these differences are only superficial, governmental, and 
ritual, not generic ; but Episcopalian and Catholic heads certainly 



828 man's moral nature and relations. 

can be assorted from Orthodox, and both from Quakers, and all three 
from Unitarians, and all from Nothingarians, and always Old School 
from New, High Church from Low, and Mormons from all. The 
Author has made these predications with scarcely a failure, in public 
and private, these forty years, and knows whereof he affirms. 

Sectarian bigots are here shown why they differ and wrangle 
thus ; namely, one looks at God through one set of moral glasses, and 
others through others ; those wearing red glasses asserting that He is 
red, but not green, while those wearing green glasses as stoutly main- 
tain that He is not red but is green ; each reading the other into, and 
out of, heaven and hell, solely because they wear different colored 
glass; whilst the atheist, with leathern goggle on, stoutly maintains 
that there is no God, solely because he won't see any ! And this is 
the sum total of sectarianism ! 

Off with your glasses, then, all who love religious truth, and 
let all see if we cannot find " the true God." To carry out our figure 
drawn from colors : As all the primitive colors painted on a revolving 
surface gives a perfect white ; so all the phrenological Faculties, evenly 
developed and normally exercised, give a perfect aspect of God and 
His moral government ; and disclose 

207. — The Attributes of the Deity. 

A perfect theological formula, which, rightly applied, dis- 
closes all the divine attributes, must needs exist. Has God left man 
in darkness as to Himself? Does He command us to worship the 
true God, but no false gods, without also somewhere revealing Him- 
self, beyond all cavil or doubt ? 

The works of God reveal His character. The productions of all 
things are as the characters of their producers — Colt's revolver and 
gun cotton show that he was a destructive man, Howard's that he was 
a philanthropist ; Morse's, that he was intelligent; Astor's, that he is 
acquisitive ; Napoleon's, that he was belligerent, etc. " By their fruits 
ye shall know them." "Actions speak louder than words." How 
could one produce what is not in him ! To write thoughts one must 
first have them. Can those pen elevated sentiments who have none ? 
Can fools produce wisdom, or philosophers folly ? We can give only 
what we have. As men do, so they are. The cunning works of the 
fox come from a cunning author. All the works of all beings accord 
with the character of their producer. This law is both necessary and 
universal. 



GOD : HIS EXISTENCE, WORSHIP, AND ATTRIBUTES. 829 

God and His works furnish the most complete illustration of this 
law. Shall He form its only exception, and violate His own law of 
things ? Shall He do one thing, yet BE another ? Is the Author of 
all truth Himself deceptive ? Is He inflexibly just in His works yet 
unjust in His Nature f Is He almighty in His works yet feeble in 
power ? Neither. Nature is but a transcript of her Author. His 
works are the perfect embodiment of Himself. All that they are, He 
is. Are they infinite in variety and range? So is He. Are they all 
directed to happiness as their " chief end ? " He, too, is Infinite 
Goodness ; and His provision for the illimitable happiness of man and 
all sentient beings 15 is but the almighty gushings of His own benevolent 
soul. Are His works perfect specimens of mechanical contrivance and 
execution? 229 He, too, is the Infinite Architect of the universe, and as 
skilful in executing, as surpassingly wonderful in invention. Oh ! 
the perfection and infinitude of His mechanism ! Are His laws in- 
flexible?. He too, "hath no variableness nor shadow of turning." 
Hills may be removed, and mountains leveled, but "the statutes of 
the Lord endure forever ! " Are all His works perfectly methodical, 
and subjected to " heaven's first law ? " He is that law itself, and 
the mighty [Regulator of all that is. Do sun and stars rise and set, 
moon and seasons change with perfect regularity, and all Nature ob- 
serve "appointed times," and is not He the great Timist of ages? 
Has He created music, and is He too not the Musician of the 
universe, not in sound merely, but in the unmarred concord and 
blending of all His creations? Has He instituted illimitable duration, 260 
and is He too not the Eternal ; without beginning and without end ? 
Has He devised natural and verbal language, and does He not say 
to all rational beings " Learn and obey my laws ? " Are His works 
uniform, and ranged in infinite series? He, too, is induction itself. 
Is every effect caused ? He Himself is Infinite Causation, and works 
by means. Are His plans infinite in number, variety, perfection, and 
power, and is He less infinite? Does He hurl worlds through illimi- 
table space as if trifles, yet descend to create the most delicate and 
minute structures conceivable, and is He, too, not as infinite in His 
littleness as in His might? Oh ! who can duly admire either Nature, 
or her God ! God in His works surpasses the eloquence of angels. 
Can the student of God in Nature be other than devout,,? No natu- 
ralist can be an atheist. None can love Nature without loving her 
laws and her God, or be a votary of sensuality in any form. All 
Nature is one vast system of Theology, one magnificent temple dedi- 



830 MAN S MORAL NATURE AND RELATIONS. 

cated to Divine worship, and every lover of its study is a devout wor- 
shipper at its shrine. May God teach us all Himself in His works, 
and by thus exhibiting His infinite perfections, fill our souls with 
gratitude for His goodness, adoration for His character, love of His 
attributes, and desire to learn more and more of His excellences, and 
become more and more like Him, throughout time, and to all eternity ! 

Human nature teaches us Divine. Man is the highest part of 
God's works. This is no hypothesis, no ignis fatuus, but a solid, scien- 
tific basis : God is in harmony with His works, that is, with 
Nature. Man is also in harmony with this same Nature, of which 
he is the epitome, and the grand summary. Therefore man is in har- 
mony with God, on the axiom that two things, each equal to a third, 
are therefore equal with each other. God is in harmony with Nature, 
man is in harmony with Nature ; therefore man and God are in har- 
mony with each other. All philosophy, all cant, all everything, is 
defied to invalidate either this premise or inference. It is short, but 
an absolutely reliable guide to this centre problem of religion, the 
Attributes of Jehovah. Mark one other syllogism. 

Man is like God "In His own image, and after His own likeness, 
created He him : " Phrenology analyzes man ; therefore Phrenology 
analyzes God. Of course man is not like God in amount, but only in the 
nature of his attributes. That is, both have the same attributes or Facul- 
ties, the same fundamental principles of action, and the same character- 
istics, besides being governed by the same natural laws. All three, God, 
Man, and Nature, are in rapport with each other, parts of one great 
whole, and composed of the same fundamental elements. The analysis 
of either analyzes all. Phrenology analyzes Man, and therefore Nature, 
and Nature's God. Thinking readers are respectfully requested to 
scan this premise and conclusion — 

Phrenology reveals the nature and attributes of man, and 
thereby the nature and attributes of his Creator. 

Each Faculty in man, therefore, has its counterpart in a like attri- 
bute of God. Citing a few, will enable us to decipher the balance. 

Kindness is an attribute alike of man and God. Phrenology finds 
this organ in man's head, and all human history attests its ameliorating 
presence in his conduct. " Good Samaritans" have been, and will be, 
found throughout all human history, in all conditions ; while every 
succeeding age furnishes more and still more devoted humanitarians. 
Man loves to do good to man. Yellow fever in Portsmouth, in New 
Orleans ; a consuming fire in Portland, in Chicago, in Boston, and 



GOD: HIS EXISTENCE, WORSHIP, AND ATTRIBUTES. 831 

millions on millions leap right out of the pockets of individuals and 
communities to relieve consequent distress. Poor-houses and asylums 
of all kinds, and charities without number, swell the record. One 
should feel proud to belong to a race thus philanthropic. 

God is also good. His very name is but a contraction from good, 
as devil is of d'evil, the evil. To attempt to portray the boundless 
and endless goodness of the infinite Giver of all good, seems like sac- 
rilege ; because all description falls so infinitely below the reality as 
to seem a detraction, — at least, " faint praise." Though all human 
efforts to portray it must needs fall as far below it as man falls below 
his Maker, yet our subject demands at least an attempt. 

Every divine contrivance both promotes happiness, and was 
expressly instituted for that sole purpose; it being the only ultimate 
end of all things terrestrial and celestial. 15 The sun was ordained to 
generate life-giving warmth, so as to render all sentient beings comfort- 
able, and produce those vegetables and fruits about equally promotive 
of animal and human enjoyment. Who can admeasure the enjoyments 
afforded, to whatever sees, just by light, and sight ! All this is super- 
added to the pleasures of comforting warmth. The sun subserves ten 
thousand ends, every one of which becomes a means of enjoyment to 
sentient beings innumerable. Who could admeasure or conceive the 
amount, the variety, the extent of the enjoyments and the luxuries 
already derived by all forms of life from this luminary ? 

Other planets, with all their happy myriads, equally with ours, 
bask in his life-inspiring rays, and all who can see him from surroun- 
ding worlds throughout the boundless fields of space, are made happy 
by the sight ! 

His future rays will exceed his past in multiplying enjoyment as 
one exceeds millions, for he will have the more to make happy. O, 
who can conceive the number of sentient beings he has made, and will 
yet make, happy throughout all his past and future cycles, or the ex- 
tent and variety of that happiness ! Who wonders that Parsees wor- 
ship him as he rises in devout appreciation. 

Other divine contrivances without number second his benign 
mission. Earth, air, water, fire, grain, fruits, flowers, — but why 
single out any, when all Nature, in and throughout all her individual 
entities, has this for her only object ! One would think that every- 
thing in Nature was in earnest emulation with all else in striving 
to see which could confer the most happiness, or else some new phase 
of it, on whatever can enjoy! 



832 man's moral nature and relations. 

The amount of happiness for which our natures are capacitated 
beggars all description; a point already presented. 15 "Eye hath not 
seen, nor ear heard, neither hath it entered into the soul of man to 
conceive," either the amount or the variety of those delights possible 
to all mankind. Yet some are capable of experiencing a hundred, a 
thousand fold more than others ; while none, not even the most 
favored, experience a hundreth part as much as they* could. Now the 
goodness of God is measured not by the amount men actually do ex- 
perience, but by all that of which all are capable. Infinite Benevo- 
lence has done His part to render us all just as happy as we can be 
and live, throughout every part and parcel of our entire beings, physical, 
conjugal, parental, social, pecuniary, moral, intellectual, and emotional, 
all the way up from before birth, through infancy, childhood, youth, 
manhood, and even life's decline, to death, probably the most pleasu- 
rable of all. 216 And death itself but opens the portals of another state 
of being, which as far transcends all the actual and possible pleasures 
of this life, as post-natal life surpasses ante-natal ! 226 Set down all 
this to the boundless, endless, infinite Goodness of God ! 

" Then subtract all the actual and possible sufferings of all men, 
all animals, here and hereafter — a sum total which almost equals the 
enjoyments of all." 

Pain itself is one of the most benevolent contrivances of Infinite 
Goodness, as already shown, 23 all its kinds and degrees being created 
and adapted to compel that observance of the natural laws through 
which we derive all our pleasures; 21 proving that Infinite Benevolence 
devised pain as a means of pleasure, and that the natural result of 
all pain is to " work out a far more exceeding and eternal'' amount 
of enjoyment. 223 We shall unfold a kindred principle hereafter, 
under " Partial evil universal good." 

Parental Love is another strong human sentiment. 176 How 
many and how praiseworthy are the delightful sacrifices made by 
parents for their darling children ! Yet does not the parental love of 
God for every single one of all the beings He creates, as far transcend 
all human love of young as God exceeds man? All seeds and vege- 
tables, insects and creeping things, fish and fowls, beasts and human 
beings, are provided for from before their birth till after their death, 
with a Divine Parental love, as much more tender, provident, and 
affectionate than ours as God surpasses man ! In fact, the very con- 
trivance of this sentiment itself is but the out-growth of precisely this 



god: his existence, worship, and attributes. 833 

same attribute of our loving Father above. Men and God alike love 
their offspring. 

Prudence, or protection, is an attribute of man, and likewise of 
God. Thus man protects himself against atmospheric changes, and 
dangers innumerable, by houses, clothes, and other creature comforts ; 
against prospective hunger by storing up provisions, against falls, ac- 
cidents, etc., against all sorts of evils and dangers ; because he has 
this provident Faculty called Caution. God also protects every single 
work of His Almighty hand. 185 He guards all the beings and 
things He creates by contrivances as innumerable as the things to be 
preserved are numberless; and against greater as well as lesser cata- 
strophes, such as the collisions of suns, moons, and stars with each 
other, by ordaining that their very proximity shall generate that very 
electric state by which each repels the other ; 248 and protects each and 
all by some cautionary provision specifically adapted to their respective 
needs. Caution is obviously as much an attribute of God as Kindness. 

Taste is also a common attribute of both humanity and Divinity. 
How much man always has set, always will set, by " things of 
beauty ? " He tries to ornament all he makes and does. " Let me 
make a nation's poetry, and I care not who makes their laws/' illus- 
trates the power beauty of expression always has wielded and must 
wield over universal humanity ; while the money expended on the 
fashions, and the influence conferred by "stylish" surroundings of 
aristocrats, attest how much men fairly worship at the shrine of 
beauty, especially that of female beauty of form, toilet and manner. 

Behold the beauties of God in Nature ! Everything beauti- 
ful is natural, and whatever is natural is therefore beautiful. Flower- 
spangled lawns and star-spangled skies, mountain scenery and savanna 
scenery, forest views and field views, vegetables and fruits, spring 
leaves and leaves touched by frosts, trees in blossom and in fruit, and 
without either, green colors, orange colors, and all colors, all insects, 
reptiles, birds, and beasts, all that is, has each its peculiar cast of 
beauties, and all together render Nature herself one grand galaxy of 
beauties and glories. All Nature is poetry personified. 

Nature's Author must needs be infinitely more beautiful and 
perfect still ? Shall He impart to all He makes this inherent beauty 
when He Himself is devoid of it ? Here, too, man and God are 
alike in quality, and different only in degree. 

Mechanism is equally common to both. "What limit has been or 

can be set to human mechanical invention and execution ? Behold 
105 



834 man's moral nature and relations. 

yonder temple of Solomon, yon pagodas and mausoleums, palaces and 
public buildings ! Scan those curious and useful fabrics, and those 
really wonderful machines and factories by which they were manu- 
factured ! Consult patent-office records and models, and behold those 
great ships, and greater steamboats, crowned by Great Easterns, and 
all the work of all kinds done by man's ingenious hands, painting 
and statuary included, and then say whether or no man possesses the 
element of mechanism. 229 

The Maker of heaven and earth, and of all they contain, is one 
of our favorite titles of the Almighty, as descriptive of His character. 
Vv^hat is there which He did not make ? and all man makes or can 
ever make, is but the refashioning of something He has previously 
manufactured. And throughout every one of His works runs a con- 
structive system more perfect than mortals can ever describe, or even 
appreciate. Scan the mechanism of that leaf and branch, trunk and 
roots, and the attachments of leaf to twig, twig to branch, branch to 
trunk, and trunk to roots, including the mechanism evinced in the 
structure of wood, fruit, and all that grows. Note well the mechan- 
ism of insect life, wings and eyes of birds and animals, and of man's 
body and mind. See how perfectly each half joint is precisely fitted 
to its other half, each ball joint to its socket, including preventives 
against dislocations, kneepan and eye, tooth sockets, included ; scan 
the human anatomy in each of its isolated parts, and of all collec- 
tively, and then say whether God is not as much greater and better a 
Manufacturer and Mechanist than man as infinity surpasses humanity ! 
This primal attribute appertains to both. Yet, all this physical 
mechanism is as nothing in comparison with the mechanical invention 
and skill evinced in the construction and constitution of the human 
mind, and all the instincts of man and animal. 

Even-handed justice appertains alike to man and God. Though 
justice sometimes sleeps in man, yet each individual and all com- 
munities are actuated more or less by love of right, and respect for 
the rights of others. Though the stronger often oppress the weaker, 
yet these very oppressions at length rouse that innate sense of justice 
which rises in its might, and with resistless power puts down the 
wrong, puts up the right. But yesterday, the bold thieving " rings " 
of New York and other cities robbed the people right and left, and 
boldly defied public opinion and law, till one who knew, because he 
had shared with them, brought definite charges, which roused the long 
abused people in their full strength, and to-day they are not merely 



god: his existence, worship, and attributes. 835 

" broken," but fugitives or prisoners, and the despised of all depisers. 
And thus it must ever be. 

Memoky, too, is an attribute of both man and God. As long as 
we live, we remember the scenes and incidents of "childhood's 
years;" 259 and does not God also remember to punish us for all our 
past sins, and reward us for all the good deeds of our whole lives, all 
the way up from infancy ? 223 Could He continue to reward and punish 
us for virtues and vices He had forgotten 9 

Places man remembers, and think you God ever forgets the lati- 
tude, longitude, and geography of any one of the smallest He ever 
created, anywhere throughout the realms of infinite space? 255 or any 
of the creatures He has ever made ? or any of the facts which ever 
transpired anywhere? 

Frugality, storing up for the future, is a human instinct, and 
likewise a divine attribute. Of human economy we need not speak, 
for it is apparent ; but wherein does it differ in principle from that 
divine economy evinced in storing up in the bowels of the earth, those 
mountains and beds of limestone, greenstone, and other rocks which 
future ages throughout the infinite vista of the earth's continuance 
will need to enrich their soil and grow their food ? 163 Nature sees to 
it that nothing ever is or can be lost. One set of animals feeds vora- 
ciously on the excrements of others, and those of all, together wth 
their dead bodies, are taken up and appropriated by other vegetables 
or animals, worms included, so that the utmost possible use is made 
of all Nature's materials. Behold economy in both ! 

Secretion forms another attribute of both, 165 as does also Force, 
Dignity, Stability, etc. Thus man is often doggedly bent on accom- 
plishing his ends, and is not the Almighty the same from and to 
everlasting f Does He ever begin what He does not also complete ? 
Are not all seeds formed and matured in secret, and especially the 
germs of human life? With what Force do both prosecute their ends, 
only that God's power is infinite, but man's only finite. 

Causation is common to both. Man contrives, and adapts ways 
and means to ends, while all the endless works of the divine mind 
are but endless and perfect adaptation of ways and means to ends. 
Man is a natural logician, while God is the great Logician of the uni- 
verse, and if one argument fails to convince, He tries another, some- 
times the "logic of events" in the painful consequences of wrong- 
doing and pleasurable of right. In short, 

All human Faculties are also divine Faculties, and all divine 



836 man's moral nature and relations. 

Faculties have been incorporated into man's inner being, and go to 
constitute His essence and attributes. 

" What ! as man eats, loves the opposite sex, fears, etc. ; then does 
God eat, love, fear, etc. ? " 

That mental, aspect of these functions, soon to be given, 217 is not 
at all inconsistent with the divine character and attributes. We feed 
our minds on truth as much as our bodies on bread and meats. Cer- 
tain it is that God creates the sexual element and amatory propensity 
in whatever He creates; yet how could He create what He himself 
did not possess ? How could He form any conception of an attribute 
wholly foreign to His own nature? Christianity at least declares this 
sexual attribute of Jehovah in His having " His only begotten Son" 
and being " God the Father, God the Son, and God the Holy Ghost." 
Why employthese sexual terms unless there was something in the God- 
head quite like The Father, Son, and • Mother ? At all events all 
biblicists should be slow to controvert and ready to scrutinize this 
interpretation, while the whole world is respectfully challenged to in- 
vestigate the great principle here stated, that the primal attributes of 
the divine Mind and of the human are identical. 

Phrenology analyzes the human Faculties, and in doing so, 
thereby unfolds those of man's Creator, who wisely chose His Own 
exalted powers and characteristics as His model and plan after which 
to form the. human. " In His own image, and after His own likeness, 
created He him ;" so that we have only to discover and correctly ana- 
lyze all the human mental Faculties, to have the analysis of all the 
attributes of the "great God and Father of us all." Phrenology thus 
teaches universal theology. Yes, O brother man, we are graciously 
permitted thus to form a definite and a tangible idea of the true God 
we should love and worship. 

Nature's attributes correspond perfectly with those of the 
phrenological Faculties, 3 so that in and by here proving that the attri- 
butes of God and of man are identical, the inference is obvious that all 
the properties of the human mind, of the Deity, and of universal 
Nature, are precisely identical. 4 Or thus : The properties of Nature 
and of the human mind are alike ; 3 those of God are like those of 
this same mind; 4 therefore each is exactly like the other two. This 
must be thus, or Nature must be at war with God and man. 



god: his existence, worship, and attributes. 837 

208. — Personality of the Divine Existence: Pantheism. 

" Is God a person, or merely an unconscious entity, ' diffused 
through all space?' Is all matter but apart of God, and your mind 
and mine but fractions of the divine mind, just as a kernel of wheat 
taken from a pile is but its fraction, and our death but our return from 
individual life to that fountain of infinite life from which we came ? 
What of that old doctrine called Pantheism, or all-God-ism, that all 
Nature is God, and God is but Nature ? Has the Deity an individual 
personality, as we have ? " 

This problem, which might be turned over into innumerable 
forms, is very important, and deserves a scientific answer, which we 
proceed to give. 

The attributes of man and of God are identical. 207 A personal 
existence is one of the inherent attributes of man, and therefore of 
God. In phrenological language, personality, or an isolated, separate 
form of existence, is one of the necessary constituents of human life, 216 
and therefore of the divine. That is, individual existence appertains 
to Him as, and as much as, it appertains to us. Neither of these 
premises can be invalidated, so that this conclusion is inevitable. We 
may build upon this corner-stone, and our structure will endure for- 
ever. Nor need we amplify it any more than that twice two make 
four ; for it is absolute. And yet we will confirm it by additional and 
converging proofs. 

1. Man worships God; therefore there is a God. 199 Man instinc- 
tively worships a personal God, therefore God is a person. Since 
man's innate instinct is to worship not a vague, unconscious, intangi- 
ble, diffused appendage or attribute, nor even constituent, of Nature, 
but a self-existent, conscious, Spiritual Being, therefore God is thus a 
personified Spiritual Being. The general prevailing instincts of the 
race furnish our umpire and tribunal here, which, with scarcely an 
exception, point to a personal Godhead as uniformly as the needle 
points to its pole. As a normal Appetite for fruits, whatever else man 
may crave, presupposes and proves that fruits exist adapted to it ; so 
this instinctive tendency of mankind throughout all ages to worship a 
personal Supreme Being, presupposes and proves that the Great God 
above is a person, not a diffused nonentity. As, if fruits had not been 
one of the constitutional cravings of Appetite, men would not long 
keep on eating them, but would have ignored them for other edibles ; 
so if to worship God as a Being had not been innate in man, he would 
not long have kept up that idea of God. 

2. The worship of idols, and images made to resemble a per- 



838 man's moral nature and relations. 

sonal god, of Jupiter, and his co-ordinate gods and goddesses, of the 
" £rreat Spirit " of the untutored worshippers of the forest, and my- 
riads of like facts in human belief and practice, attest an individual- 
ized, self-existent Supreme Being. 

Our arguments for this personality are short, but unanswerable. 
The entire tenor of all human ideas of God, as well as the per- 
sonal consciousness of each reader, demonstrate this divine per- 
sonality. 

209. — The true Way to augment Divine Worship. 

" God is love." By a law of mind, men love whatever they 
consider good, kind, and friendly ; but hate the sovereign, arbitrary, 
austere, vindictive, and revengeful. Making men believe that God is 
benign, loving, parental, and benevolent, compels them to love and 
adore Him for His goodness and mercy. Those sectarian dogmas 
which represent Him as taking pleasure in torturing the wicked for- 
ever, compel them to hate Him in that proportion. Maintaining that 
" hell is lined " with the unwashed souls of infants " not a span long," 
and kindred doctrines, has made more infidels than Bolingbroke, Vol- 
taire, Gibbon & Co., ever have made, or ever can make. By an 
eternal law of mind men hate what they fear. Dread creates aversion 
and dislike. Representing Him as punitive and angry, provokes 
anger against Him. 

Beecher, in one of his recent sermons, speaking of the Cambridge 
Confession, or Orthodox creed, on reading these passages, " By the de- 
cree of God, and for the manifestation of His own power and glory, 
some men, and some angels, are predestined to everlasting ruin, and 
some are foreordained to everlasting life; fixed to an unchangable 
destiny. Their number is certain and defined, and cannot be increased 
or diminished." " He saves whom He will, and whom He will He 
passes by, and ordains them to dishonor, for His own praise and 
glory," remarked, in substance : — 

"An absolute monarch, of the worst type, who should do that 
would arouse the supremest indignation. If I were to be left to 
choose between absolute infidelity and atheism, and the acceptance of 
a God who has preordained and predestinated an innumerable host of 
His creatures to torments, to pains, and to eternal death for His 
praise and His glory, why rather than accept such an infernal deity, I 
would be an atheist, and glory therein. I heard Dr. Binney say that 
there were those sitting before him who, in the eternal ages, would 
suffer more of the torments of the damned than had been suffered by 



GOD : HIS EXISTENCE, WORSHIP, AND ATTRIBUTES. 839 

all those who were already suffering ; and this torture would go on 
from that period, the wail increasing and increasing, the horrors in- 
tensifying and intensifying. There was set before the people such a 
paralysis of despair by that preacher that it was positively sickening. 
Is it to a Being like this we are to say ' Our Father V Wh} T , if there 
was one soul that was predestined to such a hopeless inheritance of 
woe, I would say 'Our Fiend, 1 not 'Our Father.' Is this the God 
who sent His Son into the World, by whom men are to be saved ? Is 
this the God who is represented in the parable of the prodigal as not 
waiting for this son to come to Him, but who goes forth to meet him, 
and who falls upon his neck and kisses him ? My God is not a 
butcher ; He is my Saviour ; He is not a devourer, but an eternal 
Shepherd. To teach otherwise would be to turn this world into a vast 
penitentiary. Let us see how this theory is as we see it in human life. 
That blushing, beauteous maiden, to whom life is one resplendent joy, 
scattering it by the beauty of her nature, where'er she goes, receiving 
the homage that is her due from all, by and by becomes the sharer of 
happiness with another ; lives for him ; bears a little child, which falls 
sick ; she watches it night and day ; looks in the mirror ; takes no 
note of the roses leaving her cheeks ; of the lines of care marring 
her beauty forever ; or the joys all around her for others. All her 
care, all the full strong tension of her being yearns for her little one, 
till it gets better ; she never leaves its cradle, which she so gently 
rocks, until it is out of all danger. Then the joy of her world comes 
back again ; life is one grand anthem to her ; all is gladness ; her cup 
runneth over, and her love knows no limits ; all around her is radiant. 
Is God less than that mother ? Is He who created that heart less 
than the heart that beat over that cradle ? If the mother could, out 
of the magazine of her love, bring out such moral heroism, how much 
more shall He reveal to us wonders upon wonders, who is the Author 
of all, and in which we live, move, and have our being." 

All our Faculties should be exercised along with Worship, so 
as to exalt and sweeten its action as much as possible ; Appetite, as in 
the Passover, and " the Lord's Supper/' furnishing practical illustra- 
tions, as do thanksgiving feasts, Christmas festivals, etc. 

Tune should be exercised in concert with Worship. It is just 
as worship-promoting to sing devout feelings into ourselves and 
others as to preach them in. Sacred music is natural to man, and 
grows up spontaneously within him. Criticisms on church music 
would be in place here ; but suffice it that sacred music is phreno- 
logical. 

Mirth should be combined with devotion, while all gloomy, 
ascetic piety, along with all oppressive, self-condemnatory feelings, 
such as that we are too great sinners to be pardoned, etc., should be 
banished. Cheerfulness, and even laughter, are compatible with de- 
votion, and can be made greatly to promote it ; while a long-faced, 



840 man's moral nature and relations: 

forbidding^, moody, misanthropic gravity repels and chills. The idea 
that to make fun is wrong, and to laugh and joke are sinful, is as 
erroneous and injurious as it is common. Many Christians ignorantly 
condemn themselves for being witty ; whereas, if it had been wrong, 
God never would have created this sinning Faculty in man. Mirth is 
both pious and medicinal. 236 

Family prayer is clearly inculcated by Phrenology, in its com- 
bining all the social affections with Worship ; promoting family affec- 
tion ; securing obedience ; and, in the evening, quieting the mind, and 
promoting sleep. Indeed, families should set as much by the family 
altar as by the family table. So Phrenology recommends saying 
grace before meals, or exercising devotion along with Appetite. So- 
cial, neighborhood prayer meetings, and the exciting of neighbors and 
friends to religious exercises, etc., are also recommended, and even 
enjoined, by this principle. At the South, where neighbors live, too 
far apart to see each other often, it is customary to stay an hour after 
service, and gratify their social feelings by interchanging compliments, 
news, friendly affections, neighborhood incidents, etc., and its partici- 
pators describe it as most delightful. So Quakers, strict to attend 
church, ask friends home to dine or sup, when a cordial, friendly ex- 
change of sentiments and pleasurable feeling ensues, where all cere- 
mony and restraint are banished, and you indeed feel at home and 
happy. 211 This is as it should be. At all events, let us have connubial 
religion, parental religion, family religion, and friendly religion, and 
let neither be separated from the other. 

Money should be made, but love of riches should never interfere 
with religion. Acquiring sufficient of this world's goods to live com- 
fortably should be a part of our religion ; and giving money in order 
to promote it is clearly ingrafted on this principle, and promotes our 
own happiness and devotion. 

These applications of this great law, that correct religious doc- 
trines and practices involve the combined and harmonious action of 
all Faculties, illustrate its sweep and power, and also constitute a cor- 
rect touchstone of all true and false religions, yet will be enforced by 
analyzing additional Faculties, and demonstrating other fundamental 
moral principles. 

^210. — Religious Sects, Creeds, Ceremonies, Revivals, etc. 

Religious societies are clearly ingrafted upon the nature of man ; 
because the social affections should combine with the moral sentiments. 



GOD : HIS EXISTENCE, WORSHIP, AND ATTRIBUTES. 841 

" Birds of one feather naturally flock together" in politics, literature, 
and everything; then why not also in religious worship? 

Voluntary associations, however, should be their only bond- 
principle, without one iota of compulsion, expulsion, or restraint. 
Phrenology goes in for the largest liberty, especially as regards the 
moral sentiments. It shakes its head at creeds and forms, as far as 
they govern belief, and trammel that perfect liberty which the nature 
of man requires. All prescription, all proscription, it abhors, because 
Will should combine with Worship. Compulsion of any kind, in 
any form, abridges liberty, and with it virtue and enjoyment. Man 
w r as never made to think by proxy, nor to pin his faith on creeds or 
leaders. Every man has, or should have, religious feelings, intel- 
lect, and will, and exercise all three together, by thinking for himself, 189 
without let or hindrance, and take the consequences. Perfect liberty of 
thought and action is a cardinal doctrine of Phrenology. The Council 
of Trent legislating for the consciences of men ! The General Assem- 
bly enjoining their churches and members what to believe, and what 
not ! The Pope telling intelligent beings what is heresy, and what 
truth ! The Methodist Conference saying, " believe this, but reject 
that ! " There are fagots and inquisitions in our day, and there is more 
of religious tyranny than of any other. Men must think in the traces, 
and believe by rule, or have all their business and influence injured ! 

Religious intolerance is most intolerable; like measuring out 
a specific kind and quantity of food to each, and compelling all to eat 
the whole of this dish, perhaps dose to them, but no more, no less, and 
nothing else, even though embittered, perhaps poisoned, by some ism ; 
like making an iron bedstead, and stretching all who are too short for 
it, but mercilessly cutting down all who are too long, to its fixed di- 
mensions. To coerce belief abridges liberty of thought, makes men 
hypocrites, and is perfectly odious. Let men be patronized and re- 
spected none the less for opinions' sake. Treat a sincere infidel as 
courteously as though you and he believed alike. Agree to disagree. 
Religious proscription is detestable. To bestow offices only on political 
partisans interferes palpably with the elective franchise, and with that 
civil liberty in which we so justly glory ; but to carry this proscription 
into religion, and buy members, as politicians buy votes, is despicable, 
yet common. To be put into the strait-jacket, hewn down lengthwise, 
breadthwise, and allwise, till we fit in, is not religion, but is arbitrary 
tyranny. To compel assent to truth is bad enough, but to be persecuted 
for not accepting obvious absurdities, is horrible. Each should be left to 



842 man's moral nature and relations. 

worship " under his own vine and fig tree," yet men often attempt to 
force their beliefs upon others ! Let each and all think as they 
please, and all give as well as take the largest liberty, yet treat each 
other kindly for all. Let intellect be the only weapon with which to 
propagate religion. Let some make men religious by the sword, others 
by the Inquisition, and Protestant dissenters employ in effect the 
same odious, anti-republican, anti-Christian spirit against which they 
themselves protested and rebelled ; but let Phrenologists take atheists 
by the hand as cordially as they do the faithful. 

The principle on which all religious associations, and indeed 
all associations, should proceed, is that of the natural attraction of 
kindred minds for each other. Without formal receptions or expul- 
sions, let members come and go at pleasure, and believe and do what 
they please, influenced only through intellect. Let the enjoyment 
taken in each other's society, and the natural ties of mutual adhesion, 
alone bind them together. Let those form themselves into religious 
associations whose mutual feelings and opinions naturally attract each 
other together ; yet let all go elsewhere or nowhere whose natural 
sympathies do not keep them together. Let the same law of mutual 
affinity which forms literary associations, political parties, and all 
other clubs and societies, be the only bond-principle of all religious 
membership. 

Rites and ceremonies, as far as they stimulate Worship, are 
right ; but wrong as far as they impede it. As far as men rely upon 
them, they are injurious. As friendship is impeded by ceremonious- 
ness, so is Worship. When either hospitality or religion is hearty 
and glowing, it inserts no ceremonious interventions between itself and 
its spontaneous expression ; and, as when a pretended friend receives 
you very ceremoniously you may know he is heartless ; so ceremoni- 
ousness in religion indicates a lack of its soul and spirit. Phrenology 
sees no special virtue in any set forms of religion, in creeds, councils, 
liturgies, homilies, prayer-books, and like religious attaches, because 
they intercept direct intercommunion with God. 

Weak devotion may be promoted by printed prayers and set 
forms ; yet that must be weak indeed which they prompt ; and they 
render it still weaker. Whenever it really is feeble, it needs help 
from these external incentives. As idols, or something material to 
see and touch, provoke devotion in idolaters, on the principle that 
seeing a beautiful woman awakens the more love for her ; so seeing 
images, crosses, surplices, candles, crescents, etc., does indeed awaken 



god; his existence, worship, and attributes. 843 

religious emotions in those so weak in devotion as to require these 
material promptings. By all means let those employ them who need 
them; as many really do. Still, as walking without crutches 
strengthens feet which, though weak, are strong enough to bear it ; so 
the less men rely on these material incentives to piety, the more they 
strengthen Worship by its use. Then let all who can be religious 
without them, break away from all shadows. Regard only the sub- 
stance. Exercise the religious feelings, forms, or no forms, printed 
prayers, or vocal prayers, or no formal, outward expression of prayers 
at all ; so that the heart but communes with God ; so that the feelings 
are but softened down by prayer's subduing influences ; so that the 
soul is bedewed with the holy, happy, soul-satisfying worship of God. 
But beware lest these ceremonies leave the shadow for the substance. 

Religious excitements, or " revivals of religion," are produced 
just as we produce public excitements about singing, temperance, etc. 
They are induced by their own appropriate means, just like any and 
everything else in the physical and moral world. The means used 
bring them to their crisis the sooner, or continue them the longer, ac- 
cording to the nature of these means. They should be protracted so 
as to have a permanent revival. They never create too much religious 
feeling. There should be as much religion always as there is in any 
revival, divested, perhaps, of some extraneous excitement, but no 
periodical religion, or, rather, annual religion; for, revivals are so 
managed as to be " got up" at stated seasons of the year. It will not 
take much prophecy to foretell that about next January revival meet- 
ings and efforts will multiply, and begin to produce copious showers 
of " Divine grace" by February, only to be completely dissipated by 
April. Yet why should April showers, perhaps the chilly winds of 
March, dissipate or supersede the showers of Divine grace ? Because 
revivals must give way to business. January brings leisure to mer- 
chants, tradesmen, etc, to get up revivals till the money-making sea- 
son again returns. This periodicity of revivals, and at such times 
and seasons, too, tells a story touching them which should make those 
blush whom it may concern. 

Have more religion always than any now have, even in revivals ; 
yet be perennial, not fitful. The day of Pentecost should have lasted 
till now, and even swept down the vista of all coming time, till the last 
human being gave up the ghost. Religion should be the paramount 
feeling, pursuit, and occupation of all, 201 not a winter's coat to be put 
on when we cannot make money, only to be put off when we can. 



844 man's moral nature and relations. 

Money-making should give place to religion, not religion to it. And 
this subjecting the revival spirit to the worldly, tells the deep, dark 
story that it is both animal, and secondary, while it should be primary, 
and inwrought into the very texture of all we do, say, and feel. This 
is the revival doctrine and spirit of Phrenology, and of the Nature 
of man. Those converted by impulse, by a law of mind, must be im- 
pulsive periodical Christians, and therefore disqualified to enjoy con- 
stant, permanent religion, or shine as steady Christian lights. 

Annual religion is much better than none ; but let all live near 
to God always, " pray without ceasing" and, like Blackhawk, " never 
take a refreshing draught from the bubbling spring without offering up 
thanksgiving and praise to the Author of all good." Let our religion 
be as fervent in August as February ; not a changeable garment, but 
in us, and form the major part of us ; not annual piety, nor weekly, 
Sunday piety even, but daily, hourly, and constantly may we hold 
sweet communion with the God of Nature. These views must ac- 
cord with both the intellect and the better feelings of those who have 
either. 

211. — Times for Religious Worship; the Sabbath, etc. 

Periodicity promotes all functions. Time is divided into years 
and seasons by the revolutions of the earth around the sun ; and into 
days and nights by its revolution upon its own axis; as well as into 
months by the waxing and waning of the moon ; and artificially into 
hours and minutes by means of various time-pieces. Man, through- 
out all his functions, is expressly adapted to these periodical arrange- 
ments of Nature, and hence naturally, almost necessarily feels hungry, 
sleepy, wakeful, etc., at specific hours ; whilst observing regularity 
greatly promotes each function. 260 We apply this law to eating by 
the clock, and setting apart fixed times for family amusements, etc. ; 
so that we require here only to apply it to religious worship. Such 
application shows that set times and seasons for religious worship 
greatly promote it ; just as eating regularly promotes both Appetite 
and digestion. Why should men not appoint stated seasons for Wor- 
shipping as much as for eating, paying dues, voting, and the like ? 
The nature of man requires him to set apart a portion of time for 
religious worship, and such seasons may properly be called " holy time." 
Phrenology says, — 

" Man, worship thy God, not by fits and starts, but daily and habi- 
tually. Make this worship a part and parcel of thy daily avocations, 



GOD : HIS EXISTENCE, WORSHIP, AND ATTRIBUTES. 845 

or, rather pleasures. Arise thee in the morning betimes, and as the 
glorious sun is lighting up and animating all Nature with his presence, 
do thou pour forth thy heart in praise and adoration to the Maker of 
the sun, and to the Author of all these surrounding beauties. And 
while the setting sun is shedding on delighted earth his last rays of 
diurnal glory, and spreading his golden hues over Nature, to wrap her 
in the mantle of night, do thou offer thy evening orisons of thanks- 
giving for the mercies of the da3 r , and supplicate protection for the 
night. Instead of spending all thy energies in amassing wealth, or in 
pursuing merely animal, worldly objects, take ample time to feed thy 
immortal soul. Go to church if thou pleasest, or not go if thou ob- 
jectest. Place and mode are nothing, but worship is alone important." 

We should exercise Worship as often and much as vision ; take 
time, and make a business of both equally; enjoy neither sleep, nor 
life itself more than this communion with God ; and anticipate these 
seasons as the brightest, most pleasurable and profitable spots upon 
the page of life. 

Social Worship is also directly calculated to promote devotion, 
just as eating with others naturally promotes Appetite. " Gaping 
is catching ; " so is the exercise of all our functions. As singing in 
concert promotes and inspires the musical feeling; as eating with 
friends promotes relish ; as laughing together promotes laughter, and 
working together promotes work ; and thus of all human functions ; 
of course adoring God in concert greatly promotes devotion in each 
worshipper, by their " provoking each other" to adore Him. This 
is too plain to require either proof or additional illustration. 

Previously appointed times, observed by common concert, 
therefore become indispensable to concerted worship. All then must 
understand beforehand, so as to make prior arrangements to be there 
" on time." What could be clearer than that worshipping in con- 
cert promotes worship? and that set times for religious devotions 
thereby become indispensable ? 

A Sabbath for preconcerted religious worship is thus demonstrated 
to be a human necessity, by being incorporated into the primal con- 
stitution of man — no mean foundation, surely, and requiring only 
some marked incident, which shall be to religion what the Fourth of 
July is to civil liberty, to incorporate it into the canons of religion. 

The first meeting of the apostles after the crucifixion of their 
" Lord and Master," and His appearing among them, furnishes such 
an event, and renders Sunday, as now observed, a genuine religious 
"institution." Reduced to consecutive points, the argument stands 
thus : — 



846 man's moral nature and relations. 

1. All men are under solemn obligations to worship God with all 
their souls. 2. Worshipping in concert quickens Worship ; therefore 
all are solemnly bound to promote their own and each other's devo- 
tion by worshipping together. 3. All must therefore consecrate some 
particular times for " assembling themselves together," which all should 
religiously observe. 4. The first meeting of Christ's disciples .fur- 
nishes a good epoch, an excellent beginning point for instituting 
Sunday, which Christians are in duty bound to adopt. 

As a civil institution, it has but few peers in practical value. 
Horses and servants need rest, and the monotony of daily toils and 
associations require to be interrupted, so that the recuperative func- 
tions can find time to reload the system with energies required for 
subsequent labors. All need set times to clean up, bathe, change 
apparel, relax, banish business and other cares, and make or take time 
to enjoy ourselves; which Sunday furnishes. Men will work too 
hard, and drive those under them to overdo ; so that both employer 
and employed require time to rest out, and begin again refreshed. If 
none ever overworked week days, none would need Sundays to rest 
themselves or others ; but since they will, all need to " change the 
scene." As those who overeat are benefited by an occasional fast'; 
so all overworked men and beasts need a Sunday for rest, though 
others who work just enough week days may not. I£ Worship were 
duly exercised week days it would require Sunday only to meet co- 
worshippers ; but for that it does. 

Habit, also, obviously still further enjoins a day of rest and wor- 
ship. All this, and much more like it, prove that days for religious 
worship constitute an institution of Nature. 

A Puritanical Sunday, or one any way analogous to the old 
Jewish Sabbath, which interdicts <: all manner of work " on that day, 
however, is not indorsed by these principles. Making Sunday so 
very strict and holy that no child must laugh or play, lest it should 
offend God and incur eternal burnings ; that no cooking, or riding, 
or visiting, or anything but reading the Bible and going to church, 
Sabbath school, and prayer meeting, must be allowed ; and in which 
all must preserve a solemn, austere, smileless, sanctimonious gravity, 
is calculated to drive people from both Sabbath and religion, and pro- 
voke the opposite extreme of levity. The idea that some awful 
judgment will follow all Sunday work is also a superstitious whim, 
which libels Divine Goodness. If Sunday is indeed so very holy, 
why are not all the physiological laws suspended on that day ? why 



GOD : HIS EXISTENCE, WOKSHIP, AND ATTRIBUTES. 847 

does not the heart stop its wonted pulsations the moment Sunday 
begins, and resume them after it terminates ? Since it is right to eat 
and breathe on the Sabbath, it is equally, and for precisely the same 
reason, right to exercise, recreate, pick flowers and fruits, and enjoy 
nature and life. " The Sabbath was made for man, not man for the 
Sabbath," said He who ought to know. He taught that " it is law- 
ful to do good on the Sabbath day," and. took special pains repeatedly 
to set aside the Jewish Sabbath by going forth through the wheat 
fields and plucking and eating, and of course preparing food on that 
day, healing the sick, etc. ; thus telling His disciples, and in them 
all mankind, that He thereby abrogated, vacated, and annulled the 
Jewish Sabbath, even to defiantly breaking the laws of the land. He 
killed the old Sabbath, but gave no command about any substitute. 
This gloomy, solemn, Puritanical, melancholy, this sanctimonious strict- 
ness which would " hang a cat on Monday for killing a mouse on 
Sunday," and enact the " blue laws," was precisely what He " re- 
pudiated," yet neither enjoined nor even hinted at any other. All 
Sabbatarian advocates are hereby challenged to name " chapter and 
verse " in the New Testament ordering the transfer from the last to 
the first day of the week, or even mentioning the Christian Sunday, 
except to merely state the fact that His disciples met on that day, and 
He appeared among them. If this recommends, it in no wise com- 
mands, its observance. Intelligent men should be ashamelTto infer 
so very much from so very little, and show chapter and verse for the 
sanctimoniousness they enjoin. Seventh-day Baptists have no shred 
or sliver of a plank for their seventh-day views, for Christ expressly 
killed off the old Sabbath, — knocked it in the head, — telling His fol- 
lowers, just as plainly as both deeds and words could tell them, not 
to observe the Mosaic Sabbath, yet significantly omitted to institute 
or designate any successor. 

Catholics, Unitarians, Quakers, and some others, who are strict 
to attend morning " service," and then make a holiday of the balance 
of the day, practically interpret and follow Christ's clearly defined 
ideas of the Sabbath. Let rigid Sundaytarians follow suit, or at least 
not prevent others from enjoying this " day of rest." 

Recreation is an indispensable means of recuperation. One will 
rest twice as fast and effectually, along with some interesting and di- 
verting amusement, as without. Diversion is every way most bene- 
ficial to body and mind, and seems to fit right in with this need of 
seasons for devotion, as if both were made for each other. All our 



848 man's moral nature and relations. 

Faculties should co-operate with our religion ; therefore Sunday is a 
proper time for diverting amusements as well as prayers. Neither is 
at all incompatible with the other, but both promote each other. 

Physical exercise is one great means of both bodily rest and 
mental action. Thus one all tired out with a hard day's work, or 
with study, etc., will be rested amazingly by a good muscular lift, or 
a brisk walk, or run ; because they change the circulation, and relieve 
that congestion at overtaxed centres consequent on perpetual action. 
The working classes, confined all the week, especially require to go 
abroad on Sunday, through fields and over hills, plucking wild 
flowers and fruits, and enjoying themselves generally as they like. 
Keeping pent up within doors diminishes circulation, and this deadens 
the action of the brain and nervous system, and, by consequence, of 
the mind, and of religious feelings. In order that the worshipping feel- 
ing should be the most active, the body also must be in motion. This 
is founded clearly in a physiological principle. It is as necessary that, 
we take exercise Sunday, as eat, and for a kindred reason. Not one 
thing in Nature indicates that God regards it as any way different 
from any and all other days. Neither Nature nor the Bible sustains 
this Orthodox strictness. 

Bishop Colenso, in showing that the Exodus version of the Ten 
Commandments enjoins the Sabbath because " in six days the Lord 
created the heavens and the earth and all that in them is, but rested 
on the seventh," " while the Deuteronomy version assigns as its ra- 
tionale that the Jews escaped from the Egyptians on that day," deser- 
ves, but has not yet received, an answer from Sabbatarian sticklers. 
If we must "keep the Sabbath holy "because the Jews escaped on that 
day, then must we likewise observe the Passover, and therefore all 
their other rites ; but if because the Lord, tired out with making the 
earth in six previous days, rested on the seventh, then we must make 
it one sixth as long as He took to create the earth and all its produc- 
tions, namely, myriads of ages. In either case modern Sunday stands 
on nothing but the example of the disciples and Christ meeting to- 
gether on that day. Yet an example is not a peremptory command. 
Still, since man must have some established day for religious worship, 
and a good example has already designated this, and it has now come 
to be generally observed, and need not, and cannot, well be changed, it 
becomes the solemn duty of all to meet their fellow-men for genuine, 
hearty, social worship of God, and cheerful, friendly greeting on that 
" holy day." The duty is the same, whether rendered so by a divine, 



GOD: HIS EXISTENCE, WORSHIP, AND ATTRIBUTES. 849 

biblical command, or by our natural need of concerted religious 
worship. 

These accursed fashions, however, which nowadays profane 
its sacred shrine, are commanded by neither, and forbidden by both. 
Milliners should give special thanks for this great gala day, in which 
all fashion-mongers can assemble in full rig, less to worship God than 
to exhibit their fantastic toilets, and indulge their pride, envy, and 
hauteur. Ton churches on Sunday are all that milliners could desire 
as great bazaars and show-grounds for exhibiting their furbelows and 
fandangos, of which even monkeys should be ashamed. If they do 
not profane Sunday and the sanctuary, it is because neither can 
be profaned by anything. They are both utterly disgusting and re- 
volting to every principle of good taste, and the greatest curse of 
modern times, as well as preverters and destroyers of mankind, extant. 
The religious world owes it to itself, and to the human family, to 
purge itself from this religious parasite. Nothing could be farther 
from both the spirit and the teachings of " the meek and lowly Jesus," 
who never wore any fashionable insignia, but preached and practised 
humility, not sickening pride and vanity. 

" But why thus fight the Biblical sabbath, yet advocate a temporal? 
Why not recommend both ? Why not add its divine sanction to its 
civil benefits, instead of subtracting either? Men need the restraints 
and incentives of both, in order to observe it passably well." 

Because what is written in it is written, and its omissions cannot 
now be interpolated. The Bible does not command Sunday ; nor can 
any truthful man maintain that it does. In fact, Christ puts it on a 
purely secular basis in saying " The Sabbath was made for man, not 
man for the Sabbath." W r e should observe it because God commands 
it, not in His Word but in His works ; because its observance brings 
good to ourselves, not glory to God. He cares naught about it on His 
own account, but only on ours. He is wise who observes it, but wise 
for himself; while he who scorns it is like a hungry man who scorns 
proffered food. Let us all observe Sunday as a religious holiday, and 
derive all the secular, all the moral, all the religious, good out of it 
possible. 

212. — A new Natural Laws Sect propounded. 

A Baptist minister, about 1844 or 1845, called on me while 

with my men, crowbar in hand, clearing off stones, and building 

walls, in order to fit me for my winter's labors, saying, substantially, — 
107 



850 man's moral nature and relations. 

" Professor Fowler, I, j^our fellow-townsman, have called on you 
to-day, not to hinder or take you from your work, but to beg that I 
may be allowed to follow and talk with you on this important subject 
— religious unity. All true Christians must see and deplore these 
sectarian differences which to-day distract and even disgrace modern 
Christianity. 1 * 4 I am the Rev. Mr. Horton, in search of some com- 
mon religious flag under which all ' evangelical ' Christians can rally 
and unite in fighting our common enemy, Infidelity, and dwell 
together under one tent as a band of Christian brothers. Heretofore 
the 'close communion Baptists,' to whom I belong, have been the 
most bigotedly exlusive of all the sects, but at our last general deno- 
minational meeting the Rev. Dr. Ives, the most eloquent and devout 
man in it, proposed a committee of five, which was accordingly ap- 
pointed, of which he is chairman, and I am one of its working number, 
to inquire and consider whether some bond of union, some common 
religious platform, on which all can stand together, cannot be found. 
My errand here to-day is to see whether your science of Phrenology 
furnishes such a flag, a standard, a platform, a battle-cr} r , a watch- 
word. This object is as immeasurably important as are religious 
unity and fraternal co-operation among all religionists.* 'These dis- 
sensions among brethren' are truly awful, and by all means to be 
prevented. Can your science suggest any common ground on which 
all can work together fraternally ? " 

That night he died ! This was his last stroke of ministerial 
work on earth. Might he not have been sent by ministering angels, to 
bring forward prominently, through the Author, that harmonizing 
religious creed which shall embody al Movers of God, "evangelical" 
"orthodox," "heterodox," and all the doxies, isms, and ites, "infidels" 
included, into one common brotherhood, under one short but compre- 
hensive creed, all provoking each other to study, adore, and love the 
same divine Lawgiver of the universe? 

A sleepless night followed that day's talk. I saw the vast 
magnitude and practical importance of his errand, and thought out 
in answer to it this bond principle creed, viz. — 

u We hereby solemnly resolve to study God in His works, and obey 
Him in His natural laws ; and will promote such study and obedience 
among mankind. w 

All believers in God, whether they do or do not believe in 
any creed, or belong to any church, from high church Episcopalians to 
Universalists, all Unitarians, Trinitarians, and Nothingarians, all 
Catholics and Protestants, all Mohammedans, Christians, Jews, Deists, 
and Pantheists, and even all benighted heathens, all religionists 

* The Christian Union originated from this movement. 



GOD: HIS EXISTENCE, WORSHIP, AND ATTRIBUTES. 851 



but atheists, can kneel together around this altar, and say Amen 
together whenever any one can. 

Does this creed clash with any other? Could not' all join in 
this study and obedience to God in Nature, and strike hands together 
on this platform without its interfering in the least with the creeds 
or ceremonies of either ? Indeed, would not all Orthodox be better 
Orthodox, and Universalists better Universalists, as such, with than 
without this flag ! Any and all sects which do not substantially 
embrace this central religious thought are valueless ; while those 
which do, need nothing else. Without it the Thirty-nine Articles are 
useless, with it, superfluous. It embraces all divinity, all morality, 
and all theology, along with all practical Christianity. Who but 
could consistently aver, " I will study and obey God in Nature ? " 
and who that does this requires anything more ? Like Aaron's rod, 
it will swallow up all other religious rods, and digest and supersede 
them all. This may take time, but " to this complexion all must 
come at last." 

Progression appertains to religion as much as to all else terres- 
trial, as elsewhere shown. 216 Accordingly, Egyptian idolatrous religion 
was better than any of its predecessors, as was Grecian and Roman 
mythology than Egyptian, and Judaism than both, and Christianity 
than all; while Christ, in His tender, parting moments with His be- 
loved John leaning on His breast, said, " I have many things to say 
unto you, but ye cannot bear them now." The world was not yet 
prepared for this "new dispensation," but 1873 propounds it, and 
challenges -all who would know, that they may love and worship 
"the true God in spirit and in truth," to scrutinize and adopt this new 
religious " departure" from all existing creeds, this harmonizer of all, 
and this embodiment of all right religious doctrines and practices pos- 
sible to man. 

All hail this focal religious truth ! " By this sign we conquer." 
In this flag there is triumph. Before this sun of true piety all the 
fogs and mists of sectarian uncertainty and dogmatism must vanish. 194 
It will completely revolutionize existing sectarian theologies, " infalli- 
bility" included, and melt all lovers of religion into one compact 
brotherhood. No " I am of Paul," " I am of Apollos," no Trinita- 
rian, Unitarian, Arian, or any other ist or ite, could survive its adop- 
tion; and yet all these can worship under its broad canopy just as well 
as if they were either or neither. It takes no sides either for or 
against anabaptism, or pedobaptism, or any baptism at all ; and yet 



852 man's moral nature and relations. 

being ever so strict a Baptist, Presbyterian, Methodist, Unitarian, 
Universalist, Nothingarian, or Deist, does not in the least militate 
against each being just as devoted a Naturalist as if he were neither or 
either. 

Naturalism is an appropriate name for this new sect, and Natura- 
lite for its individual disciples. For everything about which men speak 
must needs have its own name ; 264 and accordingly the Author, who 
propounds this new denomination, in leading it to its baptismal font, 
christens it " Naturalism," and its followers " Naturalites." 

Organic machinery is indispensable to all sects ; yet as the f 
Author has no " knack" for organizing and conventionizing, he leaves 
that to others ; adding that it will take a decade or two for this young 
religious scion to take root. The opening of the next century will be 
an appropriate time for its complete formal " inauguration." He may, 
and may not, be then and there on hand in person, but is sure to be 
in spirit, to survey and bless that great scene, when all sectarian dog- 
mas shall be "rolled together like a scroll," only to pass away forever ! 

Christ is worshipped much more than God. The multitude of 
prayers addressed to Christ and few to God; of sermons expounding 
and lauding each ; and the entire tenor of modern religious worship, 
imply that God is of little comparative account, and might justly be 
more offended than pleased, and even downright jealous to see Him- 
self neglected, almost ignored and "counted out," even though in 
honoring " His only begotten Son." How few prayers and sermons 
are predicated on God, as compared with those on " salvation through 
Christ!" 

213. — How to make Children love and practise Eeligion. 

Sabbath schools are based on the true and important natural 
principle, that training up the young in religious paths induces them 
to walk therein all through life. Early associations are indelible; 
a truth all acknowledge. 

Love of God has already been proved to be more practically im- 
portant to juveniles than any other human sentiment whatever, love of 
parents not excepted. 202_205 To inspire this love should be the very 
first object of all good parents. Its desirableness need not be urged, 
because generally appreciated ; yet its best mode is of the utmost im- 
portance. 

Bible classes, Sabbath schools, and preaching attempt this, with 
what success let all the children who loathe them practically attest. 



GOD : HIS EXISTENCE, WORSHIP, AND ATTRIBUTES. 853 

Few children attend them from love of them. Most of them would 
stay at home if allowed to go or stay voluntarily, unless they went to 
exhibit their fineries. Most of those who go have to be driven and 
dogged there. What are the facts in this case ? Let observation 
and memory on the largest scale decide. 

Youthful loathing begets adult neglect and aversion. As 
cramming down their throats a nauseating kind of food while young 
would make them hate and refuse it ever after ; so forcing them 
to attend religious observances obliges them to hate them ever in after- 
life. Driving them to church and Sabbath school is the surest and 
most efficacious way to make them irreligious, and even infidel, ever 
after. Let them stay at home unless they go fvomjove of worship. 
Enforcing religion, like enforcing food, makes them gag at the very 
thoughts of it, and " spew it out of their mouths," through life. This 
may be unpalatable, but is true. It condemns most modern juvenile 
religious education (? nauseation), but cannot be controverted. It 
even proves itself. No, pious parents, you must adopt some other 
means of inculcating religion, or else drive them from it. 

Their clergyman can never render them religious, for they see 
him seldom, and generally in the pulpit, and regard him with " fear 
and trembling," and as arresting their sports; whereas, they never learn 
or receive anything from any one they do not first love. m Few children 
love their minister sufficiently, or are familiar enough with him, to be 
made the more religious by anything he may say. He must work 
himself into their affections before he can hope to promote their piety. 

Sabbath school teachers get nearer to them, but generally confine 
themselves to inculcating sectarian tenets into their heads merely, in- 
stead of warming their hearts with religious enthusiasm. 

Parents are the true ones to infuse the spirit of genuine piety into 
their souls. They should love their children, and get their love. 
This is the first step in rendering them moral and religious. 

Mothers, however, are the natural high-priests of piety to their 
children, as of every other good thing — a doctrine fully presented in 
Part VIII. of "Sexual Science." 657 

By what means, then, can parents so instil religious truth and 
practices into the yet plastic minds of their dear children as to incor- 
porate them into their entire after lives ? 

By making religion lovely to them. They can accept only 
what they first love; and love only what is lovable to them. To 
represent God and religion as austere, forbidding, punitive, and " ter- 
rible in anger," is sure to repel them. 



854 man's moral nature and relations. 

Dread begets hate. Caution, when aroused, provokes Force. 
Old and young involuntarily hate whatever they fear. None 
can ever love what they dread. God and religion must be made 
'pleasurable and inviting, in order to do them any good whatever ; 
must promote, not interfere with their childish sports, and even be in- 
corporated into them. They are as lovely as food, and should be 
so represented ; as lovable because they feed and stimulate a primal 
mental Faculty, the action of which is naturally the most pleasurable 
of all. 196 They can and should be induced to love religious worship 
just as much as their dinners, and for a like reason, viz., that one of 
their Faculties craves it ; and a right presentation of God would 
beget in their tender souls a real enthusiasm of affection for Him and 
His attributes, works, and worship. Mothers, especially, should 
make and take occasion, from every little circumstance, to show how 
kind and good their loving Father above is, and has always been to 
them, and to inspire in their young souls proportionate thanks and 
love to Him. 

A special commission was delivered to the Author in 1844, that 
he teach mankind how to cultivate the religious sentiments of children 
by rendering religious instruction inviting, not repellent, and inter- 
mingling it with their scholastic education, not making it supplemental ; 
which he now proceeds, very imperfectly, to execute, by giving the 
following fragmentary illustrations of the general course to be pur- 
sued. It can and should be varied, ad infinitum, by mothers, teachers, 
ministers, and all interested in moralizing the young. 

Model Sabbath school addresses might begin, and be con- 
conducted, somewhat thus : — 

" Children, how came you here to-day ? Walked, did you? And 
walked easily, not only without any pain, but with a great deal of 
real pleasure. Have you ever considered what a great luxury it is 
to be able to walk and run all around, and take so much pleasure both 
in the walking itself, and in what you accomplish thereby ? 

" How walked? Have you ever realized by what means you walk 
so easily, so far, and so limberly ? To study into this wonderful 
walking apparatus is well worth our while. Let me tell you how all 
this walking, running, working, etc., is effected. 

" How much can you lift and carry ? A weight heavier than your- 
selves and yourselves too. Some of you weigh fifty to one hundred 
pounds, and yet could walk off twenty miles at a time, without much 
fatigue. You run that distance every day, 'just for fun,' with perfect 
ease ; and yet at every step you carry around a dead weight the heft 
and size of yourself! Is not this wonderful ! 

" In chasing each other you toss your heavy bodies around very 



GOD : HIS EXISTENCE, WORSHIP, AND ATTRIBUTES. 855 

briskly, darting off on a full run, stopping short, turning right square 
round instantly, springing over a high fence with one bound, climb, 
jump down ten or more feet, and ten thousand like things. Please 
think how many and how wonderful the number and variety of those 
mqtions'you are perpetually putting forth. 

" The means by which you effect all this are equally wonderful ; 
for this, and all else, is effected by natural causes. Bones, muscles, 
and nerves perform all these motions by muscles contracting or short- 
ening at their middle on bones across joints. 145 

"How ingenious, children, is this contrivance in itself ! and note 
how perfectly it executes that most important end — muscular motion. 
Then, should you not, whenever you experience the varied and almost 
perpetual pleasures of playing, walking, running, going here and 
there to see and do ten thousand things, thank and love God for 
creating you with this moving apparatus, so perfect and efficient, 
which effects so much so easily? and also take just as good care of it 
as possible, so as not to spoil it for after life ? 

" Elastic cushions are created between each of these joints to en- 
able them to work without friction, and to keep the brain from becom- 
ing addled, by being jarred. Thus, a stone, log, anything as heavy as 
yourselves, thrown down ten feet upon a floor, falls dead, heavy, and 
hard, yet 3-ou can jump down ten feet upon that floor without hurting 
your brain, because these cushions between all your joints, quite 
like india rubber, receive each a portion of this jar, so that by the 
time it reaches the brain its force is broken, and your brain retains its 
delicate organism,* whereas, without these cushions, these jumps would 
addle it. 

" Your heels are expressly shaped and placed so as to receive this 
weight of your descending body the instant it strikes. When they 
strike 3 r ou naturally throw them forward just enough to place them 
exactty under your bodies ; for this heavy weight, if it struck solid and 
obliquely, would almost break a piece of iron. 

"A thicker skin under your heels than anywhere else over 3*our 
whole body, because it is needed the most there, both protects them 
from being bruised and lacerated, and also helps make that cushion- 
ing, just described, for protecting the brain. 

'■ Your palms, require, and are furnished with, a like cushion, else 
using them, as in labor, would soon wear them through. 

"Mark how kindly thoughtful God has been to perceive beforehand 
just what you would need, and supply it, without your lifting a finger. 

"Your feet and hands are arched, because we often need to 
put forth a great amount of strength in them. Turkish porters fre- 
quently carry loads of eight hundred to a thousand pounds at a time. 
Of course this immense weight in walking all comes down on one foot 
at each step, and on its ball at that. You can carry a large load for 
your size, sufficient to crush in your feet, unless they were somehow 
fortified against breaking down. This is effected by their arching shape. 
You know how much weight an arch will stand. Indeed, pressure 
renders it all the stronger. Flat feet, or those hollowing downwards, 
would be crushed and spoiled by these weights, unless they were 
several times larger than now, which would make walking propor- 
tional^ slow and tiresome. This arch gives strength along with 
lightness. 



856 man's moral nature and relations. 

" A double arch, the one arching from heel to toe, and the other 
from the right side of each foot to its left, makes it doubly strong, 
and yet light. 

11 Your toes are similarly arched, and for a like reason ; and all of 
them collectively are also arched, from great toe to little, thus em- 
ploying four arches in each foot. And the great number of little 
bones which compose the feet, all cushioned, make them both very strong 
and very light. See how quick-motioned and springy they are in danc- 
ing, running, etc. None of you ought ever to use feet, or even to have 
them, without thanking your good Creator for foreseeing and supply- 
ing every possible requirement for rendering them actually perfect. 

" Nails are needed and furnished to cover the very ends, even, of 
your toes and fingers, which grow slowly, so that if they get broken, 
they soon ' grow out again ; ' whereas, if these nails did not grow, 
any and all breakages and injuries of them must remain unhealed 
for life. 

" Your hands embody all these principles, and are thus rendered 
so wonderfully strong and serviceable that men can draw up their 
whole bodies by one hand, and even finger. 147 Think how much you 
can do with your hands, and say how much they are worth, and then 
be equally thankful and affectionate to your Father in heaven for 
articles thus useful and 'handy.' 

" Wrists and ankles convey all this power to and from the feet, 
arms and body. How handy are your wrist joints, and all other 
joints ! Without them how stiff and almost useless your hands would 
be ! You need to turn them back and forth ten thousand times per 
day. How could } t ou do this if your arm had but one bone ! How 
could the hinge joint at the elbow turn ! Its grooves render rotation 
impossible ; which is now effected by a ball and socket joint at that 
projection on the upper and outer side of each wrist, and a second 
small bone, running between the wrists and elbows. You can thus 
turn your hand without turning your elbow, which, being a groove 
joint to prevent all sprains from dislocating it, can work only back 
and forth. Yet being able to turn the wrists, renders elbow rotation 
unnecessary. 

" Your ankle joints must receive all the power of jumping down, 
and of carrying heavy loads up hill and down, and on side hills, and 
therefore be made just as strong as possible, yet light. All this is 
effected by two sides projecting over so to clasp that heel bone on 
which they rest as to be little liable to dislocation. 

" Legs become necessary in order to raise the body a couple of feet 
above the ground, and promote locomotion, labor, etc. What could 
you do without them ! Could you move much on 3 7 our back, or belly, 
or side ! How good and thoughtful was your wise and benevolent 
Creator to foresee your need of legs, and set Himself at work to 
create a pair just suited to carrying and tossing your bodies all 
around, and do so many things to make you happy ! 

" Only one leg would be much better than none ; yet how much 
more useful is a pair of legs ! for how could you walk without sup- 
porting and pushing your body forward on one leg, whilst you set the 
other forward ! This alternate setting each forward while the other 



GOD: HIS EXISTENCE, WORSHIP, AND ATTRIBUTES. 857 

holds up the body, is so wise and benevolent that only a very thought- 
ful Being, who loved all His creatures well enough to devise all these 
ingenious and effective contrivances, could or would have invented 
and formed them. 

" Knee joints, about the middle of these legs, greatty promote 
their utility. One stiff knee is very hindersome ; then how much more 
both ! They must be very strong, to prevent slipping and breaking. 
Hence this groove joint — a projecting ridge in one bone fitting into 
a like groove in the other, and called the hinge joint. 

" Your kneepan becomes necessary in order to protect this joint 
from those knocks incident to perpetual pushing and keeping it farther 
forward than any other part in walking and running. 

" The thighs furnish that muscular power which moves or swings 
the feet forward. Of course those muscles which do this must needs 
cross before this knee joint, for it could move it forward in no other 
place, and therefore must be perpetually exposed, by every knock of 
the knees, to being cut or disabled. All this is prevented by the 
kneepan, to which the thigh muscles are attached, the contraction of 
which, by hoisting this kneepan, swings the feet forward. 

" The calf muscles, after the foot is thus thrown forward and 
firmly planted, now contract, and push the body forward a couple of 
feet at each step. 

" This shows why and how j^ou walk and run thus fast and easily. 
Should you not love that Being w^ho has done all this solely to make 
you happy ! 

" Turning your bodies, as in looking backwards, sidewards, up- 
wards, downwards, etc., changing directions, and all that, often 
becomes indispensable. A hinge hip joint would render all turning 
impossible ; so that God in Nature has provided for all these requisite 
turnings by means of ball and socket joints, which consist in a round 
knob on the upper end of the thigh bones fitting into a hollowing 
socket formed in the hip or pelvic bones right over this ball, held in 
place by a muscle attached to the middle of this socket, running up 
through a small hole in this pelvic bone, and so attached above that 
it can be pulled out of or into its place only by a powerful effort. 

*' These pelvic bones receive the whole weight of the body, with 
the often very heavy load it may be carrying, transfer it to these balls, 
and they to the feet. 

" Your backbone, or, rather, series of bones, places this weight 
upon these pelvic bones, first receiving it from above, that is, from 
the head, arms, and shoulders ; maintains erectness of posture ; 
allows motions forwards, backwards, sideways, and rotary ; breaks the 
force of falls, jumps, etc., by intervening cushions, which yield to 
pressure and facilitate all those bendings of the bod}?- so very con- 
venient and useful ; and also allowing the nerves from all parts of 
the body to enter the spine and pass up through a hole in its middle 
to the brain. No part or organ can live unless in perpetual nervous 
connection with the brain. 37 All these nerves must have some secure 
passage-way from each organ to it. This backbone, by its internal 
hollow, furnishes such duct, and each joint lets in and out a nerve 
from some organ. If any organ is inflamed, its nerve is inflamed, 



858 . man's moral nature and relations. 

and the spine at this joint is sore or tender — which thus becomes a 
sure test of disease. 

" Your shoulders are quite like your hips in structure and require- 
ments. You need to swing your arms all around freely in all possible 
directions, while they remain firmly attached to your body. Ball and 
socket joints allow this rotation in all directions, and shoulder-blades 
serve a like purpose with the pelvic bones. 

" Your head must be above all else ; and allowed to turn freely in 
all directions, and hence must be separated from the body by a neck ; 
for if it fitted close down on the body, how could it turn ! 

" Its top bone, that next the skull, allows it to slide around from 
side to side with perfect ease, as in turning the head, while the joints 
in the neck allow us to raise or lower it forward and backward at 
pleasure. Turning the head in all directions is very handy, and 
effected by means both most perfect and efficient. 

" Your brain is the grand organ of life, as well as of the mind — 
that by means of which we all live and have our being, and of course 
b} r all means to be absolutely protected. 3537 Being gelatinous, it is 
easity damaged and disorganized, and must therefore be doubly pro- 
tected by various means, one being inadequate. Cushions at all the 
lower joints protect it some, but the skull protects it more ! 

" During growth it needs this protection even more than after it. 
Eight bones constitute its chief protection, two, called parietal, be- 
ginning to form over the ears, and enlarging till the}^ meet other bones 
beginning at other points, and growing till they strike each other, 
when they shove their respective edges past each other, bending 
round, like bent saw teeth, interlocking with other bent edges. Scalp 
and hair still further guard this delicate organ, preserve the required 
temperature, etc. 

11 The shape of the head also protects it. Its being round allows 
the most brain possible in the smallest compass; wards off blows by 
rendering most of them oblique, so that they glance off; by its eyes 
seeing dangers, so that we can dodge or parry them ; and by other 
means innumerable. If the head were thin and flat, like a board, it 
would present a larger surface to injuries; be easily pierced and per- 
forated ; receive blows on a flat surface instead of, as now, on an 
oblique one, and thus be hurt a thousand fold more than now. Behold 
the infinite wisdom and goodness of God, in these and myriads of like 
natural contrivances ! Let us all love Him in proportion to all His 
provisions for our happiness. 

" Your eyes, too, must be, and are, protected both by sockets and 
that bony ridge over them ; be, and are, high up, so that you can see 
far off, and look down on most objects ; require to be, and are, kept 
moist ; must, and can be, turned all around in all possible directions ; 
and are perfect in construction and execution. Some day we will ex- 
amine the various parts of the eyes, to see how perfectly each part is 
fitted to perform its specific function, and on other occasions will do 
the same by the ears, teeth, nostrils, heart, lungs, and the other parts 
of the body. Meanwhile, since God has taken such extreme pains to 
make for us bodies so perfect in every possible respect, shall we not 
carry out His wise provisions for our happiness by taking the very best 



GOD: HIS EXISTENCE, WORSHIP, AND ATTRIBUTES. 859 

care possible of them ? Please, children, for your own sakes, never do 
anything to abuse or injure them." 

Natural Facts like these, succinctly stated and applied, would 
enkindle an enthusiasm amounting almost to ecstasy to go the next 
Sunday and all Sundays, so as to hear and learn more like natural 
truths ; and all the week they would keep thinking up and studying 
out these and like subjects ; and this constitutes an education, some- 
what more practical and useful than learning to spell Baker and re- 
peat the Catechism. No fact in Nature or science should ever be 
taught them without therein and thereby inculcating religion ; nor 
should religion ever be taught them in dogmas and mysteries they 
cannot understand, lest, in rejecting the mysterious (? absurdities) they 
reject religious truth by wholesale. 

"Eating is our subject of inquiry to-day. Did you relish your 
breakfast this morning ? Please think how much real luxury it gave 
you.. Then how much pleasure have you ever taken in all the break- 
fasts, dinners, luncheons, suppers, fruits, nuts, etc., you ever ate! 

" Every function you ever put forth uses up your organic mate- 
rials, which must be resupplied, or permanent exhaustion and death 
must ensue. Food resupplies this organic waste. 90 But it must first 
be eaten, and then digested. 

" The creation of food comes first. Without it, though 3~our 
teeth, stomach, and digestive organs were perfect, you must die of 
starvation. Think, then, how kind and good God has been in creating 
this vast variety and amount of edibles, so that every one of all the 
beings He creates can find something to eat. Some kinds of food 
grow in wet places, others in dry; some on mountains, others in 
plains ; some ' up north,' others 'down south,' that the more food may 
grow, and the more forms of life find the food required by each. Just 
see how benevolent and how thoughtful is the Bountiful Feeder of all 
He creates ! How cruel to create but not feed 1 how generous to 
create and feed so many thus bountifully! 

" He feeds you on a great many kinds of food ; and each most 
delicious. He creates wheat, rye, corn, barle}', oats, potatoes, peas, 
beans, carrots, beets, turnips, squashes, and other grains and herbs 
without number, and has also created in you an appetite which relishes 
each, and then makes you very happy in both their raising, eating, and 
digesting; as well as in working them up into playing, studying, and 
whatever else you may do. 

" Fruits also abound in equally great variety and abundance. 
How many apples, peaches, pears, cherries, etc., do you think there 
are on your father's, uncle's, and neighbors' orchards and trees ? and 
how many grapes on their grape vines ? Literally millions, each 
individual one of which is calculated to make some animal or person 
happy. 

" Never steal one of them ; for they belong to the one who raises 
them. If you want them, go ask for them, and if the owner is as kind 



860 man's moral nature and relations. 

to you as God is to him, he will give you some ; or earn money and 
bujr some, or else go without. To a good child, nothing got wrongly 
can taste good. And if you desire to have it taste real good you must 
raise it your own self. 

"The succession of fruits is another of nature's wisest provisions. 
Strawberries come first, and some kinds earlier than others, and 
the earlier the farther south they grow ; so that their season lasts a 
long time. 

"Raspberries, black and red, come just before strawberries go, so 
that we can keep right on eating fruits ; and raspberries relish quite as 
well as strawberries, and last till cherries and blackberries ripen ; while 
these again last till the earliest kinds of apples and pears ripen. 
Some kinds of these fruits mature early in July, and in southern lati- 
tudes even in Ma} r , and keep on ripening, various kinds in succession, 
all along through summer, fall, and winter ; so that old apples and 
pears last till new ones come ; thus giving us fruits the whole year 
round. 

" Peaches are interspersed by our good Father above, as well as 
other kinds of delicious fruits, along with these staple fruits. You 
know how delicious they are; but they are many times more luscious 
when plucked and eaten right from the tree, when just ripe enough to 
fall, than when picked, as the}" usually are, for market while yet green, 
so that they can be transported and kept till sold. None can know 
how luscious good peaches are unless they are eaten right from the 
tree, and plucked when fully ripened. 

11 Pears, however, have the valuable property of ripening and mel- 
lowing off after they are picked, and are among the very best of all 
the fruits ; because the3 r contain that iron by means of which life is 
carried on. 108 Thank God for pears, and eat them in love to their 
bountiful Giver. 

" Grapes are still better, and more delicious and wholesome. They 
thin the blood and enrich it, and make us feel pleasant and happ} r . 
We should thank their Giver as soon as they come, eat every bunch in 
devout gratitude, and at the close of their season, offer up heartfelt 
hosannas for a fruit so beautiful, luscious, and healthful! And what- 
ever we eat and drink, let us remember Who it is that gives, besides 
doing our very best to please and obey One who is so very provident 
of all our perpetually returning wants. 

" His great heart seems to overflow perpetually with tender 
parental care for each one of us, and for all He creates. Then let us 
all love Him with all our souls. Yet we can never begin duly to love 
and thank Him in proportion to His goodness to us ! " 

Other themes might be treated in like manner, and in many and 
all ways, according to the ever-varying tastes of each talker, so that 
the goodness of God is made an ever-present reality to them, and 
brought right home to their senses and consciousness, their appetites 
and passions. 

These devotional incentives can be diversified by introducing 
moral theme/ and lessons somewhat after this fashion : — 



GOD: HIS EXISTENCE, WORSHIP, AND ATTRIBUTES. 861 

" Boys and girls, your having been created lads and lasses imposes 
on you some mutual duties and behavior as regards each other, which 
all of you ought to understand and practise. Boys may treat boys 
roughly if they like, though this is neither right nor best. ; but all 
boys should treat all girls in a soft, tender, obliging, pleasant manner. 
When boys are sliding down hill with boys, they may let each other 
draw their own sleds up hill, if they like, though it would be kind in 
you to do it for little ones ; but whenever any boy is sliding down hill 
with any girl, he should always offer pleasantly to draw her sled up 
for her, and do it so kindly that she will know he wants to do it to 
oblige her. He should always offer and ask to draw her on level 
ground on his sled, and when both are skating together, a good, gen- 
teel boy will be polite and attentive to all girls, draw them round on 
his sled, tuck their cloaks closely down around them, to prevent their 
getting cold, and make them just as comfortable every way as he can 
Only a bad, naughty boy will ever plague any girl ; and all boys who 
do, ought to be ashamed. 

" Brothers, too, should be still kinder to their little sisters, and all 
sons still more attentive to their mothers, and see how kind and good 
they can be. Just think what your mother has done for you in feed- 
ing and clothing you ; and even when she seems to scold you, she 
does so because she feels bad and grieved to see you naughty, and de- 
sires to make you better. All she has ever done for you — and you 
can never realize how much that is — attests how much she loves you. 
Then please don't ever aggravate her any more, but just see how 
real good you can be to her ; and then see how good, polite, and kind 
you can be to every lady you meet. Improve every opportunity to 
see how true a little man and gentleman you can be to every female 
you see." 

Appeals like these can soon be made to regenerate all children. 
Especially can mothers, every day of their lives, thus quietly, gently, 
winningly present this and that religious motive, appealing now to 
their devotion, anon to their sense of right and duty, and again to 
their future hopes and fears, and to each and all their higher Faculties 
in turn, provoking each and all to action, and working up all into 
a good, devout, high, true, upright, and noble human life ; whereas 
forcing them to go to church nauseates them of everything religious. 
To be of any earthly service, devotion must be spontaneous, voluntary, 
and prompted by what delights. Sweeten religion if you would have 
them relish it. 

The Author proposes, as soon as he can command the time, 
taking a few thousand natural facts, to show their rationale, either in 
a separate work, or in an appendix to this w r ork, or else incorporated 
into it, which shall state concisely the results attained in each case, 
and the divine ways and means by which they are attained, all " look- 
ing through Nature up to Nature's God." 



862 



MANS MORAL NATURE AND RELATIONS. 



CHAPTER II. 



Immortality: its proofs, and relations to time. 

XIX. Spirituality, "Marvel lousness," "Won- 
der." 

" There is an inspiration in man, and the spirit of the Almighty doth give him understand- 
ing." — Job. 

214. — Its Definition, Discovery, and Adaptation. 

The Prophet — Intuition ; perscience ; feeling and perception of 
the spiritual; second sight; the "light within;" prophetic guidance; 
waking clairvoyance ; faith ; forewarning ; spiritual perception of 
truth, what is best, about to transpire, etc. ; belief in the superhuman ; 
credulity ; trust in divine guidings ; Providence ; the spirit of prayer ; 

belief in the supernatural ; 

SPIRITUALITY LARGE. ^ ^^ « f^ J fc J Q ^ 

bones," etc. Its excess and 
perversion creates supersti- 
tion. 

Its location is on each 
side of Worship, and between 
it, above, Imitation in front, 
Beauty below, and Hope be- 
hind. This rule will find it. 
Place the open fingers of 
both hands side by side, so 
that, standing behind the 
person observed, their ends 
will reach a little past the 
middle of the head, and the 
two index fingers be about 
an inch apart, the balls of 

the second fingers will rest on this organ. It is large in Swedenborg, 

Diana Waters, and No. 149, but small in No. 148. 




No. 151. — Emanuel Swedenborg. 



IMMORTALITY: ITS PROOFS, AND RELATIONS TO TIME. 863 

" In the first fanatic I saw I was struck with the rounded promi- 
nence of the superior part of the frontal bone. This protuberance is 
not lengthened like that of Kindness, nor elliptical like Imitation, but 
is formed like the segment of a sphere. Between the poetical convo- 
lution and Imitation is another, the development of which probably 
involves seeing visions. Whether it forms a part of Imitation, and 
so exalts its action as to cause it to give to ideas of its own creation 
an external existence, and make them appear as coming to us from 
without ; or makes a part of both Poetry and Imitation ; or consti- 
tutes a particular organ, can alone be determined by future researches. 
Let readers examine the heads of those sane persons who have visions, 
such as Socrates, Gabrino, Tasso, Joan of Arc, St. Ignatius, Crom- 
well, Swedenborg, Jung Stilling, Hallereau, M. de F. and Dr. W., in 
all of which it is large." 

" Certain persons have apparitions of the dead and absent. How 
happens it that frequently men of much intellect believe in ghosts 
and visions ? Are they fools, and impostors ? Or is there a pecu- 
liar organism in man which deceives ? Let us commence by giving 
facts." 

" Socrates often and willingly spoke to his disciples of a ' demon' 
spirit, or genius, which served him as a guide. What was this 
'familiar spirit,' this divine voice, which answered whenever he con- 
sulted it ? What motive had he for imposing on his disciples ? In 
his defence he says : 'This peculiar genius which inspires and guides 
me is no new divinity, but the eternal instinct and genius of mortals. 
Some guide themselves by consulting sibyls, others by the flight of 
birds, and others still by the hearts of victims ; but for myself, I con- 
sult nry own heart, I question my conscience ; and consult in secret 
with the spirit which animates me.' If he had not himself believed in 
this guiding genius, the general belief that he was thus inspired would 
have disappeared, when, twenty-three years after, Aristophanes ridi- 
culed it, and would not have been reproduced among the points of 
accusation." 

" Nicholas Gabrino and Cromwell* are quoted as hypocritical im- 
postors, who make these visions and revelations a cloak for gaining 
authority, yet their accusers do not reflect that others may have dif 
ferent sensations from themselves, and believe in something different 
from their own faith." 

" Joan op Arc, while in her prime, saw from her village church a 
great light, whence proceeded an unknown voice ; and sometime after- 
wards heard this same, and saw celestial visions. St. Michael told her 
that God had taken pity on Prance, and ordered her to go and raise 
the siege of Orleans, and have Charles VII. consecrated king." 

" Mafley and Bonhours were certainly right in attributing visions to 
St. Ignatius." 

"Tasso claimed to have been cured by spirits of a violent fever; 



* Cromwell's "* height was under six feet (two inches, I believe), his head so 
large that you would believe it would contain a vast treasure of intellectual capa- 
cities ; and his temper excessively inflammable, but soon extinguished by his 
moral qualities. " — M. Yillerman. 



864 man's moral nature and relations. 

thought he conversed with them, and tried to convince his friends by 
ah owing them the celestial being with whom he conversed." 

" Swedenborg thought himself miraculously called to reveal to the 
world the most hidden mysteries. He says: 'In 1743 it pleased the 
Lord to manifest Himself to me, and to appear to me personally, to 
give me knowledge of the spiritual world, and to put me in relation 
with angels and spirits, and this power has been continued to me till 
this evening.' His English biographers say he was the most sincere 
man in the world, and the most extravagant and enthusiastic." 

" Dr. Jung Stilling, whom we often saw at the Grand Duke of 
Baden's, first a tailor, then teacher, doctor, moralist, religious writer, 
journalist, illuminate, and visionary, firmly believed in ghosts, and 
wrote a book expounding this doctrine." 

14 The fanatic already mentioned, in the house of correction, whom 
I pronounced a visionary the moment I saw him descending the stairs, 
was the one who said Christ appeared to him in a light as brilliant as 
that of ten thousand suns, to reveal the true religion." 

"I told a gentleman who is admitted into the best Parisian 
society, that he believed in ghosts, and sometime saw visions. He 
leaped from his chair in astonishment, saying he had them, yet had 
never before mentioned it for fear of being called fanatical." 

44 1 told Dr. W. that the form of his head indicated a great pro- 
pensity for the marvellous and supernatural. He replied, * You are 
wrong this time, for I never believe anything not demonstrated ; but 
when I alluded to animal magnetism, he became very animated, main- 
tained that spiritual beings acted in magnetism ; that distance was no 
barrier ; that they produced apparitions and visions, which un- 
doubtedly exist, and I know their laws.' " 

" Hallereau of Vienna was constantly accompanied by his familiar 
spirit till sixty, when it wished to quit him, and afterwards appeared 
only on certain days of the month." 

"A curate of Baden was imprisoned because he had a familiar spirit. 
A man at Manheim thinks he is accompanied by several. Pinell 
speaks of a dangerous maniac who believed he conversed with ghosts, 
and saw visions. Histor} r , ancient and modern, furnishes numerous 
like examples. If it is ridiculous to admit them, it is unjust to accuse 
as impostors all those who say they have them." 

44 What is more analogous than this contiguity of Poetry, Imita- 
tion, and visionary exaltations ! Its location by the religious senti- 
ment shows why all visionaries appear so sanctimonious, inspired, 
and superhuman." — Gall. 

44 There is still a sentiment which exerts a very great influence over 
religious conceptions, and, in my opinion, contributes more than 
veneration to religious faith. Some regard all things as natural, w r hile 
others see something wonderful in passing events. In all ages man 
has been led hy his credulity. The founders of all nations have had 
a supernatural origin ascribed to them. Many in all ages have be- 
lieved in dreams, sorcery, amulets, magic, astrology, spirits, angels, 
the devil, miracles, second sights, and the incomprehensible. 
Mahomet was introduced by Gabriel into the heavenly mansions, ^nd 
eve^ where saluted as the greatest prophet. Swedenborgians, Metho- 



AND RELATIONS TO TIME. 865 

dists, Quakers, and many others demonstrate its presence and activity ; 
and men at large have a strong propensity to believe in miracles, 
while the stage proclaims its public activity, in the popularity of 
its ghosts and phantoms." 

" The existence of this feeling is certain. This disposition, like 
that which traces out causes, is inherent, and forms a part of our 
mental constitution. Its organ is situated anterior to Hope, an&4ts 
convolutions, when large, enlarge the superior and lateral parts of 
the frontal bone." 

"These facts determined me formerly to designate this Faculty 
by the name of Supernaturality, and it is certain that it is principally 
manifested in a belief in miraculous and supernatural circumstances, 
and the foundation of religion by supernatural means." — Spurzheim. 

"In the Richmond Lunatic Asylum I saw several patients in 
whom this organ predominated, whose insanity consisted in believing 
themselves supernatural beings, or inspired. Miss H. in whom it was 
very large, believed herself under the influence of supernatural 
beings. " — Combe. 

" Dr. Anderson, a believer in animal magnetism, imagined that in- 
visible enemies were following and tormenting him everywhere ; put 
some of his acquaintances under legal bonds not to injure him farther* 
even went to Paris to escape them, but was equally haunted by them 
there, yet was perfectly rational on all other subjects ; and on open- 
ing his skull it was thick and hard, showing chronic inflammation ; and 
right at this organ was an old inflammatory deposit, under the arachnoid 
coat, which had thickened, and adhered for an inch and a half long and 
an inch wide, this organ alone being affected ; and his uniform custom 
was to lave this part at night to abate its intense heat." — Edinburgh 
Phren. Journal. 

" The natural language of this Faculty is nodding the head obli- 
quely upwards, in the direction of this organ. I have observed one 
telling another some wonderful story to nod his head upwards, two or 
three times at the end of each wonderful point. Its general function 
is considered established, but its metaphysical analysis is still in- 
complete." — Combe. 

Its adaptation, — for each Faculty must be adapted to some gre*at 
institute of Nature, 3 — is to spiritual existences, and a spiritual state. 
Combe calls it Wonder, but in describing its workings, as above quoted, 
ascribes to it this function of seeing spiritual beings, by a spiritual 
vision imparted by this Faculty. Let us scan this class of human 
facts. 

All human history teems with its manifestations. Till within 
two hundred years, they were incorporated into all human history, as 
veritable facts, and a legitimate part of the events narrated ; yet 
nothing not acknowledged by the masses could have been thus incor- 
porated. 

The Bible is full of them, from beginning to end. Adam had 
109 



866 



MAN S MORAL NATURE AND RELATIONS. 



these visions ; so had Enoch and Noah, all of whose preparations of 
his ark were based on them ; as had Lot and Abraham, all their 
lives. All those divine commands on which he acted came through 
this Faculty. So did all those of Moses and Joshua, Samuel and all 
the Prophets. In fact it forms the ground work of the Old STesta- 
ment, and no small part of the New, and constitutes what is meant by 
"inspiration." What means the "Witch of Endor," and Saul's 
calling up " familiar spirits," that of Samuel for example ! There 
must be some primary mental element on which all this and much 
more like it is based. 

Miracles are analyzable on this Faculty, and furnished a tangible 
philosophical basis by it, but by no other principle. How easily and 
perfectly it accounts for raising the dead, healing the sick, and much 
more like it ! 

All systems of religion, ancient and modern, great and 
little, are based on this spiritual principle, and but its out workings. 
Mahometanism gives expression to two Faculties chiefly, Worship 
and Spirituality. The Chinese religion consists mainly in driving off 
evil spirits, and Hindoo religion is quite analogous to it in this respect. 
The religion of all North and South American Indians consists chiefly 
in "the Great Spirit," and even their cures are mainly spiritual. All 
their burials are but preparations for spiritual enjoyments. 

Salem witchcraft was but another phase of its manifestations. 
Its affecting even the Puritans thus, with all their hard sense, shows 
that it must have some foundation in human Nature, and the idea 
which it expresses has pervaded all societies, throughout all ages. 

Grecian, Roman, Egyptian, Syrian, and all the ancient mytholo- 
gies of all ages and nations consisted mainly in its outworkings. All 
the auguries of their temples and shrines, and all their oracles and 
consultations over slaughtered birds and animals, and even human 
beings, were but its expression. Nebuchadnezzar had his soothsayers, 
and interpreters of dreams and visions. All the gods and goddesses 
of all the ancients were spiritual beings, as were their nymphs, liouris, 
etc. In fact, mythology is chiefly its creation, in combination with 
the propensities. 

All modern religions and each particular sect and denomina- 
tion both presuppose this Faculty, and consist more in its expression 
than in that of Worship. The very idea of God, except pantheism, 
makes Him a spirit; and the religious ideas of devils and angels, 
Gabriel included, with all the saints of Catholicism, and the " Holy 



IMMORTALITY: ITS PROOFS, AND RELATIONS TO TIME. 867 

Ghost" of all, presuppose spiritual existences, which they modify to 
their respective tastes. What are devils, evil spirits, " the spirits of 
just men made perfect," et al., but spiritual existences ? In short, no 
proof of any truth need or could be stronger than that the entire 
human family, throughout all its aspects and variations, its great sec- 
tions and all its sub-divisions, acknowledge, recognize, and feel this 
spiritual existence. 

All communities, and most families show this Faculty under 
various forms. All these neighborhood superstitions, such as premo- 
nitions, forewarnings, superstitions, haunted houses, signs, such as 
certain howlings of dogs foretokening a death in the family, and kin- 
dred things innumerable, emanate from this element. Many persons 
claim to be guided by supernatural direction. The Quakers, as intel- 
ligent, moral, respectable, sensible, and every way worthy a body of 
men and women as lives, make "the light within," which is but a mani- 
festation of this Faculty, the chief fact in their religious specialty ; 
and in them I always find this organ large, especially in their ladies. 

Every single Mormon, from their President Young down 
throughout his Apostles, and every Mormon I examined had it large j 
it being larger in them as a body than in any other community I ever 
examined. 

Spiritual forewarnings and guidings are unmistakably an 
actual fact. Sensible persons by thousands not only have them, but 
prove them, by telling beforehand what will and afterwards actually 
does happen. All communities, all neighborhoods, teem with prac- 
tical illustrations of this great fact. Elderly ladies have the most of 
this prophetic gift, which bespeaks especial attention, because of its 
exalted source; a good elderly matron being the climax of all human 
purity and goodness. The fact that they are the most imbued with 
this phrophetic spirit is certainly a " feather in its cap." All these 
neighborhood phrophets and phrophetesses are "inspired" solely 
through this element. And I never knew one in whom it was not 
large ; and can always select them by its ample development. What 
does all this mean f 

Thinking of a person just before he " pops in" on you is but 
another phase of it ; and a manifestation of which all are experimen- 
tally conscious. That is, the spirit principle of persons precedes them. 
I think of a friend, and start to see him. My spirit goes before me, 
and so impresses itself upon his as to make him think and even speak 
of me, just before I enter. 



868 man's moral nature and relations. 

Clairvoyance is a fact, demonstrated by animal magnetism. It is 
established by experiments the number and palpableness of which can- 
not be disputed, nor explained away, but must be admitted by all who 
choose to institute them. They, too, are but the manifestation of this 
primal mental power. They prove that the mind is capable of acting 
independently of the senses, observation, reason, etc., etc. 

Waking Clairvoyance is another common phase of it. Certain 
persons are "impressed" thus and so; things "come to" them; they 
" feel it in their bones," that they, that others named, are going to 
die, or that certain things will transpire, which do. The papers con- 
tain more or less illustrative facts. They told of a workman lately 
killed in a Pennsylvania coal mine, being loath to go down that morn- 
ing, even though his family were starving from his previous strike, 
returning to his house twice, and bidding his family a most affec- 
tionate farewell, and kissing his wife and each child most tenderly as 
if he should never again see them ; a thing he never did before, and 
in an hour was suffocated ! His wife had also had like presentiments 
of his death. 

M Rev. David Damon remarked in consecrating a burial place that 
he might be first to repose in it. And he was." — Boston Courier. 

" Judge Upsher could not be prevailed to join the excursion 
party down the Potomac, for fear of some disaster from the big 
cannon. Only after much persuasion, and even raillery could he be 
induced to go on board. I have this remarkable fact from one who 
heard it from the secretary's own lips, and who wondered that a man 
of his sense and nerve should permit such whimmy fears to influence 
him.' ' — Boston A dvertiser. 

Only a few minutes before he was blown to atoms, while fill- 
ing his glass for a toast, taking up an empty bottle he remarked, " I 
can't drink my toast till these dead bodies are removed," a remark he 
repeated on taking up a second empty bottle, showing that premoni- 
tions of his impending death haunted him ; and Com. Kennon, 
another of the killed, remarked to Capt. Saunders while going to 
the boat, "If I'm killed you'll be next in command;" while Wilkins 
had a similar premonition, which he obeyed by heeding, which saved 
his life. If Upsher and Kennon had heeded theirs, they too would 
have saved their lives. Like facts transpire by thousands. 

Dreams often unmistakably come to pass. Reader, have not you 
yourself been forewarned and guided by them. This mental element 
alone can account for them ; communications being made through it. 

Edwin Forrest tells one about a fellow ship's passenger going to 



immortality: its proofs, and relations to time. 869 

England, dreaming that he saw his brother, from whom he parted the 
week previous on the N. Y. dock, coming into his cabin all wet and 
drowned; and at that very hour, as afterwards proved, he was 
drowned. His dream was written and sealed, and handed to the " Drury 
Lane "manager, till the next steamer, which confirmed his dream. 

Lyman Beecher prophesied during a revival, which of course 
exalted this Faculty, that in ten years Tremont Theatre, then the 
great theatre of N. E., would become a church, and in just ten years 
he preached its dedication sermon ; while Elias Hicks prophesied many 
years before, that in 1842 England would be without a king, and the 
United States without a president, both of which " came to pass. " 

Mrs. Adams, whose husband Colt murdered, dreamed twice of 
seeing his mangled body wrapped in a sail and packed in a box, 
begged him frantically not to go out the last time before his murder, 
and felt no surprise at his not returning, alleging that he had been 
killed. Colt packed him in a sail. 

Josephine was Bonaparte's prophetess ; forewarned him not to go 
to Russia that year ; but he went, and fell. And great men will 
generally be found to have some doting devoted female guide and 
prophetess in a wife, mother, sister, or intimate friend, whose whole 
soul is enlisted for them, and is their spirit guide. 

A farmer, after " tackling up" to go a few miles, before starting, 
called his family together, and what he had never before done, kissed 
all around, and bid each good-by. " Why, husband, aint you coming 
right back?" " Yes, at three; but somehow I feel that I shall never 
see you again." He started, was run away with, and killed ! 

Abercrombie mentions analogous cases, and the world is so full of 
them, that to doubt them is impossible, as to pooh pooh at them is 
unphilosophical ; — all of which are analyzed and explained by this 
Faculty. 

Trances are a fixed fact. All Sunday School readers have read 
the story of Rev. Mr. Tenant of N. J., who lay entranced three days, 
his burial being postponed twice, yet he finally " came to ; " mean- 
while, in his vision he ascended to heaven ; felt inexpressibly dis- 
appointed at being obliged to return to earth ; and told what he saw 
and felt while entranced. 

A Dervish, in Calcutta, puts himself into a trance; turns the end 
of his tongue down his throat ; his mouth, nose, ears, etc., are all 
sealed up ; he is wrapped up ; sealed again, boxed, his coffin is sealed, 
and buried; grain is sown over him, and watched, and remains ten 



870 man's moral nature and relations. 

months or more, when he is brought to, and describes his mental state 
meanwhile as ecstatic. Captain Wade, General Ventura, the Maha- 
rayah, and his Sirdars, are the attestators. 

Man needs just such a guide. All Faculties are predicated on some 
great natural want, some indispensable end to be effected ; and this is 
required to teach us many things we should know, but can learn by 
no other means. We are often called to decide very important 
measures which Causality cannot reach, because the data requisite for 
its intelligent action has not yet transpired, or is not at command, 
or which unknown contingencies render uncertain, so that we must 
leap into the dark, unless guided by this intuition. Man needs and 
has this "second sight," for his guidance. Man also needs it in spel- 
ling out truth. " There is a divinity within " some men which scents 
and seizes truth by a kind of instinct ; drinks it in as the fish water, 
despite fallacious evidence ; aids Causality in reasoning; helps Com- 
parison in discerning analogies; joins imagination in her sublime 
reveries ; opens the door of the mind for the reception of truth ; 
guides the social affections upon right objects, and warns against 
wrong; 493 tells us whom to trust and shun; and serves as a mental 
compass to warn of approaching danger, spy out future destiny, and 
point out the best course for happiness and success. 

This Faculty exists. Phrenology sets this point at rest by 
physical demonstration. It thus constitutes a part of every well devel- 
oped head, and philosophical mind ; and its absence is a great deficit. 

The Holy Ghost, Divine Grace, " the outpouring of the Holy 
Spirit," and like doctrines are accounted for philosophically by this 
principle, by its furnishing an organ on or through which these influ- 
ences can be exerted, but by no other. Conversion is also explain- 
able on this principle, namely, that it awakens this spiritual phase 
of the Faculties. Through it men can spiritualize and convert one 
another. 

Without this Faculty we could form no more idea of God as a 
spirit, of an immaterial disembodied spirit, or the immortality of the 
soul, or of anything not material, than the blind of colors. But man 
lias these ideas and feelings, and they are as well defined and distinct 
as any of his other sentiments. Therefore, they spring from an inter- 
nal fountain, an inherent Faculty, else, whence children's questions 
about heaven, God, etc. ? How could they talk on what they did not 
first feel, or feel without a primal Faculty. We christen it Spiritu- 
ality, as very much more expressive of its true function than " Mar- 
vellousness," " Wonder," or any other name. 



IMMORTALITY : ITS PROOFS, AND RELATIONS TO TIME. 871 

215. — Description and Cultivation of Spirituality. 

Large. — Feel by intuition what is right and wrong ; are guided by 
prophetic inspiration, forewarned against danger, and led into right 
ways; feel internally conscious of what is true and false, best and 
not best ; love to nieditate 3 muse, and open the soul to the influx of 
truth ; perceive and know things independently of the senses or intel- 
lect, and, as it were, by prophetic intuition ; experience that spiritual 
communion with God which constitutes the essence of true piety ; are 
clairvoyant, and, as it were, "forewarned;" combined with large 
Worship, hold intimate communion with the Deity, and take a world 
of pleasure in that calm, happy, half-ecstatic state of mind thus 
caused ; with large Causality, perceive truth by intuition, which philo- 
sopical tests prove correct ; with large Comparison added, have a deep 
and clear insight into spiritual subjects ; embody a vast amount of 
the highest order of truth ; and clearly perceive and fully realize a 
spiritual state of being after death. 

Full. — Have a full share of high, pure, spiritual feeling, and 
many premonitions or interior warnings and guidings, which, if impli- 
citly followed, conduct to success and happiness through life ; and an 
inner test or touchstone of truth, right, etc., in a kind of interior con- 
sciousness, which is independent of reason, yet, unperverted, in harmony 
with it; are quite spiritual-minded, and, as it were, "led by the 
spirit." 

Average. — Have some spiritual premonitions and guidings, yet 
they are not always sufficiently distinct to be followed ; but when fol- 
lowed, they lead correctly ; see this " light within," and feel what is 
true and best with tolerable distinctness, and should cultivate this 
Faculty by heeding its suggestions. 

Moderate. — Have some, but not very distinct, perception of spi- 
ritual things; rather lack faith; believe mainly from evidence, and 
little from intuition ; with large Causality, say " Prove it," and take 
no man's say without good reasons. 

Small. — Perceive spiritual truths so indistinctly as rarely to admit 
them ; are not guided by faith, because it is weak ; like disbelieving 
Thomas, must see the fullest proof before believing ; have very little 
credulity, and doubt things of a superhuman origin or nature; have 
no premonitions, and disbelieve in them ; have no spiritual guidings, 
and lack faith. 

It gives a vision which the sun cannot enlighten, nor thick dark- 
ness intercept ; which sees with the optics of angels, and gathers pearls 



872 man's moral nature and relations. 

from the ocean of universal truth; which distance cannot hinder, and 
which reads the book of fate before time breaks its seal; which reveals 
what shall be when the earth becomes old, and the sun goes out ; fills 
the soul of man with a flood of holy ecstasy and heavenly rap- 
ture ; so spiritualizes mortal vision that we can see God as a spirit, 
and adore Him "in spirit and in truth;" and softens the pillow 
of death with visions of guardian angels waiting to escort us to 
Paradise. 

Its deficiency in Anglo-Saxons is most apparent, and almost uni- 
versal. It does not reach mediocrity in one out of hundreds, and 
Continuity excepted, is the least developed of all the organs ; and 
yet Nature obviously designed it to be one of the largest. It is cer- 
tainly as useful as any, and should, therefore, be as assiduously culti- 
vated. Its own enjoyments equal, probably surpass, those of all the 
others, at the same time that it seasons the action of all the others 
with the flavors of heaven. It so purifies the soul as to redouble 
many times oyer every pleasure, even of earth ; so exalts the mind 
and all its appetites and passions, as to dispose and enable us to see 
God and love Him, in all the works of His hands; imparts a 
heavenly relish, zest, and exquisiteness to the domestic affections, ani- 
mal propensities, intellectual operations, and especially moral virtues, 
which words utterly fail to portray, and which, to be appreciated, 
must be felt. Yet this is experienced only by the chosen few. Man 
is yet too low in the moral scale to derive much pleasure from it ; but, 
reader, there is proffered to mortals, in its due exercise, a holy joy, a 
heavenly serenity, a delightful communion with the Father of our 
spirits, even an ecstasy of divine love, which is akin to the felicity of 
angels, and which actually constitutes that felicity. Heaven " is not 
far from every one of us." We need not wait till we reach its shores, 
before we taste its nectar. This spiritualizing principle imports it to 
earth, at least sufficient to sustain us in our journey thither, and creates 
a hungering and thirsting for this bread of heaven and water of life. 
Little do we realize how happy it is possible for us to become on earth, 
by its due exercise, in communing with our own souls and God ! 
By so doing we can mount Pisgah's soaring heights, "view the 
promised land," be literally translated to paradise, and revel in all its 
spiritual luxuries. Heaven is around and within those who duly 
exercise this heaven-constituting Faculty. All this, and much more, is 
not imaginative rhapsody, but sober, philosophical deduction on the one 
hand, and experimental reality on the other. This sublime truth will 



IMMORTALITY : ITS PROOFS, AND RELATIONS TO TIME. 873 

not be appreciated by the many, because of the low state of this 
Faculty ; yet the " spiritually-minded " few will feel the sacred re- 
sponse in their own souls ; and all who will inquire at the shrine of 
their inner man, will experience enough to confirm the witness. 

Two classes OF facts corroborate this great practical truth of 
the exalted enjoyment conferred by Spirituality. That religious con- 
version often fills its subjects with an indescribable rapture of love 
and " joy in the Holy Ghost," is an experimental and observable fact. 
This ecstasy is not counterfeited, but felt. Many readers are its at- 
testant living subjects; and it so infinitely exceeds all the other joys 
of life as to beggar all attempts at description. Now this joy con- 
sists only in the exercise of the Faculties, especially of the moral, all 
of which it greatly quickens. But this heavenly rapture is not the 
product of Kindness, or Conscience, or even Worship, mainly, but of 
that spiritual exaltation of mind we are attempting almost in vain, 
because, it so infinitely exceeds the language of earth, to depict. The 
former help swell this flood of holy joy; but the latter consti- 
tutes its channel, and the main body of its holy waters. And these 
heavenly ecstasies of recent converts, are but as new-born babes com- 
pared with the angelic raptures it is possible for mortals to experience. 
Progression is nature's motto. Personal progression, especially 
in moral excellence, and therefore in all its joys, is the glorious pre- 
rogative of every human being. 64 Then why cannot these converts 
go on " from glory to glory," every successsive year and hour of life, 
till heaven consummates their joys ? And why not all be equally 
happy ? But why enlarge ? The principle involved must be appa- 
rent to all, and its personal application to our own souls palpable. 
Now this ecstasy of joy must have both its cause and its instru- 
mentality ; both which are found in Spirituality. We all have only 
to reach forth our hands and pluck this golden apple of paradise, and 
feast on it through life. Then, besides enjoying a heaven below, we 
shall be ripened for a heaven above. Bear in mind that all this is 
but rigid scientific deduction from the normal function of Spiritu- 
ality, which no previous phrenological author seems to have appre- 
ciated. 

The other class of facts appertains to a certain delightful state of 
mind consequent on a pure, holy, heavenly tone or state, capable of 
being experienced by all the propensities and feelings. Examples 
will best illustrate. The low, vulgar, animal, sensual indulgence of 
Amativeness, confers a poorer coarse-grained kind of gratification, yet 



874 man's moral nature and relations. 

how infinitely more happifying that spiritual love experienced by two 
kindred souls when basking in the sunshine of each other's love, and 
sipping the nectar of heaven from this flowing-together of spirits? 
Ambition experiences a coarse species of pleasure in the rude ha ! ha ! 
provoked by some monkey prank, or by excelling in eating, fighting, 
wrestling, etc; yet how far higher the order of pleasure taken in com- 
mendations for intellectual and moral excellence? Dignity experi- 
ences a crude, coarse-grained pride in exhibiting its golden possessions 
and external trappings, yet how infinitely higher the order of pleasure 
experienced by it in viewing the dignity and glory of the human con- 
stitution. 189 This law equally governs all the intellectual Faculties. 
Sight-seeing gratifies physical Observation, but moral infinitely more. 
Causality experiences a lower order of pleasure in adapting physical 
ways and means to physical ends, yet how almost infinitely greater in 
studying and applying those higher laws which appertain to intellect, 
morals, and the Deity ! In short, a physical, and also a highly ele- 
vated, tone or caste of action appertains to all the Faculties, and the 
order as well as amount of happiness experienced in the latter are al- 
most infinitely higher than in the former. Now Spirituality lifts 
them all up out of this sublunary function, and carries them on its 
own heaven-tending pinions, into this exalted and most beatific state, 
and thus in addition to all the delights conferred by itself directly, 
almost infinitely exalts and enhances the happiness conferred by all 
the others. 

Happiness-seeking reader, allow this home appeal. Are you 
content with this animal tendency of your Faculties? Do you not 
experience a perpetual "aching void," which this world is utterly in- 
adequate, as it was never designed, to fill? Are gold, silver, lands, 
all the treasures for which you long ? Do you not experience an in- 
definable want which nothing earthly has the power to satisfy ? You 
eat material bread, but does that satiate your inmost soul ? Do you 
not hunger and thirst after " meat to eat which you know not of," 
except just taste enough to show you what there is ? O God ! feed 
us on this bread of heaven ! We starve, our souls pine and die in the 
desert of these vain pursuits. Give us of these grapes of paradise till 
we revive and gain strength to enter the " promised land ! " 

The cultivation of Spirituality is of course commensurate with 
these antepasts of heaven it was calculated' to bestow. Shall we not 
exercise it ? Yet we must not expect to carry heaven in one hand 
and earth in the other. " No man can serve two masters." " Where 



IMMORTALITY : ITS PROOFS, AND RELATIONS TO TIME. 875 



our treasure is, there will our" joys be also. We cannot revel in this 
gross animal caste of our Faculties, and also in their holy aspirations. 
You who are content to go on as heretofore, have your way before 
you ; advice is useless ; but ye who would renounce this coarse-grained 
function of your Faculties, and feast on the riches of heaven instead / 
hear. To experience these holy joys, this spiritualizing Faculty must 
be cultivated. And to do this, put off this worldly phase of all 
your Faculties, and exercise them in accordance with this analysis of 
Spirituality. 

Meditation consists chiefly in its exercise. Commune with your 
own soul and your God; not at times "few and far between," nor 
hurriedly, but daily and long. Shut the terrestrial door of thy soul, and 
open its celestial windows, and there give way to spiritual reveries. 
Let it go out after God, and imbibe His spirit. Feast on His love. 
Contemplate His character as exhibited in ( his works. Assimilate and 
attune your feelings and innermost soul to His divine likeness. 203 
Wrestle with Him as did Jacob. Put away all unclean thoughts and 
desires, and long after purity and moral perfection. Yet you need 
not shut yourself up in the dark. Natural light does not intercept 
but promotes spiritual. The open canopy of heaven, cultivated fields, 
deep, still forests, flower-bedecked lawns, murmuring brooks, beauti- 
ful, magnificent landscapes, above all, rising and setting sun, morning 
and evening twilight, the glowing east, the gold-tinged sky of depar- 
ting day, have a magic spell which inspire us with a sense of His 
presence, and infuse into the soul those spiritual longings and 
emotions we would show how to cultivate. If I had been brought up 
a Parsee, I should have been a devout worshipper of the morning 
sun, and offered up soul-melting homage to the departing god of day. 
But glory to God, I can worship the Creator of the sun at his mor- 
ning advent and evening departure. Memory cherishes with inex- 
pressible delight some choice gems in its casket, but none as bright as 
those sacred seasons, when, at evening twilight, I went into wood, 
dale, or field, to meditate, and hold sweet communion with the Father 
of my spirit. To these holy seasons I owe eternal thanks, as both 
the happiest and most profitable periods of my eventful life. There I 
learned lessons taught nowhere else, and taught by God himself. 
These holy seasons, the cares of the world, pressing professional en- 
gagements, etc., have been wickedly allowed to interrupt, yet not to 
efface from memory's sacred tablet. Souls should be fed with this 
manna from heaven, though bodies starve. N Reader, shall we not go 



876 man's moral nature and relations. 

forth at evening twilight together, and gaze upon the ever-varying 
beauties and glories of Vesper, to think on heaven and God, and to 
seek that conformity to His image which shall fit us for its joys? 
And shall we allow dull sloth to rob our souls of Aurora's smiles as she 
comes forth to light up the face of nature? Shall birds arise with the 
dawn and sing anthems of praise to their God, and we not to ours? 
especially since we have so much more for which to sing ! Nor is the 
starry canopy of heaven so inferior a temple for divine worship. Yet 
none need condemn the comforts or blessings of earth. We need not 
cease to indulge our worldly Faculties on terrestrial objects in order to 
attain these spiritual pleasures. The animal instincts are not at 
enmity with this spiritual state of mind, but, rightly exercised, actually 
promote it. We may love food and property, friends and praise; 
may fully exercise every other Faculty, not by stint, but intensely", 
without in the least interrupting Spirituality. Indeed, we cannot ex- 
ercise it without exercising them also. We may, must, love this 
world, " yet as not abusing it," not in predominance, but subordinately, 
and in connection with our moral Faculties. Indeed, by this union 
alone can we truly enjoy it. He whose whole mind is on this world, 
does not, cannot, enjoy even it. To derive its full quota of happiness 
from any one department of our Nature, it must blend in action with 
all the rest. ^ We cannot possibly love the world too much, only 
wrongfully. Yet our animal Faculties require to be sanctifed by 
the conjoint action of our higher. 196 By "not carrying earth in one 
hand and heaven in the other," was meant, making an idol of earth — 
loving it exclusively, or on its Wn account. Neither without the 
other, but both in delightful concert. Yet we all love this world too 
much, relatively, and hence give it most of our time, and can hardly 
spare from it an hour, morning and evening, for meditation, even 
after we have given the entire day to our animal Nature. The body 
was never made to engross nineteen-twentieths of human time and 
money. 261 Our higher Faculties are the superiors, and if either must 
be slighted, neglect it ; yet there is time for both. Let us take it. 
But its cultivation is by no means limited to these appropriated 
seasons. Every hour of the day, be our avocations what they 
may, in sequestered wood, or thronged, uproarious city, this feeling 
can be and should be exercised, in addition to its morning and 
evening repasts. Especially can it be cultivated by following its pre- 
monitions. 



IMMORTALITY : ITS PROOFS, AND RELATIONS TO TIME. 877 

216. — Immortality, and its Proofs: Are Brutes Immortal? 

Is Death our last ? or only the vestibule of a life to come ? 
What of the resurrection from the dead ? Is life beyond the grave a 
myth, or a veritable reality? This august problem we propose to 
discuss from the standpoint of the constitution of the human mind. 
Faith is good, but adding knowledge improves it. Many in these 
investigating days doubt it. Let all such hear and heed this fiat 
of science. 

This spiritualizing Faculty is incorporated into our minds by 
our all wise Creator: A mental element with its cerebral organ, 
has been devised and inserted into both the mentality and the 
anatomy of man ! This simple fact embodies in itself a volume of 
spiritual truth. Reader, have you yet duly appreciated what a mental 
Faculty is ? Reread 3 u u and you will see how great a part each 
plays in the human mind ; and that it puts man in relation with a 
great fact in Nature, or, rather, system of facts and principles. Of 
course all this holds true of Spirituality. Its office is no trifle, nor 
is that department of Nature to which it is adapted, and adapts man. 

Spirituality is the name which expresses its function, according 
to my observation, more perfectly than any other. I thus christened it 
in 1842, in one of my earliest works, and have seen it confirmed by 
all subsequent experiments. That this name also exactly expresses 
the function ascribed to it by Gall, Spurzheim, and Combe, is fully 
proved by all the above quotations from these phrenological fathers. 214 
Spurzheim came near giving it a name which meant the same thing, 
and in all he says about it ascribes to it this precise function we 
give ; and Combe, though he calls it " Wonder," yet, in describing 
it, gives it the identical function here given. Thus, the phrenological 
record is just as clear and positive as anything could make it, that its 
specific office is to commune with spiritual beings, a spiritual God 
included. Assuming here what we demonstrate in 33 " 49 , that Phren- 
ology is true, and that Gall, Spurzheim, and Combe pronounce this 
Faculty established and confirmed, and ascribe communion with 
spirits as its specific function, we plant ourselves squarely on this 
fact, that there exists, as forming a part of man, an element which puts 
him in relation with spiritual beings. This Faculty exists in and of 
him, and adapts him to a world of spirits : therefore a world of 
spirits exists, adapted to this Faculty. That identical argument by 
which we proved the being of a God from Worship, mutatis mutandis, 
when applied to Spirituality, proves the existence of spirits, 199 and 



878 man's moral nature and relations. 

also spiritualizes all our other Faculties. 215 That argument need 
not be repeated, and is just as absolute here as there. We let it 
speak for itself; and proceed to build a superstructure on this "rock 
of ages." 

Its juxta-position with Hope furnishes additional proof of 
this immortal existence. All organs located together naturally act 
together. This obvious law is abundantly proved by the grouping of 
the organs; and the fact that Spirituality and Hope are located side 
by side, demonstrates that they were created to act together, and the 
legitimate result of such conjoint action is hope in a spiritual, immortal 
state of being. 

The universality of this belief in immortality prov*>' that it 
must have some natural basis in the human mind, else it would soon 
have vanished ; and Phrenology thus shows that this hope is a legitimate, 
normal function, not a fungus, nor a creature of education, but an 
inherent intuition. If Hope had been adapted to confine its action 
to this world's interests it would have been located among this world's 
organs ; but it is located by the side of Spirituality that both conjointly 
may hope for an immortal spiritual existence. 

11 Plato, thou reasonest well. Else, whence this pleasing hope, this 
fond desire, this longing after immortality." — Shakspeare. 

This expresses a sentiment which swells up in every well con- 
stituted soul, and which has its counterpart in the immortality it desires, 
just as Appetite has its in food, the eye its in light, etc. 

Its surrounding organs are even more demonstrative of im- 
mortality. Thus it is located by the side of Sublimity, which creates 
the sentiment of vastness, illimitability, infinity, and eternity, 233 
showing that a boundless and an infinite existence awaits these inherent 
hopes of immortality ; and by the side of Worship above, that it may 
hope to see God hereafter, and become spiritualized like Him. 

The origin of life still farther proves its spirituality. It originates 
in the mind, not body. It is the offspring of Love, that is, of a mental 
Faculty, 172 m2 an emotion, which brought its creating parents together, 
and without which life can never be originated. Please note the 
complete demonstration of this point in Sexual Science, Parts II and VI, 
and learn from that, and from 18 , that man is a spiritual, not a material 
entity, and therefore immortal. What is begotten of the mind, must 
be an inherent mentality. 

Age spiritualizes and moralizes. Originating in littleness 
infinitesimal, and assisted by maternal aid, it grows on, till, able to 



IMMORTALITY : ITS PROOFS, AND RELATIONS TO TIME. 879 



sustain independent life, it is born. But born almost idiotic, not 
knowing even that fire will burn, and barely able to sustain passive 
existence. Yet it grows on in statue, in perception, in all its senses 
and desires, until anon it can walk, then run ; but grows on still, 
throughout all its functions, literally aching with strength, impetuous 
in desire, observing, inquiring, memorizing, learning daily and 
indelibly by experience, beginning to think, and making rapid strides 
on the highway of natural self-development, all along up through 
childhood and youth ; " sowing wild oats " broadcast ; full of blood 
and passion; bones fast consolidating; muscles sinewy and vigorous; 
susceptibilities ever reincreasing ; new fields of delight continually 
opening out ; affectional, acquisitive, achieving, etc. ; until there stands 
the full-grown man, with bones like iron bars ; sinews lion-like ; 
all the passions in full blast, yet regulated by intellect; moral tone 
constantly rising ; and the whole being struggling to expand and 
develop. 

A conjugal mate, at about twenty, immeasurably redoubles all 
life's joys in a " friend which sticketh closer than a brother." Love 
breaks the seal of a new and incalculably delightful fountain of hap- 
piness, as well in anticipation as fruition, which strengthens as it 
continues, till it ripens into the tenderest emotions and sweetest 
pleasures of our nature. Though the course of true love rarely does 
run smoothly, yet it always might; and though marriage often 
diminishes love and its sweets, yet that its constitutional tendency is 
vastly to enhance them, is fully established in " Sexual Science/' the 
causes of this decline explained, and directions given for becoming 
more and more affectionate and happy every succeeding day of married 
life. The " honey-moon " barely ushers in those hymeneal pleasures 
for the perpetual augmentation of w T hich through life Nature has 
amply provided. Ask all who have lived in affectionate wedlock 
forty years, whether they would exchange a week or year of present 
connubial pleasure for that of any previous week since they first loved, 
and learn and heed, in their prompt negative, the great practical truth 
that love and all its exalted delights are progressive. 

Parental love also unseals still another source of transports. 
Every successive heir is constitutionally adapted to increase parental 
endearments and domestic enjoyment. When it does not, ours is the 
fault, not Nature's. 

11 But its death often renders us most wretched." 

It need not die. 70 n 



880 man's moral nature and relations. 

11 But the family increases our cares and troubles." 

It often does, but never need to. Nature has also ordained the 
increase of property and the comforts of life with years, and of course 
all the pleasures they yield. And thus of honor, self-reliance, discre- 
tion, manual skill, taste, the application of causation, and, indeed, all 
that we do, know, and are. 

"Age diminishes physical action, and of course capabilities of 
enjoyment. The elastic step finally begins to falter ; senses fail ; sight 
grows dim ; and passions subside. A marked failing occurs in most im- 
portant respects. Now is all this a decline of the man himself? for 
if so, we must accept annihilation as the finale of life. Can decrepit 
old age enjoy muscular exercise equally with sprightly youth? " 

It relishes quiet better, and what it does do tells far more than the 
mettlesome, ill-directed exertions of the young. The older we grow 
the more we husband our steps and strength, make every blow tell, 
and do more with less labor. Healthy old age, too, is generally 
sprightly. 

" But Appetite and its pleasures certainly diminish." 

By a Law of Appetite it relishes favorite dishes more and more, the 
more we indulge in them. 64 

", Youth is free at least from those pains and diseases contracted 
through life, to which age is generally subject ; and the Bible expressly 
ascribes ' trouble and sorrow ' to those who exceed seventy." 

It simply declares a then existing general fact, not the necessary 
doom of all. This usually is the case, because men generally violate 
the physical and mental laws through life, and must, of course, abide 
the consequences in old age; yet neither such violations, nor their 
penalties, are necessary. Those who become more and more diseased 
do so because they violate the physical laws more and more as they 
grow older, and of course become more and more wretched ; yet we 
speak of those who through life fulfil the ordinances of their 
Nature, not violate her requisitions, and thus incur her penalties — of 
what might and should be, instead of what is. 

" But look at facts. See how much more happy, sportive, and gay, 
childhood and youth than middle and old age. Ignorant of the world's 
wickedness, unrestrained by its customs, unconscious of its troubles, 
as happy all day as larks, yet their morning sun always does merge into 
a cloud of sorrow, or a storm of adversity." 

Does and must are two things. Our capabilities of being happy 
increase with years : then why should not our happiness? It would, 



IMMORTALITY i ITS PROOFS, AND RELATIONS TO TIME. 881 

as invariably as it now declines, if men only knew how to live. 
Nature has done her part toward rendering us al^ more and still more 
happy every succeeding year and day of life from birth to death, and 
he who does not, fails to live up to his glorious privileges and destiny ; 
nor should any be content unless they do. Yet those who still reject 
this improving doctrine are quite welcome to its down-hill converse, 
and their own consequent " growth in misery" instead of " good." 
But it is set completely at rest, and all cavilling silenced, by the 
constitutional fact that — 

Intellect improves with age. In what does the inherent es- 
sence of humanity consist? In its physical functions? In even its 
passional impulses ? In neither ; but in its intellectual and moral 
Nature and capacities. 18 Reason and moral excellence crown our 
being. By common consent, those stand highest in the human scale, 
not who have the most brute force, nor passional violence, but philo- 
sophy 267 and morality. 196 If advancing age heightens these, even 
though it palsies the lower functions, it reimproves. Then does it ? 
Let both physical facts and universal experience answer. At first, 
only the base of the brain is developed, and during childhood, its 
animal region predominates over its moral and intellectual lobes. But 
it grows faster, relatively, in its intellectual and moral regions than in 
that of the propensities. Accordingly, childhood is most passional,, 
and middle age both passional and intellectual, but senility more in- 
tellectual than passional. Hence many dissipated young men become 
highly moral and talented when they reach their meridian. Probably 
most readers are conscious that their passions soften with age, while 
they become fonder of knowledge and study, and find their tastes and 
3ntire characters growing in elevatjpn as they grow older. Age 
matures judgment, increases love of reading and disposition to think; 
and ripens all the Faculties, while it softens and sanctifies the pro- 
pensities. Elders are more prudent and provident than juniors, and 
juniors more reckless than seniors. How often do we excuse the 
follies of youth with, "O, he's young yet; he'll live and learn." Not 
to pluck feathers of conceit from the ambitional cap of young folks, 
yet unless many of them know more, and do better, hereafter than 
heretofore, they will at least have little ground for boasting. In the 
very Nature of things, observation and experience compel all to learn 
faster than they can forget. The proverb is — and these old maxims 
always express great truths — * Old men for counsel." Now, is not 
wisdom the very highest attribute of humanity ? And does it not in- 
crease with age? 
Ill 



882 man's moral nature and relations. 

Those great books handed down from past ages were not writ- 
ten by striplings, but mostly by men in life's " sear and yellow leaf/' 
"Paradise Lost" and " Kegained *' were begun after the blind bard 
was fifty-seven. Seneca mastered Greek after he was eighty. The 
" old man eloquent " was most learned and eloquent when past four- 
score. John Pierpoint wrote many of his best poems late in life. 
The most splendid intellectual efforts ever put forth, were made by 
men after their physical energies began to wane. Then, since age 
strengthens intellect, weaken whatever else it may, does it not improve 
the man ? Especially since age elevates the moral Faculties. Moral 
excellence consists in a long line of good feelings and right actions. 
Then cannot one have felt more good feelings and done more good 
acts at forty than at twenty ? At sixty than forty ? At eighty than 
sixty ? And the last day and hour of a well-lived life than at any 
previous one? What prompts that deference, respect, and honor 
always spontaneously paid to gray hairs ? Their intrinsic worth, and 
constitutional superiority. 

Elderly Christians are more pious, humble, and consistent, 
though perhaps less fervid, than youngerly. Are not good old people 
better than young? Friendly elders more cordial than juniors? and 
grandparents fonder of children than parents ? In the very Nature 
of things, age sanctifies and elevates the passions, and ripens up the 
moral character as it does good fruits. And if it sometimes increases 
craft, cunning, irritability, and depravity, this is consequent on its per- 
version, or else on physical conditions, not on age as such. 

Age only spiritualizes the passions, instead of weakening 
them. . u Young people's " Ambition runs towards dress, beauty, and 
fashion, and seeks praise for physical excellences, while that of "old 
folks " runs chiefly on their mental and moral attributes. A young 
beau seeks admiration for his clean linen, well fitting coat, short- 
shorn face, white kid gloves, and sparkling jewelry ; while old men 
tell you what worthy things they have done. Compare the pride of 
grandmothers for their descendance and spotless lives with that of 
their granddaughters for personal beauty and accoutrements, and say 
which is highest and best. 

Friendship redoubles with age. Young folks think they are 
very cordial, but after they have grown up, matured, and declined, 
they will find their young affections puerile. I met my old college 
class-mates twenty years after our graduation in an all night's supper, 
recounting our college and subsequent lives, and found we liked each 



IMMORTALITY : ITS PROOFS, AND RELATIONS TO TIME. 883 

other manifold better then than at our graduation ; and again ten years 
afterwards found our mutual attachments greatly strengthened, and in 
a ten years subsequent reunion redoubled still. Say, soldiers, is not 
this true of your martial friendships and reunions ? It is a life law 
that age strengthens Friendship. 

Love of children grows with age. Are not those who have 
children much fonder of them than youth ? and all parents of their 
youngest than eldest ? — which deserve pity. Are not the youngest 
always the pets and favorites, corseted and indulged the most? and 
are not grandparents always fonder of grandchildren than own 
children ? Then does not age redouble also this divine sentiment ? 176 

Even Love is both strengthened and sanctified by years. Young 
lovers admire each other's ruby lips, glowing cheeks, fine forms, 
sprightly gait, and warm ferveut passions, in order to propagate the 
animal; while old lovers just worship each other's minds, not bodies, 
souls, not persons, excellences, not looks. Indeed, " Sexual Science " 
proves that there inheres in the love element itself a law by which it 
redoubles and sanctifies itself by use ; that only old lovers who have 
ascended together the hills of adversity, and descended together into 
the vales of adversity, have together created and reared, perhaps 
buried children, and by mutual struggles, labors, and enjoyments be- 
come completely knit together, and confident in each other, can 
experience the fullest luxury of this most exalted sentiment. 420 You 
who love each other's persons mainly, are strangers to love's chief 
luxury. 560 And are not elderly gentlemen more polite and courteous to 
the female sex generally, and young ladies especially, than young 
beaux ? Why ? Because they prize the sex and dote on women the 
most. 

A NATURAL LIFE SPIRITUALIZES THE WHOLE BEING from Soles 

to crown, and sanctifies, purifies, and exalts all the passions. Not 
that it always actually does all this, for few live right lives, but that 
all this is the normal outworkings of life when its conditions are 
fulfilled, and will always obtain whenever it is allowed its " perfect 
work." All who are not the better every day of life do not live 
aright. 6 * Our argument is complete and absolute, that age naturally 
spiritualizes all, but weakens none of the passions, and thereby pre- 
cisely Jits man for immortality ! 

That geeneral law of progress we hope to find room yet to 
present, proves this same improvability as applicable to the race as a 
whole ; as do also several other laws, which want of space compels 
us to omit here. 



884 . man's moral nature and relations. 

Shall God, then, after organizing man from the dust of the 
earth, and carrying him all along up higher and still higher, so that 
the last day of a well-lived human life finds it excelled above every 
other, and after taking all this divine pains to ripen up this his 
spiritual essence, dissipate it into thin air, and leaving no trace be- 
hind ? as if he had never been ? No ! never ! ! This does not comport 
with the Almighty's universal modes of action. No! Death is not 
oblivion. Instead of being "an eternal sleep," it is "eternal life" 
and action even reunfolding. 

Is immortality desieable ? Is it not ? That is desirable which 
can make happy, and in proportion thereto. Can immortality add to 
human enjoyments ? Can it not ? Could it not be so arranged as to 
redouble human happiness illimitably ? What is there in the nature 
of things to prevent ? Exists there any insuperable barrier ? Our 
enjoyments come from our Faculties, which, as just seen, age elevates. 
What inherent in them prevents their continuing to act and enjoy ? 
Nothing; but everything shows that they are just fitted to go on 
enjoying all the more. There is nothing in the nature of things to 
prevent men from enjoying as much more throughout all the countless 
ages of eternity than here as an ocean of water excedes a drop ! 

Is God able, then, to append immortality to man ? Is He not? 
Who shall limit His power? He Who has created this stupendous 
earth with all its inhabitants, the sun, with all its planets and satellites, 
that countless galaxy of suns our own eyes can see and number, with 
untold myriads beyond, Who has already created the human mind 
which infinitely surpasses physical nature, can also append immor- 
tality to this mind. 

If He can He will. His love to man knows no bounds. All 
He possibly coidd do for him He has done. What are all human 
wants and their supply but special tokens of divine love and goodness 
shown him! Is he not His special pet and darling? Please recount 
all He has done for him in creating this blessed earth and fitting it 
up, its very bowels included, with so many necessities and luxuries ! 
Yet, are we not perpetually discovering new means of human enjoy-- 
merit, as in coal, oil, etc. ? Are they yet exhausted ? Probably we 
have even yet barely begun to discover and apply them. God's love 
for man is as really infinite as are all His other attributes, and amply 
sufficient to warrant this conclusion that, in case immortality is 
desirable, which it certainly is, and God is able to bestow it, which He 
obviously is, then He has bestowed it. Therefore immortality is a fact, 
not a fiction. 



immortality: its proofs, and relations to time. 885 

Death itself proves immortality. The animal functions always 
die first, and the moral last. What does this mean ! Some look 
horribly in death because they have lived wrong lives, or induced 
premature dissolution; but many children and really good persons 
leave a benign and heavenly expression on their faces, far beyond all 
art to imitate. A nursing boy at noon riding his broom-stick horse in 
glee, must be dosed with opium lest he should be sick, and at sundown 
died ! His parents were remarkably strong and longlived. Up to 
within a few minutes of his death his face expressed pain and anger, 
but at and after , it softened off into a calm, peaceful, serene, angelic, 
beatific smile altogether indescribable. No imagination could depict 
the joy and moral 'exaltation it declared. Now whence that smile? 
What means it ? That he felt all it expressed, and more. That, 
after he had so far died as to feel the bliss of heaven, he yet retained 
sufficient life power to imprint it on his angelic face ; which did not 
lie. That smile originated in his soul. His face merely told it to be- 
holders. I leave its origin and its logic to readers. If death left its 
victims a blank it would leave their facial expressions likewise blank ; 
yet it often leaves them beatific. What does this mean ? That we, 
too, equally with them, can be as these facial expressions prove that 
they were, far happier in death than in life itself! Read, O mortals, 
in the lessons thus taught in death itself, of a blissful state beyond ! 
Answer this proof of immortality, ye who doubt futurity. 

Life's spiritualization of all the Faculties just stated 215 proves 
this same point — proves a design devised, a plan working out for im- 
mortality. Why etherealize what is about to die ? Why exalt life 
up to death, only to make parting from it the more awful ? And this 
spiritual ization happifies. Thus carnal love yields only a tithe of the 
pleasures of platonic. So of all our other powers. 215 This spirituali- 
zation of them fits them for far more exalted pleasures after death than 
before. It is as if a Great Architect should build a magnificent tem- 
ple from corner stone to dome, with express reference to a crowning 
monument on its top ; would He omit that crown ? Human life all 
along up is but a successive preparation for immortality. Will then 
our Divine Architect prepare the way for our immortality, actually 
begin it, and adapt all parts of us to it, only to fail in this identical 
crown at last? 

Man desires immortality. The history of the entire race proves 
this. 2U Say, ye who live, would you not dearly love to live hereafter, 
and give a somewhat higher premium to be made absolutely assured of 



886 man's moral nature and relations. 

it than for terrestrial life insurance ? more to assure life hereafter than 
here ? This desire for it is your ad hominem proof of it. God would 
not implant, it and then not gratify it ! Your Consciousness is your 
logician. Vitativeness, Spirituality, and Hope working together, 
create a desire and hope to cling to existence beyond the grave, and 
God who created this inborn desire will satisfy it with the immortality 
thus craved. 

Know, then, all ye who lie down in death, that ye shall live again. 
Not your bodies, for they are not you. 18 Not the materials which 
have entered into your organism, for they do not constitute you, have 
also entered into the organic composition of many others, and are 
of no earthly account any way ; but your inner self-hood, your Facul- 
ties, your consciousness, your inner essence. 

Glory to God for this crowning behest of life ! We shouted that 
we lived ; " let us shoutthe louder and longer that we live eternally! 
We shouted that there was a God to worship ; let us shout hosannas 
forever and ever that we are capacitated to love, worship, and become 
more and more like Him throughout eternity ! 

Are brutes immortal? Yes. Immortality inheres in the very 
nature of the Faculties themselves, 34 and all beasts and birds possess 
them all ; as does all inanimate Nature. Every Faculty appertains 
to everything, 3 and every person, every animal possesses some of 
each. Immortality inheres in these primal elements, and therefore in 
beasts and birds. Precisely those identical arguments which prove 
human immortality, also prove that of animals; with this super-addi- 
tion, that man has an animal-loving instinct. Parental love creates 
love for pet animals and birds, as well as own children, 176 loves to 
feed and care for dependent creatures generally, and even babes 
chiefly because of this helpless dependence. Appetite has several 
legitimate objects in its different kinds of food, all of which exist ; 
therefore, all the normal objects of Parental Love, of which pet animals 
and birds form one, must accompany it throughout eternity ; else it 
must starve to death in one of its objects. Those who have no own 
children there to love, old maids and the childless, will need pets 
there as here, even though they may have other people's children 
there to love. 

What objection, after all, to them, infinitely perfected ? The 
horse-contagion brought us all to some realization of our dependence 
on " horse flesh," as the " cattle plague" has on bovines. We little 
realize their utility, and how much they contribute to our enjoyments 



IMMORTALITY : ITS PROOFS, AND RELATIONS TO TIME. 887 

here ; and should thank God that He has fitted them for us, and ren- 
dered them docile and serviceable. Then why cannot the same Infi- 
nite Benevolence continue to continue and even enhance their utility 
there ? 

Beautiful birds are no nuisance — what if they do eat cherries — 
instead are a great pleasure. I always drop a tear of regret at their 
October departure, and another of pleasure and joy on their March 
return ; and hope I may forever be regaled with their merry morning 
concerts and all day chirpings, without any winter's intermission. 
Whatever God makes He makes good enough to live forever. And 
we may safely leave the details of their future existence to Him. 

217. — The Conditions and Surroundings of Life Everlasting. 

How shall we exist after death ? What of the details of this future 
state ? Must we wait till our spiritual eyes are opened by death in 
order to learn our eternal future status and surroundings ? 

No, O man. God has graciously revealed them unto us in and by our 
own consciousness. Those mental laws which prove immortality, 217 
also tell us all about its conditions and details. They tell us that— 

1. Our identity will remain unchanged. We shall be precisely 
the very same identical beings there and then we are here and now. 
If death destroys our personality ; if it leaves us not ourselves, but a 
dog, a fly, a lion, none would care to live. We all desire to exist 
hereafter in propria persona, be the same identical beings there, per- 
haps modified somewhat by death as here by age, yet we our own 
veritable selves here desire to be, and therefore will be, we our own selves 
there. I O. S. Fowler here will be I mine own self, and nobody else 
there, not a mongrel. 

2. Our Faculties constitute this personality. M They of course 
must live. And all of them. This is too plain to be argued. 

3. Their food, that on which they act, must also exist there ; 
else their existence must needs be an unmitigated curse, and far worse 
than annihilation. These propositions are immeasurably important, 
but too obvious to need arguing. Let us run them out in detail. 

4. We shall know each other there as here. You will pre- 
serve your identity, and I mine, and our power to recognize each other. 
Your child-boy dies. You his mother live, and grieve. Grieve not. 
He is not dead, but alive, and is far better off than if he had lived here, 
tor we have already proved that death is a boon, a blessing, a good, 
not evil. m Therefore it improves his status. And you will see and 



888 'MAN'S' MORAL NATURE AND RELATIONS. 

know him — not surmise, but absolutely know that this really is your 
own identical Johnny. He had your specialties of mind, character, 
talent, likes and dislikes. 317 ~ 322 These Faculties in their relative 
degrees of power here, will be retained there, grown and improved, 
but the same in degree and spirit. 

All our specialties, tastes, likes, dislikes, idiosyncrasies, etc., 
must needs accompany us. They constitute our inner selfhood. Our 
Faculties constitute our entity. All of us have the same, but in dif- 
ferent relative and absolute proportions,™ which create both our spe- 
cialties and our selfhood. Of course, what we like here we shall like 
there, doubtless modified, but generically the same. Those especially 
poetical or philosophical, conservative or radical, refined or coarse, 
studious or stupid, clear headed or dull, oratorical or taciturn, or any- 
thing else, and the peculiar phases of each specialty here, will be sub- 
stantially the same there, only immeasurably augmented ; because they 
all depend upon that relative vigor of our Faculties, which is to be 
retained there. 

" What ! Any stores and banks, any business and bartering there ! 
Or any eating, drinking, farming, stock raising ! An$ flowers and 
fruits! Any wars or collisions! Any marrying, or 'giving in mar- 
riage!' Any parents, children, families, lovers, homes, gardens, 
grounds, travelling, etc.! Any poetry, music, manufacturing, con- 
versation, assemblages, lectures, etc. ! Any of the ologies and 
sciences ? " 

The frame work and general outlines of our Nature here and 
there must needs be substantially the same in both spheres. And the 
general make-up of this state is plenty good enough for that. But 
these elements will be very much more spiritualized, and purified. 
For example : We eat material bread and fruits here, but are not 
knowledge, thoughts, ideas, etc., to the mind precisely what food is to 
the body ? Can we not " hunger and thirst after righteousness," as 
well as beefsteak ? Do not authors often serve up intellectual and 
moral feasts to their readers, and speakers to their auditors? that 
which feeds, satisfies, and develops their intellectual and moral Facul- 
ties, and makes them grow mentally ? Does not this book feed your 
spirit entity ? Mental food will superabound there, and find plenty 
of hungry consumers. We "drink in" truth here, why not also there ? 

Mental riches exceed physical. Two brothers inherit $1000 
each in gold. It is property, and feeds Acquisition. 163 A. "invests" 
his in corner lots and material property, which he so manages as to 
become immensely wealthy ; while B. invests his in an education and 



IMMORTALITY : ITS PROOFS, AND RELATIONS TO TIME. 889 

a library, which he improves by study. His books, even unstudied, 
are as much property as deeds and stocks, but of a far higher order ; 
and when he incorporates their knowledge and thoughts into his 
mind, is he not richer than his brother ? Both are rich, A. materially, 
B. mentally. Our next life will facilitate these mental and moral 
acquisitions ad libitum, and furnish this arena for speculation, viz., in- 
vesting in the pursuit of this hind of knowledge, or of that, and 
enhancing this or that kind of moral excellence and virtue. 

War on wrong will be in order there as well as here, and moral 
courage here and there is a higher phase of its Faculties than physi- 
cal. This applies equally to moral Firmness. 

All. the loves will exist there as here, doubtless purified, but 
the same identical elements. Our male and female natures, which in- 
here much more in our minds than bodies, 592 will form as constituent 
a part of us there as here. Their end here, physical propagation, re- 
quires their animal aspect, which age softens and ripens, as just seen, 
into love of the mentalities of the opposite sex; 216 and this phase of 
Love will be immeasurably enhanced there. 

Mental sexual converse, that is Platonic love here and there, 
begets ideas and virtues^' 411 as physical does offspring. Young lovers, 
all lovers, will love each other's spirit sexualities immeasurably better 
there than physical here. 

Son-and-mother, and daughter-and-father love will obtain and be 
augmented there beyond conception. See explanation of these loves 
in " Sexual Science," 482 m as also of the intermingling of the sexes in 
parlors and society, 439 " 442 and expect that higher and holier deportment 
of our sexual relations redoubled inimitably ! Balls and parties will 
obtain there, greatly improved ; and good old friends will be older 
and better friends there than here. Establish them here, so as to have 
them there. 

To HOME, " mansions," etc., these same principles apply equally. 
Yet readers can make them for themselves. So of places, locomotion, 
travelling, etc. We shall be permitted to visit and inspect different 
worlds and assemblages of worlds there, as we do different villages, 
cities, states, nations, and continents here, and travel cheaper, easier, 
and faster. 

History is ever being made there as here, and can be studied, and 
experiments, chemical, philosophical, agricultural, phrenological, and 
all others here, will exist, and can be tried there as here. Of course, 
all mathematical, geometrical, conical, astronomical, and all other kin- 



890 man's moral nature and relations. 

dred laws and facts, as well as our Faculties for studying them, will 
be the same in kind in both spheres, only illimitably redoubled. 

Music, sacred and secular, major and minor, along with dancing, 
of course improved upon, will obtain there as here; yet music will 
not be confined to psalm-singing. 

Kindness, the genuine missionary spirit, will exist there immeasur- 
ably redoubled. Without any doubt it will be permitted and en- 
couraged to revisit our terrestrial friends, children, parents, and de- 
scendants, to confer individual good on each, and in ways innumerable, 
and greater than we can imagine. Indeed, do not many of our fore- 
warnings and guidings, "special providences" included, come through 
our individual personal spirit friends ? Happiest here are those who 
have the most sagacious and devoted friends there. We are doubt- 
less receiving much more good from them than we accredit to them ; 
and could receive vastly more if more susceptible to their forewarn- 
ings and inspirations ; that is, if we duly cultivated Spirituality. Many 
of us doubtless drive off some, and that the best of them, from us by our 
vices and self-defilements, who otherwise would hover around and 
bless us. Let us make ourselves worthy beneficiaries of their bene- 
factions by purifying and sanctifying ourselves, and opening our souls 
to their spiritual influence, by meditation, etc. 215 Nor grieve inordinately 
when one and another loved one here goes on before us to prepare 
mansions for us there. Rather rejoice at every new spirit friend. We 
think our analysis of Spirituality made this point — the possibility of 
spirits and mortals intercommuning with each other — apparent and 
demonstrable. 214 

Conversation, and the interchange of ideas and sentiments, 
throughout all their forms of talking, writing, public speaking, etc., 
will form a staple part of that state, as of this, and both inconceivably 
more perfect in kind, and greater in amount. Words will of course 
be used. Nouns, verbs, adjectives, and other elemental " parts of 
speech " are inherent in all languages, and in the nature of things, 265 
and must of course be continued here ; but I opine that natural 
language, including facial expression, by far our most perfect medium 
of communion here, will be the chief language of heaven. Our 
celestial tete-a-tetes, speeches, letters, writings, etc., will surpass our 
terrestrial as oceans exceed rivulets. 

These illustrations will enable readers to fill out this celestial 
picture through all its details. Please note that all this, together with 
volumes like it, grows legitimately out of the 1, 2, 3, and 4, etc., with 



IMMORTALITY I ITS PROOFS, AND RELATIONS TO TIME. 891 

which we opened. 217 Neither those principles nor these necessary 
inferences can be controverted. We shall under subsequent organs, 
particularly Conscience, state principles which modify, or rather add 
to these doctrines. This inference deserves special notice here. 

All improvements of our Faculties here puts them and us upon 
far higher ground there than if they had not been made here. This 
state is probationary, an apprenticeship, and to that life what the ante- 
natal state is to this. Let us make the most possible of this life as 
our true way to make the most of that. 

218. — Spiritual Prayer, Special Providences, Communing 
with departed friends, visions, etc. 

Spirituality prays. Indeed, all our Faculties pray each for its 
own gratification. — -Acquisition for dollars, Friendship for friends, 
Kindness for sufferers, Intellect for knowledge, Ambition for fame, 
Force for triumph, Worship to become like God, etc. 203 Spirituality 
also has its prayer in spiritual communion with God, and " the spirits 
of just men made perfect." To bring something to pass is considered 
its chief office, yet its real shrine, its sanctum sanctorum, obviously is 
to spiritualize our minds, and bring our souls into spiritual rapport, 
and intercommunion with God and superior spirits, and induce that 
permanent spiritual state which foreknows the future, perceives truth, 
etc. 214 Speakers when especially anxious to impress truth naturally 
throw themselves into this prayerful mood, in which truth flows into 
them, and radiates into the souls of all who hear. " If any man lack 
wisdom, let him ask of God, who giveth to all liberally, and up- 
braideth not." This aspect of prayer shows how God giveth wisdom, 
namely, by and in the very act of praying, we throw our minds into 
that spiritual state in which we perceive truth by intuition. As a 
means of arriving at truth, nothing equals prayer, and he who does not 
pray, is compelled to obtain truth through intellect merely, and plod 
and dig for that which a prayerful spirit perceives at once with per- 
fect certainty. And, then, how happy, holy, pure is the praying soul! 
How transported from earth into that blessed state which awaits the 
pure in heart ! 215 Let scoffers laugh, and the sons of sin and lust 
forget to pray, but let us bow the knee of humble prayer, lift the 
eyes of devotion to God, and hold sweet communion with Him till 
we become embued with His spirit, and are transformed into His 
image ! By spiritualizing the soul, prayer prevents grossness and sin- 
ful animal indulgence, and refines, elevates, purifies, and exalts the 
soul more than words can tell, but not more than many readers feel. 



892 man's moral nature and relations. 

But little genuine prayer is exercised. Many clergymen 
preach in their prayers, to impress some truth upon hearers rather 
than to call out their souls in pure devotion. Let all preach when 
they preach, and pray when they pray. These preaching prayers are 
out of place. Besides, they substitute the form for the thing, and 
thus satisfy the praying appetite, without feeding this praying spirit. 

Special Providences are caused and beautifully explained on 
this identical principle of spiritual intercommunion of mortals with 
spirits. They exist; 217 retain their loves established before their 
death ; 217 and, of course, their affection for us, and interest in our 
welfare, which is augmented equally with all their other powers, so 
that their inner souls yearn to bless and aid us. 227 Would God pre- 
vent them? Shall He who loves and does so much for us not allow 
and facilitate their doing us good likewise ? As He shows His love 
for children by inspiring parents to do for them, shall He not, for a 
like reason, let them, too, aid us ! His entire " policy " answers yes, 
and assures us that "guardian angels," and they our own dear, tender 
terrestrial friends departed, our spirit father, mother, companion, 
children, and friends, are our " ministering angels/' communing with 
us, guiding, forewarning, pre-arranging those causes which shall work 
out good to us, foreseeing what accidents are liable to happen to us, 
and somehow preventing our running into dangers; in short, preparing 
what is practically tantamount to " special providences," which become 
"divine interpositions," in being carried out by His loving agents. 
This view gives all the ends secured by " special providences," with- 
out any of that cause-and-effect absurdity already pointed out. 72 That 
is, our spirit friends set on foot, or inspire us to, those ways and means 
which avert evil and secure good. If these views smack of modern 
Spiritualism, remember they were published in 1842, by the Author, 
and re-issued in 1844, years before the Rochester knockings, or any 
ideas of Spiritualism, now so called, existed. If there is plagiary, it 
is on that side, not this; for what we here put forth but reiterates our 
own doctrines of 1842, of which "Fowler on Religion, Natural and 
Revealed," is an extant and tangible proof. Nor do we even stop to 
inquire who else adopts. or opposes any of our own views, but only 
and always What is truth. 

Prayer can obviously be answered in accord with this principle 
without interrupting, and by applying, causation, thus: our spirit 
friends, aware of our future needs, when we pray, that is, open our 
spiritual vision, and thus throw ourselves into this spiritual mood, 



IMMORTALITY : ITS PROOFS, AND RELATIONS TO TIME. 893 



thereby direct us what to do, and what not, in order to avoid prospec- 
tive evils and secure good. Their perceptions have been quickened by 
their death, 226 so that they can forecast events— see when a collision is 
about to transpire, o*r any accident impends, or we are about to marry 
one incompatible, or marrying whom would make us miserable, 493 
etc., etc., ad infinitum, and make us shrink from them. Such guiclings 
and providences do exist, 211 and this principle shows how they can be, 
and are, effected philosophically. 

Our unspiritual state often prevents their impressing us clearly 
enough for us to heed their guidings. How many times, before any 
evil happens, are we faintly impressed not to do what caused it, but 
too feebly to act on it ; whereas, if we had been in a spiritual mood, 
they would have been enabled to impress us sufficiently for us to * 
avert it. Spirituality is well worth cultivation. 

Dreams and visions are but another mode of their conveying 
these warnings and guidings. Man's universal belief in them 214 proves 
that they have their Faculty and laws ; and they transpire during 
sleep because we are then sufficiently passive to be impressed. Dreams 
caused by a foul stomach 143 should not be heeded; but inspired dreams, 
which all can contradistinguish, should be. The Author positively 
knows that he is often thus spiritually impressed, forewarned, and told 
truths of the last personal importance, one among hundreds thus: I 
dreamed of walking on a miry plain, beset with pitfalls, in a dark, 
misty, foggy night ; meeting and asking one my way out ; was pointed 
to a dim light, barely discernible ; told to go to it, and walk straight 
on beyond till I saw another, and keep doing this till I reached the 
place sought. It meant follow present light! 

Spirit friends, therefore, become most desirable and useful. Let 
us thank God for them, and make as many terrestrial friends as 
possible, on account of their usefulness, both here 178 and hereafter. 

Spiritual enemies, of which Salem witchcraft is one phase, are 
of course equally possible, and proportionally detrimental. Death 
may kill a part or all of their malignity, yet may aggravate it ; but 
we had better- make as few of them as possible. 178 Such become 
* devils " to us, yet may be angels to others. Evil spirits thus become 
a part of Nature's economy, and serve a good end. 

That sublime philosophy which underlies and ramifies through- 
out this entire range of spiritual truths deduced from this spirituali- 
zing Faculty, commends them to all who have heads or hearts. JSFon- 
believers, you little realize how much you loose by ignoring them. 
Many like inferences crowd for expression,' which space prevents. 



894 man's moral nature and relations. 



XX. Hope. 
219. — Its Definition, Location, Discovery, Adaptation. 

" Hope springs eternal in the human breast, 
Man never m, but always to be blessed." 

The expectant. Anticipation of future good ; buoyancy ; light- 
headedness ; overrating prospective good, and underrating or over- 
looking evils and obstacles; that which looks on the, bright side, 
builds fairy castles, magnifies prospects, and speculates. Its reversed 
action is despair and melancholy. 

It is located on the two sides of the forepart of Firmness, and 
back part of Worship, lapping over upon both, and between Con- 
science behind, and Spirituality in front. It is undoubtedly subdi- 
vided; its upper portion hoping for spiritual and immortal enjoy- 
ments, and its lower, temporal. Its location by the side of Con- 
science is full of meaning, and avers that men naturally hope 
for, and ~will receive their deserts, or the just recompense of their 
conduct. 

" Hope is necessary to the happiness of man in almost all situations ; 
and often gives more satisfaction than even success. Those who are 
everlastingly scheming or building castles in the air have it large. It 
believes possible whatever the other Faculties desire. It is not con- 
fined to this life, but inspires hopes of a future state, and belief in the 
immortality of the soul. When too strong it expects the improbable, 
unreasonable, and impossible ; but when too weak, with Caution large, 
it produces low spirits, melancholy, and despair." — Spurzheim. 

" This Faculty favors the exercise of faith, and disposes to belief in 
a happy life to come. May not the existence of a future state be in- 
ferred from this Faculty, as that of a God was from Worship ? may 
not its instinctive tendency to leave its present scene of enjoyments, 
and to expatiate even in imagination in the fields of an eternity here- 
after, denote that man is formed for a more glorious destiny to come ? 
Phrenology shows that man's ardent hope, and longing after immor- 
tality results from two Faculties, Love of life, and Hope." — Combe. 

The adaptation of this Faculty is to periodicity, and some future 
time, as memory is to times past. But that we expected future events, 
we could never prepare for them. We all appoint future periods for 
worship, lectures, meetings, elections, business, and other transactions, 
because we expect those specified times to arrive. We should never 
sow our grain broadcast to-day unless we expected to get back a great 



hope: its analysis, cultivation, etc. 895 

deal more hereafter ; and the larger this organ the more largely we 
sow, in all its various sences. Without it we should never lift a 
finger to do anything but what gave us present enjoyment ; whereas 
a large proportion of our enjoyments and efforts come from doing 
thiugs onerous and expensive in the present, but from which we ex- 
pect future pleasures. Please think out this problem — the necessity 
of providing future enjoyments by present labors ; and the good we 
derive from investing, not in dollar speculations merely, nor even 
mainly, but in unnumbered labors and expenditures. But for it who 
would ever build a railroad, buy goods, or make any Improvements 
whatever ? How infinite the good it thus confers on man ! 

Spurzheim and Combe regard this Organ and Faculty as fully 
established ; but Gall leaves this place unmarked. The former, how- 
ever, ascribe gloom, low spirits and melancholy to its' deficiency, 
whereas I ascribe them to morbid nerves and the reversed exercise of 
Hope. All the Faculties are capable of this reversal. That of Love 
causes the pinings of unrequited affection and bereavement, or else 
loathing of the other sex, of Caution panics, of Conscience compunc- 
tions, of Ambition shame, of Appetite loathing of food, etc. ; and a like 
turning of Hope would naturally create despair. My observations 
convince me that when moodiness does not result from morbid physio- 
logical conditions, it comes from Hope reversed. I am led to this con- 
clusion by this fact, that often persons with full Hope and an impulsive 
Temperament, are very hopeful one minute, but despairing the next, 
and easily thrown from either state into the other. Now if this des- 
pair resulted from deficient Hope it must be measurably constant. Its 
fickleness shows that it has other causes, and its often occurring with 
full Hope, but never without disordered nerves, points clearly to its 
reversal as the cause. 

220. — Description, Cultivation, and Restraint of Hope. 

Large. — Have unbounded expectations ; build a world of castles 
in the air ; live in the future ; enjoy things in anticipation more than 
possession ; contemplate with pleasure the bright features of life's 
picture ; never despond ; overrate prospective good, and underrate and 
overlook obstacles and evils ; calculate on more than the nature of the 
case will warrant ; expect, and hence attempt, a great deal, and are 
therefore always full of business ; are sanguine, and rise above present 
trouble by hoping for better things in future, and though disappointed, 
hope on still, and live in the future more than present ; with small 



89 man's moral nature and relations. 

Continuity, have too many irons in the fire ; with an active Tempera- 
ment added, take on more business than can be worked off properly ; 
are too much hurried to do things in season ; with large Acquisition, 
are grasping, and count chickens before they are hatched, and often 
two to the egg at that ; are always rushing on after great piles of 
money away ahead, without noticing the smaller sums near by; with 
only average Caution, are always in hot water ; never stop to enjoy 
what is possessed in grasping after more, and would accomplish much 
more if less were undertaken, and in taking one step forward, often 
slip two steps back : with large Force, Firmness, and Causality, 
are enterprising, and never give up the ship, but struggle man- 
fully through difficulties; with large Ambition, and full Dignity 
added, feel adequate to difficulties, and grapple with them spiritedly ; 
think everything attempted must succeed, and with large Causality 
added, consider plans well-nigh perfect ; with large Acquisition, lay 
out money freely in view of future gains ; with large Ambition, hope 
for renown, honor, etc. ; with large Worship and Spirituality, hope 
to attain exalted moral excellence, and should check it by acting on 
only half it promises, and reasoning against it. 

Full. — Expect considerable, bi\t undertake no more than can be 
accomplished ; are quite sanguine and enterprising, yet with Caution 
large, are always on the safe side ; with large Acquisition added, invest 
money freely, but always safely, and belong to the " bears ; " make 
good bargains, if any, and count all the cost, yet are not afraid of ex- 
penses where they will more than pay ; with larger animal organs 
than moral, hope more for this world's goods than for another's, but 
with larger moral than animal, for happiness in another state of 
being more than in this, etc. 

Average. — Expect and attempt too little, rather than too much ; 
with large Caution, dwell more on difficulties than encouragements ; 
are contented with the present rather than lay up for the future ; with 
large Acquisition added, invest money very safely, if at all, and prefer 
to put it out securely on interest rather than risk it, except in a per- 
fectly sure business; will make money slowly, yet lose little; and 
with large intellectual organs, in the long run acquire considerable 
wealth. 

Moderate. — With large Caution, make few promises ; but with 
large Conscience, scrupulously fulfil them, because promise only what 
can be performed ; with small Dignity, and large Worship, Conscience, 
and Caution, if a professed Christian, will have many fears about 



HOPE: ITS ANALYSIS, CULTIVATION, ETC. 897 

future salvation ; with only average propensities, will lack energy, 
enterprise, and fortitude ; with large Firmness and Caution, are very 
slow to embark, yet once committed, rarely give up ; with large rea- 
soning Faculties, may be sure of success, because see why and how it 
is to be brought about ; with large Acquisition, will hold on to what- 
ever money is once acquired, or at least spend very cautiously, and 
only where it is sure to be returned with interest ; should cheer up, 
never despond, count favorable, but not unfavorable chances, keep up 
a lively, buoyant state of mind, and " hope on, hope ever." 

Small. — Expect and undertake but little ; with large Caution, put 
off too long ; are always behind ; may embark in projects after every 
body else has succeeded, but will then be too late, and in general be 
just in season to be a little too late, and knock at the door just after 
it has been bolted; procrastinate, and are forever in doubt; with 
large Ambition and Caution, though most desirous of praise, have 
little hopes of obtaining it, and are therefore exceedingly backward in 
society, from fear of ridicule rather than hope for praise ; are easily 
discouraged; see lions in the way; lack enterprise; magnify obstacles; 
and expect and undertake next to nothing. 

We are related to the past by memory, present by experience, 
and future by anticipation ; and also adapted to the future by what Ave 
do at any one time affecting us ever after. Nature thus spreads futu- 
rity before us, and bids us sow and reap. And the more provision 
we make for our future happiness, the more we may reasonably expect 
to enjoy. Hope t spurs on to that effort which contributes to suc- 
cess. Those who expect but little attempt and accomplish little ; 
while sanguine anticipations enlarge all our plans, and redouble all 
our exertions. But for Hope, the heart would break, and the hands 
hang down. Without it, the intense yearnings of our nature would only 
torment us with ardent desires which we could never expect to see real- 
ized, and should, therefore, fail to attempt. But now this Faculty enables 
us to expect what the other Faculties desire, and this inspires us to 
do, and hence incalculably promotes efficiency and all our enjoyments. 

Discouragement palsies, and constitutes no part of man's 
primitive constitution. We should " hope on, hope ever." When 
we fall, not supinely lie there, but bestir ourselves and search out 
some other " peg to hang our hopes upon." "Never give up the 
ship." If it storms to-day, to-morrow is the more likely to be fair. 
And when trouble lowers and difficulties thicken, the true man will 
outride the storm by remembering that u the darkest hour is just be- 
113 



898 man's moral nature and relations. 

fore day," and that his lot, compared with that of many others, is quite 
comfortable. Never indulge regret for what is irretrievable. Diffi- 
culties throng life's entire pathway, the very surmounting of which is 
pleasure to the resolute. Does pondering over misfortunes remove 
them ? Does it not rather aggravate ? Giving way to trouble para- 
lyzes effort, blasts success, crushes the spirits, and blights the soul ; 
how much, those only know who have given up to " hope deferred." 
Few things render us more wretched or paralytic. " Away with mel- 
ancholy." " There is a better time coming." Despondency impairs 
appetite, diminishes respiration, circulation, motion, and all the physi- 
cal functions, and enfeebles intellect; whereas expectation promotes 
every function of body and mind. Its due exercise redoubles all our 
pleasures by enabling us to enjoy them twice — in anticipation as 
well as fruition — and often confers far more pleasure in the former 
than the latter ; but gloomy forebodings blight present pleasure as 
well as all the delights of expectation. The latter should therefore 
be unceremoniously dismissed, but the former encouraged. We have 
something to do in this world besides " crying over spilled milk." 
Pitiable, indeed, are those who despond. Why ever be dejected ? If 
we cannot obtain that we wish, let us try to get what we can. The 
past is irretrievable, and unavailing regrets do not bring back what 
has already transpired. All that remains is to make the most of the 
present, with a wise reference to the future. A fellow-boarder, who 
had come to his meals bent almost double, looking as sad and dis- 
couraged as if he had been sentenced to the gallows, and moving as 
though twenty-five years had suddenly been fastened upon him, when 
asked " how heavy a loss have you sustained ? " answered, " about 
§1,500. Who told you ? " " You tell all who see you, not by words, 
but by your sorrowful looks and decrepit movements. You were young 
a week ago, but look and act old now. What was our conversation 
a few days since about making the most of our pleasures and least of 
our troubles, and enjoying life as we went ? " A few days afterward, 
he still appearing dejected, I inquired, "How much of that $1,500 
have you mourned back ? " " None." " Then why continue to sigh ? 
You could have made half as much more by. this time, but instead, 
have made the less, besides having shortened your days by grief," 
which is true of every discouraged subject. Few things break the 
health and talents, or shorten life, equally with a sunken spirit. 

A prosperous man helped his friends till he failed, when, shutting 
himself up, he abandoned himself to gloom and discouragement. Of 



HOPE: ITS ANALYSIS, CULTIVATION, ETC. 899 

course, his family soon came to want, when a poor widow woman 
brought them three loaves of bread. The thought that this widow 
woman, besides supporting by her own industry herself and little 
son, should also earn bread for his hungry children, roused him to 
effort. He bestirred himself, found employment, and is now comfor- 
table, and bids fair to recover his lost fortune. Words can hardly 
portray the influence of encouraged Hope on effort and all the other 
Faculties, and, of course, on success and happiness, or the paralyzing 
power of despondency. He is weak who yields to it, and the greater 
the misfortune, the greater the fortitude with which it should be met. 
Indeed, this magnanimous rising above trouble almost converts it into 
good-fortune, by those delightful feelings it inspires. 

Yet much of the despondency, especially of the sedentary and in- 
valid classes, is caused, like that of Payson, by disordered nerves. 
Let such remember that their evil forebodings are caused, not by un- 
favorable prospects, but by a state of nervous irritability. 

To cultivate. — Expect more ; look always more on the bright 
side, the dark, none ; calculate all the chances for, none against you ; 
mingle in young and lively society ; banish care, and cultivate juve- 
nility ; cheer up ; venture more in business ; cultivate trust in the 
future, and u look aloft ! " 

Those with Large Hope would look out upon the very same pros- 
pects differently, while you behold them through diminishing and 
dark-shaded glasses, and hence should make due allowance. Children's 
skies are always bright. The instant one source of delight is cut off, 
they wholly forget it, with a "Never mind that; this is better." 
Take pattern, ye despondents, from them, and let this Faculty be 
stimulated in all. 

To eestrain. — Offset excessive expectation by intellect ; say to 
yourself, " My hopes so far exceed realities that I shall not get half I 
expect," and calculate accordingly ; do business on the cash principle, 
in both buying and selling, otherwise are in danger of buying more 
than can pay for, and indorsing too much ; build no castles in the 
air; indulge no revellings of Hope ; shoulder only half the load you 
feel confident you can -carry ; and balance, your visionary anticipations 
by cool judgment. When too active, it renders its possessor visionary, 
chimerical, speculative, and liable to lose all by attempting more than 
can be accomplished. Such spread themselves too much. Their 
splendid prospects have no solid foundation, but are caused by the 
magnifying influence of Hope. Dock off half or two-thirds from 



900 man's moral nature and relations. 

what you really expect to obtain, and be right glad to get that. Bear 
in mind that you constitutionally overrate every prospect, and under- 
rate every difficulty ; be contented with the present, because you think 
you could do so much better in something else ; never lose a certainty 
in grasping after an uncertainty ; go more slowly and surely ; try no 
experiments, enter on no schemes. In short, put intellect, prudence, 
and your restraining Faculties, over against Hope, and refrain from 
acting on its chimerical projects. 

Let all guard against both its excess and deficiency. Thousands 
are slaves either to the one or the other. The former make the worst 
of their fate, and suffer in the mere apprehension of imaginary evils ; 
the latter suffer from wild extravagances like those of 1836, and thus 
cause the fall of others. 

XXI. Conscience. " Conscientiousness." 

" Let justice be done, if the heavens fall." 

" Thrice is he armed who hath his quarrel just." 

221. — Its Definition, Location, Adaptation and Office. 

The jurist — Integrity; scrupulousness; incumbency; moral prin- 
ciple ; rectitude of intention ; perception and love of right, truth and 
justice.; regard for duty, promises, and moral obligations ; approval of 
the right, and condemnation of the wrong ; sense of accountability ; 
obedience to laws, rules, etc.; feeling of guilt; penitence; contrition; 
remorse ; desire to reform ; forgiveness ; gratitude. 

Its location is on the two sides of the back part of Firmness, and 
at right angles to it ; between Ambition behind, and Hope in front, 
running down to Caution. Its upper portion has special reference to 
abstract justice, its low r er to man's obligation to his fellows. It extends 
backward to precisely where the head begins to slope backward to form 
its posterior side. 

Its Adaptation. — All human laws and governments of all kinds 
grow primarily out of this inherent sentiment of right. Of course, 
Order, Kindness, and in fact most of the other Faculties enter into 
their composition, but that inherent sense of eternal right conferred by 
this element is their mainspring and origin. "Law and order" need 
no encomiums, for they speak their own praise. Anarchy, in which 
all gratify their own passions, wholly irrespective of all the rights and 
interests of all others, or else government of some kind, is man's only 
alternative ; and all men always have chosen, will chose, government 






CONSCIENCE : ITS ANALYSIS, CULTIVATION, ETC. 



901 



— the regulation of each other somehow. Despotic or legal govern- 
ments, arbitrary, irresponsible government by a sovereign monarch, 
or else republican, or one by executive officers who see to the execu- 
tion of laws legally enacted, are man's only alternative. The two 
can no more be amalgamated than oil and water. All peoples must 
give up their kings or their constitution. As far as a king is merely 
an executive officer of a constitution, he is no king proper, but a mere 
hired servant of the people ; an obedient, not a commandant. 

Spurzheim discovered and established this organ and Faculty, as 
well as Hope. He says it is generally larger in children than in 
adults, which all my observations confirm ; obviously in consequence 
of its becoming blunted and weakened by contact with mankind ; and 
most persons, on looking back, will find that they are less scrupulous 
than they once were. 

17 





152.— Conscience very large, with Firmness I 153.— Firmness very large, with Con- 
small. | SCIENCE DEFICIENT. 

Combe mentions several cases as occurring in his private employ- 
ment of persons with weak Conscience, who proved dishonest, and 
adds : 

" After more than thirty years' experience of the world in actual 
life, and in various countries, I cannot remember an instance in which 
I have been permanently treated unjustly by one in whom this organ 
and intellect were large. Momentary injustice, through irritation or 
misrepresentation, may have been done ; but after correct information, 
and time to become cool, I have found such persons ever disposed to 
act on the dictates of Conscience ; as well as satisfied with justice. 
Nor have they ever maltreated me, though we differed greatly in 
opinion, but they represent my statements fairly, and meet them with 
honest arguments ; while my opponents who lack this organ have not 
scrupled to use falsehood, misquotation, and misrepresentation as 
weapons of attack. Those in whom it is powerful are disposed to 
regulate their conduct by the nicest sense of justice; are earnest, 
upright, and direct in manner; inspire confidence; and convince us 
of their sincerity. It leads to punctuality in keeping appointments 
so as not to waste their time; to the ready payment of debts; will 



902 man's moral nature and relations. 

not send collectors away unsatisfied except from inability to pay ; are 
reserved in making promises, but punctual in keeping them ; and 
when favorably combined, are consistent in conduct, and pleasing in 
manners. Its predominance makes a strict disciplinarian and a rigid 
but just master; invests all actions with a sense of duty; thereby 
sometimes rendering estimable persons disagreeable. 

" One in whom it is small, when attached to a friend, is blind to all 
his imperfections, and extols him as immaculate; yet makes this 
model, if he oifends, a monster of ingratitude and baseness. He 
passes in an instant from an angel to a demon. With love of praise 
large, he will adopt every means to please and flatter his friend ; make 
his points ; side with his extravagant hopes ; pretend to love and 
hate as this friend does, irrespective of justice ; lets his own predomi- 
nant sentiments rule him for the time being ; is kind and harsh by 
turns ; admires when favorably, and condemns when unfavorably 
affected; is always unregulated by principle; not scrupulous, and 
rarely ever condemns his own conduct ; may be amiable, but can 
never be relied on where justice is concerned ; is a poor judge ; exacts 
too much or too little ; and as seller, misrepresents, adulterates, or 
overcharges; depreciates goods, or evades pa3 r ment, etc. No sentiment 
is more incomprehensible to those in whom it is deficient. Madame 
de Stael, says Bonaparte could never comprehend men of principle. 
It is essential to a philosophical mind." 

Conscience is adapted primarily to the natural laws, and those 
inherent first principles of right and duty they involve and create. 
These laws render whatever conforms to them right per se, and what- 
ever differs from them inherently wrong. Human laws constitute all 
legal rights and wrongs, and Divine laws all Divine rights and 
wrongs. Whenever they clash, let Divine right overrule human. We 
have already demonstrated the natural-laws principle in which all 
right inheres, 19 " 24 and the violation of which creates all wrong, and 
need now only add that these laws are that entity in Nature to which 
this Faculty adapts man, and with which it puts man in relation. 
They govern all actions and feelings, which thereby necessarily 
become right or wrong ; while Conscience creates the feeling of moral 
obligation — that we ought to obey, and ought not to violate them. 
All things are right or wrong, and this Faculty makes us feel that 
right is right and sacredly obligatory, and wrong wrong and inherently 
detestable. It is not our moral judge, but sheriff) does not say what 
is right or wrong, which is done by the other Faculties, but reins us 
up to their tribunal, and commends or condemns us according as we 
fulfil or violate. The law already applied to Worship by way 
of determining the true God 207 applies here to determine inherent 
right. 

The innateness of this element proves the existence of abstract 



CONSCIENCE : ITS ANALYSIS, CULTIVATION, ETC. 903 

right per se, irrespective of motives and effects. Phrenology, in 
demonstrating its existence in man, proves, beyond all cavil and con- 
troversy, that great fundamental abstract first principles of inherent 
and absolute right and justice lie back in the original Nature of things, 
to which it is adapted. That identical argument by which we proved 
the divine existence from Worship, 199 proves the inherent rightness of 
all right, and wrongness of all wrong ; and that all whom natural law 
governs are sacredly bound to live just as it requires in all respects. 
All moral obligation and duty emanate from it. 

Human accountability is equally demonstrated by the existence 
of this element. Phrenology is unjustly accused of tending to fatalism, 
by showing that man's vicious proclivities are connected with fixed 
cerebral conditions which sinners cannot help — that if a man has the 
"bump" of lying, lie he must, and is not to blame, because he was 
born thus ; but if he has that of honesty, he is rendered mechanically 
honest by this same element, and therefore deserves no credit. Phren- 
ology establishes Human accountability thus : 

1. An innate element of morality and conscience is created in 
every human mind, and forms a constituent part of it. 2. This moral 
element renders its possessor a moral and accountable being, and 
arraigns all he says, does, and is, before this tribunal for condemna- 
tion or acquittal. Therefore, as the strongest possible proof that a 
man is a seeing being consists in his having been created with a seeing 
element, and an organism to use it ; that he is a walking being is his 
having a walking organism and instinct ; so the existence in man of 
this conscientious censor, both constitutes and proves him a morally, 
accountable being, both meriting rewards and deserving punishments, 
and also conclusively proves that he is such by Nature, not education. 
No proof can be stronger ; for it is demonstration in its fullest sense ; 
is proved by sight and touch. This ad hominem evidence is positive 
and absolute, for it enables us to see and feel that this organ and 
Faculty exist. How utterly unjust then to condemn Phrenology as 
favoring materialism. Besides, the 

Character controls the organism, not the organism the 
character. Men steal, lie, revel, etc., because they have these innate 
vicious proclivities, but do not have these proclivities because they 
have this organism. The organs are mere effects of these mental 
attributes. Any error lies in their mental structure, not " bumps." 
We proved the principle which establishes this conclusion in 50 , and 
also virtually in 18 . 



904 man's moral nature and relations. 

" The thing objected to, however, remains. Your explanation 
relieves Phrenology from this charge, but does not meet the hard fact 
that some are 'as prone to do evil as the sparks are to fly upwards.' 
And nearly all have 'easily besetting sins ' and temptations well nigh 
resistless. Are such moral delinquents excusable on the ground of 
their having these inborn propensities ? " 

Original sin, total depravity, and that whole class of subjects are 
thus distinctly ushered into our " ring of discussion. Phrenology 
would be seriously at fault if it did not adjudicate this point satis- 
factorily, and from first principles. We need hardly remind scanning 
readers that the entire range of doctrines of Salvation by Christ, 
faith, penitence, pardon, etc., are arraigned by the inquiry just pro- 
pounded. We answer : — 

1. Sin exists. Its amount no pen can describe, no finite mind ad- 
measure, and we will not attempt. Former passages have described now 
one, then another of its phases, 163 16r ^ yet all are but as a drop in this 
deep well of sin. Of course it has its definition, which we have also 
given — violation of divine law. We have also pointed out some of 
its chief causes, which are clearly within human reach and obviation. 28 

2. All sinful proclivities are artificial not natural, 
incidental not constitutional, and superficial not inherent. By Nature, 
man is infinite perfection, infinitely perfected. All must accord per- 
fection to Nature as one great whole, far beyond the utmost powers 
of finite man to perceive ; and humanity is by far its highest aspect. 
Behold his infinite physical perfection ! Yet how infinitely more per- 
fect is his mentality ! Shall all this physical perfection be preordained 
for a totally depraved spirit principle ! All this> but the setting of 
not a diamond, but a mass of filth, rotten with " total depravity ? " 
No ! Messrs. Calvin & Co. And your total depravity doctrine was 
interpolated 400 years after Christ's death by the Fathers. A casket 
thus perfect was made for a jewel immeasurably more so. This 
proposition proves itself, and disproves innate total depravity. Let 
facts attest. 

Your sweetheart lover was once perfection personified in 
your eyes ; so much so that you wondered how even God could have 
made a mortal thus perfect ! And yet, so far from overrating him or 
her, you scarcely began to realize their inherent excellences. 

Behold that innocent child ! How inexpressibly sweet and 
lovely ! With what touching devotion and melting tenderness do its 
fond parents dote upon and love it ! Yet their love is not undue. 
The little angel is as lovable as it is loved. They could not possibly 



conscience: its analysis, cultivation, etc. 905 

love it beyond its intrinsic, excellence, nor a tithe as much as it 
deserves. And it is constitutionally adapted to grow better, more 
pure and heavenly, with age. 216 Those who entertain this pious 
absurdity of its innate total depravity should revise it. Original 
human nature, so far from being originally depraved, is as infinitely 
pure and perfect as even God Himself knew how to make it. But 
the artificialities and surroundings of society, bad examples, 234 and per- 
suasions to drink, swear, and gamble by associates ; 126 this universal 
scrambling after money, place, and social position ; wrong education 
and surroundings, and like continuous and perverting causes by thou- 
sands, distort, pervert, and abnormalize the action of our naturally 
good Faculties. Yet Phrenology most emphatically declares that every 
single mental Faculty and physical function, exercised in accord with 
its primitive constitution, is absolutely perfect, and that all this 
acknowledged flood of human depravity is due wholly to their per- 
version ; nearly or quite all the causes of which man can obviate, and 
thereby its resultant depravity. Thus a right love is possible to all, 
and would obviate all forms and degrees of sexual depravities ; and 
thus of the depraved action of every other Faculty. 

3. Character is hereditary throughout all forms of life, and 
in all its minutest aspects. This doctrine " Sexual Science '• completely 
demonstrates, and all-seeing eyes see this each-after-its-own-kind law 
and fad, which diseases also illustrate. Not that they themselves are 
hereditary, but that those conditions which induce them often are. 316-322 
The wisdom and justice of this transmitting ordinance we will neither 
arraign nor justify, but only state. But for it human children 
would be as likely to be brutes or trees as they are now sure to be 
bone and flesh of their parents. No mother would long love or tend 
a monster offspring, but would throttle it as soon as she could clutch 
its throat, and miscegeneration would appertain to all forms of life. 
"Like parents like progeny" must be and is a law. But Nature 
could not hand down the good in parents without also handing down 
their bad, any more than a photograph could render a beautiful face 
having a mole on it without likewise taking the mole. All parental 
qualities, good, bad, and indifferent, are transmitted, and yet " Sexual 
Science " shows parents how to produce children having fewer faults 
and more virtues than themselves — an art, a secret all parents are 
sacredly bound to learn and practise. These thievish propensities 
then are transmitted}™ Now they constitute depravity. Therefore, 
depraved tendencies are transmitted, along with talents and virtue. 



906 

These inherited depravities Phrenology recognizes. This kind 
of original sin it accounts for. Naturally excellent parents by mil- 
lions, through various physiological errors, become extremely nervous, 
and transmit their own fiery, explosive, nervous state to their child, 
who is thereby rendered a real little spitfire, a young satan, an actual 
imp, a little devil. Now is he to blame for being what his parents 
compelled him to be? The total depravity is his, yet its guilt is 
parental. But as to any inherent Adamistic taint which poisons, de- 
bases, depraves, corrupts, and demoralizes all his descendants forever, 
Phrenology knows nothing. Go somewhere else for it. 

4. Physical conditions produce moral maladies. This we have 
proved. 30 This origin of total depravity Phrenology also recognizes 
and enforces. Yet it is measurably under human control, as is the 
preceding. 

5. No Faculty is bad, but all are inherently good and neces- 
sary. Sin lies in perverting the Faculties from their normal to their 
illegitimate use. No matter how large Acquisition and Cunning may 
be in any one, he need not, therefore, take what is not his, nor lie ; 
and will not, from their size alone. All, rightly exercised, are only 
good. 

6. All Faculties can be cultivated and restrained. 61-64 Tim 
cultivative fact throws any guilt off upon the individual. All can 
modify their characters for' the better, and grow better and bettei 
every day of life. Any even poorly constituted child, well brought 
up, who, arriving at years of discretion, will assiduously cultivate the 
good in him, and avoid all moral temptations and wrong physical 
habits, will grow better and still better forever, 223 and be able to load 
a life a good deal better than none. 

7. Nature prevents what she cannot render passably good. 
Those too strongly tinctured with disease to impart a fair share of 
both physical stamina and moral excellence to offspring, sufficient with 
culture to enable children to lead passably healthy and moral lives, so 
as to be a great deal better than none, Nature will not permit to repro- 
duce. 512 She will forestall whatever is not a good deal better than 
nothing. 

8. "The more temptation, the more guilt." Only those are 
tempted who are in a sinful, and therefore temptable state. Two men 
see the same chance to steal ; it tempts neither, if both are perfectly 
honest at heart, tempts only the one predisposed to steal, and him 
only in proportion to his thievish proclivity. Christ was not tempted 



CONSCIENCE: ITS ANALYSIS, CULTIVATION, ETC. 907 

of Satan, because He was in a state too holy to be tempted. Those 
only are tempted who are enticed by their own interior lusts. All 
temptations come from within, not without. This thought constituted 
the Author's graduating thesis at his college " Commencement," forty 
years ago. So much for original sin, and how to obviate it. 

* Why is right right, and wrong wrong ? What is the constitu- 
tional element of each ? What makes sin sinful, and holiness holy ? 
You have answered 'because it conforms to or violates natural law.' 
But why is this obedience right ? " 

Because obeying law makes happy, and violating it, misera- 
ble. All Nature is constructed on this benevolent principle. 15 What- 
ever fulfils it, is therefore right, but that wrong which breaks it. 
This principle, demonstrated elsewhere, yet applicable here, underlies 
and constitutes the very quintessence of all inherent right and wrong. 
Consequences create morals. Yet it so is that only good conse- 
quences flow from obeying law, and always bad from its violation. 
All right and wrong are framed and dovetailed in with this happify- 
ing foundation timber of man and the universe. This is the rationale 
of all right and wrong, goodness and badness, virtue and vice. Thus 
it is right that we exercise Kindness, because we thereby make our- 
selves and others happy ; right that we eat right, because right eating 
makes us and others happy, etc. Many argue that God's fiat makes 
right/. No ; it inheres in the construction of the universe, and is 
based in that higher law of love which governs God himself, and all 
His creatures. It is right that we worship God, not because we 
thereby benefit Him, nor injure Him if we do not, but because right 
worship blesses the worshipper, by making us like Him. The 
Almighty is too high to be elated by our praise, or provoked by our 
neglect of Him. Swearing is wrong, because it makes swearers and 
hearers unhappy. This is not Deism, which ignores all inherent right 
and wrong. Let us all seek happiness in doing right, and avoid the 
misery incident to doing wrong ! 

What is bight, and what wrong, is our next question in order, 
and almost immeasurably important ; yet answered fully by this short, 
simple principle of Phrenology. Whatever harmonizes with all the 
phrenological Faculties, is therefore right ; but whatever conflicts with 
any is wrong. Bringing any and all actions, feelings, expressions, 
everything to this moral tribunal attests their goocj or evil nature 
instantly and infallibly. All these Faculties are just right, and a part 
of that great law which constitutes right, and by converse, wrong. 



908 man's moral nature and relations. 

Thus whatever conflicts with the natural function of Parental Love, 
by injuring children, is therefore ipso facto wrong; whatever outrages 
Acquisition by taking or keeping from others anything valuable which 
justly belongs to them wrongs them, and makes you and them 
unhappy j so "pay what thou owest." All blaming, scolding, fault- 
finding, false accusations, slanderings, aspersions, maligning of motives, 
and misrepresenting of the actions and purposes of others, is wrong 
per se, and makes all concerned miserable. Character is as sacred as 
dollars, and should not be aspersed. Reproving servants soon 
hardens them, and engenders that hatred which reacts, and injures the 
blamer. Every species of detraction is wrong. So is all antagonism, ex- 
cept that demanded by the legitimate action of some Faculty, and then 
its non-exercise is wrong. Taking life is as wicked as life is valuable, 
unless when the life of others demands it. A western desperado who 
takes his own life into his hands and proclaims himself a standing 
menace to'the lives of others, thereby makes himself an out-law, and 
forfeits all legal protection ; as do also those who levy war against 
their country, and resist its laws. Those who voluntarily renounce 
and defy all law, thereby forfeit all legal rights under it. Yet ex- 
ercising Destruction in killing out-laws is as much a duty as killing 
mad dogs. A friend has more claim upon our aid than a stranger; 
yet all in real need have a just claim upon our benevolence. That is, 
we are under sacred obligations to exercise Kindness when distress 
demands. 228 To violate good taste in dress, behavior, speech, etc., is 
wrong because it outrages Beauty, the exercise of which its existence 
renders our duty. We are under sacred obligations to ourselves to 
guard our own lives and interests, that is, to exercise our selfish pro- 
pensities ; yet have no right to trespass on the rights, and legitimate 
enjoyments of others. The existence of the family affections in all 
puts all under sacred obligation to exercise them in loving and 
providing for a family, and surrounding themselves with its associations 
and restraints. Nature by endowing all with love, puts all under 
solemn bonds to love ; and only one, because one love is its normal 
function. 418-424 Inhabitiveness in all, commands all to have their own 
home to love, and punishes those who do not. Nature, by giving us 
intellectual powers, requires us to exercise them all, and in accordance 
with their laws of action, that is, in supremacy. 238 But these samples 
should enable all intelligent readers to comprehend that great moral 
code involved in the principle here stated, that all right consists in the 
normal exercise of all our Faculties, and all wrong in their abnormal 



CONSCIENCE : ITS ANALYSIS, CULTIVATION, ETC. 909 

and excessive action. No Faculty, rightly exercised, collides with 
the right action of any other ; and all when exercised aright render us 
as absolutely perfect in conduct as we are in primitive constitution, 
which is just as perfect as God could make us. The idea that we are 
created inherently depraved is erroneous. All depravities have other 
origins. 

222. — Description, Cultivation, and Restraint of Con- 
science. 

Large. — Place moral excellence at the head of all excellence; 
make duty everything ; are governed by the highest order of moral 
principle ; would on no account knowingly do wrong ; are scrupulously 
exact in all matters of right ; perfectly honest in motive ; always con- 
demning self and repenting, and very forgiving to those who evince 
penitence, but inexorable without ; love the right as right, and hate 
the wrong because wrong; are honest, faithful, upright in motive, and 
mean well ; consult duty before expediency ; feel guilty when conscious 
of having done wrong ; ask forgiveness for the past, and try to do 
better in future ; with Force large, evince the utmost indignation at 
the wrong, and pursue the right with great energy ; are censorious ; 
make too little allowance for the faults and follies of mankind ; are 
too liable to denounce evil-doers, and show extraordinary moral courage 
and fortitude ; with large Friendship, cannot tolerate the least thing 
wrong in friends, and are apt to reprove them ; with large Parental 
Love, exact too much from children, and with large Force, are too 
liable to blame them ; with large Caution, are often afraid to do, for 
fear of doing wrong ; with large Worship, reasoning Faculties, and 
Expression, are naturally theological, and take the highest pleasure in 
reasoning and conversing upon all things having a moral and religious 
bearing ; with Worship average, and Kindness large, cannot well help 
being a thorough-going reformer, etc. ; with strong propensities, will 
sometimes do wrong, but be exceedingly sorry therefor ; and, with a 
wrong education added, are liable to think right wrong, because it 
warps Conscience, yet mean well ; with large Caution, are solicitous to 
know what is right, and careful to do it ; with weaker Caution, some- 
times do wrong carelessly or indifferently, yet afterward repent it ; with 
large Caution and Destruction, are severe on wrong-doers, and un- 
relenting until they evince penitence, but then cordially forgive ; with 
large Ambition, keep moral character pure and spotless, value others 
on their morals more than wealth, birth, etc., and make the word the 



910 man's moral nature and relations. 

bond; with large Kindness, Force, and Destruction, feel great 
indignation and severity against oppressors, and those who cause 
others to suffer by wronging them ; with large Beauty, have strong 
aspirations after moral purity and excellence ; with large reasoning 
organs, take great pleasure, and show much talent in reasoning upon 
and investigating moral subjects, etc. Very large Conscience, with 
large organic quality, and Force, along with disordered nerves or 
dyspepsia, makes one of the most unpleasant of characters — querulous ; 
eternally grumbling about nothing ; magnifying everybody's faults, 
thus making mischief among neighbors ; perpetually accusing every- 
body, and chiding children for mere trifles ; too rigid in matters of 
reform, and violent in denouncing opponents, of whom rabid radicals, 
punctilious religionists, and old maids furnish examples. 

Full. — Have good conscientious feelings, and correct general in- 
tentions, yet are not quite as correct in action as motives; mean 
well, yet with large Force, Destruction, Love, etc., may sometimes 
yield to these Faculties, especially if the system is somewhat inflamed ; 
with large Acquisition, make very close bargains, and will take such 
advantages as are common in business, yet never intentionally wrong 
others out of their just dues, still, have more regard for money than 
justice ; with large intellectual organs, love to reason upon subjects 
where right and duty are involved, yet expediency has undue, and 
right too little weight ; and should never allow conscience to be in 
any way weakened. 

Average. — When not tempted by stronger Faculties, will do 
what is about right ; generally justify self, and do not feel particularly 
indignant at the wrong, nor commendatory of the right ; with large 
Ambition and Dignity, may do the honorable thing, yet where honor 
and right clash, will follow honor ; with only average Force and Des- 
truction, allow many wrong things to pass unrebuked, and even un- 
resented, and show no great moral indignation or force; with 
moderate or small Secretion and Acquisition, and large Ambition, 
Kindness, and Beauty, will do as nearly right, and commit as few 
errors as those with Secretion, Acquisition and Conscience all large, 
and may be trusted, especially on honor, yet will rarely feel guilty, 
and should never be blamed, because Ambition w T ill be mortified 
before Conscience is convicted; with large propensities, especially 
Secretion and Acquisition, and only full Kindness, are selfish ; should 
be dealt with cautiously, and thoroughly bound in writing, because 
liable to be slippery, tricky, etc. 



CONSCIENCE: ITS ANALYSIS, CULTIVATION, ETC. 911 

Moderate. — Have some regard for duty in feeling, but less 
in practice; justify self; are neither very penitent nor forgiving; 
even temporize with principle, and sometimes let interest rule 
duty ; and should cultivate this Faculty by never allowing the pro- 
pensities to overcome it, and by always considering things in their 
moral aspect. 

Small. — Have few conscientious scruples, and little penitence, 
gratitude, or regard for moral principle, justice, duty, etc., and are 
governed mainly by the larger Faculties ; with large propensities, 
and only average Worship and Spirituality, evince a marked defi- 
ciency of moral principle ; with moderate Secretion and Acquisition, 
and only full Destruction and Force, and large Friendship, Ambi- 
tion, Kindness, Beauty, and intellect, and a fine Temperament, may 
live a tolerably blameless life, yet, on close scrutiny, will lack the 
moral in feeling, but may be safely trusted, because true to pro- 
mises. That is, Conscience having less to contend with, its defi- 
ciency is less observable. Such should most earnestly cultivate it. 

To cultivate. — Always ask yourself what is right and wrong, 
and adhere closely to the former, yet studiously avoid the latter ; 
make everything a matter of principle; do just as nearly right as you 
know how in everything, and never allow Conscience to be borne 
down by any of the other Faculties, but keep it supreme ; maintain 
the right everywhere and for everybody ; cultivate a high sense of 
duty and obligation, and try to reform every error ; in short, u let jus- 
tice be done, though the heavens fall." 

To restrain. — Remember that you are too exact and exacting in 
everything; that you often think you see faults where there are none; 
that you carry duty and right to a needless extreme, and so far as to 
make it wrong ; that you are too condemnatory, and need to cultivate 
a lenient, forbearing, forgiving spirit ; that you trouble yourself un- 
duly about the wrong-doing of others ; that you often accuse people 
of meaning worse than they really intend, and look at minor faults as 
mountains of wrong ; are too censorious ; too apt to throw away the 
gold on account of dross, to discard the greater good on account of 
lesser attendant evils ; too liable to feel guilty and unworthy, as if unfit 
to live, and too conscience-stricken. 

The cultivation of this most exalted and important Faculty be- 
comes a paramount means of self-improvement, happiness, and suc- 
cess in life. Right exists : therefore all should conform to it. All 
are created with an internal conscientious monitor to perceive it; 



912 man's moral nature and relations. 

which all are solemnly bound to consult and heed. This element is 
imperative, and clothed with authority. All feel that right is right, 
and to be done, and sovereign, and wrong outrageous, and to be 
spurned. All our thoughts, words, deeds, and feelings, every breath 
we draw, and movement we make, all our desires and objects, from 
birth to death, aye, forever, are right if they conform to, wrong if 
they violate, the natural laws, and therefore both rewardable and 
punishable, and rewarded and punished. 19 The sweep and minute- 
ness of this principle almost infinitely exceed all theological defi- 
nitions, yet are true. 

Conscience as an aid has no equal. " Thrice is he armed who 
hath his quarrel just;" whilst a condemning Conscience "makes 
cowards of us all," and fools besides. How crestfallen and feeble are 
all rendered by consciousness of guilt, while "the righteous are as 
bold as a lion." Conscience is the queen bee and premier of the 
human soul. Every other Faculty is only a subject or adviser, while 
this is sovereign and its edicts are supreme, its sentences are final. 
Even though small and stifled, it can hold far larger propensities in 
check ; nor can they rebel against its authority without coaxing it 
into participancy. Clean hands and an approving, conscience are 
even to intellect what steam is to machinery — its prime mover. All 
always need its aid. How feeble that speaker who pleads on the 
wrong side? How much more glowing is Friendship and Love, in 
loving the moral than the immoral ? and thus of all the others. 

Right guarantees success. — Always moral causes and persons 
triumph, while wrong go under every time. No good cause was ever 
yet lost, no bad one ever gained. If injustice and wrong triumph 
to-day, they eventually meet some sudden catastrophe, the more awful 
the greater their wrong doing. Vide, the New York and Erie rings, 
and all other rings, for that matter. This great natural truth has 
passed into these proverbs : " What is got over the devil's back will 
be lost under his belly;" "Falsehood outstrips truth at first, but 
truth overtakes her at last;" "Time rights all wrongs;" "Honesty 
is the best policy," etc. Those who are wronged have only to await 
the revenges of time. All evil-doers punish themselves. This is 
but a part of that great natural arrangement by which all laws obeyed 
reward, and violated, punish, themselves. All wrong contains within 
itself the seeds of self-destruction, and all right, those of self-per- 
petuity and reproduction. 23 

The success of this book does not concern its Author, but only 
to have it right, for that guarantees its popularity. Right will finally 



CONSCIENCE : ITS ANALYSIS, CULTIVATION, ETC. 913 

triumph; and the longer any truth takes to establish itself, the 
longer it lasts, and the greater its power. In proportion as it pro- 
claims moral and religious truth, it must prosper. Magna est Veritas, 
et prevalebit. All truth is mighty and must prevail, but religious 
truth is the mightiest truth, and must triumph the most signally. 

All wrong reacts on its author. — All injured may justly 
pity their injurer. Let all who inflict injury tremble. A million 
times better suffer wrong than do wrong. 

All evils exterminate themselves. Wrong is inherently, suicidal. 
That which makes it an evil destroys it. All wrongs embody the 
seeds of their own extirpation. Men need not fight them, or try to 
obviate them. They will soon extirpate themselves. Slavery, a 
monster evil, destroyed itself by its own hands. All evil must die, 
or rather, be converted into good. Let the ark of right alone. It 
needs no steadying. It steadies itself. 

Seek its aid by doing right, but shun its antagonism, all ye who 
would prosper. Inquire touching everything, " is this right ? " and 
utterly refuse all participation in any and everything wrong, and 
square all actions and feelings by the touchstone of eternal right. 
None can realize what joy inexpressible follows, nor what anguish 
results from wrong doing. Why stifle this heavenly monitor ? Shall 
we sear its delicate susceptibilities by rebellion ; and trample into the 
mire of depravity this premier of God, this our rightful sovereign,, 
this most sacred emotion ? Wrong-doers sin against Infinite Justice, 
and the moral constitution of the universe! Wrong is then no trifle, 
but most perilous. Nothing palsies and humbles as does a sin-stained 
Conscience. O, keep this soul-jewel unstained ! Yet, how few obey, 
how many ignore, or shamelessly violate its requirements by justify- 
ing or practising deception, knavery, licentiousness, etc., on grounds 
of expediency ! Hear cheating merchants proclaim their own shame 
by averring that "an honest business man would starve," and young 
libertines justifying sensuality on the score of health! As though 
heaven's laws conflicted, and God rewarded wrong! No business 
error is more common or fatal, than that rigid integrity is incompat- 
ible with business prosperity, whereas it is its very life and backer. 
Yet even if they did conflict, must conscience succumb to dollars? 
Make it king, and propensity subject. Let justice reign, though 
heaven falls: rather starve than live on the wages of sin. Gambling 
gains curse always, bless never; and daughters of sin suffer the more, 
the more they transgress the laws of virtue ; and this is equally true 
115 



914 man's moral nature and relations. 

of their paramours. This is a natural self-acting ordinance which 
rules all in time, all in eternity. Wickedness clothes men in rags, 
while righteousness clothes and feeds its doers. God will not let those 
suffer long who obey His laws, nor those enjoy long who violate them. 
The mere consciousness of having done right is more than meat and 
drink, and infinitely preferable to all "the gains of wrong;" while 
the goadings of a guilty conscience are a fire in the bones. Let 
nothing ever be allowed to dethrone rectitude. 

Choose an honest business, young man. Ask not, "is it lucra- 
tive," or " respectable," or " easy," or even " lawful," but is it a just 
one ? and if it is not, shrink from it, be its prospective emoluments 
what they may. Seek first righteousness, and all else it will superadd 
to itself; while injustice will work out failure. You barter right at 
your peril. You may get your "thirty pieces of silver," but they 
will be the price of moral blood, and sooner or later hurl you to 
destruction. Nor prosecute even an honest business dishonestly. 

Let all place enlightened conscience on the throne, and implicitly 
fulfil all its. requirements, from the greatest even unto the least; and 
do their whole duty toward man, and especially toward God, by ful- 
filling His laws. 

Young political aspirant, choose the right side in politics, if 
only as a means of final success, and if any new issue comes up, scan 
its inherent right, and cast your lot on that side. Let facts like these 
be your warning. Webster would have reached the presidential goal 
of his life if he had clung to the right, but lost it by espousing the 
wrong. If, in his seventh of March speech he had planted himself 
squarely on the side of right, he would have gained the Baltimore 
presidential nomination by acclamation, and been triumphantly 
elected. He wrote out two speeches, one favoring the side of inherent 
right, the other pandering to a popular wrong, in order to get the 
Southern vote, w r hich his Hayn's speech had forfeited, and asked a 
friend which he had better deliver ; and delivered the wrong one, 
which alienated the North, threw him overboard at Baltimore, lost 
him his presidential life idol, and stung him to death! whereas Lin- 
coln's popularity rested on his integrity, not his talents. All political 
parties, in order to live, must do right ; for sooner or later, wrong will 
overthrow them. Great men often fall in public estimation, because 
they do wrong, never from right doing. 

Honesty, all honesty, and nothing but the most uncompromising 
integrity is policy in all things, and the talisman of universal success. 



conscience: its analysis, cultivation, etc. 915 

Conscience is blunted by whatever pains it — by being imposed 
upon, as well as doing unjustly. Dwelling upon wrongs done us, 
makes us feel that, since others are so wicked, we may as well be like 
them. Many a one has been case-hardened and rendered dishonest 
by being abused. Hence, when wronged, we should not dwell upon 
our grievances, but turn our minds to other subjects. This advice is 
one of great practical importance. 

Those having small Conscience, should remember that, there- 
fore, they are comparatively blind to their faults ; that they generally 
carry the bag containing their errors behind them, rarely see them, and 
when they do, are apt to smooth them over by forming flimsy excuses, 
and justify themselves unduly; that they are self-righteous, and hence 
more guilty ,than they suppose, because Dignity parries the feeble 
thrusts of Conscience, and throws the mantle of extenuating circum- 
stances over much which should occasion self-condemnation ; that not 
feeling guilty is no sign of honesty; because, other things being equal, 
the smaller this Faculty the feebler its compunctions, yet the greater 
the occasion for them. If it were larger, you would feel greater guilt 
for the same sins, and often relent where you now justify yourself. 
Be more penitent, and less self-righteous. Recollections like these 
will enable you in some measure to obviate this blemish. In short, 
the greater its deficiency the more habitual should be its exercise. 

In children this Faculty should be assiduously nurtured. It is 
large in them all, and many times larger than in adults. 64 This is an 
awful, an astounding fact ! It shows that Nature bestows enough on all, 
to render all scrupulously honest, yet it is buried by wholesale in the 
napkin of public and private injustice. No other solution of this sad 
fact remains. Children see others do wrong, and are often themselves 
wrongly scolded or punished, which sears and gradually wears down 
this heavenly gift and monitor. It must be nurtured, by calling fre- 
quent attention to the right and wrong of this action, and never abused 
by false accusations. Showing them the right, compels them to do it. 
Mothers should check their wrong doings, deceptions, and trespasses 
upon each other's rights, etc., and scourge them with their own Con- 
science, besides calling their attention to the exquisite pleasure they 
feel in having done right, and pains of a guilty Conscience. No 
other moral rectifier, except its sister Worship, at all compares with 
this. It is their moral panacea. Nor merely never wrong them, but 
in all cases of difference, see that you have their Conscience on your 
side, and against theirs, or you harden it. 



916 man's moral nature and relations.' 

223. — Punishment Here, and Hereafter. 

Retribution exists, and adds at least half to the efficacy and 
value of all forms of law. The value of natural and artificial laws 
has been shown. 19 But they would be powerless and useless without 
rewards or punishments ; and loose half their value, and all criminal 
laws all their efficacy, unless accompanied by punishments. Laws 
against stealing, lying, etc., would not be worth their recording paper, 
would be only recommendations, but for their penalties. Men under- 
stand this by always affixing specific punishments to the infraction of 
all laws, of which all fines, imprisonments, and executions furnish 
examples ; while all natural laws have each their own specific kinds 
and amounts of suffering as their sure penalty. 23 Here, then, is a 
natural fact, and inherent arrangement in Nature. Of course man 
must have an inherent sentiment adapted to it. Conscience is that 
sentiment. It appends a feeling of guilt to all consciousness of 
wrong. Children in whom it is large often come and ask to be pun- 
ished when they have done wrong, and will not be denied. Being 
wronged awakens Conscience in aversion, which calls up Destruction 
to avenge it, as an indispensable means of obviating it. Punishment 
thus becomes inherent, and Conscience its sentencing judge. 

Is punishment vindictive or preventive ? Is it vengeance for 
past legal offences, or preventive of future ? Asking this question 
answers it. Preventive, always and only ; revengeful never, any. All 
the Divine attributes answer, " reformatory only " — for the best good 
of the sinner, not satiating Divine spite or spleen. In a theological 
aspect, this point is immeasurably important, but seems to us too 
self-apparent to require any more than merely stating; for all its 
facts, its very rationale, prove that at least punishments of the 
natural laws are not to gratify Divine malignity, nor for God's own 
glory, but for the reformation of the punished, and preventive of 
future transgressions. On this rock we base this theory of moral 
ethics, that — 

All pain is beneficial ; " partial evil is universal good ; " all 

PUNISHMENT is REFORMATORY ; all SUFFERING BLESSES. It must, 

unless it is revenge. Which is it ? We have applied this principle 
to all physical suffering, by showing that it subserves these two 
necessary ends — preventing future transgressions, and actually healing, 
and restorative besides ! 23 All canvassing for that doctrine will only 
confirm it. Of course that same nature of things applies equally to 
all mental and moral punishments. Since all physical pain is only 



CONSCIENCE: ITS ANALYSIS, CULTIVATION, ETC. 917 

beneficial, of course all mental must of necessity be equally so. Why 
not ? Do we see any other proof of Divine malignity ? that God 
delights to torture because He can ? loves to see His creatures writh- 
ing in agony ? Our article on His infinite benevolence settles that 
point. 207 No, He makes us suffer only for our own good, not His 
savage delight in inflicting and witnessing our agony. Most apparent 
is the application of this principle to — 

Universal salvation and eternal damnation, both of which 
it adjudicates scientifically and absolutely. It asserts future punish- 
ments as both a fixed fact, and an indispensable means of good to all 
sufferers. Why should not suffering form as much an integral part 
of that life as this ? We shall retain all our Faculties there ; 216 
and of course love of liberty and " volition." 189 This involves 
power to sin, and this punishment therefore. That life would not be 
worth having unless it conferred this power to do something as we 
may please. That power inheres in the structure of mind itself, and 
must be respected and enjoyed there. This implies the possibility of 
our sinning there as well as here, and this the certainty of punish- 
ments for future sins. 

Punishment there for sins here perpetrated, is also a neces- 
sity. We shall be the same identical beings there we are here. 217 That 
life will not be another life, but only a prolongation of this. Our 
consciousness will enable us to remain there as here. Our memory 
there of whatever transpires here is to be perfect, extending to all we 
ever knew and did here. Our loves here are to be the same in sub- 
stance as they are there, and for the same individual objects. The 
office of Parental Love is the love of our own children, therefore it 
will love our own children there, and therefore know and identify them 
as our own veritable lineal offspring. Constancy loves only one, and 
that one all through this life, and of course into and throughout the 
life to come. So, lovers, be careful whom you begin to love here. All 
else about us is of course governed by this identical law of transfer 
from this life over to that. Who will controvert this basis of our 
argument ? Of course all the effects of all our actions in this life 
must needs go along with us " over Jordan," and affect us for good 
or bad there, just as here. That life will be to this what antenatal 
life is to postnatal ; what boyhood is* to manhood ; and life's meridian 
to its decline ; all parts of all preceding states affecting all parts of all 
subsequent ones. As all maternal troubles, sickness, exhaustion, starva- 
tion, health, happiness, etc., before a given child is born, correspondingly 



918 man's moral nature and relations. 

« 

affect it throughout its after life ; as all a boy's good deeds and bad 
affect him well or ill ever after ; as all a young man's drunken sprees, 
or injuries of health, and goodness, badness, etc., carry their respec- 
tive effects along with him all through his manhood and dotage; 
so all the good and bad deeds of this life are translated with us to the 
shores of eternity. If this is not so, virtual annihilation — the prac- 
tical destruction of our self-hood and personal identity — must needs 
eusue. If we ourselves here are to be ourselves there at all, we must 
needs be our whole selves there the same as here, which presupposes 
the attachment to us there of all the effects, good, bad, and indifferent, 
of " all the deeds done in the body." This result is a necessity. This 
is still farther proved by — 

The constituent elements of personality. In what does your 
youness inhere? In your Faculties, 34-37 and their outworkings. 
What enters into and constitutes your embodied self this moment? 
Your mental Faculties, and all you have done with them since you 
knew anything. What will you be at your next birthday ? All you 
are now, with what you do, think, feel, and are between now and 
then superadded ! What will you be at death ? The embodied sum- 
mary of all your life elements and their action all through life ! What 
will you be when you awake to consciousness after your death-sleep ? 
(And its resemblance to sleep is apparent.) Precisely what and all 
that you were when you lay down in death. And throughout all the 
stages of eternity, thousands and millions of years hence, at each stage 
you will be the summed up quotient of all the previous outworkings 
of your Faculties, themselves included. 

All actions have eternal results. As if at twenty, you 
ate madder, it entered into and discolored your very bones, and re- 
mains in them till and after you die, till they decompose, and then in 
their very dust, inseparable from them ; or if burnt, from their very 
smoke and ashes; so of all good and bad acts. Thus, if at twenty 
you cut your flesh and it healed, but left a scar which grows with age ; 
so if at twenty you had a drunken spree, it entered into your very 
selfhood, forms a part of you, can never be eradicated, no matter 
how good ever after, and leaves its scar, its legitimate effects, its image 
upon your soul-disk forever. Trying to forget it only obliges you to 
remember it. We shall yet prove that memory is fact-tight ; that it 
loses nothing, 259 and have already proved that this element goes on 
with us, and of course will compel us to remember all the scenes of 
this life, all good deeds, all bad, all indifferent ones. Thus it is that 



CONSCIENCE: ITS ANALYSIS, CULTIVATION, ETC. 919 

memory both keeps the "judgment" books correctly, by recording all 
we give it to record, and keeps them open besides, as on a spread can- 
vass. Be careful, O ye who live, what you give it to record. God 
makes you your own bookkeeper and historian, and allows no mis- 
takes. As a murderer always starts at every little thing because his 
memory of the fatal deed, the awful look and death struggles of his 
victim, become a terrific and ever present consciousness with him ; so 
of all else, all we ever do, say, and are. We should pause if the con- 
sequences of our acts ended with this life ; but since we are to be the 
subjects, perhaps victims, of their eternal consequences, we may pause 
and tremblingly inquire, " How shall we guide our steps in view of 
such momentous eventualities?" — a question we shall yet answer. 

A naked youth, shown garments of various qualities and pat- 
terns, told to choose one for wear, finds in it pockets, large and small ; 
is shown all kinds of seeds, some bearing thorns, others poisons, still 
others rich, nutritious grains and fruits; is told to fill them with what 
seeds he likes, and in his chosen proportions, with this express under- 
standing, that he may go where he likes, upon good soil or poor, but 
every life step plant a seed, which bears its perennial crop forever, and 
all the seeds and fruits thus borne follow his future tracks, and oblige 
him to eat them all, and experience their legitimate effects upon his 
body and mind forever. This supposition illustrates a veritable truth 
appertaining to us all. Yet, thank God, we are mercifully allowed to 
empty our pockets of old seeds, and substitute others of our choice, 
anywhere along through life ! 

Life is no trifle. All that God could do to make it an all-glo- 
rious possession, He has done. We might expect that the master 
work of His hand would be, as it is, eventful and momentous beyond 
all finite powers of admeasurement ! Let us realize of what it is 
composed, and how to make the utmost possible out of this literally 
infinite boon ! 

Causes and effects govern all things in this life; govern all 
things between this fore part of life and that latter part; send all the 
effects of this life's actions over into and throughout that ; thus 
making it like a silk web, formed by every act being a cocoon, with 
an endless web attaching itself in with all previous webs; at death 
we are all these individual webs united into one great life web, but 
every one there, and represented, and this identical web continuing on 
throughout eternity, and obliging us to partake there of all the deeds 
done here and there — a result most fearful to contemplate. About 



920 man's moral nature and relations. 

1830, I published in the New York Evangelist an article to prove that 
the amount of pain attached to every sin was literally infinite, because 
it was everlasting — a truth applicable to all good and bad acts, after 
abating a single exception, viz. : — 

224. — Penitence, Pardon, and Salvation from Punishment. 

" These doctrines obviously preclude repentance and salvation ; 
teach eternal damnation too plainly to be mistaken or evaded, not by 
divine election, but by eternal causation ; make inexorable causation 
supreme, here and forever; annul penitence, and render forgiveness 
impossible ; and are an elephant in the crockery shop of all existing 
religious tenets." 

Repentance is unmistakably one phase of Conscience. It both 
confesses, and forgives. Our quotations and observations prove that 
those in whom it is large, both " beg pardon," and grant it for wrong 
deeds, and try to " sin no more; " while small Conscience never sees, 
or acknowledges, or forgives a fault. An illustration, A., bad, wrongs 
B. and C. equally. B., very conscientious, feels much more indig- 
nant than C. with Conscience small, because B.'s large Conscience 
provokes his Destruction to punish A., while C.'s weak Conscience 
does not feel the wrong done a tithe as keenly, nor like punishing A. ; 
but lets the wrong go almost unnoticed, except as it affects his other 
Faculties. A. finally repents, and confesses equally to both, and begs 
pardon. B. forgives fully, and likes and trusts him all the more ; 
while C. has less to forgive and less forgiveness. This illustration 
holds true of all in proportion as they are conscientious, and both 
presupposes and grows out of a retributive and forgiving spirit in- 
herent in this conscientious element. This shows that — 

God forgives. Shall He create this forgiving spirit in man, and 
not also excercise it in Himself? This forgiving principle, therefore, 
constitutes an integral part of Nature. " Glory to God" for incor- 
porating this blessed institute of pardon upon His works, and Him- 
self exercising it ! Not that our sins hurt or goodness benefits Him. 
He is no more affected by anything we do than the sky is by gnats. 
When we transgress we " kick against His pricks," indeed, not to 
His injury, but only to our own. " He who is righteous is righteous 
for himself, but he that sinneth, he alone shall bear it." We should 
be good, not from " fear of the Lord," nor even love of right, but be- 
cause obeying law makes happy, that " enacting clause " of the universe. 

Penitence pepsupposes forgiveness. It is not optional with 
us whether or no to forgive those who penitently implore forgiveness, 
but obligatory on us. We must forgive, not may or may not. It is 



CONSCIENCE : ITS ANALYSIS, CULTIVATION, ETC. 921 

as much our sacred duty to forgive repentants as to repent when our- 
selves in error. That daughter of shame who repents and reforms 
and furnishes proof, is entitled to both complete forgiveness and resto- 
ration to confidence and hearthstones. To shut her out as now, and 
make " one false step " irretrievable, is neither Christianity nor hu- 
manity. Shall we ask God to " forgive us our trespasses, as we for- 
give," and refuse to overlook her errors ! Let professing Christians 
beware how they thus betray an utter want of this the distinctive 
attribute of Christianity. And let all forgive all repentant offenders, 
pecuniary, moral, political, et al. 

Repentance is, however, a necessary precursor of forgiveness. A. 
can never be forgiven unless nor until he feels sorry for his sin, and 
asks forgiveness. 

Penitence involves reform. It says, " I will sin no more," 
and the forgiver says, " Go, sin no more." And all law and justice 
punish subsequent offences more severely than first. One effect of 
sinning and repenting is to prevent subsequent wrongs, make restitu- 
tion, and stop those violations of law which " roll up wrath against 
the great day of wrath." Repentant sinners are as much less likely 
to sin again as they are more sorry for past errors. Trust penitents 
implicitly, conjugal, mercenary, and all other. Penitence then 
secures this most desirable end — it arrests that violation of law which 
would otherwise continue to redouble future sinning and suffering 
together. This is a very great good ; but by no means the greatest. 

Penitents are better than innocents. — All who have sin- 
ned, suffered, repented, and reformed, are actually purer and higher 
in the scale of moral excellence, and less liable to fall, than they were 
before either, and than those who have not tasted of " the forbidden 
fruit." The Prodigal son, returned, becomes the favorite. A young 
man who has got through with his " wild oats " crop is better, less 
easily tempted, more trustworthy, than if he had remained innocent ; 
provided he has not wrecked his constitution. Hence, " Reformed rakes 
make the best husbands." Innocence is good, but repentance is better. 
Thus saith the human constitution. Not, however, that we should do 
evil that good may come, but that, having done the evil, we may turn 
it to good practical account, and use it as a stepping-stone upon a 
higher moral platform than we could otherwise possibly have ascended. 

Retribution works out Reformation. — " A burnt child always 
shuns the fire." Punishment is the great moral instructor of the 
universe. " Experience is the best of schoolmasters." This " old 
saw " is but the laconic expression of this great practical and necessary 



922 man's moral nature and relations. 

result of all punishments whatsoever, and inherent in them. We 
dread pain, and do our utmost to escape it in the future. Our intel- 
lect compels us to inquire and ascertain what causes our pain, its 
source and obviation, and sooner or later, here or hereafter, it will 
teach us what broken laws cause our suffering. Whether it takes an 
age, or a thousand, or a million ages of eternity, experience will 
finally teach the natural laws and consequences of sin ; and this enlists 
every feeling of self-love, that most powerful of all instincts, 172 in 
resisting all future temptations to sin, so as to escape additional suffer- 
ings. We saw that physical pain was a curative process : we now 
see that mental and moral suffering is equally so — see that there 
inheres in punishment itself that which both makes all sinners the 
better for past sins, and prevents future. 

Pause and ponder, O reader, over the sweeping and far-reach- 
ing consequences of these moral truths. Behold in them that 
" partial evil is universal good," because all learn from other people's 
errors as well as our own — a drunkard being a perpetual and most 
effective temperance lecturer. " Partial evil?" There is no evil. 
All is good. If one does sin and therefore suffer, this compels him 
to learn the miseries he thus self-inflicts, which is good, by making 
him the better for sinning ; and if he does not sin, that too is good. 
The punitive economies of God render evil an absolute impossibility. 
" The very wrath of man shall praise God, and the remainder of wrath 
He will restrain." 

Individual and public suffering is therefore of necessity 
individual and public benefaction. The very depravities and miseries 
of the race to-day, and in the past, are the very guarantees of its 
all the greater moral elevation hereafter. All hail, then, this punitive 
department of Nature ! Let us rejoice in suffering, but learn there- 
from not to sin and suffer more. 

Eternal burnings are abrogated by this law, and shown to be 
purely mythical. The very constitution of pain renders them impos- 
sible; we have just shown how. Punishment is reformatory, not 
retributory, and will reform all sooner or later, and thus take all out 
of hell, and put all into heaven ! 

Our own mental states constitute all the heaven and hell we and 
all others will ever enjoy or suffer. A wicked internal state will make 
one miserable in heaven ; a right, pure, holy, good state will make all 
its partakers happy in hell. They consist not in places, but in states, 
and are within us and of us ; and our own creation. And all the tor- 
menting devil we shall ever have is our own devilish spirit. Cast out 



CONSCIENCE : ITS ANALYSIS, CULTIVATION, ETC. 923 

that, and all devils will let you alone, now and evermore ; for only 
the sinful can ever be tempted. Indeed the very devil himself and all 
his coadjutors are human benefactors, because in and by persuading 
men to sin they teach them practically its evils and folly, and thereby 
save them from future sins and sufferings, just as the confidence man, 
by cutting our eye teeth, saves our purse more in future than he ex- 
tracts from it in the present. 

These doctrines may be unpopular, but they are not untrue. All 
that is, is good. Let those upset their foundations who can. 

Faith in Christ does not annul natural punishments. 
Christians who sin suffer the natural-laws penalties precisely as if they 
were not Christians. A Christian, however pious or humble, who 
takes corrosive sublimate, whether by design or accident matters not, 
suffers precisely as if he were not a Christian. His faith in Christ is 
of no more use than waste paper in neutralizing this poison. A Chris- 
tian will bleed to death from a severed artery as quickly as an infidel, 
but no quicker. All violations of the health laws punish Christians 
as much as others ; and they are as sickly. Whatever faith and re- 
pentance may do by way of obviating the evil effects of Adam's taint, 
let others say, but Christians, know this, that you are every whit as 
amenable to the natural laws and their punishments as infidel and 
heathen. Yet true love to God will induce obedience to His natural 
laws as well. 

" This upsets Orthodoxy, root and branch. It renders salvation by 
Christ both impossible and unnecessary — impossible in that it con- 
flicts with the action of the natural laws, by substituting effects 
directly contrary to natural, and unnecessary, because they make pun- 
ishment work out a natural salvation." 

This work has never yet stooped, probably will not stop, to in- 
quire whether any or all of its doctrines harmonize or conflict with 
orthodoxy, or heterodoxy, or no doxy at all, but only whether they are 
phrenological, which it guarantees. God made Phrenology, and all 
its inferences, and as Diogenes said, when a man carrying a stick ran 
against him and said, " take care then," " Its for you to take care, not 
me." It concerns religionists to inquire whether their doctrines con- 
flict with these, but it does not concern these views whether they tally 
with or upset any others whatever. It concerns us, not the sun, 
whether we have right or wrong ideas of his motions. 

"But these views certainly do ignore salvation by Christ." 

An extra pious Oberlinite, after hearing these views at a lecture, 



924 man's moral nature and relations. 

replied, when asked whether they blended or collided with Oberlin 
theology, and what he thought of them ? 

" A most excellent lecture. Full of sound sense, forcible logic, and 
withal, very suggestive ; but, sir, it had this fatal omission : it had in 
it no 'Jesus Christ, and Him crucified.'" 

Pray, sir, has arithmetic, astronomy, geology, or any other natural 
science any " Christ crucified " in it ? And yet they are true, and you 
study and use them. Have agriculture, mechanics, commerce, etc., 
any Christ crucified in them ? And yet, must we condemn them for 
this omission ? No natural science has any atonement in it, nor has 
Phrenology, and for this obvious reason : it unfolds primeval hu- 
manity, before the alleged fall, and, therefore, before there was any 
need of salvation by Christ, or by any other means, and of course could 
not possibly take cognizance of either. And it has always seemed to 
me that many Christians impose too much upon their Bible, by 
making it teach more than was ever intended — claiming that it 
teaches universal theology, whereas it has always seemed to me that its 
entire thought and design is to teach salvation by Christ, not religion 
or theology as a whole. Still, in saying this, I descend from the exalted 
heights of science into the narrow vale of personal opinion. Let us learn 
salvation from the Bible, but all else religious from other sources. At 
least Biblicists had better not pit the Bible against science, because we 
know that science is of God, and the divine fiat; that all truths 
harmonize with all others ; that as far as Nature and the Bible har- 
monize, both are right, but wherein they conflict, the Bible is wrong; 
for God made Nature the touchstone and standard of all truth, 
so that wherein the Bible conflicts with it, thus far it is spurious. 

Good preachers are poor practitioners, often er than the con- 
verse ; because they * know how it is themselves." Gough and reformed 
drunkards make better temperance appeals than any can make who do 
not know by experience whereof they affirm, yet are therefore the more 
easily tempted to drink. All extra good preachers, in pulpit and on 
paper, will bear watching, because they have drunk deeply of those 
poisoned fountains against which they warn others. We naturally 
expect these most emphatic denunciators of vice to be angels in good- 
ness ; yet those identical conditions which enable them to preach so 
well, make them poor practitioners of what they preach. Harlots 
would make the very best lecturers and writers on moral purity, virtue, 
and conjugal fidelity, as ex-drunkards do of temperance, as will yet be 
proved experimentally. A most eloquent preacher of righteousness, 



CONSCIENCE : ITS ANALYSIS, CULTIVATION, ETC. 925 

who lived far below his preaching, when censured for so doing, 
replied : that he was hired to preach, but not to practise ; that he was 
paid $2,000 simply for preaching, but nothing for practising what he 
preached ; and that, if they wanted him to practise all he preached, he 
should ask $4,000 more, because it was as easy again to preach well, 
as to practise what he preached. Only those can preach superbly who 
have deep heart experiences of the evils they denounce, and the need 
of the virtues they recommend, unless they have passed beyond these 
stages : 1st. Of experiencing the sin they war against. 2nd. Of 
loathing it. 3rd. Of having risen above it. Extra good preachers 
are usually yet in only this second stage. Yet how much better to 
preach well even without practising, than to practise poorly without 
preaching. Guide-boards never travel their recommended roads. 

225. — Christianity and Phrenology in perfect Harmony. 

Much which passes current as Christianity, and assumes its 
sacred name and livery, is as great a misnomer and perversion as is 
possible. Thus, Christ was humble, while many of His modern 
counterfeits are by far our proudest, snobbiest, daintiest, exclusive 
aristocrats. He spent His strength in doing good ; they theirs in de- 
spising and grinding the face of the poor. He wore common, homespun 
garments ; these wear the most extremely and ridiculously fashionable 
toilets worn, and outrage nearly every one of His divine doctrines 
and examples. Still, our business is not with pretenders, but only 
with His doctrines and examples on the one hand, and the teachings 
of Phrenology on the other ; and their coincidence is indeed perfect. 
Both enjoin worship of God as a paramount human duty. Christ 
ascribes to God precisely those same attributes of justice, benevolence, 
wisdom, paternity, spirituality, stability, knowledge, etc., which 
Phrenology also ascribes to Him. 207 He enjoined doing good, by pre- 
cept and example, pronouncing charity the greatest of virtues, and 
giving that precise aspect of it enjoined by this philanthropic science, 
viz., doing good to man " for the sake" of our common Father 
above. 228 Both ascribe a spiritual existence to God, angels, and 
men; 214 enjoin justice, penitence, and forgiveness; inculcate hope of 
immortality, and require its exercise ; interdict lust, profanity, drunk- 
enness, gluttony, covetousness, theft, fraud, malice, revenge, lying, 
false witness, murder, and kindred vices ; while both inculcate filial 
affection, moral purity, chastity, honesty, parental and conjugal love, 
friendship, industry, manual labor, self-government, patience, perse- 



926 man's moral nature and relations. 

verance, hospitality, sincerity, cheerfulness, faith, spiritual minded- 
ness, intellectual culture, and the entire cluster of the moral virtues. 
Christ's law of kindness and "the other check" doctrines, are in sig- 
nal harmony with the teachings of Phrenology. In short, His doc- 
trines harmonize perfectly, in all their shades and phases, with the 
teachings of this moralizing science. The morality He teaches is per- 
fect throughout, and directly calculated to reform and bless mankind. 
Every one of His doctrines is either an expression of some phreno- 
logical law of mind, or else founded on some law, while His every 
precept is promotive of personal happiness and public morality ; and 
He Himself furnishes a perfect pattern sample of that predominance 
of the moral sentiments over the animal propensities, which consti- 
tutes the great phrenological condition of personal and public perfec- 
tion. 196 Phrenology does not" suggest a single error or improvement 
in either His doctrines, precepts, or examples ; or in that inimitable 
illustration of them in practice described in the first few chapters of 
the Acts of the Apostles, when all went from house to house, healing 
the sick, bestowing alms, breaking bread, and having all things in 
common. Would that His benign and heavenly doctrines were but 
comprehended and practised by all His professed followers, and all 
the world. A holy and a happy state here and hereafter would then 
be universal. "Eye hath not seen, nor ear heard, neither hath it 
entered into the soul of man to conceive," the joy, the ineffable glory 
and human exaltation which obedience to His precepts and practices 
would confer on man ! 

226. — Death as affecting the Soul, and Futurity. 

Infinite Goodness devised and ordained it. Let this reconcile 
us to it, calm all our fears concerning it, and assure us that, so 
far from its being a horrid monster, it is imposed upon us by our 
loving heavenly Father, not by an avenging fiend. It is an inexora- 
ble necessity, because, like breathing, it embodies a good as necessary 
as it is imperious. We could no more afford to dispense with it than 
with birth. Fruits cannot fulfil their destiny without falling ; nor can 
we without dying, that is, being separated from our parental organ- 
ism. Everything appertaining to it signifies that the change it works 
out is great and fundamental, yet only for good. It not merely 
changes, but, like birth, it revolutionizes our entire internal status, and 
external surroundings. It undoubtedly effects changes, (?) revolu- 
tions, in the very grain and texture of our spirit principle itself, quite 



CONSCIENCE: ITS ANALYSIS, CULTIVATION, ETC. 927 

analagons to dyeing garments, or steaming wood, or soaking something 
porous in some liquid which fills it up, and effects beneficial chemical 
changes in its very appearance and qualities. These three revolutions 
it renders sure : — 

1. It drops "this mortal coil." It completely severs the soul 
from all its organic relations and dependences. Organism is abso- 
lutely necessary for starting life, 25 as it is in growing fruits, yet not for its 
continuance, any more than for the continuance of ripe fruits, after 
being plucked. Several passages of this work virtually show that age 
loosens life's organic clasp, just as does the apple on its parent tree, till 
at death it drops. Those whose hold on life is feeble, that is, who are 
approaching death, are the more clairvoyant, that is, can foresee and 
foreknow spiritually the clearer the nearer dead they are, yet the less 
as they recover ; and experiments made on extremely nervous subjects 
show that, when in an extremely nervous state, they can read closed 
books correctly, though in a room perfectly darkened, and their eyes 
bandaged to the utmost besides. This proves a spiritualistic state, or 
that the spirit principle can act independently of the senses. In the 
earlier stages of life, organism is indispensable, like shucks to walnuts, 
and chestnut burs to chestnuts, but becomes less necessary as life ad- 
vances, till finally, like those shucks, wholly unnecessary at and after 
death ; or rather till a new life shakes it off, when it lives on without it 
far better than before with. Else why this change ? The undoubted 
reason of that improvement of intellect and moral elevation, or that 
sanctification of all our Faculties shown to accompany age, 216 is that 
age gradually loosens this organic clasp on life, thereby giving this spirit 
principle greater ease and freedom of action than its former closer bond 
to matter would allow ; while death completes this severance. A soul 
fully ripe needs no organic help, and dispenses with it ; and if at any 
time the organism becomes badly crippled, as by mangling, etc., this 
spirit life cannot afford to loose itself by clinging to a mangled corpse, 
dies, that is, separates itself from it, and goes on without it. Death 
.severs the soul from the body ; this is certain. 

2. All organic perversions thereby instantly cease. We proved 
1 hat all physical impairments morbidized, vitiated, and demoralized 
the spirit entity ; as do drunkenness, a sour stomach, etc. 28 " 30 All these, 
death ends. For example — 

A drunkard's inflamed stomach not only creates an insatiate 
thirst for more alcohol, and thus of opium and tobacco eaters ; 124 but 
also inflames, vitiates, and perverts all his passions ; making a naturally 



928 man's moral nature and relations. 

smart, moral and good man coarse-grained, vulgar, sensual, stupid, 
cruel, and even murderous ; changing a fond husband and father into 
a demon incarnate ; substituting delirium tremens for an amiable 
lovely spirit; and making a real demon out of a real good husband, 
father, and citizen. But for drink he would soon become himself 
again. Now death stops that stomachic hankering, and thereby kills 
this inflammation, and with it all this depravity. 

A miserable dyspeptic, who, but for his dyspepsia, would again 
be as amiable as a saint, is now as cross and hateful as Satan, and a 
naturally angel wife is often made a perpetual Xantippe by nervous 
disorders, both of whom death will release from all those awful feelings 
their diseases impose, and of all those morbid and sinful proclivities 
thereby created, 2S thus restoring them to their pristine moral excel- 
lence; and making them again as angelic in fact as they are by 
Nature. In other words — 

A large part of the sins and vices of mankind originates, as we 
have demonstrated, from purely physical conditions, all of which con- 
ditions and resultant sins death will necessarily obviate. We little 
realize how much our inflamed bodies distort and demoralize our 
souls ; 30 all of which death will annul. Thus local sexual inflamma- 
tion creates lustful feelings, desires, and actions ; makes its victims 
libertines, adulterers, seducers, and self-defilers, or all combined ; 
whereas but for this organic inflammation they would be real good, 
pure, loving, provident, conjugal mates. Now death will kill this local 
fount of all these vices, and preventive of all these virtues. A great many 
might crave to die if only to substitute these angelic virtues for those 
erotic depravities. Will the reader please take special notice of this 
wholesale slaughter of depraved manifestations thus necessarily effected 
by death's absolute annihilation of their only procuring cause? There 
is no escaping or parrying this really glorious conclusion, that death will 
make short, sharp, killing work of at least nine-tenths of human vices and 
their consequent miseries. Let all who must die shout praises to God 
for a moral purifier, thus sweeping and potential. Death is a necessary 
good y proportionate to its inexorableness, we could not at all aflbrd to 
lose any more than a babe could afford not to be born. All should 
say " I would not live always." The bearing of this principle on 
eternal damnation, which it upsets, is apparent. 

What a glorious chance it thus proffers for reformation, a com- 
plete, radical, fundamental " change of heart," and life ! Many who 
see the folly and feel the misery of their sinful lives would most gladly 



CONSCIENCE: its analysis, cultivation, etc. 929 

change if left to themselves, whereas old cronies keep pushing each 
other on in their sinful, sensual acts. Now death, O ye poor liquor- 
crazed drinkers, et al. y will stop your friendly (? fiendly) tempers from 
tempting you any more. That bad woman or man, O ye sexual 
sinners, has obtained such a magic serpentine power over you, which 
perhaps you return, as to chain you spell-bound to those sexual vices from 
which you would fain be delivered ; now death, like striking the charm- 
ing serpent, will break this magic spell, and free you like the charmed 
bird, give you back your freedom and wings, and enable you to start 
again, and begin exsitence anew. 

3. All our associations and surroundings death will change, 
and thus revolutionize our very life centre, and all its outworkings. 

Changes generally benefit. Every war completely revolu- 
tionizes all warring nations throughout, and always for the better. 
Soldiers by millions broke up all their past avocations and associa- 
tions only on returning to choose much better ones. Deaths often 
change families for the better. Failures in business often work out 
good. And in general changes are more desirable than dreadfuL 
Then why should not this grand life break-up of the past and present 
enable us to turn many a life corner for the better ; cast off many an ex- 
isting hindrance; deliver us from temptation and all our " easily beset- 
ting sins " ; and put us on a life basis both entirely new, and infinitely 
improved ! That calm, peaceful, sweet, good, heavenly, holy, happy, 
beatific, angelic expression often left on the face a few hours after 
death already noted, m incontestably proves that death makes many 
immeasurably happier than life itself; and that its changes are beatific 
beyond our utmost power of conception ! We have proved that Spirit 
tuality renders us inexpressibly happy ; 2l5 now death thus spiritual- 
izes and thereby ecstasises all our Faculties, together with our entire 
beings. I honestly believe our true full view of the other side of 
death is wisely kept mostly from us, because, if we could see clear over 
the Jordan of death so as to get a full soul-ravishing view of the beautiful 
and all glorious "promised land" awaiting us on the other side, 
nobody would remain here, but all would instantly drop all carnal sins, 
all worldly pleasures, all business, speculative, mechanical, official, 
and all other terrestrial pursuits and pleasures, and make one grand 
rush through the portals of death into the gardens of Paradise, now 
wisely hidden by a surrounding opaque wall, so that none would re- 
main to stock the earth, or create offspring, to ultimately pass on to 
its glories. 

117 



930 



MANS MORAL NATURE AND RELATIONS. 



Why not perpetrate suicide then? Because we should lose in 
the long run, by thus plucking ourselves violently from the tree of 
this life before we get well ripened. As no fruit plucked prematurely 
ever obtains its full flavor ; so we must fully grow and mature on the 
tree of this life in order to get our full luscious mental and moral 
growth and flavor for our waiting eternity. None should wish to die 
till they must; while all should live on just as long as possible, in 
order to thus start on the other side, upon the highest and most ad- 
vantageous platform possible. This is another health-caring motive. 

4. The second birth is the true name for that process we now 
wrongly denominate death. It is not death. It is but an invigorating 
sleep, preparatory to starting the race of eternity, and infinitely re- 
doubling to our capacities. It is to life what the chrysalis state is to 



KIXDN'ESS LARGE. 





No. 154. — Mr. Gosse. — Gave away 
two Fortunes. 



No. 155. — Judas, Jr. 



worms — that which puts up into wings, etc, that food-material eaten 
in the worm state, only to enable it to fly instead of crawling; sip the 
delicious nectar of flowers in place of eating coarse-leaf garbage ; and 
immeasurably enhancing its beauty, locomotion, intelligence, range of 
vision, and all its powers of accomplishing and enjoying. This life is 
our worm state ; antenatal life is our egg state ; death is our chrysalis 
change ; and eternity is our butterfly state. Let us wait patiently till 
Nature fits us fully for it, but rather desire than dread our last terres- 
trial sleep ! or rather, our second birth. 

We often feel that when we die we shall go " home" to our 
final place of rest and abode, and we shall ! This strong yearning 
and natural anticipation has its prospective reality ! 



KINDNESS: ITS ANALYSIS, CULTIVATION, ETC. 



931 



The Author humbly begs that his readers will scan well those 
phrenological corner-stones on which this temple of our future state is 
reared. Every principle here laid down is true, and every conclusion 
deduced therefrom is legitimate. Neither of these premises nor conclu- 
sions can be shaken or invalidated one iota. This mere glance at 
futurity will bear, and may receive, future amplification. It certainly 
deserves present thoughtful consideration. 

XXII. Kindness: or, "Benevolence." 



KINDNESS VERY LARGE. 



227. — Its Definition, Location, Discovery, Adaptation, etc. 

The Good Samaritan; pity; compassion; goodness; sympathy 
for distress ; humanity ; philanthropy ; the self-sacrificing, humane, 
accommodating, missionary spirit; desire to make and see others 
happy; hospitality. 

Its location is on the fore part of the top head, on its middle 
line, in front of Worship ; commencing about where the hair begins 
to grow, and running back nearly to the middle of 
the top head. It is directly in front of the fon- 
tanelle. It is immense in Eustache, who 
ceived the premium for goodness. 

Its Natural Language 
bends the body, and especially 
the head, forward, towards the 
one pitied. Extra good and 
generous persons never stand 
up straight, nor bend back- 
wards, but always forwards. 
It is very large in Bishop 
White, who opened the sign- 
ing of our immortal Declara- 
tion of Independence with 




re- 



NATURAL LANGUAGE OF 
WORSHIP AND KIND- 
NESS. 




No. 156. — Eustachi 



prayer, and was confessedly 



No. 157. — Bishop 
White, of Indepen- 
dence Memory. 



one of the best men in the world. The natural language of both 
Worship and Kindness is most apparent in this likeness of him, as 
are both these organs. 

Gall discovered it thus. An intimate friend said to him, " Since 
you are seeking signs of character in the head, you should examine 
that of my servant, Joseph, whose goodness has no limit. In the ten 
years he has been with me, he has shown only the utmost of kindness 



932 man's moral nature and relations. 

and gentleness, though brought up with a rabble of servants." Gall 
then remembered a young man he had known from boyhood, who had 
always distinguished himself by his goodness of heart. Though pas- 
sionately fond of out-of-door sports, forest rambles, etc., yet he always 
bestowed on his sick brothers and sisters the most assiduous attentions ; 
and when grapes, fruits, and dainties were distributed to all alike, he 
always retained the smallest share, and delighted to see others better 
served than himself; besides caring for pet animals, and weeping 
when they died. He retained this marked trait all through life. 
This made Gall suspect that goodness was innate, not acquired. One 
of the very best of boys was also pointed out to Gall, who took a bust 
of all three heads, and examined them side by side, and found one 
prominence common to them all in this organ ; and extending his ob- 
servations to schools, families, and animals, he soon confirmed this dis- 
covery by innumerable facts; so that he says "no fundamental 
Faculty and organ is better established. Since its discovery, nearly 
every day has confirmed it." Many animals manifest both this organ 
and Faculty in a high degree, such as dogs, especially Newfoundland, 
swine, horses, and even swallows, robins, etc. 

Man enjoys and suffers, and is so inter-related to others, 
that he can both enhance the enjoyments and diminish the miseries of 
mankind. If he could experience neither pleasure nor pain, or if all 
were isolated from all, so that they could neither communicate nor re- 
ceive good, Kindness would have been out of place. But it so is, that 
man can both enjoy and suffer, and also promote the happiness and 
assuage the miseries of his fellow-men, and of brutes. To this ordi- 
nance of nature, Kindness is adapted, and adapts man. Without it, 
man would be perfectly callous to the sufferings of others, and hence 
comparatively unrestrained from causing pain, and even taking life, 
which Force and Destruction would prompt him to do, whereas Kind- 
ness makes him shudder to cause suffering or death. Without it, our 
world would be one vast Golgotha of anguish. Not one good Samari- 
tan would be found in all its borders ; but this humane element dresses 
wounds caused by violated law, and pours the oil of consolation into 
troubled souls. No words can express the amount of human happi- 
ness which flows from its exercise. No other fountain of human 
nature yields more. Great as are the moral virtues — justice, 221 faith, 215 
hope, 219 and devotion 202 — the greatest of all is " charity." It is to 
the human character what the benevolence of God is to the divine — 
the final goal to which all the others tend. 1 



KINDNESS : ITS ANALYSIS, CULTIVATION, ETC. 933 

The greatest good of the greatest number, is an unmistakable 
ordinance of Nature. This, and the " goodness of God," have been 
already fully presented. 207 

Man needs a mental Faculty to put him in relation with this 
benign arrangement of Nature, 3 else how could he adapt himself to 
it, or even recognize its existence ! His societarian relations also de- 
mand its perpetual action. 178 Ordained to live in society, he needs 
something to prevent his improving this contiguity to perpetually 
inflict pain on all he meets and can reach. Something must restrain 
Destruction and Force powerfully and perpetually ; else they would 
make war continually. 

All need help, pecuniary, advisatory, sympathetic, or some other. 
We need not be, yet often are sick, 70 the victims of accidents, and sub- 
jects of pains, and even often agonies, 19 from causes innumerable. 
Assistance of one kind or another is frequently most acceptable, and 
sometimes about as necessary to life as food. A scorching fever 
renders you helpless, and indescribably miserable. Without aid you 
must linger on in agony, and die, but that Nature kindly succors you 
by touching the heart of beholders with that pity which " lends a 
helping hand," till your distress is relieved and strength restored. 
You fall. But for the aid of this Faculty all your rivals and enemies 
would rejoice, and try to keep you down, not help you up ; whereas, 
it disposes them so kindly in your favor, that they proffer their aid, put 
you upon your feet, and lend or give you their money, time, and 
labors, and, most of all, heartfelt sympathies, which you gladly recip- 
rocate when they are in need. What provision in nature is more 
beneficial ? How could man live in society without it ! How thank- 
ful should we be that we can " bear each other's burdens," and relieve 
each other's wants and pains ? that is, for this arrangement in Nature, 
and sentiment in man ! 

We bless ourselves by blessing others. Doing good redoubles 
happiness in that delight created by the exercise of this Faculty. To 
receive in time of need is indeed blessed, but to give is far more so. 
A dollar kindly bestowed buys that worth of pleasure to the bene- 
ficiary, and as much more to the giver. Charity is the climax of the 
virtues. Only Infinite Goodness could have invented an institute thus 
glorious. 

228. — Description, Cultivation, and Restraint of Kindness. 
Large. — Are deeply and thoroughly imbued with a benevolent 



934 man's moral nature and relations. 

spirit, and do good spontaneously ; delight to bestow ; make personal 
sacrifices to render others happy ; cannot witness pain or distress, and 
do what can well be done to relieve them ; manifest a perpetual flow 
of disinterested goodness ; with large Friendship and moderate Acqui- 
sition, are too ready to help friends; and with large Hope added, 
especially inclined to endorse for them ; with large Acquisition, bestow 
time more freely than money, yet will also give the latter ; but with 
only average or full Acquisition, freely bestow both substance and per- 
sona] aid ; with large Worship and only full Acquisition, give freely 
to religious objects ; with large Force and Destruction, are more severe 
in word than deed, and threaten more than execute ; with larger moral 
than animal organs, literally overflow with sympathy and practical 
goodness, and reluctantly cause others trouble ; with large reasoning 
organs, are truly philanthropic, and take broad views of reformatory 
measures; with large Friendship and Parental Love, are pre-emi- 
nently qualified for nursing ; with large Causality, give excellent ad- 
vice, etc., and should not let sympathy overrule judgment; with large 
Friendship, Beauty and Ambition, and only average propensities and 
Dignity, are remarkable for practical goodness, live more for others 
than self; with large domestic organs, make great sacrifices for family ; 
with large reflectives, are perpetually reasoning on the evils of society, 
the way to obviate them, and to render mankind happy ; with large 
Friendship, are hospitable ; with moderate Destruction, cannot witness 
pain or death, and revolt at capital punishment; with moderate 
Acquisition, give freely to the needy, and never exact dues from the 
poor ; with large Acquisition, help others to help themselves rather 
than give money ; with large Destruction, Dignity and Firmness, at 
times evince harshness, yet are generally kind. 

Full. — Show a good degree of kind, neighborly, and humane feel- 
ing, except when the selfish Faculties overrule it, yet are not remarka- 
ble for disinterestedness; with large Friendship, manifest kindness 
toward friends ; with large Acquisition, are benevolent when money 
can be made thereby ; with large Conscience, are more just than kind, 
and with large Force and Destruction, are exacting and severe toward 
offenders. 

Average. — Manifest kindness only in conjunction with Friendship 
and other large organs; and with only full Friendship, if kind, are 
so for selfish purposes ; with large Acquisition, give little or nothing, 
yet may sometimes do favors ; with large Worship, are more devout 
than humane ; and with only full reasoning organs, are neither philan- 
thropic nor reformatory. 



KINDNESS : ITS ANALYSIS, CULTIVATION, ETC. 935 

Moderate. — Allow the selfish Faculties to infringe upon the hap- 
piness of others ; with large Force, Destruction, Dignity, and Firm- 
ness, are comparatively hardened to suffering ; and with Acquisition 
and Secretion added, evince almost unmitigated selfishness. 

Small. — Care little for the happiness of man or brute, and do still 
less to promote it ; make no disinterested self-sacrifices ; . are callous to 
human woe ; do few acts of kindness, and those grudgingly, and have 
unbounded selfishness ; feel little and evince none of this sentiment, 
and are selfish in proportion as the other Faculties prompt. 

To cultivate. — Be more generous and less selfish, and more kind 
to all, the sick included ; interest yourself in their wants and woes, as 
well as their relief; and cultivate general philanthropy and practical 
goodness in sentiment and conduct; indulge benevolence in all the 
little affairs of life, in every look and action, and season your whole 
conduct and character with this sentiment. 

To restrain. — Lend and indorse only where you are willing and 
can afford to lose ; give and do less freely than you naturally incline 
to ; bind yourself solemnly not to indorse beyond a given sum ; 
harden yourself against the woes and sufferings of mankind ; avoid 
waiting much on the sick, lest you make yourself sick thereby, for 
your Kindness is in danger of exceeding your strength ; be selfish 
first and generous afterward, and put Kindness under bonds to judg- 
ment. 

Its cultivation by exercise is our sacred duty and privilege. 
Shall God promote the happiness of all His creatures, in every work 
of His hands, and shall not man, too, be " co-workers " with Him ? 
Shall we receive a constant outpouring of every conceivable means of 
enjoyment from Him, and shall we not do by others as we would that 
He should do by us ? Allowed to be partakers with Him in this 
glorious work of disseminating happiness, shall we not accept the 
divine proffer? An example thus set us by Infinite Goodness, 
shall we not follow ? Even in order to secure our own happiness we 
must seek that of others. " Blessed are the merciful, for they shall 
obtain mercy." 

" The poor we have always with us," that we may never lack op- 
portunities of doing good. Yet how negligent are we of the duty we 
owe them ! We have indeed provided poorhouses for them ; but 
many will suffer most direfully before they will consent " to come 
upon the town." Such are often the most deserving, and should be 
sought out and aided in some delicate way, which shall not wound 



936 man's moral nature and relations. 

their pride. Public institutions can never take the place of private 
charity. We must do good in person, and from love of it — must feed 
the hungry, clothe the naked, visit the sick, and scatter happiness 
wherever we go, with our own hands. This alone exercises Kindness, 
and secures its reward. 

Giving money is not, however, always necessary. We can often 
do great good without ; and frequently help the poor far more effectu- 
ally by helping them to help themselves, than by direct donations. 
Indeed, the latter way is by far the best. The Quaker method of 
supporting their poor is as efficacious as admirable, and should super- 
sede poor-houses. Employment should be furnished to those who are 
able and willing to work, and they paid liberal wages. This taking 
advantage of their necessities to "grind their faces," is outrageous. 
Rather pay them over than under the real worth. Let those who own 
lands give the needy an opportunity to raise their own produce, and 
thus encourage industry. This giving to mendicants of whom you 
know nothing, often subjects the donor to imposition, as well as 
injures recipients, by furnishing them with the means of getting 
drunk, and the like. There are always enough whom we know to be 
deserving. 

The London Times, after arguing the utter folly of attempting 
to feed all their poor by donation, urges one most noble suggestion — 
that those gentlemen's immense parks, now rendered comparatively 
unproductive by being kept for hunting-grounds, be made accessible 
to the poor, so that they can raise thereon the necessaries of life. To 
prevent the tillage of land while human beings are starving for what 
they would, if allowed, raise upon it, is utterly wrong. Land is the 
common birth-right of all God's children. Every member of the 
human family has an " inalienable right " to food, and the means of 
procuring it, that is, if he cannot attain it without, to the use of as 
much land as will give him his " daily bread." This fencing in land from 
the famishing, for pleasure-grounds merely, and putting in the pocket 
of exclusiveness the deeds of thousands of acres on which to speculate, 
is an outrage on human rights, and robbery on a great scale. As well 
speculate in the air of heaven, and let those suffocate who cannot buy 
it at exorbitant profits ! Buy land enough to raise a living ! Western 
" squatters " are right. The public lands should be free to occupants. 
Grant this, and we should have no poor, for it would render produce 
cheap, and wages high. 

Planting fruit-trees by the wayside, and in unoccupied land, and 



KINDNESS : ITS ANALYSIS, CULTIVATION, ETC. 937 

allowing the poor to gather their own fruit, and sell the balance for 
grain, would subserve a similar end. Providing for the necessities of 
the poor would also banish most crimes, as well as wretchedness, and 
thus save the enormous expenses of courts, prisons, and lawyers. 
Poverty is a prolific parent of robbery, burglary, murder, etc. ; and a 
generous public spirit and provision for the poor would both remove 
all excuse, and also bind all so cordially to all, in the strong bonds of 
brotherly love, as effectually to suppress most forms of wickedness. 
Kindness will convert the most hardened into good members of 
society. The selfishness of society provokes most of those out- 
rages on its laws and peace which we try to arrest by punishment, but 
in vain. 

Professing Christians especially should, like their great Exem- 
plar, "go about doing good." Should they ride in splendid car- 
riages, live in princely palaces, amass fortunes, and then despise their 
poor fellow-beings, because of their poverty ? And let us all do what- 
ever good we can, in all the walks of life ; not merely by relieving 
human woe, but especially by that kind, humane conduct and carriage 
which this Faculty always produces. 

Individual charities by no means constitute the widest or most 
profitable field for the exercise of this Faculty. Men have minds as 
well as bodies. We can often benefit the rich even more than the 
poor. Not by condolence merely, often a source of great relief and 
comfort, but by reforming them. Every evil is to be done away, and 
every human power to enjoy developed. This progressive doctrine 
pervades our work. But all this must be brought about by means. 
And those means must be used by men. These are the largest fields 
in which to exercise Kindness — fields all whitened for the harvest. 
Individual charity only lops off now and then a twig of the great tree 
of human woe. We can and should lay the axe at its root. Thus, 
though feeding and clothing a few of those wives and children brought 
to want by intemperate fathers and husbands may do good, yet to pre- 
vent this misery-generating traffic, and render the inebriate temperate, 
would do infinitely more ; because the labors of the reformed father 
would then provide for them far better than private donations, and at 
the same time render them inexpressibly happy in the restoration of their 
father and husband to their affections. Nor should we slumber over 
such public misery-breeders, but resolutely attack and demolish them. 
And thus of many other evils, and their causes. 

Our world is full of like causes of depravity and woe. And 



938 man's moral nature and relations. 

these causes must be removed. And every one of us is under a moral 
obligation to do all we can to obviate them. To sleep over this 
glorious work is sinful ; to engage in doing it is the greatest privilege 
of mortals. And to do it, men require, more than anything else, a knowl- 
edge of the causes and cures of their miseries; so that all should embrace 
and make every possible opportunity for obtaining and diffusing this 
knowledge. This glorious field of human reformation, now all white 
for the harvest, we should all labor with our utmost endeavors to 
gather. 

The young should be especially prompted to Kindness. It is 
small till about the second year, because Nature will not spend her 
energies in developing it till they are old enough to do good with it ; 
but from two years old upward it becomes one of theif most promi- 
nent organs. Hence they should be pleasantly requested to do those 
numberless little errands and favors which so effectually promote the 
happiness of all around them, and in the doing of which they take so 
much pleasure. They delight in action, and love to oblige, and these 
little runs gratify both. Their natural pleasantness and good-nature, 
and that gushing fountain of disinterested Kindness which flow forth 
in every action and feature of lovely childhood, and shed so much 
happiness on all around, should by all means be encouraged, both for 
their own sakes, and that, when grown up, they may bless all around 
by their goodness, instead of curse all by their selfishness. To secure 
so desirable a result, various simple yet efficacious expedients may be 
devised, among w r hich kindness to them stands first. Kindness ex- 
cites Kindness; 68 so that every favor you do them, provided your 
manner is also kind, awakens this divine sentiment in them. Evince 
a deep and permanent interest in their welfare, and a disposition to 
gratify them whenever to do so is proper, and depend upon it, they 
too will always be good to you and to all around them. 

Encourage liberality in them, and see that their generosity is 
amply rewarded. Give them things, and encourage their sharing 
them with each other. Epsecially show them how much more they 
enjoy what they divide. When they refuse to give, show them how 
unhappy their selfishness renders them. Give them a full supply, so 
that they shall not want, even if they are liberal. Be generous to 
them, and they also will give freely ; but stint them, and they will 
give sparingly and grudgingly. Mothers especially should improve 
those thousands of incidents furnished by their plays for developing 
this Faculty. Prevent their seeing animal butchery. Send them 



KINDNESS: ITS ANALYSIS, CULTIVATION, ETC. '939 

from home killing days, if such days must come. Yet many boys are 
allowed even to go from home to witness it. At first they always 
shudder at the sight as something most horrible, and so it is. 100 A 
girl in whom Kindness is large, on seeing a calf going to be 
slaughtered, besought her father to buy it in order to spare its life, 
which he gratified her by doing. She never allows herself to taste 
animal food, because its consumption augments its slaughter, the 
thoughts of which she cannot endure. 

Adults should not sear their Kindness by witnessing or perpetrat- 
ing such slaughter, because this arraying Destruction against it, 
blunts Kindness. The naturally large Kindness of a friend of the 
Author, who resided near a place of animal torture, was so wrought 
up by their piteous groans, and by the blows with which they were 
beaten while dying, so as to make their meat tender, that he finally 
remonstrated with the butcher, but to no effect. At last, he threat- 
ened to make him groan if he heard any more such bellowings in 
his yard, and in a manner so determined as to put a stop to them. 
He would not suffer his own Kindness, or that of his family, to be 
thus calloused. 

Shooting birds is, if possible, still worse ; because, though their 
sufferings are short, yet such wanton destruction of these happy, 
harmless songsters, sears the gunner's Kindness. Hunting birds 
exerts a most pernicious and hardening influence on boys. Besides, 
why deprive us of the pleasure of listening to their sweet warblings ? 
They also preserve vegetation by devouring worms. Probably, an 
abundance and variety of birds would destroy the insect of late so 
detrimental to the wheat, potato, and other crops. Wrens, when bee- 
hives are elevated, go under them mornings, and consume that fatal 
enemy of these sweet-collectors, the worm. All wanton destruc- 
tion violates Kindness, and must therefore be injurious in all its 
effects. He is practically inhuman who " needlessly sets foot upon a 
worm." 

If it be objected, that to kill wild and noxious animals, hawks in- 
cluded, is necessary to human happiness, the answer is, that Nature 
causes them to retire at the approach of man ; and this saves the wear 
and tear of Kindness in killing them. Still there is less, if any, ob- 
jection to their destruction ; but robbing harmless birds of life, just 
from love of killing, is most barbarous. 

Its restraint and due regulation sometimes becomes im- 
portant. Though it cannot be too powerful, provided it is rightly 



940 man's moral nature and relations. 

directed, yet it is often exercised most injudiciously, so as to do much 
more harm than good. How many have failed, ruined their creditors, 
and beggared dependent families, by lending, endorsing, and yielding 
to sympathy, in opposition to judgment? How much more good they 
could have done by spending their money otherwise ! Those who 
solicit help most urgently, too often deserve it least. Give, but let it 
be judiciously. But never endorse. If you have a surplus, give 
it outright, and lend only what you can afford to lose. 

A Portland bookseller, in 1860, agent for my works, whom 
I requested to engage hall and see printers for me, in advance of my 
arrival, when I called to thank him for doing so much and so well for 
one he had never seen personally, replied : — 

"I owe you the thanks, not you me, because serving you gave me 
a great deal of real pleasure, which makes me that much a gainer in 
enjoyment. And if ever you want my farther aid, please give me 
another opportunity to make myself happy by serving you." 

That benefactor deserves to be immortalized for stating thus 
practically this natural law of human kindness ; and as long as he 
exists — forever — he will continue to enjoy the rewards of that 
" labor of love." 

The juxtaposition of Kindness and Worship commands their 
conjoint action j or that we should do good to man from love of God. 
We have shown that Worship is the most exalted sentiment in man. 
Yet Kindness is equally high up, and still farther forward ; and the 
two together occupy the very highest and most exalted seat in " the 
dome of thought, and palace of the soul." To love God is most 
pleasurable and beneficial, and to do good to man is equally so ; but 
to unite both by bestowing perpetual kindnesses on the common chil- 
dren of our common Father above as our brethren and sisters "in the 
Lord" involves the conjoint exercise of our two highest and largest 
organs. Largest in this sense. As a large index finger is larger than 
a large little finger ; and thigh than finger ; so a large organ of Kind- 
ness is twenty times larger than large Color, or Size; and of course its 
exercise gives a correspondingly greater amount of happiness. 

Helping each other is a duty. The existence of this Faculty 
in all imposes an obligation on all to exercise it. " The good Samari- 
tan" did no more than his duty, and no more than all are bound to do 
under like circumstances. One to whom we have given our lawful 
note has a valid claim on us for its payment, but no more valid than 
have those in distress for our aid and money when they are in real 



KINDNESS : ITS ANALYSIS, CULTIVATION, ETC. 941 

want. Our Heavenly Father it is who makes these demands for 
help, through His suffering children, to which He has put us under 
sacred bonds to respond by the very tenor and structure of our being 
itself. His implanting this humane sentiment is His personal order 
that we exercise it. Let no legitimate claims on our generosity ever 
go to protest. And we must give all our cups of cold water for God's 
sake ; no virtue is as exalted as charity with this divine motive. 

" Your doctrines clash. Just now you enforced the doctrine of pure 
selfishness, and looking out for number one first » 62 ; whereas here you 
turn square round, eat your own doctrines, and command doing good 
as a paramount duty." 

Self first, othees next is the natural law. Unless we did look out 
for self first, we should have nothing to bestow, whether of dollars or 
strength. Men should make themselves and their dependants safe 
from want first, and bestow the rest while they live, not, like Girard, 
leave it to corrupt city governments and rascally politicians. 163 

Take care how you injure God's anointed ; for He has sharp- 
eyed sentinels stationed all around to note and avenge all wrongs. 
This sympathetic sentiment gives every man & personal interest in the 
welfare of all his fellows. Though he may wrong them, yet he will 
not let you. Abuse awakens sympathy, and this revenge. 

The glorious truths Phrenology teaches respecting "man's moral 
nature and relations," deserves careful consideration and revision. 
Reflective reader, please duly ponder the august problems here an- 
nounced of the divine existence, attributes, worship, works, etc., of 
immortality, both as a natural fact, and as it stands related to our 
own selves, and then say, whether the hackneyed charge that this 
science tends to infidelity and immorality is not both utterly futile, 
and even libellous ; and whether any sermons or books whatever teach 
as exalted morality, as heart-felt devotion, or as much natural theology, 
as does this slandered science. Where are faith, hope, and charity as 
effectually inculcated and enforced ? Does it not cast the optics of 
inductive philosophy across the river of death, and reveal not only a 
future existence itself, but its necessary conditions and surroundings ? 
Can you not see farther and more clearly into " the life to come " 
through them than any other ? What sermons or " means of grace " 
bear any comparison with these doctrines in enforcing love to God 
and man, and a holy, exalted, pure, devoted moral life ? God and 
man*forgive the maligners of this man-elevating science. They know 
not what they do ! 



942 THE SELF-PERFECTING GROUP. 



CHAPTER III. 

THE SELF-PERFECTING GROUP. 

Love of, and talent for the fine arts ; and for improvement in self- 
perfection, and obtaining and acquiring whatever is beautiful and 
perfect. 

This group elevates and chastens the animal Faculties, prevents 
the propensities, even when strong, from taking on their grosser sensual 
forms of action, and hence is rarely found in criminals ; exalts even 
the moral sentiments, and constitutes a stepping-stone from the animal 
to the moral, and a connecting link between the moral and the intel- 
lectual in man. 

Large. — Perfectly abhor the coarse, low, sensual, carnal, and 
animal action of the propensities, and admire the beautiful and per- 
fect in Nature and art ; with strong propensities, manifest them in a 
proper manner ; with a large moral lobe, adopt imposing and eloquent 
forms of religion, as the Episcopalian ; aspire after a higher and 
more perfect state or style of feeling, character, and conduct ; and 
discard the imperfect and sensual in all their forms. 

Full. — Like style, but can live without it; are like large in 
quality, only less in degree. 

Average. — Have only commonplace aspirations after a higher life, 
and love of the fine arts, etc. 

Moderate. — Are comparatively indifferent to the beauties of 
Nature and art ; fail both to appreciate and adopt them, and prefer 
common houses, clothes, furniture, and style of living to the artistical 
and stylish, and feel out of place when surrounded by the elegances 
of life ; with large Worship, have a rude religion, etc. 

Small. — Are rude, uncultivated, contented with iew and plain 
articles of dress, furniture, property, etc. ; prefer the rudeness of 
savage to the elegances of civic life ; and are almost destitute of these 
perfecting aspirations and sentiments. 

To cultivate. — Associate with persons of wit, ingenuity, and re- 
finement ; visit galleries of art and mechanism, scenes of beauty and 
perfection, and read poetry and other works of the most polished and 
refined writers. 



CONSTRUCTION : ITS ANALYSIS, CULTURE, ETC. 



943 



To restrain. — Give more attention to the common affairs of life, 
and refrain from fostering esthetic subjects ; read history, science, and 
metaphysics rather than poetry, romance, etc. 



XXIII. Construction, or "Constructiveness." 

229. — Its Definition, Location, Discovery, and Philosophy. 

The mechanic — Ingenuity ; manual skill and dexterity ; handi- 
ness about work ; mechanical genius ; slight of hand in turning off 
work; disposition and ability to mend, tinker, fix up, make, build, 
manufacture, etc. ; knack in tool using ; invention ; love of machinery, 
and ability to construct and run it ; skill in drawing, writing, sewing, 
folding, packing, etc. 

Its location is in the lower and frontal portion of the temples. In 

CONSTRUCTION VERY LARGE. SMALL. 





No. 158. — Jacob Jordan. 



No. 159. — Lord Liverpool. 



broad built and stocky persons it causes this part of the temples to 
widen and bulge out, but in tall, long-headed persons at spreads out 
upon them, and hence shows to be less than it really is. 

" It is about half covered by the very considerably developed con- 
volutions of the middle lobes. When large it manifests itself in the 
cranium by a protuberance shaped like the segment of a sphere, an 
inch Or more in diameter at its base. It is placed sometimes a little 
higher, or a little lower, according as the neighboring organs are more 
or less developed, and lies immediately behind Music, and above 
Numbers. An unpractised eye might easily confound it with Acquisi- 
tion, which is lengthened from behind forward, and, when very con- 
siderable, extends to the external edge of the superciliary arch ; while 
the protuberance formed by Construction, on the contrary, is round, 
and placed above that of Acquisition, as in Raphael and Michael 



944 THE SELF-PERFECTING GROUP. 

Angelo. When ample, it gives the temples a prominence equal to 
that of the zygomatic region; so that great mechanicians have heads 
apparently enclosed between two parallel planes. In very distin- 
guished artists this region is extremely prominent, and appears like 
a cushion, which engravers, painters, and sculpturers regard as a 
deformity, and therefore never express in its whole development. The 
deficiency of the organs in the anterior lateral part of the forehead 
sometimes leaves the temples of great mechanicians less prominent 
than their zygomatic region." 

" At Yienna, and in the whole course of our travels, we found this 
organ developed among all artists, draftsmen, and mechanicians in 
proportion to their talents." — Gall. 

" In animals ability to construct is not in proportion to their under- 
standing. The beaver, with less intellect than the dog, surpasses him 
in Construction. The skulls of animals which build and burrow, 
have this organ much larger than those which do not. The beaver, 
marmot and hamster have it distinctly expressed. By it birds build 
nests, rabbits burrow, beavers build huts, and man hovels, palaces, 
temples, ships, engines of war, toys, clothes, and instruments of all 
kinds. It gives manual nicety, as in drawing, engraving, writing, 
carving, sculpture, and tool using generally. Many men of great 
intellectual endowments can never acquire manual dexterity." — 
Spurzheim. 

11 This organ is situated on that part of the frontal bone imme- 
diately above the spheno-temporal suture. It lies on the posterior 
lateral portion of the super-orbital plate. Its appearance and situa- 
tion vary according to the development of the neighboring organs. 
If the z} T gomatic process is very projecting, or if the middle lobes of 
the brain, or the forehead in general, are greatly developed, its size 
is less easily distinguished. If the base of the brain is narrow, this 
organ is a little higher than usual, and appears as high up as Tune." — 
Combe. 

James Milne, of Edinburgh, whose apprentices Spurzheim ex- 
amined, and told so correctly which would and would not make good 
workmen, says he will not take any apprentice who has not this 
organ large. 

Its Adaptation is first to that mechanical attribute of Nature, 
by means of which, whatever is made is a perfect and perfectly 
finished piece of mechanical contrivance and workmanship; and 
next to man's need of things made, such as houses, clothes, tools, and 
conveniences of all kinds. On examining any and all leaves, blades 
of grass, vegetables, grains, trees, etc., we find the most perfect mechan- 
ical contrivance and execution, from one end to the other. Behold, 
as a wonderful piece of mechanism, the structure of trees, their limbs, 
and junction with the body, their roots themselves, and their junction 
with their bodies, and the tremendous mechanical power they execute, 
and then say how wonderful is vegetable construction ! 



CONSTRUCTION : ITS ANALYSIS, CULTURE, ETC. 945 

Animal and human mechanism is however immeasurably more 
perfect. Scan any and every joint, its grooves, hinges, tendons, etc., 
all the muscles, nerves and tissues of the whole body, the lungs, eyes, 
skin, any part separately, and all collectively, and say what human 
workmanship or machine bears any comparison with this divine work- 
manship. 207 How infinitely minute yet perfect the capillary ramifica- 
tions of blood-vessels, glands, nerves, muscles, fibres, etc. ! How inimi- 
tably perfect in invention and execution the mechanism of the human 
body ! Nothing is superfluous, nor anything wanted but is supplied. 
Its functions, how numerous, how complicated, how efficient ! Yet 
every one of them is effected by some instrumentality, for Nature 
never works without tools. Though we do not understand a hun- 
dredth part of those contrivances employed throughout the human 
body, yet what we do understand is worthy of all admiration. 

The Infinite Mechanist of the universe has also stamped 
upon all His works certain mechanical laws, which are generally 
self-acting. Of this the heart, lungs, stomach, and all our physical 
functions furnish examples. They "whistle themselves" in their 
growth, their various functions, and their decline. 

This self-acting principle doubtless moves the earth, sun,, 
and stars through their immense cycles, and both generates and 
applies the power required to propel such huge masses with such 
mighty velocity and precision. The Newtonian theory is incorrect. 270 
The true one proceeds on certain simple yet efficient mechanical prin- 
ciples, and embraces a self-moviug and self-regulating law of perpetual 
motion. That principle exists in Nature, and will yet be discovered 
and applied by man, not by any arrangement of machinery, but by 
the generation and combination of some application of those two 
self-attracting and repelling forces which constitute magnetism, light, 
heat, galvanism, all the same, produce growth, and constitute the 
motive power of universal Nature. But — 

The human mind towers far above all else, merely as a machine, 
in both its invention and construction. All else in Nature is nothing 
compared with the mechanism manifested in its construction. All 
attempts at its description only beggar it. Only a profound phren- 
ologist can comprehend its beauty or perfection, nor he only begin. 
How admirable are all the works of God, and how full of the divinity 
of their Author ! But thou, O mind, excel] est them alL Think what the 
creation of an immaterial, immortal, sentient, reasoning entity, capable 

of all those varied emotions we perform, and in such almost angelic 
119 



916 THE SELF-PERFECTING GROUP. 

power, means. O Thou Maker of heaven, earth, and the human 
soul, all Thy works, like Thyself, are indeed infinite, but Thy last 
how infinitely Thy greatest ! " There the whole Deity is shown ! " 
Its mechanical construction is what this work attempts to expound. 

Man is endowed with this mechanical capacity and intuition and 
so constituted as to require houses, garments, tools, agricultural, me- 
chanical, and other implements, and to employ machinery in making 
innumerable means of comfort and utility. This Faculty enables the 
farmer, mechanic, and laborer to execute their every stroke with the 
hammer, saw, axe, scythe, and every other tool used by man ; work- 
men to build houses, manufactories, and floating palaces; mechanics 
to invent and construct all kinds of labor-saving machinery, with 
which they make all sorts of fabrics and articles of human comfort 
and luxury; and even to compel water, wind, and storm to become 
his workmen. Behold that floating palace ! See her plow the mighty 
deep ; perform her prescribed voyages, and even outride those terrific 
gales ! Every breeze, from whatever quarter, propels her only for- 
ward ! See those countless machines all over the land executing all 
sorts of labor for human comfort, and doing over four million days' 
work every day, except Sundays and holidays, in Massachusetts 
alone. Behold the human face divine transferred to canvass and the 
Daguerreon disk ! How useful, how necessary, this mechanical genius 
in man ! And how many and great the enjoyments it creates ! 

Without made things how much better would man be than 
beast? A little, but not much. Civilization itself depends more 
on manufactures than on any thing else, except religion and gallantry. 
All kinds of work and labor are but its execution. But for it we 
could never build a house, nor even a rude hut ; could not make a 
rag of clothes, nor a tool, nor any physical convenience of any kind ; 
nor even write, though then we should have nothing to write on, or 
with. Even chewing and swallowing are mechanical executions, and 
impossible without this Faculty. But for its aid no cat could catch or 
eat a mouse, or eject its refuse, and the circulation of the blood is 
eifected by means purely mechanical. 

All kinds of property become so only through intellectual 
work bestowed upon it. Raising cotton is a mechanical operation, as 
is its baling, shipping, cording, spinning, weaving, dyeing, stamping, 
transporting, cutting out garments, making up and wearing them ; 
and thus of every thing else. Mining iron ore and coal, building 
and running blast furnaces, making steel, and useful articles out of 



CONSTRUCTION: ITS ANALYSIS, CULTURE, ETC. 947 

it, edge-tools, and using them, even farming, and ten thousand other 
like things all are perpetually doing, are but its handy work, and 
impossible without it. Behold, O man, both our dependence on this 
Faculty, and the perpetual round of enjoyments in forms innummer- 
able it confers on man ! 

Things are worth much more than they cost. Giles Filley, of 
St. Louis, a natural mechanician, with a long clear head as well as 
skilful hand, has mined and carried ore and coal from their native 
beds to his foundry; invented and put up machinery to smelt iron, 
and carry it through all its stages till cast into stoves ; got up and im- 
proved on patterns ; hired and paid workmen ; built whatever is 
necessary to a great and first-class stove manufactory ; cast, fitted up, 
sold, and shipped nearly one million superb stoves, which, all 
up and down the long arms of that great " Father of waters," are 
warming and cooking for many millions of human beings, and pro- 
moting their comfort, and will continue to do so for ages, all of whom 
owe Giles Filley a debt of' gratitude as great as his stoves are worth 
more than they cost, which is considerable. Every workman is a 
public benefactor, and should so be regarded — not a menial to be des- 
pised, but a philanthropist to be honored. Artisans are underrated. 

All inventors of any new labor-saving machine deserve riches 
and honors to their hearts' content ; for as genuine public benefactors 
they have no superiors, except in those who write and disseminate 
useful books — the very highest stroke of mental mechanism extant — 
that of mind not matter, for the framing of sentences, and conception 
and arrangement of ideas as in getting up books and papers, along 
with their chirography, is an outworking of this Faculty. 

A distinct class of the mental operations is thus performed ; 
differing from all others. Of course, they must be executed by some 
primal mental Faculty and cerebral organ, we very properly christen 
Construction ; though Workativeness would do equally well, as would 
also Mechanism. 

230. — Description, Combinations, Culture, etc., of Con- 
struction. 
Large. — Show extraordinary mechanical ingenuity, and a perfect 
passion for making everything ; are able and disposed to tinker, mend, 
fix up, build, manufacture, employ machinery, etc.; show mechan- 
ical skill and dexterity in whatever is done with the hands; with 
large Imitation, Form, Size, and Locality, have first-rate talents as 



948 THE SELF-PERFECTING GROUP. 

an artist, and for drawing, engraving, etc. ; and with Color added, 
are excellent limners ; with Beauty, add taste to skill ; with large 
Causality and perceptives, add invention to execution, etc. ; with large 
Causality and perceptives, Eventuality and Intuition, are inventive ; 
and with large Imitation added, can make after a pattern, and both 
copy the improvements of others, and supply defects by original in- 
ventions, as well as improve on the mechanical contrivances of others; 
make head save hands of self and others ; are a natural boss, and 
direct work and working men to excellent advantage; with the mental 
Temperament, and large intellectual organs and Beauty, employ in- 
genuity in constructing sentences, arranging words, and forming 
essays, sentences, books, etc. 

Full. — Can, when occasion requires, employ tools and use the 
hands in making, tinkering, and fixing up, and turn off work with 
skill, yet have no great natural passion or ability therein ; with prac- 
tice, can be a good workman ; without it, would not excel. 

Average. — Are like full, only less gifted in this respect. 

Moderate. — Are rather awkward in the use of tools, and in 
manual operations of every kind ; with large Causality and percep- 
tives, show more talent to invent than execute, yet little in either ; 
with the mental Temperament, evince some mental construction, yet 
not much manual ingenuity, etc. 

» Small. — Are deficient in the tool-using capability ; awkward in 
making and fixing up things ; poor in understanding and managing 
machinery ; take hold of work awkwardly and wrong end first ; write 
poorly, and lack both kinds of construction. 

The assiduous cultivation of a Faculty thus useful, is almost 
as important as civilization itself, in which it plays so leading a part. 
The idea that only mechanics make any practical use of it, is a great 
mistake ; for every human being uses it, in all to which he puts his 
hands. All farmers and workers in any and all sorts of manual oc- 
cupations ; all merchants in putting up, taking down, cutting, pack- 
ing, folding, and wrapping their goods ; all who use the pen in mak- 
ing letters and words ; all who frame books, essays, paragraphs, or 
sentences ; all who speak in public or converse in private, or even 
think or feel ; all who do anything, in whatever they do, as well as 
mechanics proper ; all mankind, rich and poor, wise and foolish, old 
and young, require and use this constructing instinct and capability. 
All should therefore cultivate it — artists, mechanics, operatives, and 
workers, that they may excel in their respective pursuits, and still 



CONSTRUCTION: ITS ANALYSIS, CULTURE, ETC. 949 

more those who would live by or enjoy their mental powers. Tool 
using skill is of incalculable value to all, and will enable them to 
execute many jobs, trifling and important, which they can do for 
themselves better than any one else can do for them. Exercising it 
also greatly facilitates that muscular exercise shown so indispensable to 
health and talents. 148 

A good chirography, a plain, easy, and rapid formation of let- 
ters and words, is of great utility in all stations in life, is secured 
in part by Construction, and should be cultivated by all. To acquire 
this, drawing should be taught along with writing. Both consist in 
transferring forms to paper, and greatly aid each other. In fact, read- 
ing, writing, and drawing, are virtually one, and should be taught 
together. On this point, Hon. Horace Mann, State Superintendent of 
Massachusetts' schools, says, in a report of visits to schools in Europe : 
"Such excellent handwriting as I saw in the Prussian schools, I 
never saw before. I can hardly express myself too strongly on this 
point. In Great Britain, France, or in our own country, I have 
never seen schools worthy to be compared with theirs, in this respect. 
This superiority cannot be attributed in any degree to a better manner 
of holding the pen, for I never saw so great a proportion in any 
schools where the pen is so awkwardly held. This excellence must 
be referred in a great degree to the universal practice of drawing con- 
temporaneously with learning to write. I believe a child will learn 
both to draw and write sooner and with more ease than he will learn 
writing alone. In the course of my tour, I passed from countries 
where almost every pupil in the school could draw with ease, and 
most of them with no inconsiderable degree of beauty and expression, 
to those where drawing was not practised at all, and came to the con- 
clusion that, with no other guide but the copy-books of the pupils, I 
could tell whether drawing was taught in school or not. 

" Drawing, of itself, is an expressive and beautiful language. 
A few strokers of the pen, or pencil, will often represent to the eye 
what no amount of words, however well chosen, can communicate. 
For all master architects, engravers, engineers, pattern-designers, 
draughtsmen, moulders, machine-builders, and head mechanics, of 
all kinds, acknowledge that this art is essential and indispensable ; but 
there is no department of business or condition of life where this 
accomplishment would not be of utility." 

To cultivate. — Try your hand in using tools, and turning off work 
of any and every kind ; if in any writing business, try to write well 



950 . THE SELF-PERFECTING GROUP. 

and cut florishes ; if a mechanic, do with skill and dexterity what you 
undertake, etc. ; observe and study machinery and inventions, and 
call out this Faculty in its various phases by work. 

In children this Faculty is unusually active, and organ large, and 
should be especially cultivated. Hence their fondness for hammers, 
nails, knives, and tools. This tool-using propensity should be indulged, 
and they encouraged to make and use kites, wind-mills, mill-dams, 
water-wheels, bows and arrows, cross-guns, miniature sleds, boats, 
railroads, steam-engines, etc. Instead of this, when boys draw pic- 
tures on slates, in place of ciphering, they are scolded or chastised, 
yet they should be encouraged in it. Many could well afford to pay 
liberally to be able to sketch well. 

To restrain. — Give yourself more to the exercise of your other 
Faculties, and less to mechanical inventions and executions ; especially 
attempt no chimerical inventions, perpetual motion, and the like ; and 
spend no more time or money on them than you can spare without 
inconvenience. Whenever it encroaches unduly on one's time or other 
duties, exhausts a family support on perpetual motion, inventions, etc., 
it should be restrained ; nor should any make anything not useful. 

XXIV. Beauty, or "Idealit y." 

231. — Its Definition, Location, Discovery, Eationale, etc. 

The Poet — Taste ; refinement ; polish ; style ; finish ; purity ; 
neatness j elegance ; gentility ; exquisiteness ; imagination ; eloquence ; 
sense of propriety ; love of beauty, poetry, flowers, perfection, the fine 
arts, dress etc. ; aspiration after moral elevation, and desire to obviate 
blemishes, etc. When in excess, it creates extreme fastidiousness and 
disgust. 

Its Location is in the upper and frontal portion of the temples, 
just where the head passes from its perpendicular form to its hori- 
zontal, and under, and in front of, the edge of the hair. Its promi- 
nence presses out the sides of the head, as in Fannie Forester, 
Washington Irving, Mirabeau, etc., causing smooth hair to wave or 
bend, as it passes over it. 

"Its ample development causes a prominence on each side of the 
head, commencing about half the height of the forehead, above the 
temples, extending obliquely from below upwards, and from before 
backwards, about two inches ; giving so singular a form to this part 
of the head, that painters and sculptors rarely present them fulry. 
The poets of all ages have this organ large, as in Pindar, Euripides, 



beauty: its analysis, adaptation, culture, etc. 951 



BEAUTY VERY LARGE. 




No. 160. — Washington Irving. 



Sophocles, Heraclides, Plautus, Terence, Virgil, Tibullus, Ovid, 
Juvenal, Horace, Boccaccio, Ariosto, Aretin, Tasso, Milton, Boileau, 
Rousseau, Pope, Young, Gresset, Voltaire, Gesner, Klopstock, 
Wieland, Andrieux, Lemercier, Dupaty, etc." 

" Homer's Head shows two extraordinary prominences in its 
superior lateral parts, which must strike all. Why should 'the 
father of poetry have this form ? ' " 

"The first poet whose form of head struck me, was one of my 
friends, ordinary in other respects, who often composed verses 
extempore. His forehead, immediately above the nose, rose perpen- 
dicularly, then retreated, and extended itself much laterally, as if a 
portion had been super-added to each side. I remembered having 
observed the same form of head in the bust of Ovid. Though all 
poets had not this form of forehead, 3 r et all had these lateral promi- 
nences. Nicolai, of Berlin, invited Spurzheim and myself to see his 
collection of thirty busts of poets, in all of whom this region was 
more or less prominent, according to the talents of each. All subse- 
quent observations confirm this organ. There never has existed, or 
will exist, a poet without this development large." — Gall. 

"A poetic turn of mind results from a peculiar mode of feeling. 
Vividness, glow, exaltation, imagination, inspiration, rapture, exag- 
geration, and warmth of expression, are requisite for poetry. Poets 
depict a fictitious and imaginary world. This Faculty gives glow to the 
other Faculties ; impresses the poetical and ideal ; aspires to imagin- 
ary perfection in every thing; creates enthusiasm in friendship, 
virtue, painting, music, etc. ; produces sentimentally, and leads to 
delicacy and susceptibilit}'. It often acts with 'Spirituality, located 



952 THE SELF-PERFECTING GROUP. 

adjoining it, in embellishing poetry with the mysterious and super- 
natural. Practical exaltation varies with this organ." — Spurzheim. 

"Tell Dr. Gall, I have a mask of Tasso, taken from nature; and 
its lateral breadth at the organ of poetry is enormous." — Brayer. 

11 This Faculty loves exquisiteness, perfection, and the beau-ideal ; 
gives inspiration to the poet ; stimulates these Faculties which form 
ideas to create perfect scenes ; inspires man with a ceaseless love of 
improvement, and prompts him to form and realize splendid concep- 
tions ; imparts an elevated strain to language, and shows a splendor 
of eloquence and poetic feeling; and gives to conversation a fasci- 
nating sprightliness and buoyancy — the opposite of dryness and 
dulness. " — Combe. 

Poetry, the first name given by Gall to this Faculty, is correct, for 
it constitutes the soul of poetry, but is too restricted, for it is quite as 
constituent a part of oratory, as poetry, and of painting as either ; 
whilst most of those in whom it is large never manifest it in either ; 
but do in exquisite taste, and a passionate love of the beautiful 
wherever found, as in refined ladies. Spurzheim's name, Ideality, is 
also quite too limited, as referring only to the imaginary and fanciful. 
Its primal office is love of beauty in Nature, poetry, eloquence, con- 
versation, manners, art, music, mechanics, flowers, and wherever 
found ; and I have changed its name accordingly. Taste would 
express it, yet is applied also to food. 

Its adaptation is to the beautiful and perfect in Nature. This 
element forms as integral an attribute of things as does gravity. 
Whatever is, is beautiful. All Nature is one grand galaxy of beauty 
and glory. Perfection of structure, function, and adaptation charac- 
terizes all her works — meandering streams the blossoms of spring; 
the harvests and glories of summer, and the beautiful and delicious 
fruits and luxuries of autumn ; the rising, mid-day, and setting sun, 
tinged with the mellow hues of departing day; the silvery moon, 
flower-spangled lawns and prairies, and star spangled skies, and all 
the works of Nature, are redolent with beauty, and all aglow with 
divine perfection. Animated Nature, beautiful birds, mottled and 
perfectly formed beasts, are still more beautiful ; whilst man is the 
most inimitably beautiful of all ; except that his " better half" is by far 
its most surpassingly and overpoweringly beautiful object lighted up 
by the god of day. Behold man's majestic form, and woman's angelic 
mien, both glowing with health, and irradiated by emotions far more 
exquisitely beautiful than his physique. 

The human soul, however, caps this climax of all terrestrial per- 
fection ! How infinitely beautiful and exquisitely wrought is the 
entire Nature of man ! 



BEAUTY : ITS ANALYSIS, ADAPTATION, CULTURE, ETC. 953 

Some primary Faculty must needs connect and relate man to 
this inherent element of Nature, else it must forever remain a sealed 
book, a perfect blank, to all mankind forever ; as are colors to the 
blind. Without it, no son or daughter of humanity could possibly 
ever have perceived its existence, or revelled in its delightful contem- 
plation, or hungered and thirsted after self-improvement, or longed for 
perfection of character, or purity and moral elevation of sentiment. 
But infinite thanks, that the Giver of all good has both arrayed all 
Nature in one grand halo of exquisite glory, and then implanted in 
the human soul this Faculty to perceive, enjoy, and cultivate this 
purifying and exalting sentiment ; and unspeakable are its pleasures 
and benefits. It purifies, refines, and elevates the entire character, 
with all its manifestations; longs after perfection, physical, intellectual, 
and moral ; loathes sin, and eschews the polluting and corrupting 
touch of depravity because so vulgar and debasing. 

Its Location on the borders of the moral group denotes its highly 
moralizing influence on character and conduct. Gross criminals rarely 
have it. It chastens and polishes Force and all the passions ; put- 
ting Love upon its proprieties, and elevating and sanctifying it; 
renders debaters polished, and genteel, even though caustic ; whilst 
one without it comes out on his opponent roughshod, grating, denun- 
ciating, and harsh or else in vulgar tirades, and thus of all the other 
Faculties. Indeed, its influence in promoting virtue is scarcely ex- 
celled by any other Faculty. 

232. — Description, Cultivation, and Restraint of Beauty. 

Large. — Have the highest order of taste and refinement ; love the 
exquisite and perfect beyond expression, and are correspondingly dis- 
satisfied with the imperfect, especially in self; admire beauty in bird 
and insect, flower and fruit, animal and man, the physical and mental ; 
are perfectly enraptured with the impassioned, oratorical, and poetical 
in speech and action, in Nature and art, and live much in an ideal 
world ; have a most glowing and vivid imagination, and give a deli- 
cate finish to every act and word, thought and feeling, and find few 
things to come up to this exalted standard of taste ; appreciate and 
enjoy beauty and perfection wherever found, especially in Nature ; 
give grace, purity, and propriety to expression and conduct, graceful- 
ness and polish to manners, and general good taste to all said and 
done ; are pure-minded ; enjoy the ecstatic in poetry and romance ; 
with only average Causality, have more taste than solidity of mind 



954 THE SELF- PERFECTING GROUP. 

and character, and more exquisiteness than sense; but with large re- 
flectives, add the highest artistical style of expression to the highest 
conceptions of reason, and with organic quality large, are always and 
involuntarily eloquent; desire to perfect character, and obviate 
blemishes, and with Conscience large, moral imperfection ; with large 
social organs, evince a nice sense of propriety in friendly intercourse, 
and eat in a becoming and genteel manner ; with large moral organs, 
appreciate perfection of character, or moral beauties and excellences 
most; with large reflectives, add a high order of sense and strength of 
mind, love beauty and perfection of. character; with large perceptives, 
are gifted with a talent for the study of Nature, etc. It is to man 
what their beauty is to flowers, and the perfection of anything is to the 
thing itself, and adds a charm, an exquisite finish to the entire man ; 
" finishes off" its possessor, and completes and perfects humanity ; 
smooths down the rugged points of character, and beautifies and adorns 
all he does and says. To consistency of opinion, and harmony 
and propriety of conduct, it is indispensable. It gives general pro- 
priety, perfection, correctness, and naturalness, to all the feelings, 
actions, opinions, and mentalities. 

Full. — Evince a good share of taste and refinement, yet not a high 
order of them, except in those things in which it has been vigorously 
cultivated ; with large Expression, Eventuality, and Comparison, may 
compose with elegance, and speak with some eloquence, yet will have 
more force of thought than beauty of diction ; with large Construction, 
will use tools with fair taste, yet more skill ; with large Force and 
Destruction, show general refinement, except when provoked, but are 
then grating and harsh ; with large moral organs, evince more moral 
beauty and harmony than personal neatness ; with large intellectual 
organs, possess more beauty of mind than regard for looks and outside 
appearances, and prefer the sensible to the elegant and nice, etc. 

Average. — Prefer the plain and substantial to the ornamental, and 
are utilitarian ; with large intellectual organs, prefer sound, solid 
matter to the ornaments of style, and appreciate logic more than elo- 
quence; with Kindness and Friendship large, are hospitable, and 
evince true cordiality, yet care nothing for ceremony ; with Ambition 
large, may try to be polite, but make an awkward attempt, and are 
rather deficient in taste and elegance ; with Construction large, make 
things solid and serviceable, but do not polish them off; with Expres- 
sion large, talk directly to the purpose, without paying much attention 
to expression, etc. 



BEAUTY: ITS ANALYSIS, ADAPTATION, CULTURE, ETC. 955 

Moderate. — Bather lack taste in manners and expression ; have 
but little of the sentimental or finished ; should cultivate harmony and 
perfection of character, and endeavor to polish up ; with strong pro- 
pensities, evince them in rather a coarse and gross manner ; are more 
liable to their perverted action than when this organ is large, and are 
homespun in everything. 

Small. — Show a marked deficiency in whatever appertains to taste 
and style, also to beauty and sentiment, and are almost destitute of 
taste. 

Since beauty chastens and purifies the entire man and woman, 
and refines the mind and manners, and thereby both constitutes a 
most important moralizer of earth, and even a preparation for the 
purity and glory of Heaven, let all set at once about its improvement. 
To enlarge it, we must feed it ; and to feed it, we must contemplate 
beauty, the beauties of Nature in particular, because those of art are 
infinitely inferior to those made by God. Let us give a few moments, 
as the glorious sun is rising upon the world, to that revery of this 
Faculty which his approach naturally inspires. Let us, as he sinks to 
rest, suspend our temporal avocations, to cherish this divine sentiment. 
Let us study botany, and often admire those beautifully painted 
flowers which " Solomon in all his glory" could not equal ; seek 
yonder eminence in order to drink in the glorious scenery below and 
around; admire beautiful birds, decked in golden plumage; observe 
the gorgeous rainbow ; and, above all, cultivate the society of those 
who are endowed with this sentiment, as well as avoid the com- 
pany of the coarse and vulgar. We should also read books the style 
of which is finished and sentiments elevated, especially good poetry; 
cultivate a taste for -the fine arts ; practise personal neatness and ele- 
gance ; keep coat, hat, and boots well brushed and blacked, and head 
and person tidy ; express ourselves with beauty in conversation ; and 
perpetually imbibe and admire this sentiment from Nature's inex- 
haustible stores of beauty and perfection. 

Studying and admiring Nature more than anything else 
chastens the grosser manifestations of the passions, and elevates the soul. 
How perfect, beautiful, exquisite is she thoughout! And yet her 
beauties are comparatively a sealed book to the most of her children, 
because ' they have no eyes to read, no time to contemplate them. 
Above all, the society of refined and pure-minded woman, beautiful 
in form, charming in manner, and accomplished in conversation, is 
calculated to excite and develop this purifying Faculty. 



956 THE SELF-PERFECTING GROUP. 

Cultivating moeal perfection should constitute the great 
object of all our self-perfecting efforts. We should strive to obviate 
every imperfection, every flaw in our characters and conduct, and 
labor with all our powers to develop by culture the inimitable beauties 
and perfections of human nature in general, and our own in particular. 

Cultivate Beauty in children by never allowing them to go 
shabbily clad, but keep them as nice and clean as may be. Call their 
attention frequently to the beauties of Nature, and discourage all kinds 
of coarseness and vulgarity ; but encourage gentility and refinement. 
Keep them as near to Nature and as far from artificiality and affecta- 
tion as possible. " Walk proper, I tell you," said a girl to her junior, 
little realizing that she walked the prettiest when she tried to the least. 
They should walk, play, run, talk, everything without any attempt at 
gentility. Enamor them of natural beauty in place of artificial. 
Natural speakers are far more impressive than artificial and affected. 

Its due regulation becomes often necessary whenever it is per- 
verted. Few faculties require right direction more. That most 
pernicious passion for novel-reading, which diseases the tastes and 
perverts the feelings of so many youths, springs partly from abnormal 
Beauty. Against such reading, Phrenology loudly protests. Their 
characters are not natural, but distorted. They do not teach human 
nature a tithe as well as observation of men and things, or the study 
of Phrenology. Above all, they unduly excite and pervert the social 
affections, and kindle fires of love which should be allowed to slumber 
till preparation for their legitimate exercise in marriage is made. 
Youth, especially those of warm feelings and ardent imaginations, are 
warned against this nerve-destroying and passion-perverting practice. 
To young females it is especially injurious. Besides, these love-stories 
are not exactly proper subjects with which to imbue their minds. 

Substituting artificial beauty for natural, is another great per- 
version of this Faculty. Art may be beautiful as far as she imitates 
Nature, which is not far, yet, in general, artificial beauty falls in- 
finitely below natural, and many things in art called beautiful are 
most deformed — a fashionably attired, and especially corseted, padded, 
and painted female, for example. Art is beautiful only when, and as 
far as, she follows Nature ; but the fashions depart woefully from 
this standard, and are therefore palpable violations of this law of 
taste. 

Fashionable attire is exceedingly liable to beget artificial man- 
ners, and thus render its would-be-exquisites most awkward and 



V 



SUBLIMITY: ITS ANALYSIS, CULTIVATION, ETC. 957 

ridiculous in their carriage and style of conversation. Dancing- 
school manners are especially exposed to this censure. Since Nature 
is taste personified, those who follow her will always be in good taste. 

To restrain. — Remember that in you the ideal and imaginative 
exceed the practical ; that your building airy castles out of bubbles, 
prevents your building substautial structures, and attaining useful life 
ends; that you are too symbolical, fastidious, and ornamental, too 
much tormented by spots and wrinkles, too apt to discard things that 
are almost perfect, because not quite so, and hold in check the revellings 
of ideality, and learn to prize what is right, instead of discarding the 
greater good because of minor faults. Especially do not refuse to as- 
sociate with others because they are not in all particulars just to your 
fastidious tastes. 

To cultivate. — Avoid all disgusting and filthy habits, such as 
swearing, chewing and smoking tobacco, 126 drinking stimulants, 123 
slang phrases, and coarse common expressions, and practise good 
breeding toward all. Begin to refine yourself at the beginning, the 
fountain, the mind. First make the tree beautiful and good ; then 
shall all it bears be good also. External polish is of little account, 
without internal ; which is impossible while any filthy personal habit 
is indulged. Chewing, smoking and spitting tobacco, defiles also the 
inner man, and thereby the outer. Any defilement defiles all ; any 
refinement refines all. Next, dress and appear in good taste, and cul- 
tivate personal neatness, good behavior, refinement and style in man- 
ners, purity in feeling, the poetical and sentimental, the elegant and 
classical style of conversation, expression, and writing, and love of 
the fine arts and beautiful forms; of the beauties of Nature, of sunrise, 
sunset, mountain, lawn, river, scenery, beautiful birds, fruits, flowers, 
mechanical fabrics, and productions, — in short, the beautiful and per- 
fect in Nature in general, and yourself in particular. 

XXV. Sublimity. 

233. — Its Location, Analysis, Cultivation, and Restraint. 

Infinitude — Grandeur; majesty; splendor; vastness; perception 
and love of the grand, vast, illimitable, omnipotent, eternal, and infinite. 

Its location is as directly behind Beauty, as if it were its pos- 
terior continuation, and of course, just where the head rounds from 
its perpendicular to its horizontal form at the middle of the head, and 
in front of Caution ; that is, between Beauty before, Caution behind, 



058 THE SELF-PERFECTING &ROUP. 

Hope above, and Secrecy below. Earlier Phrenologists confounded 
it in both location and function with Beauty. 

Its Adaptation is to that infinitude which characterizes every 
work of the Almighty. Thus boundlessness is an attribute of space 
or Locality, 270 eternity of Time ; 275 infinitude of Number, as in the 
number of sands on the sea shore ; particles of matter ; number of 
the leaves, insects, etc. ; the common house fly numbering but one 
species in some fifty thousand, yet what an infinite number of them 
have existed, and will exist throughout the earth's history ; the count- 
less number of the stars ; the omnipotent power of causation, and 
like illustrations innumerable. To what in Nature does this attribute 
not appertain ? In short, every species of science, every department 
of Nature, is " without a bottom or a shore." To this infinitude of 
the Almighty and his works, Sublimity, a more appropriate name for 
which would be Infinitude, is adapted, and adapts man. And cer- 
tainly its exercise, beside filling the soul with most delightful emo- 
tions, imparts an expansiveness of views, a grandeur of conception, a 
range and sweep of idea, a compass and volume to thought and 
expression, without which no adequate conception of truth, Nature, 
or God, can be formed. Its difference from Beauty is marked and 
palpable. Here is a distinct element of Nature, which all are 
conscious of recognizing, appreciating, and enjoying. 

A mental Faculty must needs put man in relation with this 
natural institute; and this distinct class of functions must have its 
cerebral organ. 

Large. — Are filled with sublime emotions on beholding rugged, 
towering mountains, foaming, clashing, roaring cataracts, a storm at 
sea, lightning's vivid flash, accompanied by loud peals of thunder, 
the commotion of the elements, the star-spangled canopy of heaven, 
or any other manifestation of Almighty power; have a literal pas- 
sion for wild mountain scenery, and the romantic, boundless, endless, 
infinite, eternal, and stupendous, as well as of the overpowering; 
appreciate and admire the grand, sublime, vast, and magnificent in 
Nature and art ; and enjoy exceedingly mountain scenery, tempests, 
vast prospects, whatever is awful and magnificent, the commotion of 
the elements, the star-spangled canopy of heaven, and all manifesta- 
tions of infinitude, and omnipotence ; with larger Worship, adore the 
omnipotence, eternity, infinity, etc., of the .Deity, and His attributes 
and works ; and with large Time added, have unspeakably grand con- 
ceptions of infinitude as applicable to eternity, past and future ; with 



IMITATION: ITS ANALYSIS, ADAPTATION, ETC. 959 

large intellectual organs, take a comprehensive view of subjects, and 
•give illimitable scope to all mental investigations and conceptions, so 
that they can be carried out to any extent ; and with Beauty large, 
add the beautiful and perfect to the sublime and infinite. 

Full. — Enjoy grandeur, sublimity, and infinitude well, and im- 
part much of this element to thoughts, emotions, and expressions, and 
evince the same qualities as Large, only in a less degree. 

Average. — Possess considerable of this element when it is power- 
fully excited, yet, under ordinary circumstances, manifest only an 
ordinary share of it. 

Moderate. — Are rather deficient in conception and appreciation 
of the illimitable and infinite; and with Worship moderate, fail to 
appreciate this element in Nature and her Author. 

Small. — Show a marked deficiency in this respect, and should 
earnestly cultivate it, because almost destitute of sublime emotions. 

To cultivate. — Mount the lofty summit and contemplate the 
outstretched landscape ; admire the grand and stupendous in towering 
mountain, rolling cloud, rushing wind and storm, loud thunder, ma- 
jestic river, raging sea, roaring cataract, burning volcano, and the 
boundless, infinite, and eternal in Nature and her Author. 

Its restraint is rarely necessary, because it is less perverted 
than most of the other Faculties. Yet it sometimes renders the style 
of speaking and writing rather sophomorical by employing too much 
hyperbole, and using too many extravagant and rather bombastic 
words and expressions, which young speakers and authors sometimes 
require to restrain, or at least to chasten. 

XXVI. Imitation. 

234. — Its Definition, Position, Adaptation, etc. 

The mimic. Theatrical talent ; expressiveness ; conformity ; desire 
and ability to copy, pattern after, imitate, do what we see done, make 
and become like, mock, act out, etc. 

Its location is on the two sides of the back part of Kindness, and 
lying nearly at right angles to it ; under the back part of the frontal 
lobe, and runs downwards toward Construction, and is in front of 
Spirituality. It lies near Construction, so that the two can work 
together in making things just like their pattern, and therefore like 
each other. 

These rules will find it when it is large. 1. Standing at the 



960 THE SELF-PERFECTING GROUP. 

side of the person observed, and bracing the head with the left hand, 
spread the right hand thumb and second finger two inches apart, press 
them upon the scalp, and drawing them up and down on each side of 
Kindness, you cross this organ, and if it is large, you cross the ridge 
it creates. 2. Standing either before or behind the one observed, and 
putting the fingers of both hands side by side, press them snugly 
upon the head, letting the ends of the longest fingers come as far 
forward or backwards as the middle of the head, the balls of your 
fingers w T ill be on this organ and cross it. It renders the head square 
and broad on top, as in the accompanying engraving of Clara Fisher, 
in whom Beauty is also large. It is deficient in Jacob Jarvis, but 

IMITATION LARGE. * SMALL. 

26 22 26 26 22 26 





'No. 161.— Clara Fisher. No. 162. — Jacob Jervis. 

Kindness is large. It is almost always. large in children of all ages ; 
so that, from being easily found on their heads, its location can be 
easily deciphered. 

11 Its developments are not always alike. In most cases it forms a 
prominence shaped like the segment of a sphere, a little higher than 
Kindness, yet sometimes it extends from before backwards, running 
along side of Kindness." 

" One of my friends assured me that the form of his own head was 
peculiar, and directed my hand to the anterior superior part of his 
head, which I found bulging, and behind on each side was a cavity 
descending towards the ear. He had a peculiar talent for imitating 
the gait, gestures, sounds of the voice, etc., so that the persons imi- 
tated were immediately recognized. I hastened to the deaf and dumb 
asylum to examine the head of Casteigner, who had fixed our atten- 
tion from the first by his prodigious talent for mimicking perfectly 
the gait, gestures, etc., of the director, physician, surgeon, women, etc., 
which amused the more, as his education had been absolutely ne« 



IMITATION : ITS ANALYSIS, ADAPTATION, ETC. 961 

glected. To my great astonishment I found this organ as prominent 
as in my friend. I sought opportunities for multiplying my observa- 
tions, visited families and schools, examined those noted for this 
talent ; found it the larger or smaller as persons were more or less 
gifted in mimicry ; procured the skull of Junger the poet and come- 
dian ; found it large in a thief who had belonged to a strolling company 
of actors ; and have so greatly multiplied observations that I feel 
justified in maintaining that the talent for personifying others is a 
fundamental Faculty, and has its particular organ. It undoubtedly 
aids the poet, especially dramatic. It is of great use in oratory, by 
giving appropriate gestures, and especially in painters and artists. 
Some simpletons and madmen have astonishing powers of mimicry, 
and most great actors were bred to other avocations, but were 
irresistibly drawn to acting." — Gall. 

11 A lady in whom it is large has a strong tendency to imitate every 
sound she hears, crow when she hears the cock crow ; and one day, 
while reading, when the growl of distant thunder reached her ear, 
she unconsciously imitated it. It represents all the other Faculties, 
and gives power of expression." — Combe. 

"It is remarkable that the anterior, lateral, and upper region of 
the brain should give a talent for amusements and theatrical per- 
formances. ' ' — Spurzheim. 

The mocking power of some birds, the mockingbird, for 
example, is really wonderful. I have owned two, who instantly 
mocked any new notes the moment they heard them, and ran over all 
the notes of all the birds they ever heard. One croaks like crows, 
screams like hawks, crows like roosters, imitates all the notes of all the 
birds to perfection, whistles like a man, calls the dog so naturally that 
he comes for it, peeps like a chicken, imitates a bugle he heard played 
in Canada, and astonishes me daily by his mocking versatility. 
Stopping at the Astor House, for he travels everywhere with me, he 
heard the shrill whistle used to start the cars, when after a sharp 
listen, he imitated it to a dot, and still keeps it up. Hearing a loon 
halloo, he followed suit, and mocks whip-poor-wills to perfection. 
Mockingbirds are the prince of all songsters, and worthy of being 
extensively kept in families. Parrots are also great mimics. 

The adaptation of this Faculty is to man's need of conforming 
to one another, by all expressing the same things by the same sounds 
and actions. That would be a motley and most ungainly crowd all 
of whom dressed and acted differently from all others. We recognize 
the necessity of conformity in war by dressing all of any regiment 
alike. In what do speaking and writing consist but in patterning 
after others in making the sounds of the one, and letters of the other? 
All who mean "no" or "yes," express it by imitating the same 
121 



962 THE SELF-PERFECTING GROUP. 

sounds or letters ; otherwise who could understand any body else, or 
be understood by them ! Indeed what is learning to talk or write 
but learning to imitate f 

In Children it is always very large, and all they learn and do 
involves it. They learn from example much more than precept, 
because of its instinctive activity. They learn to talk the language 
they hear talked, and form letters and words as others form them. In 
fact, education is mainly imitation. How benevolent a provision that 
this instinct should be thus extra powerful at that life period when it 
is most needed ! Then be careful, ye elders whom they involuntarily 
imitate, what example you set them, and set only those following 
which will benefit them. Every smoker and chewer sets a bad and 
baleful public and private example. 

Even Fruits, vegetables, and all that grows evince this element 
in all conforming to one general model. Thus all Danvers winter 
sweet apples pattern after each other in all having a form, color, 
flavor, etc., like all the others, even down to a dark line through their 
stem end. All fruits, grains, grasses, whatever grows, can be easily 
recognized because it looks so exactly like all others of that kind. 

This attribute of Nature must of necessity have its specific 
Faculty in man, which puts both into mutual relationship. Man 
must needs have a conforming, imitating instinct; and has it. In 
many it is really resistless. They cannot well help copying about all 
they see; and all men do involuntarily pattern after each other 
unconsciously. Many are drawn to the stage by an attractive force 
they are not able to resist. Theatrical representations inhere in man, 
and can be turned to the best practical account by way of enforcing 
various moralizing lessons, giving warnings, and setting examples. 
Those who preach against theatres " know not what they do." Till 
preaching can weed out of the soul of man a powerful impulse God 
implants there, men will continue to patronize the stage. All needed 
is to sanctify and properly direct its representations, not try to crush 
them out. As far as good people think them defective let them rectify 
their faults, not try to exterminate them ; which is as futile as to try to 
exterminate the winds. Get up and patronize such theatres as you 
would have, and point out a better way, not bark at all theatricals. 
Even make them a part of your religion ; for behold this organ 
located right among the moral organs, and by the side of Kindness, 
Worship, Spirituality, and Beauty, and learn from this fact that it can 
be made one of the greatest of human moralizers. And let private 



imitation: its analysis, adaptation, etc. 963 

families seek evening amusements by home representations of all 
kinds. Here is a primitive mental Faculty. Let it be exercised. 
We should, as we can, turn it to great practical advantage in 
enforcing morals, instead of allowing it to remain as at present. It 
must live as long as man exists, because it is founded in a natural 
element of the human mind. Destroyed it can never be, any more 
than hunger, or any other natural or legitimate product of any other 
Faculty. All that remains is to sanctify, and rightly wield its mighty 
power for good. 

To do like others, in short, is just as natural as breathing. But 
for this copying instinct, we could neither talk nor write, both of 
which consist in. imitating one common mode of articulating and form- 
ing letters and words; and all learn to speak their mother- tongue, 
whether English or Arabic, Chinese or Indian, because they copy 
their manner of speaking from those around them. We also copy me- 
chanical and other inventions, and thus all discoveries and improve- 
ments become disseminated and perpetuated illimitably ; whereas, but 
for this Faculty, all new inventions, however useful, would be con- 
fined to, and die with, their authors, and human advancement be pre- 
cluded. But for this Faculty, every human being would be obliged 
to originate everything he did, and his mode of doing it, in business, 
science, mechanics, and even all the trifling affairs of' life. Indeed, 
how could man exist, what could he do or become, without it ? We 
also copy opinions and practices, and maintain a general conformity to 
each other, every way conducive to human .happiness. 

235. — Description, Cultivation, and Restraint of Imitation. 

Large. — Can mimic, act out, and pattern after almost anything ; 
have a great propensity and ability to copy and take pattern from 
others, and do what is seen done ; describe and act out well ; with 
large Mirth, relate anecdotes to the very life ; have a theatrical taste 
and talent; gesticulate almost constantly while speaking; and with 
large Expression, impart an uncommon amount of expression to 
countenance, and everything said ; with large Observation, Eventu- 
ality, Expression, Comparison, and Beauty, can make a splendid 
speaker; and with large Mirth, and full Secretion added, can keep 
others in a roar of laughter, yet appear serious; with an uneven head, 
are droll and humorous in the extreme; with large Ambition, delight 
in being the sport-maker at parties, etc., and excel therein ; with large 
Construction, Form, Size, Locality, and Comparison, full Color, and 



964 THE SELF-PERFECTING GROUP. 

a good Temperament, and a full-sized brain, can make a very superior 
artist of almost any kind ; but with Color small, can engrave, draw, 
carve, model, etc., better than paint; with large Language, gesticulate 
much ; with large preceptives, require to be shown but once ; with 
large Construction, easily learn to use tools, and to make things as 
others make them ; and with small Continuity added, are a jack-at- 
all-trades, but thorough in none ; begin many things, but fail to finish ; 
with large Causality, perceptives, and an active Temperament added, 
may make inventions, or improvements, but never dwell on one till 
it is complete, or are always adding to them ; with large Ambition, 
copy after renowned men ; with large Friendship, take pattern from 
friends ; with large Expression, imitate the style and mode of expres- 
sion of others; with large Mirth and full Secretion, create laughter 
by taking off the oddities of people; with large Form, Size, and Con- 
struction, copy shape and proportions; with large Color, imitate 
colors, and thus of all the other Faculties. 

Full. — Copy quite well, yet not remarkably so; with large Caus- 
ality, had rather invent a new way of doing things than copy the 
ordinary mode, and evince considerable imitating talent when this 
Faculty works with large organs, yet but little otherwise. 

Average. — Can copy tolerably well when this Faculty is strongly 
excited, yet are not a natural mimic, nor a copyist; with only full 
Construction, evince little manual dexterity ; yet with large Causality, 
can originate quite well, and show no great disposition or ability to 
copy either the excellences or deficiencies of others, but prefer to be 
original. 

Moderate. — Have little inclination to do what and as others do ; 
but with large Causality, prefer to strike out a new course, and invent 
an original plan ; with large Dignity added, have an excellent conceit 
of that plan ; but if Causality is only fair, are full of original devices, 
yet they do not amount to much. 

Small. — Copy even commonplace matter with extreme difficulty 
and reluctance, and generally do everything in their own way; pos- 
sess scarcely any, and manifest no disposition or ability to copy any- 
thing, not even enough to learn to talk well. 

To cultivate. — Practise copying from others in manners, expres- 
sions, sentiments, ideas, opinions, everything, and try your hand at 
drawing, and in every species of copying and imitation, as well as con- 
forming to those around you ; that is, try to become what they are, 
and do what and as they do. 



IMITATION: ITS ANALYSIS, ADAPTATION, ETC. 965 

To restrain. — Maintain more your own personality in thought, 
doctrine, character, everything, and be less a parrot and echo, and 
cultivate the original and inventive in everything. 

We should assiduously cultivate a Faculty thus promotive 
of personal and general progression and enjoyment. This can be 
done only by its Habitual exercise. We should therefore imitate what- 
ever in others will make us better. But mark : This Faculty is 
located, not among the propensities, but between the intellectual 
organs before, the moral behind, and Construction below, so that we 
should never copy the vices of men, but only mechanical and other 
improvements, correct opinions, and above all, their moral virtues* 
All their valuable adaptations of ways and means to ends, which are 
many, as well as all their correct intellectual conclusions, the juxtapo- 
sition of Imitation and Causality requires us to adopt. This prox- 
imity of Construction and* Imitation facilitates our copying all inven- 
tions and improvements, in making and using tools, machinery, and 
the like, and in all the arts and sciences. The location of Beauty by 
Imitation disposes us to copy all matters of taste, in manners, expres- 
sion, refinements, the fine arts, etc. ; and the near residence of the 
moral organs enjoins on us to copy whatever of goodness and moral 
excellence we find among men ; yet none can be too careful what they 
copy. 

In children this organ is especially large, and hence they copy 
almost everything they do and become from those around them. But 
for this, their progress would be very slow, and their conformity to 
persons and things slight ; yet with this Faculty thus spontaneously 
active, how soon they learn to talk, and be as others do and are. It 
is really astonishing how quickly and correctly they adopt the manner 
and everything of those around them. 

Adults should be careful what practical copies we set them. 
" Examples go farther than precepts." They do not do or become 
what they are told to, but what they see others do. Scold them, and they 
will scold one another. Be mild and sweet, and they will pattern 
after your amiableness. Swear in their hearing, and they will swear, 
not so much because they feel wrathful, as because, monkey-like, they 
do what you do. So of smoking, and a thousand other pernicious 
habits. Express yourself well or ill in conversation, and they will 
imitate you. And thus of everything you say, do, and are. Therefore 

Parents should be what they would have their children become. 
Rely not on what you command them to do, but on what you your- 



966 THE SELF-PERFECTING GROUP. 

selves are. Your actions speak a thousand times louder than words. 
An accurate observer can soon tell, on seeing any family of children, 
how the parents conduct. The former are but images of the latter, 
reflected in this mirror of Imitation. A single bad example will 
neutralize a thousand wholesome precepts. Hence the rapidity with 
which vices spread among youth as well as adults. Parents, be en- 
treated to mark and practise a principle thus vitally important. First 
set about the correction of your own faults, and the cultivation of your 
own virtues, and without saying a single word to them, you will render 
them like yourself. Never mind their faults, which are inherited or 
copied from you. Say nothing, but set them right examples, and you 
will be surprised how sudden, and how great a change this will pro- 
duce. " Whatsoever ye would that they should do unto others, do ye 
even so unto them." 

Never punish them for doing what they see you do. Yet how 
often is this outrage on their nature perpetrated ! You wash your 
hands or clothes, and your children follow in your footsteps. You 
keep doing, yet tell them to stop ; but they keep on, and you punish. 
For what? Simply because they yielded obedience to this powerful 
imitative propensity of their natures. And thus of a thousand other 
things in life equally innocent. As though this propensity were 
wrong ! What would they be without it ? Chastise yourself for 
setting the example, not them for spontaneously. following it. For 
nothing, however bad, which a child patterns after, should it ever be 
punished. All you need to do is to correct the examples set them. 
They say and do many wrong things, just as parrots say " Pretty Polly," 
and mean no more by it; and many of the smart things they do and 
speak -words they use are simply copies made by them, not signs of 
any extra genius. They would be simple indeed if they could not 
at least imitate. 

Rightly exercising this Faculty, therefore, becomes a most im- 
portant matter, both in forming our own characters, and those of our 
children. If we would adopt a good style of delivery, we must listen 
to and copy good speakers, and thus of writing, manners, and almost 
all we do and say. Yet we cannot be too careful not to copy their 
faults along with their excellences ; because we naturally imitate those 
we admire, and their blemishes as w T ell as beauties. In nothing are 
nice discriminations more requisite, and accordingly Comparison is 
located close to Imitation. This organ imparts that action to speakers 
which Demosthenes pronounced the first, second, and third element of 



MIRTH: ITS ANALYSIS, ADAPTATION, ETC. 



967 



oratory. It also gives expression, or suits actions to words. In both 
these respects, pattern after none but good speakers, and then only 
their excellences. Thus of style. One of the ancient authors copied 
Herodotus many times over, in order to acquire his style. Viewed 
in this light of setting examples, which the masses so naturally follow, 
how responsible is the station of public men ! I often tremble, as I 
write and lecture, lest my faults as well as excellences might be 
copied, and therefore put you, reader, on your guard. And let us 
all pattern after good men and women. As the moral virtues con- 
stitute the highest order of human excellence and endowment, 196 let 
us copy them wherever we find them. Yet those fashionable and 
aristocratical grandees, who assume to lead the public mind, are of all 
others the last we should follow. Xo young person can be too careful 
whom and what they imitate. 



MIRTH AXD REASON LARGE. 




No. 163. — Joseph C. Neil. 

XXVII. Mirth, or "Mirth fulness;" 

236. — Its Definition, Location, Adaptation, etc. 

The Laugher — Humor; irony; facetiousness ; jesting; wit; 
satire ; ridicule ; raillery ; love of fun ; intuitive perception of the 
ludicrous ; disposition and ability to joke, " poke fun," laugh at 



968 



THE SELF-PERFECTING GROUP. 



MIRTH VERY LARG1 



and ridicule what is absurd, improper, ill-timed, unbecoming, etc. 
When perverted, it ridicules on solemn occasions, and laughs im- 
properly. 

Its Location is in the upper and lateral part of the forehead, to 
which, when large, it gives a square and prominent shape, as in the 
Revs. Dr. Peters, whose joking propensities tormented his Conscience 
perpetually, and Henry Ward Beecher, whose witticisms are prover- 
bial ; in Joseph C. Neil, the witty author of " Charcoal Sketches," and 
other like productions ; and in the terribly sarcastic Voltaire. It lies 

externally of Causality, in 
front of Beauty, and above 
Music. We shall give a 
specific rule for finding it 
hereafter. 

"In all persons I have ex- 
amined, eminently endowed 
with this Faculty, I have 
found the anterior superior 
lateral parts of the forehead 
considerably prominent in a 
segment of a sphere. It car- 
ries with it an irresistible 
propensity to ridicule every- 
thing, scaring neither friend 
nor foe, its possessors even 
launching their satire at 
themselves. Aristophanes 
was so bitter that he did not 
spare his own family, and 
ridiculed even Socrates. 
Henry IY. has been re- 
proached for jesting and 
gaiety even in battle, and the 
untimely sallies of his lively 
mind. Diogenes amused him- 
self with all the folies of his age. Cicero had an extreme inclination 
to raillery, as had Horace and Juvenal ; and this organ is large in all 
of them. " There is no longer any doubt that this talent is indicated 
by this organism." — Gall. 

11 Piron was a machine for sallies, epigrams, and flashes of wit, 
which were entangled with each other in his head, and came out involun- 
tarily, so that he could no more avoid bon mots and witticisms by the 
dozen than breathing." — Grimm. 

" Those who write like Voltaire, Rabelais, Piron, Sterne, Rabener, 
Wieland, and all who are fond of jest, raillery, ridicule, irony, and 
comical conceptions, have the upper and outer parts of the forehead 
immediately before Beauty of considerable size." — Spurzheim. 




No. 164.- 



-Rev. Dr. Peters, a very witty and 

TALENTED DlVlNE. 



mieth: its analysis, adaptation, etc. 



969 



" I have found in the manifestations of those whose Wit predomi- 
nates over Causality a striking love of the purely ludicrous ; their 
great delight being to heap absurd and incongruous ideas together ; 
extract laughter out of every object ; and enjoy the mirth their sallies 
created ; and therefore agree with Spurzheim that the sentiment of 
the ludicrous, is its primitive function." — Combe. 

Gall included this Faculty in Causality, as one of its modes of 
action, while Spurzheim and Combe differ from him, not at all in its 
function or location, but only as to its metaphysical analysis ; all of 
whose views seem to me are analyzed by that simple principle of its 
adaptation or rationale we now propound, namely, that — 

All abnormal action is ridiculous. Or thus: All our 
Faculties are constituted to act in a specific manner prescribed by, and 





No. 165. — Laurence Sterne. 



No. 166. — Indian Chief. 



consistent with, their nature ; all departures from which are inherently 
absurd and ridiculous. Thus Parental Love has own children for its 
natural object, 176 but when a married woman who can have own 
children to caress will not, and expends on a lap-dog her gushing 
maternal affections, carrying it in her arms, pressing it to her bosom, 
kissing, fondling, blanketing, babying, and loving it to death; or 
when, as lately, a maiden lady takes her bantam chickens to bed with 
her, leaves property to them, and grieves inconsolably when one 
dies, this wrong use of this parental sentiment becomes ridiculous. 
Probably no one ever yet saw a stylish lady taking her nobbiest rides, 
parading, fondling, and folding her lap-dog in her arms, who did not 
" laugh in their sleeves/' and wonder " why don't she have a baby to 
pet, since she wants to baby something so much." 



970 THE SELF-PERFECTING GROUP. 

Love should be exercised between two of similar ages : hence to see 
a grey-haired old man bowing, smirking, courting, and playing the 
agreeable to an unresponsive young girl, is supremely ridiculous ; as is 
neglecting a wife for a belle. Nothing is less ridiculous than two 
refined, sincere, genuine lovers making love properly, yet what is more 
" laughable " than seeing two excessively familiar and amorous " before 
folks," yet not delicate or refined in its expression. We ridicule a 
man who keeps on courting a woman who perpetually repulses and 
slights him, because mutuality is one of the laws of love, his breach 
of which subjects him to ridicule. 

All extremeness of fashion, to my eye, is inherently absurd. 
An excessively dressed woman, with a sweeping trail in everybody's 
way, with a low neck to show her natural deficiencies, a wasp-like 
waist, with immense paniers, painted and pencilled besides ; with a 
bushel of false hair and padding, and the consequential airs of a 
mushroom aristocrat, yet obviously wanting in sense, taste, and the 
human excellences, is superlatively ridiculous, and a natural laugh- 
ingstock. 

All departures from right action are ridiculous. Whatever is 
untrue or perverted is laughable, ridiculing which tends to correct it. 
All men naturally give and make fun of what departs from their 
standard. " Many a true thing is said in jest." Men can often be 
laughed out of errors which could not otherwise be corrected. Comedy 
inheres in man. I saw it strongly manifested on the cars in the 
" White Cloud " delegation of Sioux chiefs to Washington, and their 
agent told me they were remarkably lively and merry around their 
forest camp-fires. Laughter is as spontaneous as breathing. Amuse- 
ment forms an article of human consumption almost as staple and 
important as bread. Man was made to " laugh and grow fat." 
Animals play, frisk, and gambol. Here is a distinct attribute of 
Nature, and a separate class of functions, which must have its Faculty 
and organ, which are located in the upper and lateral portions of the 
forehead. It is a kind of Junius, or public censor. All those mani- 
festations of all our Faculties not in accordance with their primitive 
constitution, it delights to expose and correct by ridicule, such as Don 
Quixote fighting a man of straw, Caution fearing an unloaded gun, 
Destruction pelting insensible objects, Ambition in boys swearing, 
smoking, chewing, and swaggering to appear like miniature men, etc. 
To correct all like human faults and foibles is its special prerogative, so 
that its man-perfecting power and influence are indeed great, its end 
is indispensable, and its exercise both most beneficial and obligatory. 



mirth: its analysis, adaptation, etc. 971 

The juxtaposition of this organ and Causality deserves special 
attention, as teaching both a most important lesson, and also throwing 
some light on its function. Of course it is designed to act in conjunc- 
tion with all its surrounding organs. Its action in combination with 
Causality helps it ascertain truth by perceiving the ridiculousness 
and inherent absurdity and incongruity of falsehood and error ; besides 
presenting truth in a pleasing, pungent, pithy, mirth-provoking man- 
ner, like*Franklin's maxims, and in him this organ was truly immense, 
which greatly impresses it. Ridicule thus becomes a most effective 
weapon against errors and opponents. " The public " can often be 
laughed out of errors into a better way by well aimed shafts of 
ridicule which nothing else could effect. "The fashions" must fall, 
and I look to wit as their " sharp-shooter." Its proximity to Imita- 
tion shows that " comedy " is inherent in man, and can therefore be 
made a public good. This form of amusement is thus clearly en- 
grafted on human nature, and can therefore never be prevented. Its 
right direction alone remains, and this every lover of his race 
should labor to secure. 

237. — Description, Cultivation, etc., of Mirth. 

Large. — Show an extraordinary disposition and capacity to make 
fun ; are always laughing and making others laugh ; enjoy a hearty 
laugh at the absurdities of others exceedingly, and delight to make 
fun out of everything not exactly proper or in good taste, and are 
always ready to give as good a joke as get ; with large Expression, 
Comparison, Imitation, perceptives, and Friendship, and moderate 
Dignity and Secretion, are " the fiddle of the company ; " with only 
average Beauty added, are clownish, and often say undignified, and 
perhaps low things, to raise a laugh ; and with only moderate 
Causality, things that lack sense, etc. ; with large Love, joke with 
and about the other sex ; and with large Imitation and Expression 
added, love to talk with and tell stories to and about them ; with 
large Force and Beauty added, make fun of their imperfections in 
dress, expression, manners, etc., and hit them off to admiration; 
with large Friendship, Expression, and Imitation, are excellent com- 
pany ; with large Causality, Comparison, and Force, argue mainly by 
ridicule, and showing up the absurdity of the opposite side, and excel 
more in exposing the fallacy of other systems than in propounding 
new ones ; with large Beauty show taste and propriety in witticisms, 
but with it average or less, are often gross, and with large Love 



972 THE SELF-PERFECTING GROUP. 

added, vulgar in jokes ; with large Force and Destruction, love to 
tease them, and are sarcastic, and make many enemies; and with 
large Comparison added, compare those disliked to something mean, 
disgusting, and ridiculous. 

Full. — Possess and evince considerable of this fun-making disposi- 
tion, especially in the direction of the larger organs ; with large Com- 
parison, Imitation, and Ambition, and moderate Dignity, , manifest 
more of the laughable and witty than is really possessed; may make 
much fun and be called witty, yet it will be owing more to what may 
be called drollery than pure wit; with moderate Secretion and 
Dignity, and an excitable Temperament, let fly witty conceptions on 
the spur of the moment, and thus increase their laughableness by 
their being well-timed, unexpected, sudden, etc. 

Average.- — Are generally serious and sedate, except when Mirth 
is excited, yet then often laugh heartily, and evince considerable wit ; 
with large Observation and Expression, often say many laughable 
things, yet owe wit more to argument or the criticism they embody 
than to this Faculty. 

Moderate. — Are generally serious, sedate, and sober, and with 
large Dignity, stern and dignified, nor companionable except when 
Friendship is large, and in company with intimate friends ; with only 
average Beauty and Imitation, are poor in joking, have to explain, 
and thereby spoil witticisms ; have some witty ideas, yet lack in per- 
ceiving and expressing them ; and with large Ambition and Force, 
are liable to become angry when joked, and should cultivate this 
Faculty by making more fun. 

Small. — Make little fun ; are. slow to perceive, and still slower to 
turn jokes ; seldom laugh, and think it foolish or wrong to do so ; 
with only average Friendship, are uncompanionable ; with large re- 
flectives and Expression, may write well yet debate poorly, and have 
few witty ideas and conceptions. 

To cultivate. — Rid yourself of the idea that it is sinful or undig- 
nified to laugh ; try to perceive the witty and facetious aspects of sub- 
jects and things; cultivate the acquaintance of mirthful people, 
read witty books, and try to imbibe their spirit ; notice and laugh at 
the ridiculous ; make fun ; take jokes without getting angry, and 
return as good as you get ; engage in lively conversation, attend 
picnics, etc., and cultivate a jovial, pleasant, humorous manner of 
speaking and acting. 

To restrain. — Cease hunting for something to laugh at and make 
fun of; observe in the conduct and appearance of others all that is 



MIRTH: ITS ANALYSIS, ADAPTATION, ETC 973 

congruous, correct and proper, and not that merely which is droll or 
ridiculous; avoid turning everything into ridicule, punning, playing 
upon words, double entendre, etc. Many ridicule what is not only 
not ridiculous but actually right. Others laugh at their fellow-men 
for not rendering themselves ridiculous by adopting some absurd 
fashion or opinion, because it is customary. No such exercise of this 
Faculty should ever be adopted. Others take delight in saying cut- 
ting things which sting to the quick, just because they can, even 
where there is in reality nothing ridiculous to be laughed at. This is 
all wrong. To wantonly abrade feeling and cause pain is wicked. 
This Faculty was created to give pleasure instead of pain, even to the 
subject of the joke, and they who do not know how to frame their 
witticisms so as to hit off the impropriety they would correct, which is 
the only legitimate object of ridicule, without lacerating the feelings, 
do not understand the true mode of ( * operating" with this delicate in- 
strument. To know just when and how to give jokes is very desira- 
ble, yet rare ; and to be able to express sensible observations in a 
taking style, is a talent as desirable as uncommon. 

A faculty thus doubly beneficial, should of course be cultivated. 
Many consider joking and fun-making irreligious and wicked ; but is 
the right exercise of any of our primitive functions wrong? For 
what was this natural element of mind created but to be exercised ? 
Such exercise, so far from being sinful, is even a duty ; nor can we 
always keep on a long face without injuring our health, blunting our 
Faculties, and abusing one of Heaven's choice blessings. Perfection 
and virtue require the exercise of all our powers, Mirth of course in- 
cluded, and we restrain its normal promptings at our peril. 

In children this Faculty is large generally, and should by all 
means be cultivated. Trying to render them sedate and demure is all 
wrong. Rather let them laugh heartily and often. Instead of pre- 
venting their sportive hilarity, rather join it. Laugh and play with 
them. Especially get up frolics just before retiririg. Few things will 
contribute more to both their and your health, talents, and enjoyments. 
Laugh them out of whatever weaknesses or absurdities may mar them, 
and foster a lively, cheerful, laughing disposition. And the mort 
w sound sense and wholesome suggestions you can commingle with your 
witty sallies the better. 

Amusements are thus engrafted on the nature of man, and should 
therefore be povided and patronized. Old and young require recrea- 
tion, almost as much as food, and will have it — will and should go 
where they can enjoy a hearty laugh. This Faculty creates a demand 



974 THE SELF-PERFECTING GROUP. 

for places of public amusement, as well as private entertainment. Yet 
our museums and other laughter-moving exhibitions, fall very far 
short of what they might and should be made. That they should 
combine instruction with amusement is rendered apparent by the loca- 
tion of Mirth in the intellectual group ; yet how ridiculously nonsen- 
sical they too generally are. They should expose public evils to 
merited ridicule, and apply many a wholesome truth in Jest. For this 
required combination of the mirthful with the sensible, few things 
equal phrenological lectures and examinations, as those who have at- 
tended them can testify. This alone should entitle them to public 
patronage. As profitable amusements they have no equal. 

The laugh-cure has already been noted. Amusements are es- 
teemed some, but not duly. Men should have a hundred times more 
fun than now. Religious people who have done their best to choke 
back this sentiment, should lead off in its promotion, and furnish inno- 
cent, refining amusements, which would soon supplant coarse ones. 
Barnum & Co. are public benefactors, and Negro minstrelsy deserves 
patronage till supplanted by something better. And all should accus- 
tom themselves to look at subjects with a quizzical eye, ready to extract 
" fun" from it, but banish long, moody faces. Gay parties and 
gatherings, and lively associations generally are most beneficial to 
mind and body, and to be sought, not suppressed. Laugh away, at 
anything, everything, something, even nothing, all ye who can laugh, 
and you will live the longer, and be the happier and better for every 
giggle. 



PART V. 

THE INTELLECTUAL FACULTIES. 



CHAPTER I 



THE PERCEPTIVE FACULTIES AND THEIR IMPROVEMENT. 

238. — Intellect Man's Natural Guide and Governor. 

The Intellectual lobe occupies the forehead, that part gen- 
erally uncovered by hair. It rests on the superorbiter plate, or 
that elevation in the base of the skull under which the eyes are 
placed. 

Intellectual Organs Large. 





No. 167. — Melancthon. 



No. 168. — Napoleon. 



The rule for admeasuring the size of this lobe is this. Tak- 
ing the most prominent part of the zigomatic arch (engraving, 

(975) 



976 



THE INTELLECTUAL GROUP. 



No. 90) for your starting-point, draw a perpendicular line up- 
wards (A B in Melancthon), when the head is erect, and the 
amount of brain before this line gives the size of this lobe. The 
reason of this rule is, that this arch is exactly opposite the back 
part of that superorbital plate on which this lobe rests ; so that 
this rule measures only the intellectual lobe itself, whereas the 
old rule of measuring from the opening of the ear upwards and 
forwards, admeasures a portion of the propensities. It is very 
large in Napoleon, Lucretia Mott, and Melancthon, the thinker 
of the Reformation. In the idiot's head Camphor's facial lines 
are drawn, and their angle is very acute. 

The brain subdivides itself 
naturally into three lobes, the 
anterior, middle, and posterior, 
the former of which executes 
the intellectual functions. 

Man is God's noblest work, 
the most beautiful in form and 
majestic in mien, complex in 
mechanism and perfect in func- 
tion, powerful to accomplish and 
exalted in enjoyment, and cre- 
ation's veritable lord and crown. 
His intellectual capaci- 
ties, not his physical perfec- 
tions and functions, nor his 
greater range and intensity of 
emotion, nor his inexpressibly beautiful and perfect domestic affec- 
tions, nor his defending, aspiring, persevering, mechanical, poetical, 
and liberal sentiments, nor even those moral attributes which ally 
him to angels and to God, and even create immortality, 216 confer 
this exaltation. All his other functions are great, noble, and in- 
dispensable ; but Thou, O Intellect, and especially O Reason, art 
the crowning gift of God to man, and his constitutional governor 
and guide. Let us "praise God "for all our powers and Facul- 
ties, but love and worship Him with our whole souls for crowning 
all with those intellectual capacities which enable us to perceive 
the great laws and fundamental truths of Nature, and apply them 
to the study of Him and His works, and the promotion of our own 




No. 169. — Idiot. 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF INTELLECT. 977 

happiness. Though without morality it is despicable in propor- 
tion to its power, and each is necessary to all, yet intellect is the 
constitutional king of man. Men of impulse are men of misfor- 
tune and suffering. Propensity is blind, and blindly seeks pleas- 
ure, and hence requires intellect to conduct it upon its legitimate 
objects, and teach the laws of happiness. It can incalculably 
augment all our feelings, desires, and pleasures, as well as double 
a hundred fold our every enjoyment and attainment, domestic, 
agricultural, mechanical, protective, accumulative, honorable, and 
even moral. Man requires, most of all, intellect to perceive and 
apply science and laws to health, government, religious belief 
and practice, happiness, immortality, and, more than all, a right 
life. 

Its physical position indicates its super-royal rank among the 
mental Faculties. Elevation of organs in the head indicates a 
like exaltation of their Faculties, 196 so that these, as high as the 
highest except Worship, are the most exalted. But position for- 
vjard is another index of elevation. We consider the front of 
our person more honorable than its rear. Turning or sitting 
with the back to one is considered ill bred, and all Eastern 
nations forbid their wives and servants turning their backs on 
retiring, but all menials must bow, and walk backwards, in leav- 
ing ; and all instinctively feel that the forehead is more dignified 
and elevated than the back head. The human front is therefore 
more elevated than rear, and face than occiput, and hence its 
upper part, the forehead, occupies by far the most exalted place 
of honor in man's physical structure, and this proves that its 
function is the grand climacteric function of man ; for it is as 
high up as the moral, and located before. 

Its frontal position proves that its office is to guide and gov- 
ern all. The pilot-house is above, and in front of all, that it may 
command all. There is an inherent fitness between this position 
and its directing function. Who but must see that the location 
of this intellectual lobe proclaims it sovereign dictator and abso- 
lute monarch of man ! 

Facts, and the very structure of the human mind, clinch this 
philosophical nail. Mind always has ruled, will rule, the race. 
Cicero, Demosthenes, Socrates, Lycurgus, Pythagoras, Confu- 
cius wielded unlimited power over men long after their death, 
123 



978 THE INTELLECTUAL GROUP. 

because they addressed themselves to the common sense of man- 
kind. Great statesmen, in peace, and strategists, in war, control 
nations and ages. Races are not always to the swift, nor battles 
to the strong, but the longest, clearest heads, deepest thinkers, 
shrewdest managers, and best planners, carry the day. The 
savans of all nations do more for them than their rulers. Great 
reasoners sway the masses. Thought writers govern men, and 
their influence is boundless and eternal. If I wished to wield the 
greatest power possible over mankind, both temporary and per- 
manent, I should show them facts, and give them reasons. If 
my object were to benefit and reform them, I should address my- 
self to their understandings. I would sanctify, elevate, and 
properly direct their passions, by showing them intellectually 
why and how this course was better than that. In short, to ex- 
pound the laws and facts of Nature to men, and show them the 
consequences of their obedience and infraction, enlists the very 
selfishness of mankind in behalf of their obedience. 

This great law was stated and assumed before, but not de- 
monstrated, and will come up again. "Sexual Science " shows 
that a matrimonial choice must be made on purely intellectual 
principles, before the affections become enlisted, or they will 
warp and bias the judgment. All legal proceedings claim to be 
conducted according to the law and testimony, that is, on a basis 
purely intellectual. All preaching has for its object to deepen 
devotion by appeals to the intellect, and all arguing of lawyers 
with juries, politicians with voters, and men with men, attempts 
to produce certain actions, by inducing intellect to command will 
to execute them. All mechanical inventions are its product, and 
all modern improvements in machinery are but the accumulations 
of intellect superadded to predecessors. 

The nerves of motion are traceable by sight from the spinal 
marrow upwards and forwards to the intellectual lobe. 36,37 Pray 
what does this mean but that intellect should direct every single 
muscular motion — should decide which way to walk, what blows 
to strike at work, and both just what to do, and how to do it? 
Then, since even every motion should be governed by sense, 
much more should every feeling. Judgment should help Appe- 
tite select and prepare food, and eat in the best manner ; aid 
Acquisition in lajn'ng out the best financial policy, and then in 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF INTELLECT. 979 

looking after all the details of business ; direct Force what to do, 
and what not, and make every stroke tell ; choose friends, and so 
manage as to obtain the most good and least harm from them ; 
tell parents just what to do and what not for the best good of 
their children, so as not to spoil them by well-meant but ill- 
directed kindness ; show Inhabitiveness how to "get up " the best 
home possible the cheapest ; tell Caution when and what to fear 
and avoid, and what not ; show the seeker of religious truth what 
'is right and wrong, true and false, good and bad, and what not; 
enable writers to write, readers to read, teachers to teach, and 
learners to learn ; invents, gets up, combines, and works labor- 
saving machinery — how vast the amount of mind, thought, ex- 
perience, is embodied in every manufactory ; the accretion of 
minds innumerable for ages — learns by experience, that best of 
all teachers ; predicates what will be from what has been, and 
learns the lesson of all past ages as taught by history ; and ac- 
quires and uses that knowledge which gives power to accomplish 
and enjoy ; in addition, the pleasures of intellectual action itself, 
than which man knows no greater. 

Your own life, O man and woman, will be poor, imperfect, 
and a failure, till and unless you put knowledge and understanding 
at the helm of conduct and feeling. Boast not of mental dis- 
cipline till you have schooled intellect to take and maintain 
supreme control over all you say, do, and are. The intellectual 
lobe occupies only from one fifth to one tenth of tbe brain, yet is 
regal in its character. It is frequently warped by the feelings. 
Men too often think as they feel, whereas all should feel as they 
think; that is, school their feelings to follow their judgment. 
None can be happy till they do. Why do men's views and doc- 
trines differ thus on all subjects? Because feeling overrules 
sense. 

Man's intellectual poverty stares all everywhere in the face. 
How little men study ! yet they think still less. Behold, O reader, 
in your own life, ten thousand instances in which you could 
have avoided that evil, and secured the other good, if you had 
only had your wits about you — had known, and thought, and 
therefore done as you might. How often has this whim pre- 
vented that good ! How little men really know, and how little 
time and money expend on science, philosophy, and the study of 



980 THE INTELLECTUAL GROUP. 

Nature ; while ninety-nine hundredths go to the feelings. They 
crowd comic shows and sensational exhibitions, yet pass scien- 
tific lectures and works "by on the other side," reading emotional 
novels, yet ignoring hard sense. Learn the poverty and weak- 
ness of men's intellect as compared with the feelings, and con- 
sequent erroneous, by the following fact. 

During Johnson's impeachment trial, the question arose 
whether Wade, the presiding officer, should be allowed to vote ; 
when behold every Republican senator voted and argued ay, every* 
Democratic, no. Here were the picked men of the most intelli- 
gent nation on earth, sworn to decide and act according to their 
intellectual convictions, on the most solemn and august national 
occasion, following party lines merely ! How should every one 
vote his party ticket? Because their feelings warped their un- 
derstandings ! Then let us tremble lest our mere whims should 
blind our judgment on matters of minor moment. There is just 
one right way ; let us always seek and follow it. 

Intellectual energy and culture, individual and public, 
thus become the very highest objects of human attention and 
pursuit, religion not excepted, because this promotes all. Placing 
a cultivated intellect, fully instructed as to the laws of life 
and conditions of happiness, at the head of moral excellence, 
and installing these two lord over human doctrines and conduct, 
would banish ignorance, close all grog-shops, gambling dens, 
haunts of infamy, &c, annihilate vice and depravity in all their 
hydra forms, upset paganism with all its atrocities, bury sec- 
tarianism with its bigoted intolerance, banish both poverty and 
all kinds of sickness, purify and sweeten every virtue, enhance 
every human capacity and excellence, and crown humanity with 
the very climax of human perfection and enjoyment ! 

How surpassingly delightful, too, is the study of Nature ! 
How much richer than diamonds are the treasures of knowledge ! 
How enchanting to try philosophical and other experiments ; ex- 
plore the bowels of the earth, and examine the curiosities and 
wonders of its surface ; learn those lessons of infinite wisdom 
and power taught by astronomy ; but especially of man in gen- 
eral, and the human mind in particular ! 

Intellectual culture is that most exalted theme we now 
approach. The development of the mind is our next enchanting 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF INTELLECT. 981 

subject. This of course involves the analysis of its primal Fac- 
ulties, and the means of promoting that action of each in which 
mental discipline consists. Their general description is first : — 

Large — Have natural greatness of intellect and judgment, 
and a high order of talents and sound sense ; possess sufficient nat- 
ural talent and intellectual capability to take a high stand among 
men; and have great strength of mind, superior judgment, and 
power both of acquiring knowledge easily, and reasoning pro- 
foundly ; and give that originality, capaciousness, and compre- 
hensiveness of mind which can hardly fail to make their mark. 
Their direction depends upon the other Faculties ; with large an- 
imal organs, and weak morals, they make philosophical sensual- 
ists ; 17 with large moral and weaker animal organs, moral and 
religious philosophers, &c. 

Full — Have good intellectual capabilities, and much strength 
of mind, provided it is well cultivated ; with large Ambition, a 
talent to acquire property ; with large moral organs, to enlighten 
and improve moral character; with large Construction, mechan- 
ical intelligence, &c. 

Average — Evince fair mental powers, provided they are 
cultivated, oth^*wise only moderate ; wnth an excitable Temper- 
ament, allow the feelings and stronger Faculties to control judg- 
ment ; with large moral organs, have more piety than talents, and 
allow religious prejudices and preconceived doctrines to prevent 
impartial intellectual examination; with moderate Acquisition, 
will never acquire property ; with average Construction, will be 
a poor mechanic, &c. 

Moderate — Are rather deficient in judgment, yet not pal- 
pably so ; can be easily imposed upon ; lack memory, and are 
rather wanting in sense, comprehension, and intellectual capacity. 

Small — Are decidedly deficient in mind, and slow and dull of 
comprehension ; lack sense ; and have poor powers of memory 
and reason. 

These Faculties are divided into three classes — the Perceptive, 
the Literary, and the Keflective — which, when large, confer 
these three kinds of talent, practicality, scholarship, and origi- 
nality. 

To Cultivate — Exercise the whole mind in diversified stud- 
ies and intellectual exercises. Nothing is as well calculated to 



982 THE INTELLECTUAL GROUP. 

discipline and improve intellect as the study and practice of 
Phrenology. 

To Restrain — Divert the flow of blood from the brain to the 
body by vigorous exercise, an occasional hot bath, frequent ablu- 
tions, and a general abstinence from intellectual exercises, espe- 
cially reading and writing. 

239. — Memory: its Phrenological Analysis and Promo- 
tion. 

The value and utility of a retentive memory words can- 
not depict. Well might the rich gladly give all but life's neces- 
sities to be able to recall at pleasure all they ever knew ; lawyers 
jpay large fees to recall at pleasure every point of law and evi- 
dence, and physicians all they have learned at college and in their 
practice ; scholars all they ever saw, read, and knew ; business men 
all they intended, but forgot to say and do at the right time ; speak- 
ers, to dispense with notes, yet say just what they had previously 
intended, &c. Who has not been mortified, almost self-provoked, 
at having forgotten something very important? and how great the 
consequent inconvenience and loss ! all of which a good memory 
would have prevented ! How many forget almost as fast as they 
learn ! In what situation in life is not a good memory most use- 
ful? In many it is indispensable. What richer legacy could 
parents bequeath than a strong one? What if God had omitted 
to create any? What if all our past were a blank? What mis- 
fortune greater than forgetfulness ? or investment or labor more 
profitable than its improvement? What is its definition, and what 
are its conditions? 

Memory recalls what we have known, done, seen, heard, felt, 
thought, &c, in the past, to which it relates us; thus carrying 
our entire past lives along with us everywhere we go. How won- 
derful, how necessary a gift ! All metaphysicians utterly fail to 
give any correct or tangible analysis of it. Phrenology alone 
analyzes it perfectly. Please note how simple, how true to 
nature, and how easily understood, is its definition of this element. 

Each intellectual Faculty remembers its own operations, 
while Eventuality recollects those of the feelings. Thus, Lo- 
cality recalls the places seen, and whereabouts of things ; Form, 
faces, shapes, &c. ; Color, the tints, hues, and shades of colors 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF MEMORY. 983 

seen ; Music repeats tunes ; Expression commits to memory ; 
Causality recalls thoughts ; and so of all the other intellectual 
Faculties ; while Eventuality remembers both knowledge and 
events, and the action of the feelings, and that the more clearly 
the more intense that action — that is, the action of the largest 
organs the best. Here, reader, is a definition of memory you can 
understand ; the metaphysical definitions you cannot. This also 
shows why and how 

A good and poor memory can co-exist, thus : The same per- 
son can have a large organ of Form, which recollects faces, along 
with a poor one of names, and hence always remembers all faces 
ever seen, yet forgets their names as soon as heard; while another 
may have small Form, and hence forgets persons, and yet, if. 
memory of names (a part of Expression) is large, he never forgets 
names. One with large Eventuality and small Tune recollects 
facts, but forgets music, and vice versa. But this truth need not 
be amplified here, because rendered apparent as we proceed. 

The paramount condition of a good memory is good health 
— that is, a vigorous physique. Mark this fact, and its lessons. In 
fainting, stupefaction from chloroform, drunkenness, &c, nothing 
is remembered, and when one is all tired out and sleepy, but little, 
and that feebly ; while what we learn when rested and vigorous 
is retained proportionally longer and more distinctly. Now, here 
is a palpable fact, patent to the experience of all who will " take 
notice." What does this mean? Obviously and very emphatically 
this, that 

All physical states similarly affect intellect and memory. 
We have already seen that all physical conditions modify the 
morals ; 28 that all abnormal action creates morbid, that is, sinful, 
desires ; and now see that even intellect is equally amenable to 
physiological conditions. How emphatically all this, and much 
more like it, impresses those great doctrines of the organism and 
health unfolded in Parts I. and II. ! If any think we dwelt on 
them unduly, this is impossible. Men will some day realize this 
great truth, and incorporate it into their lives. Let a few facts 
suffice to impress it. 

All public men fit themselves for all their powerful mental 
efforts by some physiological preparation. Beecher must have his 
strong coffee, and Gough his strong tea, just before appearing in 



984 INTELLECT, MEMORY, AND THEIR CULTURE. 

public. Webster was accustomed to eat lightly a day or two 
before making a great public effort, and then a generous meal just 
before. The reference already made to Pinkney also illustrates 
this point, 35 and an entire doctrine of the Temperaments underlies 
it. Many speakers stimulate with alcohol just before beginning 
to speak, and some with opium. Rufus Choate, New England's 
most eloquent jury lawyer, just before any great speaking effort, 
went to his barber and had his head rubbed and champooed 
briskly, then took several cups of the strongest tea, and used so 
much opium as to have enfeebled and shortened his life. A fact 
already mentioned of Benton is directly in point, as is that of the 
supreme judges of Texas. 125 Byron stimulated in order to write 
well, and Sheridan and Fox prepared themselves for their parlia- 
mentary efforts by a physical means we will not mention, yet 
illustrating this point. Many other facts, already stated, apply 
to this principle, and enforce the great lesson here taught, that a 
strong mind must first have a strong body, and that all plrysical 
impairment impairs the intellectual powers. Students who would 
study hard must first of all learn to keep their brain in good 
working order. Look again at 37 in this connection. 

An intelligent Frenchman, long a resident of Mexico, wished 
to mention the name of a Parisir.n friend, physician to Louis 
Philippe, who advocated Phrenology, but on finally being unable 
to command it, said, — 

" Ever since I came near being suffocated by the burning of charcoal 
in a close room, I cannot possibly remember names, and forget almost 
every thing." 

"Did your reasoning powers suffer equally?" 

" No, scarcely at all ; only my memory. I can think and reason about 
as clearly and well as before, but my memory is almost gone." 

Nervous diseases always impair the memory, because they 
enfeeble the brain. Mauy reader's are living witnesses of a con- 
comitant decline of both health and memory. If asked for the 
first and best known means of strengthening both intellect and 
memory, it would be, "Invigorate the brain by improving the 
health." 

Many are living witnesses that a fit of sickness, which, with its 
drugs, left their bodies enfeebled, also left their memories much 
weaker, relatively, than their understandings. The reason is 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF MEMORY. 985 

apparent, and already demonstrated, namely, the bodily nerves 
ramify on the perceptive or lower part of the intellectual lobe more 
than on the reflective organs, which puts those organs of memory 
in special rapport with the bodily conditions, obviously so as to 
find food, and execute other bodily wants. 

Juvenile memories are remarkable. This fact is apparent. 
Why? Because their bodies are yet unimpaired. And if they 
would only keep up their physical vigor they would retain their 
memories. And since all their functions ought to grow and won- 
derfully strengthen with age, 216 so might and ought, of course, 
their memory. Its organs are governed by that same law of increase 
by exercise shown to govern all our animal and mental powers. In- 
deed, all educational efforts presuppose such improvement, the 
possibility of which we have placed beyond all manner of doubt. 
That same law by which exercise increases power there shown to 
govern the entire physiology and brain, applies to intellectual 
improvement with increased force, and in all its ramifications. 

By what means, do parents, teachers, the young, the profes- 
sional, one and all, eagerly inquire, can intellect be expanded and 
memory strengthened? Phrenology and Physiology answer: 
By increasing the power and activity of the intellectual organs. 
But by no other. ' The brain being the organ of the mind, and 
the conditions of both, therefore, being perfectly reciprocal, 35 of 
course all mental improvement must of necessity be accompanied 
by increased cerebral energy, and all intellectual advancement 
must be coincident with an increase of power and activity in the 
intellectual lobe ; yet whatever weakens this lobe of course 
weakens intellect, j This inference is the necessary consequence 
of the brain's being the organ of the mind, which renders the con- 
ditions of both perfectly reciprocal. Mental discipline, therefore, 
eonsists in the vigorous and active state of the intellectual organs, 
and the former can be effected only by means of the latter. His 
mind is best disciplined whose brain can be brought at will into 
the most vigorous and powerful action ; and since the vigor and 
improvement of the memory consist in precisely the same cerebral 
conditions, it can also be strengthened by the same instrumen- 
tality, but by no other. This universal law, founded on the 
brain's being the organ of the mind, tells all who would improve 
either memory or intellect, that their only means of securing this 



986 INTELLECT, MEMORY, AND THEIR CULTURE. 

most glorious result is to augment the activity and efficiency of 
their cerebral organs of memory aud intellect ; aud that whatever 
enfeebles the latter necessarily weakens the former. 

Mental discipline, then, consists in that state of the body in 
general, and brain in particular, in which blood flows freely to 
the intellectual lobe to enable it to act. A disciplined brain and 
a disciplined mind are identically the same, and the means of 
either are also those of the other. They are — 

1. A good intellectual lobe hereditarily. 

2. A vigorous physiology, or observance of the health laws. • 

3. Learning what Faculties are weak, and require more 
especial culture, in order to secure well-balanced and harmonious 
intellectual action. 03 

4." Their individual exercise by presenting their natural 
stimulus. 68 

A fact-tight memory of everything is a glorious possibility ; 
indeed, is its natural outworking. We have only to be born 
with a large and vigorous intellectual lobe, to preserve our physical 
powers in their pristine energy, and to enhance all by right culture, 64 
in order to remember all ice ever kneic, or may know, here and 
hereafter, forever! This, O man, is our glorious intellectual 
birthright ! Let us proceed to inquire what are the means of cul- 
tivating each intellectual Faculty, and thereby each and all kinds 
of memory. This, of course, involves the analysis of each sepa- 
rately. 

Intellectual culture cannot be bought. Educational facili- 
ties aid, but do not create, mental training. No royal road to so 
great a treasure is opened to an aristocratic few, yet denied the 
plebeian many. Excepting a better hereditary intellectual organi- 
zation in some than in others, no subsequent improvement can be 
effected by high or low, rich or poor, but by the action of the 
intellectual powers themselves, along with that increase effected 
by improving health. This great law puts all upon a par, only 
that some enjoy greater facilities for intellectual exercise than 
others. The means and mode to be employed by both are the 
same, which facilities may promote, yet they are by no means 
indispensable. The poorest laborer, even the most abject slave, 
can think and remember while at work. The sons of the rich, 
whose facilities are greatest, attain far less mental discipline than 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF THE PEKCEPTIVES. 987 

those who enjoy fewer, but make a better use of what they have. 
All of us, however poor, without books or teachers, can exercise 
our minds, and thus increase their efficiency; can strengthen 
memory by recalling the past, though it be simply our own expe- 
rience, and thus cause the blood to flow ; t,o the organ exercised, 
and thereby cultivate intellect. 

Spontaneous action alone can discipline. Forced action is 
almost no action. As a boy flogged to school will never study 
when there, so irksome study exercises, and therefore improves, the 
Faculties but little. Rendering study agreeable proportionably 
augments cerebral action, and therefore mental vigor. This is the 
intellectual mainspring. Scholars who dislike a teacher rarely 
learn much, because he does not provoke this spontaneous action ; 
while those who love their teachers learn spontaneously,- and 
therefore rapidly. We proceed to analyze the mind, and thereby 
show how to improve all hinds of memory — expand the intellect, 
acquire and retain knowledge, and educate the young — objects of 
the utmost practical importance to man. 

Nature divides the intellectual Faculties and organs into three 
groups, each of which confers its own special talents and cast of 
mind : the pereeptives, located over and around the eyes, which 
relate man to matter, and teach him the physical attributes and 
properties of things ; the knowing, located in the middle of the 
forehead, which learn and remember facts, and confer scholarship, 
brilliancy, and literary genius ; and the reflectives, located in the 
upper part of the forehead, which reason, think, philosophize, and 
adapt ways and means to ends. The predominance of the former 
renders the forehead retiring, as in Burritt ; of the latter, bold, 
high, w T ide, and steep, as in Napoleon, Lucretia Mott, Webster, 
Peters, Gall, &c. ; and that of the knowing renders it fullest in 
its middle, as in Sheridan, and most children ; while its deficiency 
leaves the forehead hollowing in its middle. 

240. — The Perceptive Faculties : their Appearance, De- 
scription, &c. 

These bring man into direct intercourse with the physical 
world ; take cognizance of the physical qualities of matter ; and 
give correct judgment of the properties of things, their value, fit- 
ness, uses, and a practical cast of mind. 



988 INTELLECT, MEMORY, AND THEIR CULTURE. 

Large — Are pre-eminent in these respects ; know by intui- 
tion the conditions, fitness, value, <&c, of things ; have extraordi- 
nary power of observation, and ability for examining, collecting 
statistics, studying the natural sciences, &c. ; judge correctly of 
the various qualities and relations of material things : with Ac- 
quisition large, form correct ideas of the value of property, goods, 
&c, and what kinds are likely to rise in value, and make good 
bargains ; with large Construction, can conduct mechanical oper- 
ations, and have very good talents for building machinery, super- 
intending workmen, &c. ; with the mental Temperament, and 
large reflectives added, are endowed by Nature with a truly scien- 
tific cast of mind, and a talent for studying the natural sciences ; 
with an active Temperament and favorable opportunities, know a 
good deal about matters and things in general ; are quick of obser- 
vation and perception, have a matter-of-fact, common-sense tact, 
and will show off to excellent advantage. They are useful in 
almost every department and situation in life. 

Full — Have fair perceptive powers, and a good share of 
practical sense ; learn and remember most things quite well ; love 
natural science, and with study can become a good scholar, yet 
not without it; with large Acquisition, judge of the value of 
things with sufficient correctness to make good bargains, but with 
moderate Acquisition lack such judgment ; with large Construc- 
tion, aided by experience, have a good mechanical mind, but 
without experience, or with only moderate Construction, are 
deficient. 

Average — Are endowed with only fair perceptive and know- 
ing powers, but, well cultivated, know considerable about matters 
and things, and learn with tolerable ease ; yet without cultivation 
are deficient in practicability of talent, and capability of gathering 
and retaining knowledge. For combinations, see Full. 

Moderate — Are rather slow and dull of observation and per- 
ception, require some time to understand things, and even then 
lack specific knowledge of details ; are rather deficient in matters- 
of-fact knowledge, and show off to poor advantage ; learn slowly, 
and fail in off-hand judgment and action ; with only average Ac- 
quisition, are deficient in judging of the value of things, and easily 
cheated ; and with moderate expression, are rather wanting in 
practical talent. 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF THE PERCEPTIVES. 989 

Small — Are very deficient in recollecting and judging; lack 
practical sense, and should cultivate the knowing and remember- 
ing Faculties ; see few things, and know little about the external 
world, its qualities, and relations. 

To Cultivate — Exercise each separately, and all together, in 
examining closely all the material properties of physical bodies ; 

Physico-perceptive Group: Very large. 




No. 170. — John Jacob Astor. 

study the natural sciences, especially Phrenology ; and examine 
the natural qualities of all material objects. 

This rule for observing their size obviates the objection some- 
times urged that the eyebrows and their arches prevent the cor- 
rect diagnosis of these smaller organs crowded so thickly together. 
The shape of the eyebrow reveals the size, absolute and relative, 



990 



INTELLECT, MEMORY, AND THEIR CULTURE. 



of each, thus : When all are large, the eyebrow is long and arch- 
ing ; when all are deficient, it is short and straight ; when some 
are large, and others small, it arches over the large ones, but 
passes horizontally over those which are small. This rule is 
infallible. 

The Senses teach. What they tell us we 7enoiv, not guess at. 
They constitute those main avenues through which knowledge 
enters the mind. Their combinations enable us to put this and 
that together, and learn therefrom, which the loss of two or three 
of them greatly retards. The difficulty of teaching those born 



Perceptives very Large. 



Intellectuals and Perceptives 
very Large. 




.1 ] 
No. 171. — Peter Cooper. 



No. 172. — Agassiz. 



deaf and blind is really very great, of which Laura Bridgman fur- 
nishes an example. Her history is very instructive, yet we will 
not now stop to read its lessons. Suffice it that " seeing is believ- 
ing," that each sense teaches and compels us to learn its kind of 
truth, and all of them furnish a solid, tangible, absolute basis, 
on which to rear our intellectual superstructure. Their cerebral 
location is right under the reflective lobe, so that their action gives 
us positive scientific knowledge. Their value cannot be overrated. 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF THE SENSES. 



991 



241. — The Senses; or Touch, Sight, Hearing, Taste, and 

Smell. 
The importance of these senses may be inferred from the loss 
of power and enjoyment consequent on their loss. How could 
we exist without them? Of the value of touch, and the nervous 
means by which it is executed, we have already spoken. 37 With- 
out it how could we ever know when we were too hot or cold, 
or were being burned, frozen, bruised, or otherwise injured? 
We have already discussed the necessary part pain plays in the 
life economies. 19 It is its own chief warning instrumentality. 
How many and how valuable are the lessons it teaches ! And it 



Intellectuals and Perceptives 
very Large. 



Perceptiyes Large; Re- 
flectives Small. 





No. 173. — CUVIER. 



No. 174. — Gorilla. 



is yet destined throughout the great future of our existence to 
completely reform and save us from all violation of natural law, 224 
and thereby from pain itself — the memory of our past suffering 
being our safeguard against future sin and sufferings. 

All sensational pleasures, that is, feelings of physical com- 
forts and luxuries, come through this sense. How much pleas- 
ure sunshine, warmth, &c, confer on us ! We little realize how 
much we enjoy through healthy nerves, or suffer through sickly, 
morbid ones, as in neuralgia, rheumatism, gout, headache, tooth- 
ache, &c. 151 But we have already discussed their effects, and 
means of health and restoration, and need not repeat. 



992 THE PERCEPTIVE FACULTIES. 

Taste and Smell have also been discussed under Appetite, 93 
so that we need only here discuss Hearing and Sight. 

Each sense is a mental faculty, and performed by its 
own central organ, which is located in the nervous ganglion, at 
the junction of its nerve with the brain. Some are much stronger 
or weaker than others in the same person ; each executes a sui 
generis class of functions, and conforms to all the conditions of a 
mental Faculty. 34 

Each can be improved by culture. Thus the loss of either 
compels the greater exercise of the others, which wonderfully 
improves them. The touch of blind persons becomes. wonderfully 
acute, because loss of sight compels its greater action. Yet its 
equal exercise along with sight would render it equally strong with 
sight as without. 64 Let the value of each sense, then, enforce the 
practical importance of the cultivation of each, all the way along 
up from childhood ; and of parents instilling its exercise into chil- 
dren. 

Glasses should be worn in aid of sight when they become 
really necessary ; yet be used sparingly. The Author at sixty- 
three can read good print, in a good light, without glasses, and 
better than he could twelve years ago, and write, day and night, 
even with a poor light, probably because of the improved state of 
his general health. 160 If " there's nothing like leather," so there's 
nothing like health. 



XXVIII. — OBSERVATION, or " Individuality." 

242. — Its Analysis, Location, and Adaptation. 

The Looker. — Inspection ; curiosity to see and examine ; cog- 
nizance of individual objects ; scrutiny ; gazing. 

Its Location is in the middle of the lower part of the fore- 
head, between the inner terminus of the eyebrows, and above the 
top of the nose. When it is large the eyebrows flex downward at 
their nasal ends, as in the accompanying Chinese head, and the 
lower part of the forehead projects, as in Ephraim Byram ; but 
when it is deficient, the eyebrows are straight at their inner 
ends, and come close together, as in Deacon Seth Terry, and 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF OBSERVATION. 



993 



Observation Large, 



old Franklin. It is immense in 
Agassiz and Michael Angelo, in 
Seward and Peter Cooper, and 
larger in Elihu Burritt, the 
Learned Blacksmith, than I re- 
member ever to have seen it 
elsewhere. In all infants it is 
prodigious. It was discovered 
by Spurzheim. Gall included 
this organ and Eventuality to- 
gether, under the name of Edu- 
cability. 

Its adaptation is to the 
individuality and personality of 
things ; that is, to the divisibil- 
ity of matter into separate exist- 
ences, or to the thingness of 
things. Matter is not one great 

conglomerate mass, but is parcelled out into individual things 
innumerable, each having an individual existence of its own, of 




No. 175. — Chinese. 



Observation Large. 



Observation Small. 





No. 176. — Ephraim Btram. 



No. 177. — Deacon Seth Terry, 



which this Faculty takes cognizance. It is adapted, and adapts- 
men to what Natural Philosophy calls the divisibility of matter, or 
that natural attribute which allows it to be subdivided indefinitely. 
Yet each division maintains a personal existence. It thus puts 
man in relation and contact with a world full of things for his 
inspection, as well as excites in him an insatiable desire to- examine 
125 



994 THE PERCEPTIVE FACULTIES. 

everything. It is, therefore, the looking Faculty. Its distinctive 
office is to observe things. It asks, " What is this?" and says, 
" Show me that." It has discovered many useful improvements 
in the arts and sciences, Phrenology among the rest, and consti- 
tutes that door through which the cognizance of external objects 
enters the mind. Before we can know the uses, properties, causes, 
&c, of things, we must first know that such things exist ; and of 
this Observation informs us. The first impression the mind can 
have of persons and things, is of their independent existence ; so 
that, other things being equal, the more things one observes, the 
more material is furnished for memory to treasure up, reason to 
investigate, and all the other Faculties upon which to operate. 

143. — Description and Cultivation of Observation. 

Large — Have an insatiable desire to see, examine, experience, 
and know all about everything, together with extraordinary pow- 
ers of observation ; are perpetual and inveterate lookers ; cannot 
rest satisfied till all is known ; individualize everything, and are 
very minute and particular in observing all things ; with large 
Beauty, employ many allegorical and like figures ; with large In- 
tuition and Comparison, observe every little thing which people 
say and do, and read character correctly from what smaller Obser- 
vation would not notice ; love illustrated books ; read all the signs, 
and look in at all the shop windows, besides often looking back 
to see things passed ; see whatever is transpiring around, what 
should be done, &c. ; are quick of perception, knowing, and with 
large Acquisition, sharp to perceive whatever appertains to prop- 
erty ; with large Parental Love, whatever concerns children ; with 
large Appetite, whatever belongs to the flavor and qualities of 
food, and know what things are good by looking at them ; with 
large Intuition, see quickly whatever appertains to individual char- 
acter, and whether it is favorable or unfavorable ; with large Con- 
science, perceive readily the moral, or right and wrong of things ; 
with large Beauty, are quick to perceive perfection and deformity; 
with large Form, notice the countenances and looks of all met ; 
with small Color, fail to observe tints, hues, and shades ; with large 
Order and moderate Beauty, perceive disarrangement at once, yet 
fail to notice the want of taste or niceness. These and kindred 
combinations show why some persons are very quick to notice 
some things, but slow to observe others- 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF OBSERVATION. 995 

Full — Have good observing powers, and much desire to see 
and know things, yet are not remarkable in these respects : with 
large Acquisition, but moderate Beauty, are quick to notice what- 
ever appertains to property, yet fail to observe instances of beauty 
and deformity ; but with large Beauty and moderate Acquisition, 
quickly see beauty and deformity, j r et do not quickly observe the 
qualities of things or value of property ; with large Parental Love 
and Beauty, see at once indices of beauty and perfection in chil- 
dren ; but if this organ and Expression are moderate, fail to per- 
ceive beauty of expression or sentiment, &c. 

Average — Observe only conspicuous objects, and more in 
general than detail, and what especially interests. 

Moderate — Are rather deficient in this looking capability, 
and should cultivate it : with large Locality, may observe places 
sufficiently to find them again ; with large Order, observe when 
things are out of place ; with large Causality, see that it may find 
materials for reasoning, &c, yet observe little per se. 

Small — Observe only what is thrust upon the attention, and 
are quite deficient in this respect. 

Its position in the centre of this perceptive group shows that 
its function is also central. It is placed as nearly between the 
eyes as possible, obviously that it may work with them ; and at 
the bottom of all the intellectual organs, clearly because its action 
is indispensable to them. It would almost seem as though all the 
intellectual organs revolve around it. This fact, along with its 
function, shows that 

Its cultivation is most important. Indifferent lookers 
little realize how much useful information, how many valuable 
lessons and suggestions, and how many texts for thought, and how 
much material an incentive for the action of all their other Facul- 
ties, they lose, which quick observation would note, and thus 
greatly enhance all the mental powers, and all the other enjoy- 
ments, besides those of observation itself. 

Our world is full of curiosities. Air, earth, and water are 
literally crowded with every conceivable variety of objects, the 
examination of which is most interesting and instructive. Nature, 
thou art full of beautiful and wonderful works, scattered lavishly 
all around and within us. We trample thy living treasures unno- 
ticed under foot perpetually, in our scrambles after mammon and 
baubles. Would that mortals would behold and learn thy ex 
haustless treasures of knowledge and wisdom. 



996 THE PERCEPTIVE FACULTIES. 

Observation impresses as can nothing else. What we see 
we knoio and remember. The best description makes and leaves 
but a faint impression of things ; while seeing them brands every- 
thing appertaining to them right into our inner consciousness". 
Thus one minute's ocular inspection of anything — a skull, for 
example — leaves an impression far more vivid and lasting than 
could cords of books and years of description. Children and adults 
learn mechanics, science, Phrenology, everything ten times faster 
and better from sight than book. Hence pictorial books, which 
represent things, "take," because they employ this law of mind. 
A single picture often teaches volumes. 

Its cultivation, as furnishing all the other Faculties with 
their stock of material, thus becomes the first step, as it is the 
most important, toward disciplining the mind. " Open your eyes 
upon all Nature, and keep them open," is the most important 
lesson intellectual aspirants can learn. A. and B., alike except 
that Observation is large in A. but small in B., visit the World's 
Fair. A. notices whatever comes within sight of ever-roving 
eagle eyes ; while B., head and eyes cast down, sees but little ; 
and ever after A. has ten thousand things seen there for Event- 
uality to remember, Expression to talk about, the reasoning or- 
gans to think about, and all the other Faculties to work upon ; 
while B. lacks all these mental and sentimental incentives. Be- 
hold the heaven- wide difference, then, between two persons, other 
things being equal, one always, the other rarely, exercising this 
Faculty. Then 

How can it be cultivated ? Solely by looking, seeing, in- 
specting, and examining. Many, " having eyes, see not." They 
perform the physical, but omit the mental part of vision. How 
many pass something on the street a hundred times without see- 
ing it ; have even seen, but not noticed it ; or merely observed 
its existence, but nothing more ! Moderate Observation may see a 
person, yet notice little said or done, while large Observation sees 
and remembers fifty or more things unnoticed by the other, though 
both have equally good eyes. Some stare without noticing, while 
Italians, Spaniards, and the French scrutinize minutely without 
gazing. 

Observe human nature, that most prolific and instructive 
subject on earth. Wherever you mix up among men, at home or 
abroad, note all their little actions, looks, and sayings. Scan and 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF OBSERVATION. 997 

read their f physiognomy, their natural language, and their tones ; 
for men can note with ears as well as eyes, and all the varying ex- 
pressions of their eyes, mouths, &c., and then spell out the lessons 
thus taught. Yet we cannot draw right inferences further than 
we observe the facts. Human beings throng perpetually around 
us, and Phrenology enables us to read them through and through. 
No other study bears any comparison with this either as disciplin- 
ing the mind by taxing all its energies, or in the great practical 
lessons it teaches. After studying it but little, though even in 
church, you will find yourself perpetually scanning heads and 
actions, not how they dress as much as what mental traits they 
manifest. Which of the two is most instructive ? Its study 
creates a seeing mania, to see and scrutinize men and manners. 
In all children it is developed almost to deformity, and 
larger at birth than any other intellectual organ ; because it con- 
stitutes that mental front door through which all else enters the 
mind. Infants must look in order to remember. Their minds are 
constituted to begin to develop at this identical Faculty, because 
this provokes every other. Hence, with what avidity they seize 
and ask about picture books ? This powerful looking instinct 
was created to be cultivated, not repressed. All juvenile educa- 
tion should be formed on this principle of the young mind, that 
observation is their highway to knowledge. Existing educational 
systems require to be remodelled in accordance with this obvious 
law of the opening mind ; especially since it now usually represses 
this main element, which it should cultivate. How often are 
children reproved, even punished, for looking around the school- 
house, or out at the windows, with, " Keep your eyes on your 
book, or I'll flog you." Gracious Heavens ! Opening humanity 
flogged for merely looking ! As well chastise for eating. Almost 
as well check respiration as Observation ; for the latter is as essen- 
tial to intellectual life as is the former to physical. Education is 
begun and conducted wrongly throughout. Instead of repressing 
sight, it should consist mainly in showing things. But we shall 
develop our educational system in Part VI. 



998 



THE PERCEPTIVE FACULTIES. 



XXIX. FORM. 
244. — Its Location, Discovery, and Adaptation. 



Veky Large. Form 
Color. 



Size , and 




No. 178. —Rubens. 



The Draftsman; Configuration; cognizance and memory of 
forms, shapes, faces, looks, countenances, &c. ; perception of family 

likenesses, resemblances, &c. 

Its Location is partly between, 
and slightly above the eyes. It lies 
on each side of the crista galli, or 
cock's comb, that bony process be- 
tween and above the eyes, on which 
the falciform process of the dura mater 
fastens. It is immense in Blackhawk, 
No. 20, and in most Indians ; in Rubens, 
No. 178, and J. Jordain, No. 179 ; 
Stearns, No. 165, &c. When it is de- 
ficient, the eyes come near each other ; 
when large, it spreads them far 
apart. 

"Gall was desired at Vienna to examine the head of a little girl who 
had a remarkable recollection of persons, and found only that her eyes 
were pushed laterally outwards. He then spoke of memory of persons 
being indicated by distance between the eyes. It is situated in the in- 
ternal angle of the orbit, and, when large, pushes the eyeballs towards 
the external angle, a little outwards and downwards. It varies in size in 
whole nations. Many Chinese have it large. It is commonly large in 
the French, and with Construction, invents patterns. It is essential in 
portrait painting and crystallography." — Spurzheim. 

"Mr. Audubon says of the late Mr. Bewick, the most eminent Eng- 
lish wood engraver, 'His eyes were placed farther apart than those of 
any man I have ever seen.' " 

" Cuvier owed much of his success as a compai*ative anatomist to 
this Faculty, and its organ was largely developed in his head." — Combe. 

All the bees of a hive, though numbering from twenty to 
eighty thousand, says Spurzheim, know each other. Gall said it 
was deficient in him, and that he often failed to recognize those 
with whom he had just dined, and frequently seen. The difference 
in this respect between different persons is toto coelo, some remem- 
bering, others forgetting, the looks of all the persons they see. 

Its adaptation is to that inherent element of matter called 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF FORM. 999 

configuration in natural philosophy. Matter cannot exist without 
having some kind of shape. Or if this element existed in Nature, 
but man had no primary mental Faculty adapted to it, he might 
see his fellow-men nine hundred and ninety-nine times in a day, 
yet not know them the thousandth. But with this arrangement 
in Nature and this mental Faculty in man, we can identify persons 
and things by this means. Nature puts all her orders, genera, 
species, and individual productions up each into their own figure, 
as already stated. All tigers are analogous in configuration to 
all others, and thus of all classes of things in nature. As far as 
the eye can distinguish a person, we know him to belong to the 
human race by his resemblance in form to that race. Besides this 
general resemblance, though all have feet, body, hands, heads, 
eyes, noses, mouths, chins, eyebrows, foreheads, &c, yet no two 
human beings look exactly alike. Cast your eyes over any congre- 
gation, and behold that vast diversity of countenances there per- 
ceptible. No two appear any way alike. When it consists of all 
nations, as at Salt Lake, this diversity is much greater, and most 
amusing. Here, then, is an absolute, a universal property of mat- 
ter and Nature. Man and all things are shaped. This natural 
ordinance is most useful arid necessary. It is the classifying basis 
of most of the natural sciences. What are botany and conchology 
but sciep^es mainly of shape ? Does not geometry consist mainly 
in it ? And are not all the sciences composed of forms more than 
anything else ? All great naturalists and scientists have it very 
large. Even reading, writing, and spelling involve this attribute 
mainly. In what does writing consist but in forming letters, and 
thereby words ? and in what reading and spelling but in appre- 
hending the shapes of letters and words ? Hence all children in 
whom it is large, learn to read easily and correctly. In drawing 
and making after a pattern, it is especially necessary. Its utility 
is really inconceivably great. 

Its Inflammation creates all the frightful images of hobgob- 
lins, ghosts, and horrible visions of delirium tremens, because all 
inflammation of the stomach inflames Appetite, and of course con- 
tiguous organs, and this one the most, because it is located so near 
the optic nerves, and organ of Form. Those awful sights and im- 
ages experiened in horrid dreams and nightmare come from a like 
inflammation of the stomach, and of course the contiguous optic 
nerve, which runs right alongside of this organ. 37 



1000 THE PERCEPTIVE FACULTIES. 



Description and Cultivation of Form. 

Large — Possess this capability to an extraordinary degree ; 
recognize old friends, schoolmates, and persons not seen for many 
years ; notice, and for a long time remember, the faces, countenan- 
ces, forms, looks, &c, of persons, beasts, and things once seen ; know 
by sight many whose name is not remembered: with large Ideality, 
delight in beautiful forms ; with large Spirituality, see the spirits 
of the departed ; with disordered nerves, see horrid images, &c. ; 
with Observation large, both observe and recollect persons and 
things, but with it moderate, fail to notice, and hence to remember 
them, unless business or something special draws attention to 
them ; with large Parental Love, notice and recollect children, 
favorite animals, &c. ; with large Acquisition, Observation, and 
Locality, readily detect counterfeits, &c. 

Its cultivation is as important as its utility is great. All 
should take special pains to augment its activity and power. This 
can be effected only by its exercise, and this by observing and re- 
membering shapes, and associating persons and things with their 
forms. The extent to which this can be done is astonishing. 
Formerly, menageries and circuses allowed those who had paid 
their circus entrance in the forenoon to pass in free afternoon and 
evening. As tickets would have been transferred, the door-keeper 
was compelled to remember all who had previously paid, which 
compelled him to observe minutely their faces, not dress, which 
could be changed, and could rarely be deceived. He claimed to 
" carry faces in his eye " by a supernatural gift, whereas it was due 
to large and cultivated Form. Southern and western travel illus- 
trates this to a remarkable degree by the mate remembering all 
who have paid by their looks. Police officers detect old offenders 
by scrutinizing every feature of all brought, and noting every pe- 
culiarity in shape. A like cultivation of Form in all will greatly 
improve their recollection of those before seen. To improve it, 
look those with whom you talk fully in the face, — and it is not 
polite to talk with any one without doing so, — and scan all their 
individual features and specialties, and the general look and make- 
up of their entire countenances, as if saying to yourself, " I will 
remember that face when and wherever I see it again." What 
better opportunity for its discipline could be needed or had ? 

Studying Phonography is another excellent mode of its cul- 



ANALYSIS AND CULTURE OF FORM. 1001 

ture. It consists in associating certain sounds with certain charac- 
ters. There is a genuine science of spelling, and only one right 
system, namely, since the hmnan voice cannot possibly make over 
forty to forty-two primitive vocal sounds, we should have an alpha- 
bet of just that number of letters, and let a given letter represent 
one, and never but one, of these sounds ; whereas now the same 
letter, a, for example, represents one sound as in baker, another 
as in bark, a third ball, a fourth as in bat, &c, thus confusing learn- 
ers and spellers, and requiring years of study to learn to read and 
spell well ; whereas once arrange the alphabet on this one-letter- 
and-sound principle, and learning the letters, which any ordinary 
child could do in a week, would be learning to read and spell cor- 
rectly, and save all the juveniles' time now worse than wasted on 
this most irksome process of learning to spell and read. Phonog- 
raphy attains this end, and is a great art ; and deserves to be 
universally learned. Graham's system is better than Pitman's, 
Muncy's probably equally good, some say better, and I have had 
good reporters who learned Lindsley's system quickly and reported 
accurately. 

Too early schooling often creates a great dislike of books, 
because so irksome ; whereas waiting till you have wrought up a 
strong desire to learn to read by reading them stories, &c, by de- 
lighting and interesting them, would enable them to learn to read 
in a quarter the time now taken, and leave them intensely and 
permanently interested in books and literary pursuits. Wait till 
they are eight or ten, meanwhile teaching them objects on the 
kindergarten and like plans, and they can be advanced ten times 
faster than now, and with this paramount advantage that they 
love books and reading, while tne former will hate both. The 
mother of Wesley would not let her children learn a letter till 
they were five years old ; and the day John was five, she taught 
him every letter of the alphabet, and the next day taught him to 
read a verse in the Bible. Postpone and then conduct learning 
to read and spell as here directed, and any child of ordinary 
capabilities can learn both in a few months. Hundreds of in- 
stances in which this course has been pursued have practically 
demonstrated its feasibility. 



1002 THE PERCEPTIVE FACULTIES. 



XXX. SIZE. 

245. — Its Location, Analysis, Description, Cultivation, &c. 

The Architect — Measurement by the eye; cognizance and 
memory of magnitude, quantity, dimensions, such as length, 
breadth, height, depth, angles, perpendiculars, levels, and varia- 
tions from them, bulk, distance, proportion, weight by size, &c. 

Its location is on each side of Observation, yet slightly lower 
down, and in the angle formed by the root of the nose and arch 
of the eyebrows. To find it, place the ball of the thumb in this 
angle, the palm of the hand being towards the forehead, and 
when it is large this ball will rest on a prominence quite like half 
a bean, the round side projecting towards the eye, and running 
backwards along the root of the nose. In proportion as it is 
large it causes the inner portions of the eyebrows to project over 
the inner portions of the eyes, quite like the eaves of a house, 
forming a shed over the inner portion of each eye, as in Jordain, 
Rubens, Blackhawk, and others. It is fully established, and 
easily observed. 

" Its organ is placed at the internal corner of the superciliary arch, on 
both sides of Observation. It is important to geometricians, architects, 
carpenters, mechanicians, portrait painters, and all who measure di- 
mensions. It measures the size of the heavenly bodies, and of terres- 
trial objects, and, with Locality, gives conceptions of perspective." 
— Spurzheim. 

"Magnitude, size, length, breadth, thickness, height, depth, distance, 
being, strictly speaking, referable to extension, this Faculty is probably 
that of space in general." — Sir G. S. Mackenzie. 

Combe mentions a lady good in copying forms, but inaccurate 
in proportions ; who fails in perspective, but enjoys forms ; and 
is conscious that she has Form, but lacks Size. 

Its adaptation is to that element in Nature called "magni- 
tude," in natural philosophy. Nothing can be without possessing 
bulk, or being larger or smaller absolutely and relatively. But 
for this elementary property of matter, no difference would exist 
between a drop of water and an ocean of water, or between 
giants and pygmies, mountains and mole-hills. Or with this ar- 
rangement in Nature, but without this Faculty in man to put him 
in relation with large and small, all conception of dimension 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF SIZE. 1003 

would have been impossible ; and in this event we could neither 
distinguish each other by the general size of our persons, nor the 
particular size of our features, nor perceive any difference be- 
tween a rain-drop and a flood. But with both this primary ele- 
ment of matter on the one hand, and this mental Faculty adapted 
to it on the other, we can distinguish things by their being larger 
and smaller, and apply this measuring capability to all our mate- 
rial relations. In short, the wise Maker of all things has ap- 
pended magnitude to matter as its universal concomitant, and 
then created in man a mental Faculty which puts him in relation 
with it, and enables him to employ it in attaining myriads of 
desirable life ends. How, without it, could he fit all the parts of 
a complicated machine to each other, or wflrk it without, or even 
fit his own clothes to his own person, or wear them unfitted? 

Nature's distances are immense, incalculable, inconceivable. 
Who can tell how far off that fixed star is, since it would take 
the lightning's flash thousands of years to come from it to us ? 
Who has clearly admeasured the quantity of water in the ocean, 
the vast piles of matter in that mountain range, the dimensions of 
our whole earth, and the inconceivable bulk of " the god of day"? 

246. — Description and Cultivation of Size. 

Large — Are endowed with an extraordinarily accurate archi- 
tectural eye ; detect at one glance any departure from perfect 
accuracy and proportion ; often perceive errors in the work of 
good workmen; can tell how high, wide, long, far, much, heavy, 
&c, with perfect accuracy; judge correctly, as if by intuition, 
the texture, fineness, coarseness, qualities, &c, of goods; excel 
in judging of property where bulk and value are to be estimated 
by eye : with Construction, can fit nice machinery, and often 
dispense with measuring-instruments, because accurate enough 
without, and do best on work requiring the most perfect accu- 
racy ; have an excellent eye for measuring angles, proportions, 
disproportions, and departures therefrom, and judge correctly of 
quantity in general ; love harmony of proportion, and are pained 
by disproportion. It is necessary to artisans, mechanics, &c. 

Full — Possess a good share of this eye-measuring power, yet 
are not remarkable ; with practice, do well, and in this respect 
succeed well in accustomed business. 



1004 THE PERCEPTIVE FACULTIES. 

Average — Have a fair eye for judging of bulk, distances, 
weight by size, &c, and with practice do tolerably well in it; 
without it, poorly. 

Moderate — Measure by eye rather inaccurately, and have 
poor judgment of bulk, quantity, distance, &c. 

Small — Are obliged always to rely on actual measurements, 
because" the eye is too imperfect to be trusted, and are almost 
destitute of this Faculty. 

To Cultivate — Pass judgment on whatever involves how 
much, how heavy, how far, the centre, amount, architectural 
accuracy, especially of eye, as if you were determined ever after- 
wards to remember them ; look at them critically, as a police de- 
tective looks at a rogue, as if saying to himself, " I'll know you 
next time." 

The Prussian method of cultivating Size shows parents, 
teachers, and all others how to improve this Faculty. The pupils 
are taken to the fields, woods, mountains, &c, and asked how 
far it is to yonder tree, house, rock, &c. Each pupil takes a 
given position, and passes his judgment, which is recorded, and 
then the actual distance is measured, and all are required to look 
once more, by way of correcting and improving his eye as to 
distance, height, &c. Farmers can improve this Faculty by esti- 
mating the number of acres in a given field, the number of bush- 
els or tons in a certain pile ; butchers in estimating the weight 
of cattle, &c. ; carpenters and masons in plumbing and building 
by the eye ; landscape painters, drawers, in foreshortening and 
giving the perspective to their pictures ; portrait painters in 
making them the size of life, and proportioning all the features ; 
and thus of other callings. In short, to improve it, look at 
things with the view of estimating and applying this element to 
things. 

The study of geometry has to do mainly with measuring 
quantities, and of course comes more appropriately under this 
Faculty than any other, although it calls to its aid nearly all the 
intellectual powers. It should therefore form a constituent part 
of education, and even of children's plays. Let their playthings 
be so constructed that they can be put together into various geo- 
metrical figures, so as to solve its principal problems. Thus they 
can easily be taught to solve the problem that w the squares of the 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF WEIGHT. 1005 

two sides of a rectangular triangle are equal to the square of its 
hypothenuse," by having square blocks of any size, say an inch, 
and filling a hypothenuse, say of three inches, with nine blocks, 
or of five by twenty-five, and the other two sides similarly filled, 
will hold just as many more. Playing with geometrical blocks 
would soon render globe, cylinder, prism, cone, apex, segment, 
cube, pentagon, octagon, &c, as familiar as bread. 



XXXI. WEIGHT. 

247. — Its Location and Adaptation, and the true Theory 
of Astronomical Motion. 

The Climber. — Balancing capacity ; steadiness of hand ; mus- 
cular control ; marksmanship ; intuitive perception and applica- 
tion of the laws of gravity, motion, momentum, &c. ; ability to 
keep one's equilibrium in walking aloft, riding a fractious horse, 
skating, climbing, sailing, &c. ; judgment of heft, resistance, 
density, hardness, weight, &c. ; the shooting, hunting, and pro- 
jecting instinct. Giddiness, staggering, liability to fall, seasick- 
ness, &c, are consequent on its disturbed or feeble action. 

Its position is under the eyebrow, and next to Size, or about 
half an inch from the upper part of the nose, and between Size 
and Color. This rule correctly locates it and Color. Draw a 
perpendicular line from the centre of each eye up to the eyebrow. 
Weight is located internally and Color externally of this line 
under the eyebrows. It is usually less than Size, but large in 
sailors, acrobats, slack-rope performers, letterers, &c. 

" This okgan is small, and situated internally to Size, above the orbit, 
towards the superciliary ridge. It gives a knowledge of the specific 
gravity of objects, and is of use in working with hands or tools ; sculp- 
turing, carving, turning, &c. ; in using levers and machines; boxing, 
resisting tides and winds, steering ships, using bow and arrow, marks- 
manship, performing on musical instruments, engineering, lithography, 
mosaic work, &c. What are the simplest animal motions — walking, 
running, flying, swimming, &c. — but alternate disturbance and restora- 
tion of equilibrium ? " — ISpurzheim. 

" In blowing crown glass, workmen dip the end of a hollow iron tube 
into melted glass, and require to take up nine and one half pounds, and 
expert workmen, in whom Weight is large, rarely vary two ounces. 
Those in whom it is largest are least subject to seasickness." — Combe. 

M I found that, when at sea, by standing at the vessel's side, directing 



1006 THE PERCEPTIVE FACULTIES. 

my eyes to some still object on shore, as the top of a mountain, and with 
the palms of my hands shutting out all sight of the ship and sea, sickness 
was invariably dispelled, but always returned on withdrawing my hands. 
— Cor. JEd. Phren. Jour. 

Muscular control seems to be its precise office. All things 
material are governed by gravity. Our bodies are material, and 
therefore thus governed. Of course we must be somehow enabled 
to resist or employ this element, or else lie oyster-like wherever 
it places aud keeps us. Without its aid, motion is impossible. 
Every single thing we do involves it. We could not live with- 
out it any more than without breath, for does not breathing, 
chewing, &c, involve it? 

Its adaptation is to the natural element of gravity. Attrac- 
tion forms a constituent element of matter. Without it, all bodies 
would rise as often as fall, and be incapable of being kept in any 
particular position, so that nothing could have been built or done ; 
for what would have bound matter together? What else keeps 
the particles which compose bodies from being scattered through- 
out space, holds the ocean in its bed, and keeps rivers from 
ascending mountains and being scattered over hill and dale; 
causes rain to fall, instead of rising; binds things on the earth to 
its surface ; retains it in its orbit, or renders it any way inhabita- 
ble? Or with this element in matter, but without its corre- 
sponding Faculty in man to put him in relation with it, so that he 
can perceive and apply it, he would have lain where gravity car- 
ried him, and been incapable of ever doing anything to resist its 
sway. He could neither have walked, nor even stood. But with 
this arrangement of attraction in Nature and this Faculty in man, 
he can convert the former to his service, resist wind and tide, 
manage machinery, and effect beneficial ends innumerable. 

Cohesion, that element which embodies matter into individual 
objects, of which all growth is but an exemplification, is but one 
form of this identical element. 

All astronomical motions are its productions. Sun, moon, 
and stars move in obedience to its mandates, and all Nature, 
every particle of matter, and all celestial spheres, acknowledge its 
sway. 

Newton's centripetal and centrifugal force, however, do 
not expound its celestial laws of action. His demonstrations are 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF WEIGHT. 1007 

anything but demonstrative. I have yet to see the first man who 
even thought he undersood them. Yet all mathematical truths 
are both demonstrable and understandable, while Newton's theory 
is neither, because it is not true. All geometrical problems are 
clear, while his are muddy and muddled, and lack wherefore. It 
virtually asserts that descending bodies increase their velocity, 
which generates a centrifugal force ; that the greater the attrac- 
tion, the greater the repulsion ; that the descent of a stone shoots 
it sidewise ; that centripetal force generates proportionate cen- 
trifugal — a theory contradicted alike by philosophy and fact. 
Centripetal force or attraction does not create proportionate cen- 
trifugal or repulsive force. Thinking reader, give your common 
sense to our exposition of the modus operandi by which all the 
heavenly bodies are moved through space. That motive power 
which keeps them in motion must be inconceivably great to hurl 
such huge orbs of matter through the fields of space as fast as 
astronomy tells us they are propelled. What generates and 
what regulates this stupendous power? 

Electricity, Nature's great motive agent, 83 thus : All bodies 
are electric. The earth is powerfully magnetic, as is also the 
sun. The fundamental law of electricity is, that all bodies 
charged positively repel each other, while all positive and neg- 
ative bodies are attracted to each other. This principle all con- 
cede. Let us apply it to astronomical motions. 

The sun is positive, and the source of all positive electric 
force ; while the balance of the solar system is negative to it, and 
therefore most powerfully attracted to it, its largest bodies the 
most. This generates that all-powerful centripetal force which 
attracts all its members into the sun in proportion to their magni- 
tude. Then what prevents their rushing right straight into the 
sun with all their velocity and momentum? Not Newton's cen- 
trifugal force, which would be only the merest atom of the power 
required, and weakened by proximity to the sun, but this same 
electricity reversed, thus : In proportion as any of them — the 
earth, for example — approaches the sun, he charges her with his 
positive electric state, so that both, being thus rendered positive, 
repel each other, and the more the nearer they approach each 
other. The nearer they come together, the more he electrizes her 
positivity like himself, which positive state of both repels him 



1008 THE PERCEPTIVE FACULTIES. 

from her, and her from him, thus rendering their collision an 
utter physical impossibility. Nor can members of the solar sys- 
tem ever collide with each other, because all are negative, and all 
negatives repel each other. When star-gazers tell you a comet 
is about to dash the earth to atoms, show him this page, and tell 
him to go about his business. Infinite Wisdom would have been 
unworthy of Himself, and all His other works, to have left such 
a collision at all possible ever. Would He, after creating all 
these innumerable forms of life thus exquisitely, 15 suffer it to be 
slaughtered by wholesale ! Mortals sleep, awake, plant, and 
gather without any earthly fear of celestial collisions. Man's 
railroad trains may collide, but God's celestial orbit-cars, freighted 
with life, never. Let us explain the particular workings of this 
electric law more in detail, and in both its aspects, for we have 
explained only one phase. 

All celestial orbits are elliptical, none spherical ; whereas 
Newton's Principia could account only for spherical. The sun 
positive, the earth negative, these two ppposite states draw them 
together; but the sun, being so almost infinitely the largest, is 
moved by and to the earth only the merest moiety, while the 
smaller earth is hurled by the sun with a velocity and power abso- 
lutely inconceivable. But the more she approaches him, the more 
their proximity renders her also positive, like him ; so that they 
repel each other the more the nearer together they are. This 
positiveness of both generates that rebound which stops her rush- 
ing in to him, aud pushes her off, with equal velocity, to the ex- 
tremity of her orbit, where she now dissipates her positive mag- 
netism gradually, loses it in the immense fields of space she 
traverses, thereby becoming again negative to him, which demag- 
netized state reattracts her back to him, and this slackens her 
eccentric speed, stops her going any farther, turns her round, 
and attracts her back to him, only to pursue those annual rounds 
which create summer and winter, seed-time and harvest, blossoms 
and fruits. 

All moons bear a like relation to their planets, thus causing 
their rotations and changes, tides included. That gigantic motive 
power which hurls the earth and the entire universe of planets 
around their respective cycles, " from eternity to eternity," is gen- 
erated by a self-acting principle. Thus it is that universal Nature 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF WEIGHT. 1009 

is as economical as prolific, and as saving of her means as bounti- 
ful in her products ! 163 

This theory is understandable even by school-boys, while 
Newton's is not, even by savaus. And it accounts perfectly for 
the elliptical orbits of all heavenly bodies. It equally and per- 
fectly accounts for 

The earth's diurnal rotation on its axis, which causes day 
and night, thus : The sun renders the light part of the earth, on 
which he is shining for the time being, positive, thereby generat- 
ing a powerful repulsive force, which is perpetually turning and 
rolling the light part of the earth from the sun, while the earth's 
dark part, being always in a negative state, is perpetually at- 
tracted towards the sun ; these two opposite forces acting, one to 
push the light, the other *to pull the dark, parts of the earth to and 
from the sun, and the most at midday and midnight. 

How simple, yet profound, is this explanation ! Reader, it is 
respectfully laid at the door of your own common sense. At least 
think it over, and review it in connection with our application of 
this identical principle to the circulation of the blood already pro- 
pounded, ay, demonstrated, 83 and then ask yourself whether, 
after all, this principle does not embody the true motive principle 
of the universe. 

All muscular motion is undoubtedly effected by this precise 
means — electricity ; and the virtue of food probably depends on its 
furnishing electricity quite as much as organic material proper* 
The earth is highly electric, 155 and artificial electricity promotes 
the growth of all edibles, which probably embody that latent elec- 
tricity which digestion sets free. At least, those who have perfect 
digestion can distinctly feel the flashes or waves of electricity 
emanating from all parts of the stomach like northern lights 
shooting up out of the north. Those terrible effects of arrested 
and disordered digestion seen in cholera morbus, dysentery, 
cholera, &c, are by no means all due to a non-supply of organic 
material alone, but mainly to the non-supply of electricity by the 
stomach. 

Those skin-sparks caused by a rapid pulling off, in right cold 

weather, of woollen under-garments by a very healthy person, and 

the electric sparkling and snapping of their hair on combing the 

head in real cold weather, prove the great accumulations of elec- 

127 



1010 THE PERCEPTIVE FACULTIES. 

tricity at the surfaces of right healthy persons, with but little of it 
in the feeble. Here are facts which all can observe, aud they 
mean something important. We think our electric principle 
shows just what they mean, namely, the absorption or imbibition 
of that electricity which moves every muscle, executes every sen- 
sation, and creates all the functions and pleasures of existence. 

Let readers compare our analysis and rationale of all the 
Faculties, and especially of those intellectual, and particularly of 
Weight, with all previous views of them, and say whether this 
work may not justly ff report progress " in this great science 
of life. 

248. — Description, Cultivation, &c. 9 of Weight. 

Large — Have perfect control over the muscular system, hence 
can climb or walk anywhere with safety ; cannot be thrown by 
fractious horses ; are sure-footed ; never slip or fall ; are a dead 
shot, even ,e on the wing ; " have an intuitive gift for skating, 
swimming, balancing, circus-acting, hurling, riding velocipedes, 
everything requiring muscular control ; are an excellent judge of 
perpendiculars and levels ; can plumb anything by the eye ; as a 
sculptor or other artist, always make the picture or statue in an 
easy, natural, and well-balanced attitude, and are annoyed if the 
mirror, pictures, &c, do not hang plumb: with Construction 
large, will succeed in any mechanical avocation requiring a steady 
hand, as in surgery, dental operations, sleight-of-hand perform- 
ances, fancy glass-blowing, &c. ; easily keep from falling when 
aloft or in dangerous places ; are rarely seasick ; naturally throw 
a stone, ball, or arrow straight; love to climb, walk on the edge 
of a precipice, &c. ; with Form and Size large, are an excellent 
marksman ; with Construction large, understand and work ma- 
chinery ; with Ambition large, are venturesome to show what risks 
can be run without falling, &c. 

Full — Have a good degree of this Faculty, and with practice 
excel, yet without it are not remarkable. 

Average — Are like Full, only less gifted in this respect : with 
only average Construction and perceptives, should never engage 
in working machinery, because deficient in this talent. 

Moderate — Can keep the balance under ordinary circum- 
stances, yet have rather imperfect control over the muscles in rid- 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF WEIGHT. 1011 

ing a fractious horse, or walking a narrow beam aloft, hurling, 
&c. ; feel unsafe when high up, because instinctively conscious 
that they manage themselves with difficulty ; are liable to slip, 
stumble, and fall hard ; feel dizzy when looking over a precipice, 
or are high up ; are liable to have their heads turn or swim ; often 
lose their poise, and control their motions poorly : with large 
Caution, are timid in dangerous places, and dare not venture far ; 
are rather poor in shooting, skating, throwing, &c, unless ren- 
dered so by practice, and should cultivate this Faculty by climb- 
ing, balancing, hurling, &c. • 

Small — Are quite liable to seasickness, dizziness when aloft, 
&c. : with large Caution, are afraid to walk over water, even on 
a wide plank, and where there is no danger; never feel safe while 
climbing, and fall easily, and have very little control over the 
muscles. 

To cultivate — Skate, slide down hill, practise gymnastic 
feats, balance a long pole on your hand, walk a fence, climb, ride 
on horseback and velocipede, go to sea, practise gunnery, archery, 
throwing stones, pitching quoits — anything to exercise this 
Faculty. 

Its cultivation thus becomes important, especially in children. 
Instead of bracing up infants, let them hold themselves up, or else 
roll into uncomfortable positions till they learn better, and en- 
courage them to stand, walk, run, climb, balance on your hand 
while you carry them round, thus compelling them to keep their 
"tarve." Yet most mothers forbid their climbing, exclaiming, 
w Take care ; you'll fall ! " Like that fidgety mother who charged 
her sons never to go near the water till they had learned to swim, 
these mothers, "more scart than hurt," command them not to 
climb till they have learned not to fall ; whereas encouraging 
their climbing is the very way to prevent their falling, because 
cultivated Weight renders them safer aloft than on the ground 
with it uncultivated. When it is deficient they tumble down 
easily, a straw keeling them over, thus inflicting many an extra 
" bump " which might injure their minds, for life. Instead of 
curbing an instinct thus useful, its training should form a part of 
their daily education as much as memory, &c. Spartan youth 
were compelled to perform some feat of archery before allowed 
their breakfast. Let boys, and girls, too, slide, skate, climb, 



1012 THE PERCEPTIVE FACULTIES. 

wrestle, race, use stilts, ride velocipedes and on horseback, per- 
form circus feats, jump the rope, &c, and adults improve and 
make occasions for its exercise. 



XXXII. COLOR. 

249. — Its Location, Philosophy, Description, and Culti- 
vation. 

The Painter. — Perception, love, recollection, and application 
of colors ; ability to discern and compare their tints and shades, 
match colors by eye, paint, &c. Its location is given under 
Weight. 

It is large in Rubens, but small in Brunell and Stratton, nei- 
ther of whom could discern colors. Stratton abandoned the 
crockery business because of this deficiency. A lady, shown a 
wash-bowl and pitcher, wanted one of this pattern, but another 
color. Unable to distinguish any color but green, he brought one 
at a venture, but ventured wrong, when she turned indignantly, 
and walked out. An excellent New Haven draughtsman can see 
no difference between red and brown-colored books and a green 
table-cloth under them, or red cherries and green leaves. 

" At Vienna, I particularly observed that all distinguished colorists 
had the frontal part, immediately over the middle of the eye, advanced 
into an arched prominence ; the whole arch, and especially its external 
half, directed upwards, so that it was higher than the internal. Though 
when I made this discovery, I had no idea of the form or direction of 
the cerebral convolutions, yet I afterwards discovered a little convolu- 
tion in the region indicated, projecting outwards, and from a half inch 
to an inch in diameter, and in all my travels found that this organ dis- 
tinguishes the harmony and agreement of colors. All passionate ama- 
teurs and famous painters, of both sexes, have the region directly above 
the middle of the eyebrows extremely prominent, especially as it ap- 
proaches the superciliary ridge; while in those not thus distinguished, 
this ridge has almost a horizontal direction, from the root of the nose to 
near the middle of the superior arch of the orbits. 

"In women, it is generally larger than in men ; hence their eyebrows 
arch more than those of men, and they accordingly take more pleasure 
in the happy combination of colors; love flowers the best, and are 
more pleased with various colors in dress; and always prefer colored 
portraits to busts, besides distinguishing themselves in the art of color- 
ing. This organ is generally large in the Chinese, No. 116, their super- 
ciliary ridges being strongly drawn upwards, especially in their external 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF COLOR. 1013 

half, and all know how prodigal they are of colors. They paint even 
their statues, and surpass all European nations in the art of dyeing." 

— Gall. 

" Some can scarcely perceive colors. All of a family I know can dis- 
tinguish only black and white. Dr. Unzer cannot discern green from 
blue ; and admirable draughtsmen are often vile colorists, though sight 
may be good. Goethe relates that mosaic workmen in Rome employ 
fifteen thousand varieties of colors, with fifty shades to each, or seven 
hundred and fifty thousand shades, and even this profusion is some- 
times deemed insufficient. It is situated in the middle of the arch of 
the eyebrow." — Spurzheim. 

" This Faculty, when powerful, gives delight in viewing colors, and a 
vivid feeling of their harmony and discord. To observe its develop- 
ment, note how far the centre of each eyebrow projects forward." 

— Combe, 

Thousands of times, in public and private, I have predicated 
its almost total deficiency, saying, " This gentleman can scarcely 
distinguish the different colors, or select ripe cherries from green, 
or tell the color of his wife's eye," without once mistaking the 
facts in the case. Mr. Milne's maternal grandfather could not 
discern colors, yet his mother and her brothers could, while he 
could not ; was obliged to give up the draper's business because 
he could not tell colors, yet became a superb brass founder, and 
his masks, sold in shops, show its marked depression. It is very 
large in Rubens, but small in Stratton. 

Its adaptation is to the element of color, which inheres in mat- 
ter; is thrown broadcast over all Nature; tinges, variegates, and 
incalculably beautifies the flowers of the field with its ever-varying 
tints and shades ; renders all vegetation verdant and delightful ; 
skirts our auroras and vespers with its golden hues, and paints 
the gorgeous skies and rainbows with the pencillings of divine 
beauty ; crimsons the rosy cheeks of health with indescribable 
loveliness, their beautiful colorings being one of their chief at- 
tractions ; in short, constitutes a necessary ingredient of matter, 
and appertains to every material thing. Without it how cheerless 
and dreary our fields aud the face of creation, and how blanched 
the human cheek ! But colors exist, and this primary mental 
Faculty puts man in relation with them, and enables him to per- 
ceive, apply, and take delight in them ; than which few things 
yield equal pleasure or profit, or equally refine, elevate, and 
purify the mind. Though natural philosophy does not mention 



1014 THE PERCEPTIVE FACULTIES. 

it, yet it exists, and constitutes as integral a part of matter as 
does gravity; for nothing can be without being colored, inside as 
well as out, and the colors of the rainbow are constitutional, not 
incidental ; inherent in matter, not an accident. 

The art of painting has been found coeval with the race. 
The New Zealander tattoos, or imbeds certain colors into his 
skin ; Indians often paint, or rather daub ; Greeks and Romans 
loved and practised it enough to give it a goddess in Minerva ; 
the dark ages patronized it ; moderns pay princely sums for splen- 
didly colored pictures ; and the entire race, as far as traced, have 
been about color-and-flower-crazy. Here, then, is a strong hu- 
man sentiment, as well as a separate attribute of Nature, both of 
which pre-suppose a distinct mental Faculty and organ, created 
expressly to preside over this specific department of humanity. 

The lessons it teaches are many and most useful. It reveals 
the qualities of things with unmistakable precision. We have 
already applied this principle to the complexion, and the color of 
the eyes and hair. 59 Each color indicates its determinate charac- 
teristic. Thus green, as applied to vegetables and fruits, indi- 
cates immaturity, while yellow denotes ripeness ; for grains, 
grasses, and many fruits, in passing from greenness to ripeness, 
become yellow, and yellow fruits are generally luscious. Red 
accompanies sprightly acidity, of which strawberries furnish an 
illustration, and blackberries remain green while green, becoming 
more red as they become less green and more ripe, and turn 
black as they ripen. Black-bevvies are thus green when they are 
red, and red when green, and black when ripe. In short, Nature 
colors all her productions, inside and out, and their colors inva- 
riably correspond with their qualities ; her coarse articles being 
painted in coarse drab, while she adorns all her finer, more ex- 
quisite productions with her most beautiful colors. Thus, highly- 
colored fruits are always highly-flavored, and birds of the highest 
quality are arrayed in the most gorgeous tints and hues. Each 
color also signifies a particular quality. Thus, throughout all 
nature, black signifies power, or a great amount of its character- 
istics ; red, the ardent, loving, intense, concentrated, positive ; 
green, immaturity ; yellow, ripeness, richness, &c. Whatever is 
growing, or still immature, is green ; but all grasses, grains, 
fruits, <£c, pass, while ripening, from the green to the yellow. 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF COLOR. 1015 

and sometimes through the red. Fruits red and yellow are 
always delicious. Other primary colors signify other character- 
istics. But we have already incidentally presented and applied 
this principle. 59 

250. — Description and Cultivation or Color. 

Large — Have a natural taste and talent, as well as a perfect 
passion, for whatever appertains to colors ; can carry them per- 
fectly in the eye, and match them from memory ; take the utmost 
delight in viewing harmonious colors, and with very large Con- 
struction, Imitation, Form, and Size, and large Weight, a full 
or large-sized brain, and organic quality large, have a natural 
taste and talent for painting, and are a real genius in this line ; 
with Comparison large, can compare them closely, and detect 
similarities and differences ; with Form and Size only average, 
can paint better than draw ; with Beauty large, are exceedingly 
delighted with fine paintings, and disgusted with imperfect col- 
oring; with large Form and Size, manage the perspective and 
lights and shades of painting admirably, &c. 

Full — Possess a good share of coloring ability and talent, 
provided it has been cultivated ; take much pleasure in beautiful 
flowers, variegated landscapes, beautifully-colored fruits, &c. 

Average — Possess a fair share of this talent, yet are not ex- 
traordinary. 

Moderate — With practice, may judge of colors with consid- 
erable accuracy, yet without it will be deficient in this respect ; 
with large Form, Size, Construction, Beauty, and Imitation, may 
take an excellent likeness, yet will fail in its coloring, &c. 

Small — May tell primitive colors, yet rarely notice the colors 
of dresses, eyes, hair, &g. ; cannot describe persons and things 
by them ; evince a marked deficiency in coloring taste and tal- 
ent ; and can hardly tell one color from another. 

To cultivate it — Observe color in general, and its shadings 
in particular; try to appreciate their beauties, and enjoy their 
richness, as seen in flower, bird, fruit, lawn, twilight, every- 
where, and cultivate an appreciation of fine paintings. 

Its cultivation should be as assiduous as its enjoyments 
and benefits are great. It can be increased only by its exer- 
cise, and exercised only by studying, admiring, and luxuriating 



1016 THE PERCEPTIVE FACULTIES. 

on that exhaustless and ever-varying richness and perfection of 
coloring with which Nature paints the flowers of the field, the 
exquisite beauty of which " Solomon in all his glory " could not 
equal; the fruits and the frost-tinged foliage of autumn, birds 
and animals, flower-spangled prairies, star-spangled skies, and 
all the other works of His almighty hands. Let young and 
old study botany, so full of absorbing interest, unalloyed pleas- 
ure, and useful instruction ; as well as cultivate flower gardens 
both for health and moral elevation, and encourage the young to 
plant, tend, and admire them, weave them into bouquets, and 
paint ; besides furnishing them with we^-painted picture books, 
in place of those miserable daubs now furnished them. Let 
painting be generally practised, especially by women, for all are 
endowed with more or less of this gift, and let artists both be 
multiplied a thousand fold, and liberally patronized, so that they 
can devote their entire energies to the cultivation of this refining 
art. Let artificial flowers be made and worn abundantly, and rich 
vases executed. 

Cheeks beautifully painted, not daubed with rouge, but 
colored with bright scarlet and blushing pink, vanishing off into 
pure lily white, as only perfect female health alone can paint 
them, however, constitute the most beautiful coloring mortals 
can ever behold this side of heaven, and can be secured simply 
by observing the laws of female health. Maids and matrons have 
only not to rub off the paint Nature has already put on. Yet 
those who by violating the physical laws have lost the rosy hues 
of health and beauty, can restore them by air and exercise. 
Pallid cheeks indicate inactive lungs, and can be repainted tem- 
porarily by facing cool breezes, and permanently by facing them 
often, as well as rendered plump and glossy. 



XXXIII. ORDER. 

251. — Its Definition, Location, Discovery, Philosophy, &c. 

The Regulator. — Method ; system ; arrangement ; observ- 
ing business and other rules, laws, customs, canons, &c. ; having 
places for things, and everything in its own place. When exces- 
sive and perverted, it makes one more nice than wise, a slave to 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF ORDER. 



1017 



Order Large. 



system, tormented by disorder, and perpetually worked and wor- 
ried all out in keeping every little thing just so, and wearing out 
constitution on floors, and temper on system. 

Located externally from Color, and beneath the junction of 
those bony superciliary ridges which come down the sides of the 
head, with the arch of the eyebrows — that is beneath the eye- 
brows, right above the outer angles of the eyes. When very 
large, it forms an arch, almost an angle, in the eyebrows at this 
point, accompanied by its projection or hanging over, as in Astor 
and Herschel, just internally of 
Computation. It is large in Cap- 
tain Cook, and immense in Lord 
Brougham, and also in Rufus 
Choate (No. 79), Agassiz, Hum- 
boldt, Kant, and others. When 
small, the eyebrows at this point 
retire, and are straight and flat, 
wanting that arched projection 
given by large Order. 

Gall says facts indicate that 
Order depends upon a primary 
Faculty, yet that the superciliary 
ridges prevent a positive decision 
respecting it ; and none of the 
phrenological fathers give it more 
than a cursory notice, or seem to 
have at all apprehended its true scope or rationale. 

" Some persons, and even children, like to see every piece of furniture, 
every dish at table, every article about their business, in its proper place, 
and are displeased by disorder. The savage De PAveyron, almost an 
idiot, could not bear to see a chair or any other article out of place, and 
voluntarily lighted it at once. It gives only physical order, as to looks," 
&c. — Spurzheim. 

"James Low had this organ large, and observed his appointments 
punctually ; wrote with neatness and care ; kept his accounts with inva- 
riable regularity ; dressed neatly, and regulated his wardrobe with par- 
ticular care ; and manifested regularity in all his domestic and profes- 
sional affairs. Its large development produces a square appearance at 
the external angle of the lower part of the forehead." — Combe. 

Its adaptation is to Heaven's first law. Method and unifor- 
mity pervade all Nature, and stamp their regulating impress upon 
every work of God. Perfect system reigns supreme in the heavens 




No. 179. — Lord Brougham. 



1018 THE PERCEPTIVE FACULTIES. 

above and on the earth beneath ; and has reduced to perfect order 
what would otherwise have been perfect chaos. It arranges a 
place for everything that is, and then puts and keeps all things 
in their places. Every star has and keeps its own place in the 
firmament, absolute and relative. Every part and organ of every 
created thing is always in its assigned place — feet at the bottom 
and head at the top or front of all, and eyes in the upper and 
frontal parts of the forehead ; not sometimes in the back of the 
body or soles of the feet. What if a bone had been omitted here 
and transposed there, the thigh bone often in the back, and head 
and feet where the other should be, or heart outside or wrongly 
placed inside of the body ! Limbs, leaves, fruit, bark, body, roots, 
all things that grow, are methodized to a dot in and by their very 
formation itself. Rivers are in their places, and mountains in 
theirs, and the minutest parts of the minutest insects are just 
where they should be. Indeed, but for this institution of order, 
all creation would have been one vast bedlam, one grand chaos of 
" confusion worse confounded," to the coltnplete destruction of its 
beauty, perfection, and utility. But this arrangement brings forth 
beauty out of deformity, and harmony out of chaos, so that all 
Nature moves onward with a methodical precision as perfect in 
itself as it is beneficial to man. Yet even with this arrangement 
of order in Nature, but without this Faculty in man adapting him 
to it, he could neither have applied nor even perceived it, much 
less converted it to beneficial ends. But both united enable him 
to incalculably augment his happiness through their instrumen- 
tality. 

All business affairs demand perfect system, which also acts 
as a safeguard against cheating, prevents dissatisfaction and wran- 
gling, and promotes business success in wa}^s innumerable. No 
business or manufacturing man or firm, nor even a farmer, need 
ever hope for success without first reducing everything to system. 
That industrious farmer who repairs fences and keeps his imple- 
ments in order and place will thrive. If he tells John to yoke 
the oxen, and John asks^here the yoke or chain is, that is, if John 
does not know beforehand where to find hoe, axe, scythe, rake, 
&c, down to the hammer and nails, mark it when you will, that 
farmer will fall behindhand, if not fail. But those who tnow just 
where to find whatever they want to use, because they will keep 
order, prosper ; for system facilitates despatch and doubles the 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF ORDER. 1019 

work done ; whereas disorder wastes time and is ruinous in its 
very nature. But business men understand its value and neces- 
sity already. Yet 

Household order is neither duly appreciated nor observed. 
Every family, to be happy, must establish and abide by certain 
rules. Parents cannot well be too exact in seeing that all observe 
good rules ; merely arbitrary ones should never be adopted. 
Women, usually tidy enough, are often not sufficiently systematic. 
They look neatly when dressed, but often lay this off here and 
that there, so that when they come to go out again, they " can't 
find" their things. The "Friends" usually have this organ 
large, and are very precise and methodical in family, business, con- 
duct, everything, and their women, as a class, are the best house- 
keepers in the world. How infinitely more pleasantly that family 
lives when all always return hammer, screw-driver, broom, every- 
thing to its own place, so that all know just where to find and put 
things ! 

Yet " too much of this good thing " has worked many superb 
women literally to death, and made many others fretful all their 
lives. 

Governmental " law and order " constitute one of its aspects. 
It regulates actions and moral conduct by certain rules or "laws." 
All laws, human and divine, originate primarily in this Faculty. 
All laws, legislation, church canons, by-laws of all societies, &c, 
are its offspring, as are all parliamentary rules of all deliberative 
bodies. 

All mental operations are regulated by it, except mere 
helter-skelter dashes. In every paragraph every word has its 
proper place, as has every paragraph in every chapter, and chap- 
ter in every book ; and a cardinal point in authorship consists in 
putting each chapter, paragraph, and word into its appropriate 
connection. 

Its location by the side of Time indicates their conjoint 
action ; of which we shall speak when we come to analyze that 
Faculty. 

252. — Description, Cultivation, and Restraint of 

Order. 

Large — Methodize everything ; are law-abiding ; governed by 
rules ; perfectly systematic, and very particular about order, even 



1020 THE PERCEPTIVE FACULTIES. 

to old-maidishness ; work far beyond strength to have things just 
so ; conduct business on methodical principles, and are systematic 
in everything; and with large Beauty and an active Tempera- 
ment, and only fair Vitality, are liable to break down health and 
constitution by overworking in order to have things extra nice, 
and take more pains to keep them in order than it is worth ; are 
more nice than wise, and fastidious about personal appearance, as 
well as extra particular to have every little thing just so ; and 
with Acquisition added, cannot bear to have garments soiled, and 
are pained in the extreme by grease-spots, ink-blots, and like 
deformities ; with large Acquisition and Causality, have good 
business talents ; with large Locality, have a place for everything, 
and everything in its place ; with large Time, have a time for 
everything and everything in season ; with large Continuity, Com- 
parison, and the mental Temperament, have every idea, paragraph, 
and head of a subject in its proper place ; with large Construction, 
put and keep tools always in place, so that they can be found in 
the dark ; with large Force, are excessively vexed by disarrange- 
ment ; with large Expression, place every word exactly right in 
the sentence ; with large Ambition, conform to established usages ; 
with large Size, must have everything in rows, at proper distances, 
straight, &c. ; and with large Beauty, must have everything both 
nice and methodical. 

Full — If educated to business habits, evince a good degree of 
method, and disposition to systematize, but without practice may 
sometimes show laxity ; with a powerful mentality, but weaker 
muscles, may like to have things in order, yet do not always keep 
them so ; with large Causality added, show more mental than 
physical order ; with large moral organs, like to have religious 
matters, codes of discipline, &c, rigidly observed, and have more 
moral than personal method ; with Acquisition and perceptives 
large, are methodical enough for all practical purposes, yet not 
extra particular, &c. N 

Average — Like order, yet may not always keep it, and desire 
more than is practically secure. 

Moderate — Often leave things where they were last used, 
and lack method ; with Beauty moderate, lack personal neat- 
ness, and should cultivate this desirable element by being more 
particular, but with large Beauty are more neat than sys- 
tematic. 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF ORDER. 1021 

Small — Have a very careless, inaccurate way of doing every- 
thing ; leave things just where it happens ; can never find what 
is wanted ; take a long time to get ready, or else go unprepared, 
and have everything in perpetual confusion, and almost wholly 
lack arrangement, 

This faculty likes order, yet may not always keep it ; per- 
haps on account of sluggishness and indolence, or because of 
extreme activity and consequent 'perpetual hurry. Desire for 
order, therefore, measures its power ; yet desire generally secures 
the thing desired. 

To Cultivate — Methodize and arrange everything ; be regu- 
lar in all your habits ; cultivate system in business ; have a place 
for everything, and keep everything in place, so that you could 
find it in the dark ; in short, exercise order. 

To Restrain — Work and worry less to keep order, for it costs 
more to keep it than it is worth. You waste your very life and 
strength in little niceties of order, which, after all, amount to 
little, but are costing you your sweetness of temper, and very 
life itself. Figure up which is worth the most, more order with 
less selfhood, or more selfhood with less order, and act accord- 
ingly. 

Its culture in children can be greatly promoted by giving 
each one his or her own room, closets, bureau, and things, and 
then holding each responsible for order in them ; but where two 
or more room together, each blames the other for their disorderly 
room, for which neither feels responsible. And furnish them 
plenty of places for their things. • One of the chief evils of house- 
keeping is want of places for things, that is, having more things 
than places — an evil our octagonal plan obviates by furnishing 
abundance of closet room, and just such shaped closets as are re- 
quired. 28 ^ Screwing ordinary clothes-hooks by dozens upon a 
board, and nailing it, hooks down, overhead in your closet, a stick 
will enable you to hang up and take down things not too long 
to be in your way. And plenty of these hooks inside your closet 
door, and all over the house, " come handy." 



1022 



THE PERCEPTIVE FACULTIES. 



XXXIV. — COMPUTATION, or "Calculation." 

253. — Its Location, Adaptation, Description, Cultiva- 
tion, &c. 



The Arithmetician ; Mental arithmetic ; cognizance of num- 

Computation Large. 



Large. 





No. 180. — Herschel. 



No- 181.— Mathematician. 



Small. 



bers; numerical computation; reckoning figures in the head ; dis- 
position and ability to count, add, subtract, divide, multiply, and 

cast accounts ; memory of Numbers ; 
perception of numerical relations. 

Its Location is external to Order, 
and under the outer ends of the eye- 
brows, which it elongates laterally, 
and flexes horizontally in proportion 
as it is developed, as seen in the ac- 
companying engravings of Herschel 
and Kant, yet when deficient, as 
in Combe, the eyebrow is left short 
externally, does not project be- 
yond the eye, and terminates run- 
ning downwards. 




No. 182. — George Combe. 



" Its convolution is a continuation of the lowest convolution of 
Music, and is placed on the most external part of the orbital plate, in a 
furrow running from before backwards. When it is very large it de- 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF COMPUTATION. 1023 

presses the external part of the plate, so that the superorbital arch is irreg- 
ular, except in its internal part; its externalline representing a straight 
line, which descends obliquely. Hence the external part of the eyelid is 
depressed, and conceals the corresponding part of the eye. This charac- 
ter is the more infallible when the external part of the orbit is pushed 
outwards, so that the salient angle of the superciliary arch projects be- 
yond the anterior part of the temple. Yet this projection does not exist 
when Music or Construction is large." 

"A St. Poelton scholar, a nine-years-old son of a blacksmith, of 
only common education, and ordinary in every other respect, when given 
three numbers, each expressed by ten or twelve figures, to add them, to 
subtract, two by two, then to multiply and divide by numbers containing 
three figures, gave one look at the numbers, raised his eyes and nose in 
the air, and announced the result of his mental calculation before my 
auditors could make the same calculations with their pens. He had 
created this method himself. Pie astonished the inhabitants of Venice. 
He said he saw the numbers as if they were written on a slate." 

"An advocate expressed his vexation that his son, only five years 
old, occupied himself exclusively with numbers and calculations, and that 
it was impossible to fix his mind on anything else, rflot even play. I 
compared this child's head with the first, and could find no other re- 
semblance between their heads than a remarkable prominence at the 
external angles of the eyes, and immediately at the sides. The eyes of 
both were covered by the superior lid at its external angle. These and 
similar coincidences suggested the idea that a talent for calculation might 
be a fundamental Faculty, dependent on its organ. I sought out other 
tests, and found this same conformation in Mantelle, whose favorite oc- 
cupation was to invent and resolve problems of mathematics, and par- 
ticularly arithmetic. I found the same conformation in Vega, Professor 
of Mathematics, and author of tables of Logarithms, who was an ordinary 
man in all other respects. I examined those in families and schools re- 
markable for this talent, and found the same external signs. How could 
I help considering this a peculiar Faculty, having its special organ ? " 

" In Zerah Colburn, whose head I had drawn and modelled, it is very 
large, and his calculating powers are astonishing.* Devaux took the 
greatest pleasure in detecting erroneous accounts. They brought to 
D'Alembert a young shepherd who also had an astonishing Faculty for 
calculation, who corrected D'Alembert's reckonings. Who will attribute 
this gift in these children to all their Faculties taken collectively ? Peter 
Armich, a Tyrol shepherd, became famous for his astronomical calcula- 
tions, even though he did not know the name of either. Twelve years 
ago a negro caused a great sensation in London by his astonishing cal- 
culations. Schubler voluntarily applied himself to mathematics, and 
especially the higher departments of algebra, devoured mathematical 
works, and labored ten years to improve the differential and integral 
calculus. Inborn mathematical talents, like all others, manifest them- 

* " Dr. Gall, the Phrenologist, was introduced without any previous intimation 
of my peculiar talent, and readily discovered on the sides of the eyebrows certain 
protuberances which indicate the great development of a Faculty of Computa- 
tion." — ColburrCs Autobiography of his Travels, p. 76. 



1024 THE PERCEPTIVE FACULTIES. 

selves early, and create an irresistible inclination for their cultivation. 
They always had a peculiar charm for Pascal, who, from the mere defi- 
nition of geometry, discovered as far as the thirty-second proposition of 
Euclid. He was hardly nineteen when he invented the Roulette, a 
machine by which he made all sorts of arithmetical computations with- 
out a pen, or even knowing arithmetic. Galileo was born a natural 
mathematician. Lalande, at nineteen, was appointed Berlin commis- 
sioner with La Carlle to determine the moon's parallax. Tycho Brahe 
and Euler had from infancy an irresistible inclination to mathematics." 
— Gall. 

" Sir W. Ainslie met a boy in a stage-coach in whom this organ pro- 
jected like half of a common sized marble, which it resembled, and who 
could multiply six figures by six others without a pencil." — Ed. Phren, 
Journal. 

" George Bidder was brought to me, with two others, to see if I could 
select Bidder. I replied that in one Number was deficient, in another 
full, and that the other must be Biddler, because it was extraordinary in 
him; and the first was dull, the second good, and the third Bidder, who, 
without any previous training, could solve the most complicated prob- 
lems in algebra without annotation in from a minute to a minute and a 
half! and showed extraordinary talents for mental calculations. The 
five-year-old daughter of an Edinburgh lady of rank remembers the 
numbers of the residences of three hundred ladies, which she tells cor- 
rectly the instant the name is called. The child had Number large. In 
two individuals, myself one, it is deficient, and who experience great dif- 
ficulty in solving the most ordinary arithmetical questions; could never 
learn the multiplication table; nor readily perform common addition and 
subtraction even after persevering efforts. It assists Time and Eventu- 
ality in recollecting dates." — Combe. 

" Negroes do not generally excel in arithmetic, and their heads are 
narrow at this organ." — Spurzheim. 

" The Chaymas, a Spanish port of South America, have great diffi- 
culty in comprehending numbers. The more intelligent count as far as 
30, or perhaps 50, with apparently a great mental effort. The corner 
of their eyes is sensibly raised up towards the temples." — Humboldt. 

Number is small in all the Esquimaux. Parry and Lyon both 
say their eyes turn up at their external angles, and they resolve all 
numbers above ten into one comprehensive word. Ross says the 
Arctic Highlanders can reckon only five. Crantz says that Green- 
landers can count only five, unless it is by counting the fingers on 
both hands, and toes on both feet ; anything above that is innumer- 
able. Animals and birds obviously count, especially the magpie 
and dog. All Phrenologists regard this organ as fully established ; 
yet the distance from the outer terminus of the eyebrow to this 
organ, consequent on the thickness of the superciliary ridge at this 
point, somewhat obstructs its observation. 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF COMPUTATION. 1025 

Its ADAPTATION is to that natural attribute by which things 
can be counted, added, subtracted, divided, and multiplied. Num- 
ber appertains to everything, and computes all things in Nature. 
Things are one, two, fifty, &c, and man cannot help regarding 
them as such. This numerical attribute is inherent in things, and 
man has a mental capacity for perceiving and computing them ; but 
for which he could not perceive the difference between one and 
millions, nor even take cognizance of one or many as such. Blot 
it out, and man could perceive no difference between two cents and 
hundreds of thousands of dollars, which would utterly preclude all 
commercial transactions, surveying, &c. ; whereas with both this 
numerical arrangement in Nature, and reckoning Faculty in man, 
we can count and reckon numbers ad infinitum, arrange things nu- 
merically, solve arithmetical problems ad libitum, and transact 
business inimitably. What could man do without both this natu- 
ral institute and mental Faculty ? 

Natural Philosophy claims to have enumerated all the in- 
herent properties of matter, yet has omitted over half of them. It 
analyzes configuration, divisibility, and gravity, but omits color, 
order, number, and position, each of which latter is as inseparable 
from matter as is any attribute it does mention. Thus did or could 
ever anything exist without being one by itself, or else the first, 
last, or some other number among the other things with which it 
stands related ? Every dollar of a million dollars maintains its 
inherent number among them all, as all can see in every pile of 
money or anything else they count. In short, 

Countability is both an innate attribute of things, and man 
has a primal mental Faculty which perceives aud puts him in rela- 
tionship with numbers, and enables him to compute. This spe- 
cific class of functions, gift, genius, is conferred by this Faculty. 
It "figures up " accounts, costs, dues, &c, in the head, often more 
correctly and rapidly than with pencil ; gives the Zerah Colburn 
method of arriving at arithmetical results ; and confers the talent for 
mental arithmetic ; while those in whom it is deficient dislike 
figurers, reckon them slowly, and often make mistakes ; forget 
sums just worked out ; and become confused by numbers. George 
Combe, though so eminently profound as a thinker, lawyer, and 
lecturer, could not even count his tickets and money, and sent the 
gross receipts of his lectures to his hall-owners, printers, &c, for 
each to take out of them what was due each. 
129 



1026 THE PERCEPTIVE FACULTIES. 

We change its name from " Calculation " to Computation, 
both because the latter word is more expressive of its true func- 
tion, and the former often used to express the calculations of 
cause and effect, as well as of numbers, the former thus being am- 
biguous, the latter not. " Number " is not broad enough to fully- 
express it. We have no English word perfectly expressive of it. 
It aids in geometry and the higher mathematics ; but they depend 
mainly on the other intellectual organs. 

Large — Possess this calculating capability in an extraordinary 
degree ; can add several columns at once rapidly and correctly, 
and multiply and divide with equal intuitive powers ; love mental 
arithmetic exceedingly, and with large Locality and reflectives are 
a natural mathematician, and with large Form, Size, Construction, 
and Imitation added, are a natural surveyor and civil engineer, 
excel in mental arithmetic, in adding, subtracting, multiplying, 
dividing, reckoning figures, casting accounts, &c, in the head ; 
with large perceptives, have excellent business talents, &c. 

Full — Possess good calculating powers ; with practice, can 
calculate in the head or by arithmetical rules easily and accurately, 
yet without are not remarkable ; with large Form, Size, Compari- 
son, Causality, and Construction, can be a good geometrician or 
mathematician, yet will do better in the higher branches than 
merely the arithmetical. 

Average — Can learn arithmetic and do quite well by practice, 
yet are not naturally gifted in reckoning figures. 

Moderate — Add, subtract, divide, and calculate with difficul- 
ty ; and with large Acquisition and perceptives, will make a better 
salesman than book-keeper. 

Small — Are dull aad incorrect in adding, subtracting, divid- 
ing, &c. ; dislike figuring ; are poor in arithmetic, both practical 
and theoretical, and should cultivate this Faculty ; and can hardly 
count, much less calculate. 

Its cultivation, therefore, becomes exceedingly important, 
and should be vigorously prosecuted by all through life. To do 
this, add, subtract, divide, multiply, count, and reckon figures in 
the head as far as possible, and learn and practise arithmetic ; rely 
upon the head both for casting and remembering accounts, as well 
as embrace and create opportunities when riding, walking, sitting, 
&c, to calculate mentally ; time your speed by the mile-stones, and 
reckon from the data thus obtained how many miles per hour, day, 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF COMPUTATION. 1027 

month, &c, or count the number of rails in a crook of fence, or 
crooks per mile, and make similar calculations frequently. Or if 
to reckon dollars and cents is more agreeable, as aiding Acquisi- 
tion, calculate the price of such things as you have occasion to 
buy, sell, or exchange ; cast the cost of goods at different prices 
and in different quantities ; reckon in your head the prices of 
what you buy and sell, &c. Clerks and business men in particular 
should practise this or a kindred course. Arithmetical rules, with 
slate and pencil, may perhaps be occasionally employed as assist- 
ants merely, but rarely, if ever, as principals. Colburn's Mental 
Arithmetic exceeds all other computing systems, both for strength- 
ening Computation and facilitating business. Besides these exer- 
cises, charge your memories with amounts due, prices, statistics, 
the numbers of houses, dates, and everything appertaining to fig- 
ures. In short, exercise this Faculty more and more the more you 
would improve it. The extent to which its power may be carried 
by these means is truly astonishing. The Author knows an igno- 
rant but sensible man, unable to read, write, or cipher, who has 
often done business to the amount of hundreds of dollars per week, 
but who keeps most of his transactions in his head, and says he 
never had any confusion in his accounts till he trusted to books 
kept by his son-in-law. When young and at work by the year he 
took up wages as he wanted, but made no minute except in his 
head, yet usually found his recollections agreed with the books 
kept by his employers. Mr. White, an excellent dentist in Phila- 
delphia, says that his wife's uncle, though unable to read or write, 
has done business to the amount of hundreds of thousands annu- 
ally, yet was never known to mistake the exact amount due either 
from or to him till he became intemperate. The Missionary Her- 
ald of June, 1843, speaking of the Gaboon merchants, a tribe on 
the coast of Africa, states as follows : " There are a few who 
transact business to the amount of twelve or fifteen thousand dol- 
lars a year. How they manage a business of this extent, mostly in 
the smallest fractions and driblets, without the aid of any written 
accounts, is very surprising. It is done, however, and with the 
utmost accuracy, without any other aid than that of the memory." 
Is there, in the light of these facts, any end to the extent to 
which this Faculty may be improved ? Shall civilized life fall 
behind African savages in this respect ? But we do not properly 
exercise it, and hence its deficiency. 



1028 THE PERCEPTIVE FACULTIES. 

" A Mathematical Marvel. — We were called upon on Monday by 
Mr. Peter M. Deshong, a young Pennsylvania!], already widely famous 
for his wondrous dealings with figures. He is not singular in his ability 
to solve any mathematical problem instanter^ — Zerah Colburn and 
others have done that before him, — but he assures us that he can in 
half an hour impart his skill to any one else, which no other, within 
our knowledge, has been able to do. He will add up a sheet of figures 
as fast as he can set down the product, divide or multiply any number 
by any number in five seconds, extract the cube or square root of any 
string of figures you may set down far quicker than you can set them 
down ; in dividing, give you the remainder first and the dividend after- 
wards, &c, &c. This is something more than a wonder — it is a gigan- 
tic advance in the means of acquiring knowledge. "We had mentally 
given up the idea of ever adding to our humble stock of knowledge in 
this line ; but we shall learn Mr. Deshong's secret or system the first 
half hour we can devote to it. Every clerk and accountant, to say 
nothing of other classes who require or may need some knowledge of 
figures, should acquire it." — New York Tribune, 1843. 

To teach children arithmetic, do not wait till they are old 
enough to cipher, and then require them to work out sums with 
the slate and Arithmetic, but teach them to count young, which all 
children love to do, and proceed practically, step by step, as they 
can comprehend the elementary principles of numeration. Nature 
incalculably excels art. Hence, teach them to calculate mentally 
first, and by slate and rules afterwards. This calculating in the 
head so little, and mechanically so much, causes and accounts for its 
general feebleness ; whereas fully to develop its original powers by 
ample exercise would render men so expert in casting and recol- 
lecting accounts mentally as almost to supersede " book-keeping by 
double entry." Pursue this course in teaching arithmetic, and then 
let it be duly cultivated through life, and the power both to calcu- 
late and remember would be so great as to allow us to dispense 
with this wearing system of "keeping books," which is now eking 
out the lives of so many thousand clerks by wretched inches. A 
majority of our merchants are dyspeptic. Standing or sitting bent 
over their desks, especially while growing, is one cause. This 
growing evil should be obviated by calculating mainly in the head. 

Paying down would incalculably save time, health, and money, 
by closing all business on the spot. Fewer clerks could do much 
more business, and also save the precious lives of thousands now 
putting their very being into account books. Placing all business 
upon the cash system would also prevent the accumulation of those 
overgrown fortunes so injurious to both rich and poor, by enervat- 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF COMPUTATION. 1029 

ing and vitiating the former, and locking np the comforts and even 
necessaries of life from the latter in the coffers of purse-proud cap- 
italists. The credit system requires large profits to cover its 
"heavy losses," and thus compels good customers to pay up. fully 
the "bad debts" of those who are too indolent, or visionary, or 
unfortunate, or dishonest to pay their own bills. Paying custom- 
ers support non-paying as effectually as if the latter were town 
paupers; but requiring "cash on the nail" would prevent men 
from getting goods till they had first earned them ; which would 
check speculation, prevent hard times, promote and even compel 
industry and frugality, " head off" dishonesty, and cheapen all we v 
buy at least one third. Men could then do a large business on a 
small capital, which would increase competition ; could turn their 
money often, which would enable them to sell at a small profit ; 
and effectually distribute property instead of concentrating it ; be- 
cause when a man carries his money in his hand, he can and will 
buy cheap, and thus keep in his pocket the extra profits required 
to support the credit system. Hence, as buyers are the masses 
and sellers the few, this course would keep property diffused, in- 
stead of concentrating it, as does the credit system. This here's- 
one-thing-and-there's-another system would annihilate both pov- 
erty and extravagance ; whereas the credit system renders the 
poor still poorer, and the rich very rich, and thus curses both. 

Too much business is now done. One Chinese mark of ton 
is to wear the finger nails so long that they must also wear them 
in protecting sheaths, all of which are useless, because the nails 
they protect should be cut off. Hence, all the business done in 
manufacturing, wholesaling, transporting, and retailing them 
throughout the empire is useless, and should be dispensed with. 
So of lacing apparatus among us, which is instanced because so 
much worse than useless, and a misuse of time and human energy ; 
and thus of a thousand other superfluities. " Natube's wants are 
few ; " but man's purely artificial, and therefore injurious desires 
are many, and create most of our business. Dispensing with all 
these extras, and paying down for the necessaries of life, would 
save an incalculable amount of human time and life, which could 
be so employed as vastly to augment human happiness. 

" But this decrease of business would throw the poor out of em- 
ploy, and thus inevitably starve them. These superfluities of the rich 
are bread and life to the poor." 



1030 THE PERCEPTIVE FACULTIES. 

Then pay the poor just as much for doing what is really benefi- 
cial in itself, as now for their incessant toil ; and give them the 
surplus time thus saved for intellectual and moral improvement, 
those great ends of man's creation. 196, 238 Unless the time thus 
saved by these cash and curtailing principles can be converted 
from this oppressive labor to a better use, and rendered subservient 
to human mentality and happiness, its economy is of little account. 
If men will squander their precious time and energy, as well 
waste it in " keeping books " and this extra business as any way ; 
but if they would thus save them, and then expend them in 
moral and intellectual improvement, how inconceivably more hap- 
py they might render themselves ! 

254. — The Octal System of Arithmetic fab, surpasses 

the Decimal. 

Absolute science governs every department of Nature ; this 
department of numbers of course included. Mathematics is a nat- 
ural science. " Figures never lie." All numerical relations are 
absolute. Whatever is scientific is just right — simple, yet perfect. 
Yet whatever is not scientific is faulty. We have shown that 
spelling is an exact science, consisting in having a letter for each 
of the forty-two vocal sounds, which are all man can make ; but 
that using the same letter to signify different sounds and rep- 
resenting different sounds by the same letter, confuses, and now 
consumes as many years in learning to read and spell poorly as 
weeks would then be necessary to spell perfectly. This identical 
principle and drawback apply to the present decimal system of 
conducting all numerical computations. Though it is far better 
than those systems it supersedes, yet it is extremely cumbersome 
and intricate, when it might fee simple and easy. Though reckon- 
ing dollars by dimes is far better than by the old one of halves, 
quarters, shillings, and sixpences, yet its divisions are faulty, and 
fractions most intricate. The dollar divided gives 50 cents, this 
25, an odd number, which prevents the pairing of one ; and this 
divided gives 12|-, 6J, 18|, &c, supplanting which is a great ad- 
vance, as those who remember the evils of the old system must 
attest. Yet it obviated only about half of them. To give 50 cents 
you must have an odd dime, and 25 cents a half dime, and an 
eighth of a dollar, a dime and a quarter. Doubling on 10 is far 
better than on the Yankee shilling of 16| cents, or York of 12|, or 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF COMPUTATION. 1031 

English of 23 ; but how very much simpler and better still to 
double on 8 instead of 10 ! Our decimal system of multiplying on 
10 doubtless originated in the primitive method of counting with 
fingers and thumb. Some Negro tribes count only five ; after that 
they compound their numbers, thus : 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5-1 (6), 5-2 
(7), &c, and this was undoubtedly the primitive method of count- 
ing, and derived from numerating with the fingers and thumb. 
Now, suppose they had omitted the thumb, and turned on 4 and 8; 
or suppose we should adopt the octal system of turning on 8 in 
place of 10 ; please mark how that little change would simplify all 
numerical computations ! 

The doubling and halving principles are the natural ones, 
and alone strictly scientific : 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 4096, &c, is the 
natural order of reckoning, and of i, J, |, Jq, &c, of fractions. 
Note how perfectly simple this would render all fractions, and all 
divisions of sums. A dollar should be 64 cents, its half 32, quar- 
ter 16 cents, and octoon 8 cents, &c, till you come down to 1 
cent, |- a cent, &c. ; whereas now dividing 50 cents into dimes 
leaves an odd dime, and dividing this, an odd half dime, and this, 
an odd half cent, and this, 1^ cents ; whereas my system would 
make the dime 8 cents, its half 4 cents, its half 2 cents, and its 
half 1 cent. Many things go in pairs, a fact counting should recog- 
nize ; but how can you pair 25, 12|-, 6^, 3-J-, &c. ? 

This octal system has already forced itself upon mankind in 
many computations. Thus we reckon liquids by making 2 pints 
compose a quart, 4 quarts a gallon, 32 gallons a barrel, 4 barrels a 
tierce, &c. Liquids are easily divided on this halving and dou- 
bling principle, but how could they be on the decimal ? Wood is 
measured octally, not decimally, by making 128 square feet a cord, 
64 a half cord, &c, and land by making 160 rods compose an acre 
(it should be 128), which can be halved down to 10, but leaves an 
odd rod and fractions below. The Chinese make two squares of 
their straw carpet take the place of our rod, of course two of them 
making a square. A mile ought to be 256 rods, and a rod 16 feet, 
not 16J, as now. But the far greater convenience of our pro- 
posed octal system is apparent. Its superiority will yet compel 
men to adopt it gradually, if not suddenly, and really, if not nomi- 
nally. It is the true cube principle, and will commend itself in 
proportion as it is scanned. Note how it would simplify loga- 
rithms, the integral calculus, &c, &c. 



1032 



THE PERCEPTIVE FACULTIES. 



Brick by being 2x4x8 illustrates the convenience of the octal 
system in practice. England is about adopting our decimal sys- 
tem. She had far better adopt this octal. It is in complete 
accord with the cube and square root, and would render log- 
arithms and the integral calculus easily and fully understood by 
school-boys, whereas now few men can compFehend them. 



XXXV. LOCALITY. 



Locality very large. 



Order, Calculation, and Size 

LARGE. 



255. — Its Location, Analysis, Discovery, Adaptation, &c. 

The Traveller — Local memory ; cognizance and recollec- 
tion of places, roads, scenery, position, the whereabouts of 
things, &c. ; desire to see places, and ability to find them, and 
keep the points of compass in the head ; the geographical and 
cosmopolitan Faculty. 

Its location is 
over Size and Weight, 
or about three fourths 
of an inch above the 
inner half of the eye- 
brows, and runs up- 
wards and outwards. 
It is immense in Cap- 
tain Cook, the first to 
circumnavigate our 
globe, and his history 
attests its extraordi- 
nary activity and 
power. This likeness 
was taken before 
Phrenology was 

known, yet mark how perfectly his character and organs accord 
with this science. In him Observation, Form, Size, Order, Com- 
putation, and some others, are also large, as were likewise their 
mental characteristics. It is also large in Columbus, Galileo, 
Newton, Pascal, Laplace, and others innumerable. 

" My taste for natural history often led me into the woods to ensnare 
birds, and find their nests, in which I was fortunate from having noticed 




No. 183.— Captain Cook, the first to sail around the 
World. 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF LOCALITY. 1033 

on which side- of trees, northern, southern, &c, each kind built; but 
when I visited my snares I could not find them, though I approached 
them from different ways, marked trees, stuck down branches, &c. This 
obliged me to take with me a schoolmate, who always found every one 
without effort, though his other talents were moderate. When I asked 
him how he always went so accurately to them, he asked me how I 
always lost myself. I took a cast of his head ; and another of the cel- 
ebrated landscape painter, Schoenberger, who, after making a general 
sketch of any landscape, could afterwards remember and insert cor- 
rectly every tree, group of bushes, and stone, from spontaneous recollec- 
tion. M. Meyer found his chief pleasure in travelling, and retained an 
astonishing recollection of the different places seen. I moulded his 
head, and placed it with the others ; carefully compared them, and 
found in them all, in the region directly over the eyes, near Eclucability, 
two large prominences, which began just inside of the root of the nose, 
and ascended obliquely upwards and outwards as far as the middle of 
the forehead, and began to think there might be a fundamental Faculty 
for recollecting places. 

"My opponents object, that the frontal sinuses prevent its inspection. 
I anticipated and answered this objection long before they made it, thus : 
1. They are rarely found in women, and usually appear late in life in 
men. 2. They run almost horizontally, are of'tenest directly between 
the eyebrows, and extend half their length ; while those produced by 
this organ swell out more uniformly, present no inequalities, and ex- 
tend obliquely upwards and outwards. 

"A dog was carried in a coach from Vienna to St. Petersburg, and 
in six months returned. Another, transported from Vienna to London, 
attached himself to a traveller, embarked with him, but escaped as soon 
as he landed, and returned to Vienna. Another, sent from Lyons to 
Versailles, and thence to Naples, whence he returned by land to Lyons. 
A hound, sold by one gamekeeper in my country to another, was taken 
three hundred leagues, into Hungary, escaped, and arrived months after- 
wards at his old master's, greatly wasted. Two pigeons, taken by ship 
from Holland to Iceland, escaped just before landing, rose high in the 
air, flew around a short time, and struck a bee line home, as straight, 
the captain said, as he could, and the third day after appeared at their 
old house so exhausted that they fell from the roof into the yard, and 
did not go out for a week. Similar facts gave rise to carrier pigeons. 
Joseph II. had an Iceland falcon, who, when unhooded for the chase, 
would rise high, sail around, and start direct towards Iceland, when I 
saw the Emperor let off two lannerets, which headed him off, and 
brought him back." — Gall. 

"Daniel Boone was perpetually going from one place to another, 
was the most celebrated hunter and woodsman of his age, and possessed 
this organ in a degree of development so bold and prominent that it 
deformed his face." — Dr. Caldwell. 

" Some persons have a natural tact in discriminating the phrenologi- 
cal organs, whilst others experience the greatest difficulty in doing so. 
The former have Locality, Size, and Form large, the latter small." 
— Combe. 



1034 THE PERCEPTIVE FACULTIES. 

" There is a link between animals and the Deity. Man is merely the 
most perfect animal, and reasons best. How do we know they have no 
language ? A horse has memory, reason, and love. I had a horse 
which knew me from all others ; capered, and marched proudly, while I 
was on him ; showed he knew he bore a superior person ; would allow 
no other but the groom to mount him, and then showed he bore an 
inferior; always found the way when I had lost it and threw the reins 
on his neck. Who can deny the sagacity of dogs? Plants are eating 
and drinking animals. There are gradations up to man. The same 
spirit animates all." — Napoleon. 

"This sense is indispensable to brutes, in order to find their dens, 
homes, nests, kennels, and young. How could they do without it, or 
how migrate, yet return to their former places, and even bushes? 
Memory Thompson, a London physician, at two sittings, without plan, 
compass, book, or anything but memory, drew a correct plan of the en- 
tire parish of St. James, with many parts of Mary le Bonne, St. Anne, 
and St. Martin, containing all the places, streets, courts, passages, mar- 
kets, churches, chapels, public edifices, stables, corners of houses, and 
even pumps, trees, railings, sheds, an exact plan of the Carlton House, 
and Palace of St. James, and a like plan of St. Andrew's, and declared 
he could make as good a one of St. Giles, St. Paul, Covent Garden, St. 
Clement, and New Church. Name any building whatever in some 
large street, and he will tell instantly what business is carried on in it, 
and everything about it." — Gall. 

Its adaptation is to the natural element or fact of position. 
Every material thing must be in some place. Nothing can be 
without being someivhere. Only one thing can occupy the same 
place at the same time. But for this elementary principle of 
matter, no houses, no anything, not even our own selves, could 
have had any location, could have been anywhere, that is, could 
not have been at all ; whereas space both exists, and forms a 
necessary constituent of matter ; besides being seemingly infinite. 
Though human vision, aided by the telescope, has surveyed it 
beyond our utmost stretch of realization, yet it has probably seen 
but the merest moiety of its boundless extent above, below, and 
on all sides, stretched out by its infinite Creator. Yet with this 
element in Nature, but without this Faculty in man to place him 
in relation with it, it must have remained forever a sealed book 
to him, and as if it were not; so that he would lose and be un- 
able to find everything out of sight, lose himself every time he 
changed places, and not have existed. 

Getting turned, as to the points of the compass, as when 
stage, steamboat, car, &c, turn without our notice, furnishes 
still further proof of that fundamental phrenological truth already 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF LOCALITY. 1035 

demonstrated, that the mind is composed of separate Faculties, 
instead of being a unit, thus : how could any one entity know by 
sun, stars, &c, that it was going east, while it seemed to be going 
west? How could the same single power thus contradict itself? 
Yet on our theory of separate Faculties, Locality, having failed 
to note the turning, insists that east is one way, while the other 
Faculties declare it is the other, and try their best to correct 
Locality, which still persists that north is south. This common 
fact is proof absolute of the existence of separate mental powers. 
My colored Henry, in getting thus turned, insisted that he 
had got "over the edge of the world, on to its other side," which 
caused the sun to rise in the west, and turned everything round, 
and could not be convinced to the contrary. 

256. — Description and Cultivation of Locality. 

Large — Always keep a correct idea of positions, relative and 
absolute, in deep forests and winding streets ; cannot be lost ; 
are perfectly enamoured of travelling; have a passion for it; 
remember the whereabouts of whatever is seen ; can carry points 
of the compass easily in the head, and are lost with difficulty, 
either in the city, woods, or country ; desire to see places, and 
never forget them; study geography and astronomy with ease; 
rarely forget where things are seen : with Construction, remember 
the arrangement of the various parts of a machine ; with Obser- 
vation, Eventuality, and Intuition, love to see men and things, as 
well as places, and hence have a passion for travelling, &c. It is 
indispensable in the prosecution of most kinds of business, and 
science. 

Full — Kemember places well, yet not extraordinarily; can 
generally find the way, yet may sometimes be lost or confused ; 
with large Eventuality, remember facts better than places, &c. 

Average — Recollect places and positions seen several times, 
yet in city and roads are occasionally lost; have no great geo- 
graphical talent, yet by study and practice can do tolerably well. 

Moderate — Recollect places rather poorly ; dare not trust to 
local memory in strange places or large cities ; are not naturally 
good in geography, and to excel in it must study hard ; should 
energetically cultivate this Faculty by localizing everything, and 
remembering just how things are placed, &c. 



1036 THE PERCEPTIVE FACULTIES. 

Small — Are decidedly deficient in finding places, and recol- 
lect them with difficulty, even when perfectly familiar with them ; 
and mustlstay at home unless accompanied by others, because 
unable to find the way back. 

Its cultivation subserves many most important life ends, and 
can be effected thus : Notice, as you go, turns in the road, land- 
marks, and objects by the way, geography and the points of 
compass, when you see things ; charge your memory where on a 
page certain ideas or accounts stand recorded, and position in gen- 
eral, and study geography by maps and travelling, the location 
of anatomical and phreuological organs, and position or place 
in general ; and so mark all the places seen in your mind, that 
you will know them when you see them again. If in the city, 
note streets and important houses, and when you visit one not 
seen before, look around at the neighboring ones, and if you can 
fix upon any distinguishing peculiarity, write it on the tablet of 
this Faculty so that you will know both it and the house in ques- 
tion, when you see them again. If in the country, observe every 
tree, and all the cross-roads ; in short, mark your track wherever 
you go, as Indians always do, so that you can always retrace 
your steps. Travel if able ; and mount stage-coach or prom- 
enade the steamboat deck as they traverse hill and dale, in order 
to observe the ever-varying scenery thus presented to the eye. 
For this, railroads furnish fewer facilities than slower convey- 
ances. If you can snatch a leisure hour in visiting strange 
places, mount some eminence commanding a prospect of the sur- 
rounding country, or follow a river or shore miles for a similar 
purpose. Contemplating scenery, besides feasting Locality, also 
exerts a highly purifying, elevating, and even religious influence 
over the mind, and weans from vice to virtue. It is therefore 
desirable to diminish the expenses and dangers incident to trav- 
elling, so that all may enjoy its advantages, as well as pleasures. 
Our nation, as a whole, out-travels all the world besides; and 
the more, the better ; for few things equally instruct or benefit, 
or equally stimulate that observation already shown to lie at the 
basis of all education, 242 or promote general mental action, and 
therefore discipline. Still, a dunce may travel a lifetime, yet 
learn less from it than an active, penetrating mind will gather 
in visiting some contiguous city. Few things require more 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF LOCALITY. 1037 

mind than travelling, when all the good it can confer is to be 
obtained. 

Studying geogkaphy by maps and books is travelling by 
proxy. Though the present method of teaching this science is 
less defective than that of teaching most other sciences, yet it 
might be essentially improved. Its modern method of employing 
maps vastly facilitates its acquisition and retention, yet should be 
carried much farther. Every important city, river, island, and 
landscape on earth ought to be accurately engraved, so that look- 
ing through a magnifying lens at them would represent them the 
size and appearance of life. Impressions of them thus obtained 
would never be forgotten. 242 This is doubly important in teach- 
ing geography to children. Globes are still more serviceable, 
and should be constructed large enough to allow cities, rivers, 
mountains, &c, to be accurately represented by elevations and 
depressions. Geographical gardens should also be constructed 
on the same plan ; but of these matters hereafter. We wish now 
to urge strongly the study of natural geography. The study of 
the artificial boundaries of countries and states is less importaut 
than of natural boundaries and landmarks. Take or teach first 
the grand divisions of the earth into land and water, or the for- 
mation of oceans and continents ; next its framework, thus : 
Beginning with Cape Horn, follow the Andes, that chain of 
mountains whose extension into the sea forms Cape Horn, on up 
along the western coast of South America to the Isthmus of 
Darien, which it forms ; then north-west along the Rocky Moun- 
tains to Behring's Straits, which it also forms ; then down Kam- 
schatka, which it also originates, through Eastern Asia to the 
Himmaleh Mountains, that head of the mountainous formation of 
our globe ; and then south-east into its formation of the Poly- 
nesian Islands ; and west through Mount Ararat, the Pyrenees, 
and rock-bound Gibraltar, to the Mountains of the Moon in 
Northern Africa, and you have the mountainous or bony structure 
of our globe; especially if you follow the Blue Ridge from its 
rise in Alabama, along the eastern borders of our continent, 
through the Catskill, Green, and White Mountains, to its north- 
ern termination at Hudson's Bay. 

River basins, each and all, have their peculiarities. The Mis- 
sissippi valley is wide, level, beautiful, throughout all its course 



1038 THE PERCEPTIVE FACULTIES. 

and branches. The St. Lawrence is full of lakes or marshes, 
both of which result from the same topographical peculiarity of 
formation. Accordingly, besides containing the largest bodies 
of fresh water in the world, it is full all through Wisconsin, 
Canada, Michigan, and Northern New York, of lakes, of which 
the great lakes, Lake of the Woods, Seneca, Cayuga, Skaneat- 
eles, Crooked, Canandaigua, and others, are samples. Nor can 
we go many miles in any direction throughout this vast valley, 
without intersecting these lakes or marshes. 

Another St. Lawrence peculiarity forms Niagara Falls. Some 
great internal commotion of the earth has, as it were, broken its 
crust in two, and raised up one side of the breach several hun- 
dred feet. This, the only one-sided hill known, commences in 
Canada West ; extends along the northern shore of Lake Onta- 
rio ; forms Niagara Falls ; continues on to Lockport, where the 
Erie Canal, in rising it, makes some nine or ten successive locks ; 
extends on east to Rochester, where it forms Genesee Falls ; and 
continues on to Watertown, which it built up by creating the fall 
of the Black River at that place. The Oswego River, and each 
of the other rivers which rise in Central New York and flow north 
into Lake Ontario, pitch over this same ledge, which creates one 
or more falls in each of several hundred feet. These are by no 
means all the topographical peculiarities of this great northern 
drain of our continent, yet serve our present illustrative purpose. 

The Susquehanna has a topographical aspect entirely different. 
Its bed, from the head-waters of all its branches throughout its 
entire course, is broad and shallow, as is Chesapeake Bay ; and 
on each side of almost any part of it and its branches will be 
found terraces, or rapid ascents from its bed, several feet high ; 
then a level, and then other rises and levels, corresponding with 
each other, on both sides. Its waters also run close under the 
base of its mountains, which often rise abruptly to great heights, 
and are usually regular. Any one at all acquainted with these 
topographical aspects of either of these rivers, or of any of 
their branches, can tell what basin he is in, just by these general 
resemblances, though he is without any other means of knowing. 

To cultivate it in children, begin before they are three 
years old. Direct their attention to different rooms, and their 
relative locations. Teach them east, west, north, south, right, 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF LOCALITY. 1039 

left, above, below, &c, and often ask tbem in wbich rooms and 
parts of rooms the bureau, clock, sofa, and other things are lo- 
cated. If you live in the country, teach, and often ask them the 
direction of given fields, as the wheat-field, corn-field, meadow, 
pasture, woods, &c, and where certain people live, &c. ; if in 
the city, pursue a similar course by calling special attention to 
public and singular buildings ; to streets, lanes, and everything 
calculated to incite this Faculty, as well by teaching and encour- 
aging them to find their way early, taking them out to ride, ask- 
ing, "Which way is mother?" then, turning a street, "Which 
way is she now?" A three-year-old girl was requested to look 
around sharply at the houses, in order to remember them next 
time, and soon a parrot immensely delighted her. Next time, on 
coming to this place, she recollected it, and was overjoyed with 
the idea of finding the parrot, which she remembered was near. 
This time she was told which way to go to find the parrot, and 
the next time she remembered that also. By pursuing a similar 
course, this Faculty can be easily roused to vigorous action, so as 
through life to note and be able to find the way. 

Studying geology furnishes a powerful stimulant, and there- 
fore discipline of this Faculty, and of many other intellectual 
and moral powers. The earth has written her own history upon 
her surface and her depths, besides teaching some of the grandest 
lessons we can learn. Every mountain, valley, mine, river, em- 
bankment, rock, stone, and even mineral and pebble, force upon 
us the conviction that many and great changes have transpired on 
the earth since its creation, and plainly record the character of 
those changes. The various layers of earth seen on digging into 
an embankment ; the different strata of rocks, and of substances 
in the same rock ; veins in rocks, and shells often found imbedded 
in them ; huge stones lying far above high-water mark, yet having 
been worn smooth ; petrifactions, and tracks of animals im- 
bedded in masses of rocks, and even on the tops of mountains; 
the skeletons of extinct races of animals, often of astonishing 
dimensions, found imbedded deep in the earth, and sometimes in 
solid rock,* and innumerable kindred phenomena, teach lessons 

* President Hitchcock, of Amherst College, discovered tracks of birds 
larger than the ostrich in the paving-stones of New Haven. Posterity will confer 
immortal honor on this distinguished devotee of science, and gifted expounder of 



1040 THE PERCEPTIVE FACULTIES. 

concerning the earth's past history and future destiny, which man 
can read, and should know, and which will yet develop discov- 
eries of incalculable utility and magnitude, which children and 
youth should be taught. As you walk or ride past rocks com- 
posed of different materials, or an embankment having different 
strata of pebbles, or clays, or earths, one above another, point 
them out, and explain what is known or supposed of their cause, 
and thus of other geological phenomena. Whenever practicable, 
take them into coal and other mines, and into wells before stoned, 
and show them salt, sulphur, the Saratoga, and other mineral 
springs, by way both of practical instruction, but especially of 
putting them on the track of personal observation and reflection. 
You will thus "sow good seed on good ground," which will take 
deep " root, and bring forth a hundred fold " of immediate 
pleasure, as well as of intellectual advancement through life. 
Get them hammers, and take them with you to quarries, and 
upon mountains, in search of minerals, at the same time directing 
their attention to whatever of interest in the world of trees, 
vegetables, and flowers you may find. And think you one such 
scientific ramble will not excite, and thereby develop, their minds 
more than months of monotonous reading and spelling? And 
adults will find geology full of the most thrilling facts and laws. 

Studying Phrenology also disciplines Locality, because all 
the organs require to be located correctly. On retiring from the 
arduous professional engagements of the day, the Author often 
experiences a prickling sensation in this organ, as if it had been 
overdone. The study of anatomy also disciplines and strength- 
ens it, as does, indeed, that of most of the sciences. So do voy- 
ages and travels, which should be generally perused; yet, to 
combine complete excellence, they require to be written phreno- 
logically. 

To restrain — Settle down, and give up roving and travelling. 

geology and Nature, for his eminently successful labors in the cause of universal 
knowledge. He was a firm, full believer in Phrenology. 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF INTELLECT. 



1041 



CHAPTER II. 

257. — THE LITERARY OR KNOWING FACULTIES. 

These organs occupy the central portion of the forehead, and 
render their possessors smart, off-hand, brilliant, scholarly, 
bright, apt, quick to learn, perceive, and do, well informed for 
their advantages, and both fond of knowledge and gifted in its 
acquisition. They are largely developed in Burritt, Henry, 
Greeley, and Seward. 

Literary and Reflective Organs large. 




No. 184. — Hon. Horace Greeley. 



Large — Have a most remarkable memory ; are extraordinarily 
well informed, if not learned and brilliant; according to advan- 
tages are first rate in scholarship ; have a literal passion for lit- 
131 



1042 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION 
Knowing Group large. 




No. 185. — Hon. W. H. Seward. 



NO. 186.— ELIHU BURRITT. 



erary pursuits, and are remarkably smart, intelligent, knowing, 
and oft-hand ; can show off to good advantage in society : with 
large Beauty, are brilliant as well as talented ; have an excellent 
memory, &c. * 

Full — Have a fair, matter-of-fact cast of mind and knowing 
powers, fair scholarship, and a good general memory. 

Average — With cultivation, have a good memory, and store 
up considerable knowledge ; yet without it, only a commonplace 
memory, and no great knowledge. 

Moderate — Know more than can think of at the time, or 
'tell; with large reflective Faculties, have more judgment than 
• memory, and strength of mind than ability to show off. 

Small — Have a poor memory of most things, and inferior lit- 
erary capabilities. 

To Cultivate — Bead, study, inform yourself, and read the 
papers.; keep pace with the improvements of the day ; study 
history and the experimental sciences ; and pick up and store 
up whatever kinds of knowledge, in your line of business', and 
of matter-of-fact knowledge, come in your way; write your 
thoughts dn a daily journal, or for the press ; join a lyceum or 
debating society, and read history and science with a view to 
remember all you read and know, for the purpose of using it in 
argument ; remember the news, and tell it to friends ; in short, 
read, write, and talk. 



OF THE LITERARY FACULTIES. 1043 

Greeley, Seward, and Burritt each constitute excellent 
practical samples of these organs large and Faculties powerful. 
Greeley commanded a more accurate and varied range of knowl- 
edge than almost any other man. His memory of election re- 
turns, and statistics generally, was most astonishing, and rarely, 
if ever, equalled. He literally knew almost everything, and 
hence made his Tribune the first and best literary newspaper of 
the world. His perceptives are only fair; but behold in that 
great, high, bold forehead really immense literary and reflective 
organs, and then behold in all his productions, unequalled powers 
of memory and reason, his Phrenology and character coinciding 
perfectly. How great a public loss was his unnecessary death ! 
A little timely care would have enabled his " bushel of brains " to 
have worked on a decade or more hereafter as powerfully as here- 
tofore, contributing greatly to the pleasure and profit of man- 
kind, and the great current of human ideas. That extraordinary 
cerebral vigor which made so lately such unrivalled speeches as 
he made "down east," and "out west," could and should have 
done yeoman's battle many years longer in the cause of progress. 
But his being virtually ? ruled out " of the Tribune probably gave 
that final excitement to it, already on the breaking point, which, 
by inducing sleeplessness, compelled its dissolution. Being ig- 
nored by his own pet mental child was hard, as some others can 
attest " by experience." America could have spared any one of 
all her sons better. 

Seward had this knowing group very large, but with nothing 
like Greeley's great brain or reflectives, and hence was smart, 
appropriate, extra in facts, clear-headed, eminently practical, and 
always pertinent, but neither profound nor philosophical. A 
forehead thus retiring never can be. His talents corresponded 
perfectly w 7 ith his Phrenology, as seen by his bust, cast from life 
by the Author. His Temperament is that long, sharp, and prom- 
inent, already pronounced the most efficient. 57 

Burritt has a like organism and Phrenology, as seen in his 
bust, also taken by the Author,* in which this knowing group, 
together with Form, Size, and Observation, are larger than in 

* The Author spent many thousands of dollars in taking casts from the heads 
of distinguished men, but the public has not seemed to recognize their surpassing 
value. 



1044 



THE LITERARY FACULTIES. 



probably any other head extant ; and his matter-of-fact memory 
has no superior. He knows over fifty languages, and can tell just 
how much each goverument expended in each year for this pur- 
pose and that ; besides knowing all about ancient and modern 
history and statistics. And I have traced both this gift and this 
phrenological conformation in many of his maternal relatives. 



XXXVI. EVENTUALITY. 



258. — Its Location, Analysis, and Adaptation. 

The Historian. — Memory of facts and circumstances ; educa- 
bility ; perfectibility ; recollection of news, occurrences, his- 
torical, scientific, and other events,- and what has been seen, 
said, done, heard, and known; love of history, knowledge, and 
matters of fact ; cognizance and memory of action ; love and re- 
membrance of experiments, anecdotes, and past and passing 
items of information ; desire to ascertain what is, and know what 
has been and will be. 

Its location is in the centre of the forehead, directly above 
Observation, and between the two lobes of Locality, yet it ex- 
tends a little higher up. Its full development fills out the middle 
of the forehead, as in Sheridan, Pitt, Michael Angelo, the child, 
and lad, but is small in Terry, No. 193, and old Franklin, and 

Individuality and Eventuality large and small. 





No. 187. — Pitt. No. 188.— Moore. No. 189. — Sheridan. No. 190. — Child. 

Moore. It sometimes seems deficient, because the surrounding: 
organs are large, whereas close inspection shows it to be large. 
Steady the head with the left hand, and place the second finger 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF EVENTUALITY. 



1045 



of the right in the very centre of the forehead firmly on the head, 
and then work the skin horizontally, and if your finger crosses an 
up-and-down ridge about the size of a pipe-stem, this Faculty is 
vigorous, and has been much used and strengthened by culture 
of late years. Where it is not noticeably full, but has been taxed 
by business or literary pursuits, or had a great many little things 
to do for years, it appears deficient to the eye, but the rule just 
given for this pipe-stem perpendicular ridge signifies great activity 



and vigor in it. 



Eventuality. 



Eventuality. 





No. 191. — Large. 



No. 192. — Small. 



" The human forehead not only rises above the orbits, but often pro- 
jects beyond the level of the eyes. A physician, the inferior anterior 
middle part of whose forehead was large, but upper frontal retreating, 
was always brilliant in company; knew something about all subjects, 
adopted all new theories, StahPs, Peter Frank's, and the murderous doc- 
trines of Brown, prescribing nothing but opium, &c. ; made a panacea 
of every new medicament ; and accepted all new views without testing 
them by experiment. I have always observed that those similarly organ- 
ized are like bees, gleaning from the productions of others. I predicated 
that one of the founders of a new sect at Berne would teach, and he had 
charge of the dissemination of this new doctrine. In Gaul tier, the author 
of many elementary works on education, the whole forehead, but par- 
ticularly its lower middle part, is very prominent." 

"After discovering verbal memory, I was not long in perceiving that 
there were also other kinds, sometimes strong in some and weak in others. 
Ever since before 1800, I taught both this doctrine, and that memory is 
not a primary Faculty, but a general attribute of every fundamental 
power; that there are as many different kinds of memory as there are 
different Faculties ; that Music recalls tunes, Calculation numbers, Lo- 
cality places, &c. Those with Educability large learn with extreme 
facility; have a general love of knowledge, and aptness for learning ; and 
readily adopt new doctrines, manners, and customs. Young animals and 



i 



1046 THE LITERARY FACULTIES. 

children learn easier than adults. Frequently, when three months old, 
infantile foreheads advance in the middle far before the rest, forming an 
elongated prominence extending from the root of the nose to the middle 
of the forehead. It is the great development of the inferior anterior 
middle convolutions which gives to children their extraordinary educa- 
bility and rapidity of appropriating a prodigious amount of impressions 
from the external world. My numberless observations leave not the 
slightest doubt that Educability is a fundamental Faculty, whose organ 
is in the interior anterior middle of the forehead." — Gall. 

"This Faculty recognizes the activity of every other, and in turn acts 
upon all ; desires to experience, and would taste, smell, see, hear, and 
touch ; loves general instruction and the practical pursuit of knowledge ; 
is often styled good sense ; is essential to editors, secretaries, historians, 
and teachers; contributes essentially to consciousness; and perceives 
the impressions made by the external senses, which it changes into no- 
tions, conceptions, and ideas, and gives attention. Its sphere is great, 
and expressed by verbs." — Spurzheim. 

" In Mrs. T., Eventuality and Time are unusually developed, occupy- 
ing nearly half the intellectual region, and giving her forehead quite an 
arched or semicircular appearance, and she is a complete walking alma- 
nac, an animated calendar of births, deaths, historical occurrences, and 
events generally, and has been from childhood a never-failing family 
book of reference. Eventuality prompts to investigation by experi- 
ment." — Combe. 

Its adaptation is to what transpires. Nature is one vast 
theatre of action and change. Her operations are almost infinite 
in number and variety. Continually are her rivers running ; tides 
ebbing and flowing ; seasons going and returning ; vegetation 
sprouting, maturing, or decaying ; and all her works, animate and 
inanimate, passing through innumerable rounds of changes. Man, 
too, is in perpetual transition. Instead of being doomed to mo- 
notony, his heart is ever beating, lungs heaving, and whole body 
acting or resting, receiving new particles and rejecting old, and 
growing or decaying from before birth till after death. His mind 
is perpetually experiencing incidents innumerable, and ever- 
varying. Countless historical events have been continually tran- 
spiring from the first dawn of human existence until now, 
widening and varying in the person of every successive individual 
of our race, and necessitated to increase forever ! To have been 
placed in a one-condition state, unchanged by a single occurrence, 
would have precluded all enjoyment and suffering, because the 
very experiencing of them is an event. Even the natural sciences 
themselves are only methodized occurrences, being made up of 



ANALYSIS AND CULTURE OF EVENTUALITY. 1047 

the operations and doings of Nature. An unchanging state of 
things could not be any state at all. Action, motion, change, 
transition, occurrence, &c, are rendered necessary by the very 
constitution of things. Yet unless man were endowed with this 
or a kindred Faculty to enable him to experience and remember 
these changes, Nature would have been a sealed book to him ; all 
memory of the past, and of even his own past existence, obliterat- 
ed ; experience, his main guide and teacher, unknown ; and all 
enjoyment and suffering impossible. To this element of action in 
Nature, Eventuality is adapted, and adapts man by enabling him 
to take cognizance of and remember this action. Without this 
mental Faculty we could recollect nothing past, and hence should 
lose knowledge as fast as we gained it, and thus be unable to ad- 
vance a single step, either in the acquisition of that experimental 
knowledge so indispensable in all we say and do, or in that induc- 
tive reasoning which constitutes our main guide to correct conclu- 
sions. The very constitution of the human mind requires Obser- 
vation to see, and Eventuality to remember, before reason can 
draw any conclusive inference. Reason without them is an eye in 
total darkness. Inferences not founded on facts and drawn from 
a summary of them are only surmises, and worse than valueless, 
because they mislead. 

Its central position in the middle of the forehead, and sur- 
rounded by and touching most of the other intellectual organs, 
signifies that all are designed to act with it and it with all ; that 
all are ordained to pour into its fund all their respective results 
and operations, and all draw out of this reservoir whatever treas- 
ures they may wish to employ. No mental Faculty, not even rea- 
son, is any more important or useful ; for with it deficient, even 
reason degenerates into mere abstract theorizing, which is useless, 
while its action with reason gives that inductive philosophizing 
which discloses all truth. 9 

259. — Its Description, Illlmitapllity, and Cultivation. 

Latige — Are smart, bright, and knowing in the extreme ; pos- 
sess a wonderfully retentive memory of everything like facts and 
incidents : with large Expression and Imitation, tell stories admi- 
rably, and excel in fiction, &c. ; have a craving thirst for knowl- 
edge, and literally devour books and newspapers ; never forget 
anything once seen or known ; have a clear and retentive memory 



1048 INTELLECT, MEMORY, AND THEIR CULTURE. 

of historical facts, general knowledge, what has been seen, heard, 
read, done, &c, even in detail ; considering advantages, are well 
informed and knowing ; desire to witness and institute experi- 
ments ; find out what is and has been, and learn anecdotes, partic- 
ular's, and items of information, and readily recall to mind what 
has once entered it ; have a good general matter-of-fact memory, 
and pick up facts readily ; with Computation and Acquisition 
large, remember business matters, bargains, &c. ; with large social 
feelings, recall friends to mind, and what they have said and done ; 
and with large Locality, associate facts with the place where they 
transpired, are particularly fond of reading, lectures, general news, 
&c, and can become a good scholar. 

Full — Have a good general memory of matters and things, yet 
it is considerably affected by cultivation ; have a good memory if 
it is habitually exercised, but if not, only an indifferent one ; with 
large Locality, recollect facts by associating them with places, or 
where on a page they are narrated ; with large reflectives, remem- 
ber thoughts better than facts, and facts by associating them with 
their principles, &c. 

Average — Remember leading events and interesting particu- 
lars, yet are rather deficient in memory of items and details, 
except when it is well cultivated. 

Moderate — Are rather forgetful, especially of details; and 
with moderate Observation and Expression, tell a story very poorly ; 
should cultivate memory by its exercise ; omit to say and do 
many things designed and wanted ; forget much once known ; 
remember events indistinctly ; cannot readily recall even what is 
known ; and retain only a general idea of the past and of former 
acquisitions, instead of that detailed and specific recollection 
given by large Eventuality, &c. 

Small — Have a treacherous and confused memory of circum- 
stances ; often fofget what is wanted, intended to be said, done, 
&c. ; have a poor command of knowledge ; are unable to swear 
positively to details ; forget almost everything ; and should stren- 
uously exercise this memory. 

Its cultivation thus becomes the second step in mental im- 
provement, that of Observation being the first. 242 By what means, 
then, can it be effected ? By promoting its action. Keep it em- 
ployed in remembering ; because the more you try to remember 
facts, the more easily will you be able to recall them. The more 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF EVENTUALITY. 1049 

you charge this Faculty, the more tenaciously will it retain its 
trusts. The idea that taxing memory confuses and weakens it, is 
erroneous. The very reverse is true, 64 except when body and 
brain are already exhausted. 239 Ask post-office and other clerks, 
as well as business men generally, whether impressing on their 
minds facts, transactions, changes ordered, names, faces, amounts, 
and business matters generally, does not greatly strengthen, instead 
of weaken, their remembering capability ? 

Its power is illimitable. I have experienced and witnessed 
innumerable facts tending to establish this conclusion. On re- 
questing the South Boston omnibus drivers to do errands in Bos- 
ton, I observed that they took no memoranda, yet committed no 
errors, though they often do a score of errands at a trip. The sec- 
ond time I went to the Boston post-office, the delivering clerk, 
without looking over the letters or papers, said there was none for 
me. l I requested him to look, which he did, — meanwhile remark- 
ing that it was useless, — but found none ; and scores of times, the 
moment he saw me, responded that there was something or nothing 
for me, without my being able to detect a single mistake. To be 
able thus to remember whether or not there was something for 
any of those thousands of citizens and strangers continually apply- 
ing, requires an extraordinarily retentive memory ; and yet every 
reader might have attained, probably can yet acquire, one quite as 
efficient. Mr. Worthen, baker, Manchester, N. H., serves three 
hundred customers, about two thirds of whom take more or less 
every morning ; but he sets down nothing till he returns home, 
after having visited say half of them ; yet he forgets not a loaf. 
A man in Halifax, N. S., can tell at once the name and age of 
every inhabitant in town, young and old. After delivering a 
lecture, at Clinton Hall, on the improvement of the memory, 
one of the audience stated that an acquaintance of his, a cat- 
tle drover of New York, who could neither read nor write, after 
having sold out large droves to different butchers, kept their num- 
ber, price, and everything in his mind, and could go round 
months afterwards, even after having bought up and sold out 
several other droves, and settle from memory, without ever 
having been known to forget anything. Those who think this 
too marvellous for belief, will find it abundantly confirmed by 
converging and collateral evidence throughout this work. The 
Gaboon merchants accomplish by memory what is still more ex- 



1050 INTELLECT, MEMORY, AND THEIR CULTURE. 

traordinary. 253 The fact is remarkable in itself, and furnishes a 
practical proof of the correctness of this doctrine of improving 
memory inimitably by its exercise, that all those who can neither 
read nor write have astonishing memories — several hundred per 
cent, better than others. 64 Of this fact any reader can easily 
find illustrative examples. The reason is, that such, unable to re- 
cord their business transactions, are compelled to remember them, 
and thus strengthen this Faculty. Indubitable and universal facts 
compel the belief that the human mind is constituted and capaci- 
tated, provided the body were kept in the right state, 239 and this 
Faculty disciplined in the best manner, to recall every event of 
life. Nature has created memory fact-tight, so that it need 
allow literally nothing to escape, but could recall every item com- 
mitted to its charge. Behold how astonishingly retentive the 
memories of children, even though their bodies are yet weak, and 
their brain necessarily very immature ! What, then, might not the 
memories of adults become if duly disciplined ? As much more 
minute and tenacious as their cerebral energy is capable of becom- 
ing more powerful as they grow older. 216 Progression, not decline, 
is Nature's ordinance — especially mental progression. I am war- 
ranted and compelled by an array of converging facts, of which 
those in this work are samples merely, to regard the constitutional 
capabilities of memory as literally illimitable ; for, if even all 
" these things can be done in the green tree, what cannot be done 
in the dry " ? If by mere accident it is capable of performing all 
which these facts attest, how incalculably more retentive could it 
be rendered by applying mental science, that is, Phrenology, aided 
by Physiology, to its improvement ! In another life we shall 
remember even all the slightest circumstances of this ; 216 nor need 
we wait till then for this power. Our Creator has done all that 
even a God could do to render human memory perfect. It is 
perfect by nature, and to become so in fact requires only that 
very exercise which both our own happiness and all we say and do 
require and almost compel. Reader, within your own reach hangs 
this most exalted blessing, requiring only effort to pluck it. But 
modern education and general mental idleness, instead of improv- 
ing memory, actually weaken it ; first by impairing the energy of 
both body and brain, by confinement and bad air, and then by 
giving it so little food as to enfeeble it by sheer starvation. We 
give it so little to do that it neglects this little, in accordance with 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF EVENTUALITY. 1051 

the law of things, that " from him that hath not shall be taken 
away even that he hath." 

McGuigon's experience both details the specific method of 
cultivating several kinds of memory, and serves as samples for the 
rest. In 1838, at a public examination of his Phrenology, I de- 
scribed his Eventuality as developed to an extraordinary degree, 
along with many of his other intellectual organs, inferring that he 
must therefore be remarkably learned, despite his plain apparel ; 
and he proved to be, in point of fact, by far the most learned man 
in Pennsylvania, and to have the very best general memory. He 
told this story of his method of strengthening it : — 

"At twenty-five I had the very worst memory imaginable of every- 
thing. If I went to town for half a dozen articles, I was sure to forget 
half I went after, and if I read anything could not tell afterwards what I 
had read, till, becoming thoroughly provoked with myself, I just deter- 
mined that I would remember things, anyhow, and began by reading 
and re-reading the first page of Xenophon's Life of Cyrus, till I could 
repeat it by heart, when I pursued a like course with the second, and 
then subsequent pages, beginning at each step with the first page, and 
reviewing the whole. Pursuing this course for a while enabled me, by 
one close, attentive perusal, to glean and remember everything previous- 
ly read. Yet at every step forward I reviewed and recharged my mind 
with the whole. And when I could do this well with one book, I pur- 
sued a like course with two books alternately. 

" Names, however, I found it difficult to remember, till, whenever I 
came across a new name, I looked sharply at it till I had so impressed it 
upon my sight that I could remember it ever afterwards. I then pro- 
nounced this name over and over again till I had made my ear also 
familiar with it, and after that never forgot it. I then associated his 
biography and doings with his name, so that seeing or hearing it re- 
called all I had ever known concerning it. 

"Dates I found extremely difficult of recall, till I fixed certain great 
events, with their dates, in my mind, and then associated whatever dates 
I especially desired to recall with the one of these great events nearest 
to it, as so far before or after it ; and was thus enabled to recall every 
date at pleasure. 

" Battles were fastened on my mind by learning and remembering 
as much of the grounds and locations of the places where they were 
fought as possible ; and in general I associated events with the places of 
their occurrence, so that since memory of places is strong in me, I 
hitched on to it whatever else I desired to remember in connection 
with it. 

" The subject matter of all the books read, and of speeches, &c, 
was gleaned, scanned, and recapitulated, till I could give ever after- 
wards all the leading ideas of them all. A like course of charging my 
mind with whatever I wished to remember, toned up and sharpened all 
kinds of memory, till now, at the age of seventy-five, when that of most 
men begins to fail, I find mine still improving." 



1052 INTELLECT, MEMORY, AND THEIR CULTURE. 

As the author told that story at a lecture in Pittsburg, in 1851, 
a gentleman arose and confirmed it thus : — 

" Last summer, in travelling on the Pennsylvania Canal, I fell into 
conversation with a plain-looking, but most intelligent aged passenger, 
respecting the noted Indians who once roamed over these hills and val- 
leys, when, to my astonishment, I found that he knew quite as much 
about them as I did, although I have been a member of Congress for 
twenty-live years, had free aceess to all the books and manuscripts of the 
great congressional library (since burned), and made Indian history a 
specialty, because I was preparing the book of my life on the Biography 
of Noted Indians. I also found he knew as much of Revolutionary his- 
tory as of Indian, of ante and post Revolutionary as of either, of Eng- 
lish as of American, and of Ancient as Modern, and stood perfectly 
amazed at the almost miraculous amount and variety of the historical 
knowledge of this venerable savant. Yet what was my increased aston- 
ishment when I sounded him on the modern sciences, to find him as per- 
fectly familiar with chemistry and astronomy, metaphysics and mathe- 
matics, as with history, and even found that he knew all about your 
own science of Phrenology, its terms, organs, Faculties, principles, and 
facts ! I could not have believed any human mind could have acquired 
and retained so much knowledge, and that so varied; and he was this 
very Mr. McGuigon of whom you have been speaking." 

Judge Lewis also attested that he was the best read lawyer in 
all those parts ; for though he had read law only as an accom- 
plishment, yet so perfect was his memory of precedents, judges, 
cases, and the rulings given, that lawyers would come twenty 
miles, and pay him large fees for pointing out relevant cases ; 
because whatever case he had ever read, he could recapitulate 
throughout all its minutest details, names, dates, rulings, and all. 

Reader, what is such a memory or intellect, thus stored, 
worth? Can dollars express its value? Yet yours cannot be 
worse to begin with than was his. Then why will not an equal 
culture of yours render it equally good ? It will ! Try ! 

An auditor in Philadelphia, who heard this narrative, deter- 
mined to put its mode of cultivating the memory into practice on 
English history. Six years afterwards, meeting me, he grasped 
my hand most convulsively, saying, — 

" Professor, I owe a greater debt of eternal gratitude to you than to 
any other living man ! I once heard you tell that story of McGuigon, 
put it into practice, and from having had one of the poorest of memo- 
ries, I have come to have one of the very best. I would not take all 
Girard Block" (then the best square of houses in that city) "just for 
the improvement it has enabled me to effect in my own memory ! It 
has made history just as familiar to me as my A B C's." 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF EVENTUALITY. 1053 

The principle here stated can be put into practice upon your 
business, and whatever you do, hear, or see, equally as well as on 
history. Thus, a merchant, as you sell these and those bills of 
goods, with their various items, besides recording them in your 
ledger, as you now do, also charge them off in your mind thus : 
Mr. A. had this, that, and the other items, at so much for each 
article, and thus much in all ; and Mrs. B. had these and those 
items at prices so and so, the whole so much ; and every leisure 
moment you can get, think over the various bills of the day, the 
items, prices, summaries, &c, as well as on what parts of what page 
of the ledger they are recorded, what you require to do at such a 
time, and what to say to such a one at noon, or to-night ; and this 
of any and all like exercises of all the various Faculties of 
memory. 

Lectures, sermons, speeches, narratives, &c, can be treated 
in like manner, by telling any who will listen all the points of 
each, so as to rivet them on your own mind ; or think of them on 
retiring — anything to reimpress them. 

Reader, the principle here presented, reduced to practice on 
whatever you please, can be made to double your memory of any 
and every thing, every year, as long as you choose to practise it ! 
You can enrich yourself faster by such culture than by any other 
means ; and this wealth cannot be stolen or burned up ! 

Reason, that crowning Faculty, and eloquence, that gift of 
gifts, and power of all powers, which mould mind and shape 
human destiny, together with writing talent, man's next greatest 
gift, can be cultivated in like manner, namely, by the exercise of 
each. To cultivate Expression, talk and speak just as much and 
as well as possible, in church or prayer-meeting, in debating club, 
and political or town-meeting, in private party and family gather- 
ing, telling what you know and think, have read, seen, heard, &c. ; 
and in writing often transpose, in order to improve words, clauses, 
sentences, and paragraphs, &c, meanwhile studying the most beau- 
tiful and impressive ways of presenting your ideas, of which letter 
writing furnishes the very best of all arenas, especially if writing 
to a friend, and doubly to some loved one. 

Readers, you can form no adequate idea of the efficacy of this 
plan for cultivating, disciplining, sharpening, strengthening, and 
improving each mental Faculty by itself, every kind of memory, 
and the mind as a whole. Its trial alone can attest how soon and 



1054 THE LITERARY FACULTIES. 

how effectually you can substitute a perfect memory for your pres- 
ent poor one, and a bright intellect for your present dull, logy 
one. 

My professional practice has literally compelled me to ex- 
ercise memory, and thus greatly strengthen it. In making out 
written delineations of character, where companies were examined, 
or several individuals in succession, being obliged to postpone writ- 
ing perhaps for days, and till scores had been examined, I mean- 
while charged memory with the size of the organs of all examined, 
as well as with what I said of them, till I could find time to write. 
If I took memoranda I did not refer to them till I had written all 
I remembered first, and seldom had occasion to make additions. 
Unless I charged my mind with examinations, they passed from it 
as those examined left the room, unless they were remarkable, or 
when my brain was exhausted. To say that .this course has 
doubled my retentivenessf several times over, is speaking within 
bounds. Of circumstances which occurred previously to this disci- 
pline, my memory is indistinct ; but even trifling circumstances 
which have occurred since, as visits to particular places and fami- 
lies, conversations, and the like, rarely escape me. Memory of 
names is still poor, because less disciplined by exercise. In visit- 
ing families — and I often, have appointments every evening for 
weeks beforehand — I never once think of writing down time, 
street, place, or number, nor ever forget them. Following out this 
principle, I never either lecture from notes or commit, yet am lit- 
erally crowded with facts and thoughts. * Phrenology Proved," 
with its thousands of combinations and reports of examinations, 
was composed not from notes, but from recollections, from which 
also I could fill volume after volume, without departing in the 
least from facts just as they transpired. Nor would the gold of 
the world buy back, if that were possible, the mere improvement 
thus effected, unless I could reinstate it by a similar course. No 
additional efforts shall be wanting to perfect it still further. This 
personal narrative is not prompted by a boastful spirit, — because 
no credit is due for having done what business absolutely com- 
pelled, — but by a desire to lay before readers another sample from 
life, for their encouragement and practical direction. 

Studying Phrenology furnishes the best possible stimulus of 
mind, and is therefore cordially recommended both on account of 
its unfolding the most glorious truths and the richest mines 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF EVENTUALITY. 1055 

of thought, and as the best known means of improving memory 
and strengthening intellect. 

This great doctrine of improving the memory by exercise might 
be sustained and enforced by almost any number and variety of 
converging facts, and additional encouragement afforded to all 
who would attain so useful and glorious an acquisition ; but is 
not this amply sufficient both to prove that the powers of memory 
are literally illimitable, and to encourage all, especially youth, to 
prosecute this mental culture vigorously and perseveringly ? These 
directions are easily put in practice, and their results sure and 
invaluable. All, however poor or laborious, can exercise memory, 
even while actually prosecuting any daily avocation. Indeed, so 
far from intercepting, it facilitates them all. Even our business 
transactions themselves furnish perpetual mental discipline. The 
course here pointed out will actually facilitate business in and by 
the very act of cultivating memory. 

Recalling the past also furnishes a most excellent discipline 
of memory. As }'ou retire to rest, spend a few minutes in recalling 
the events, sayings, doings, <&c, of each day. Recall what you 
did and what occurred when you rose, before, at, and after break- 
fast, dinner, and supper ; what you have said, heard, read, and 
done through the day ; your sales if in business, or meditations 
if a laborer, and every transaction of the day. Extend this re- 
view every Saturday through the past week, and every new year's 
through the past year, and frequently recall the events of child- 
hood, youth, and life thus far. This course, pointed out in former 
works, has been pursued by thousands, every one of whom, as far 
as heard from, has realized from it much more than they expected, 
many saying that nothing would tempt them to part with the 
augmentation of memory and intellect thus attained. 

I remarked, in a familiar stroll with a friend, that I had urged 
this review of the past with emphasis, and considered it all-im- 
portant and invaluable. She answered that she had pursued this 
course ; that at first she wrote down every night, in a diary, the 
occurrences of the clay ; that sometimes, when especially occupied 
or fatigued, she would think over and charge her mind with facts 
intended for writing till the next day or evening. After a while 
she could thus bear in mind her proposed records for two, three, 
four, and finally seven days, more easily than a single one at first. 



1056 THE LITER AEY FACULTIES. 

Meanwhile her memory had become so improved, that although 
Eventuality was naturally small, }^et its retentiveness had rendered 
her a standing reference. I had before observed that her mem- 
ory performed remarkably well, though her organ of Eventuality 
was only average. This apparent contradiction its habitual exer- 
cise satisfactorily explained. Even small Eventuality, thus dis- 
ciplined, will accomplish many times more than large Eventuality 
allowed to become rusty by inaction. Mark this, ye who com- 
plain of treacherous memories. 

Reviewing the past will also show us our errors, and greatly 
aid in their correction ; give us a just estimate of our sayings, 
doings, faults, and entire character and conduct; and though it 
may extort a tear of penitence for our imperfections and sins, yet 
will be fouud the most effectual instrument of self-control and 
moral as well as intellectual improvement we can employ ; because 
the pain occasioned by contemplating our errors, and the pleasure 
of reflecting on our good conduct, will instinctively lead us to 
avoid the former and practise the latter. Does not this whole 
subject commend itself to the common sense of every reader, at 
least enough to warrant its full trial ? 

Rendering recollections pleasurable thus becomes all-im- 
portant. Since recalling them thus strengthens memory and im- 
proves morals, it should be rendered sufficiently inviting to induce 
its frequent repetition. Memory enables us to re-enjoy the pleas- 
ures aud re-suffer the pains of life over and over thousands of 
times. How a single wrong act which leaves a moral stain upon 
the disk of memory, pierces us with new pangs every time it 
flashes across our minds ; while every recollection of the good and 
the pleasurable in word and deed sheds on us a bright beam of hap- 
piness well nigh equal to that experienced in the act itself; thus 
enabling us to redouble our pleasures inimitably I How im- 
mensely important, then, that all our recollections should be 
pleasurable, and all our conduct such as to renew our delight 
every time we reflect upon the past ! O youth, be entreated to 
do nothing which will not bear revision. Bear always in mind 
that the consequences of conduct do not cease, only begin, w T ith 
the conduct itself! 216 And let childhood be rendered as happy 
as may be, and our whole lifetime be filled with virtuous pleas- 
ures, so as to facilitate and induce that revision and its consequent 
moral and intellectual improvement here urged. 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF EVENTUALITY. 1Q57 

Telling children stories becomes also most important. How 
can it be called into early aud vigorous exercise ? By telling them 
stories, and showing them the operations of nature first, and 
teaching them to read afterwards. How exceedingly fond all 
children are of stories and facts ! What child, as it opens its eyes 
with the dawn, has not begged, "Mother, please tell me a story," 
" Please, mother, do tell some stories," more eagerly than they 
beg for bread ? What child cannot be stopped from crying, or 
coaxed to bed, or to do things, by the promise of being told 
stories, if only "Mother Goose's," sooner than by almost any 
other means? Yet how often are they impatienly rebuked by 
" O, do hush up ! I've told you all the stories I know " — a score 
perhaps. The Bible, to say nothing for or against its authen- 
ticity, is full of common sense and human nature. It enforces 
our story-telling doctrine in its requiring the children of Israel to 
tell their children the Lord's dealings with their nation " by the 
wayside and by the fireside, when you lie down and when you 
rise up," and to "write them over their doors, that they may be a 
perpetual token of remembrance " — thus making it a religious 
duty to tell their children, grandchildren, and great-grandchil- 
dren, thoughout all their generations, stories of their forefathers* 
sojourn in Egypt, departure, wanderings, rebellions, and their 
entire national and family history. The tenacious adherence of 
the Jews to their " scriptures," renders it well nigh certain that 
this injunction has ever been and still is scrupulously observed, 
and accordingly, Eventuality is surprisingly large in them — 
larger than in probably any other class of people. Corresponding 
with this is the fact that our best historical and Oriental scholars 
are Jews. What history equals that of Josephus for accurate 
minuteness, or the Old Testament as an historical composition 
merely ? 

The Indian tribes also have remarkably retentive memories, 
and accordingly even perpetuate their histories by telling them to 
their children. The aged grandfather, too feeble longer to chase 
the stag or wield the tomahawk, taking his grandson on his knee, 
recounts, with a minuteness and accuracy unknown to us, both the 
traditionary history of his tribe, together with his own auto- 
biography — the battles he has fought; the enemies scalped, and 
how he killed them; his journeyings, with all their trifling cir- 
133 



1058 THE LITERARY FACULTIES. 

cumstances, even to the seeing of a deer, or the flvinsr of an owl. 
He describes particularly the aspect of the country traversed — 
its mountains, rivers, and plains, together with all their various 
objects and appearances. Blackhawk's narrative of his tribe and 
himself, published soon after his first visit to this country, though 
dictated after he was seventy years old, commences with the resi- 
dence of his tribe in Montreal ; relates those prophetic revelations 
which foretold their removal ; describes all the incidents con- 
nected with their successive journeys, caused by the whites driving 
them back farther and still farther ; tells the particulars of his 
joining Tecumseh, going to Canada, fighting against Harrison, 
defeat, and return ; gives the details of the war in which he was 
taken captive; the aggressions and impositions of the whites; his 
travels through the states ; whom he saw ; what transpired and 
was said on particular occasions ; and much more to the same 
effect, with a precision and minuteness rarely if ever found in our 
own race. The Indians know even more of their national history 
without books, than we do of ours with ; because they tell theirs to 
their children in the form of stories, while we teach ours to read, 
and then put our histories in libraries to moulder unused. But 
uniting these methods would render the attainments of our chil- 
dren almost incredible, far exceeding anything now known. Do 
we not remember the stories and incidents of childhood with a 
minuteness and precision altogether surpassing that of riper years ? 
Then why is this decline of memory, when it might and should 
improve? Because our present educational system prevents its 
exercise, and thus induces that inaction which weakens, and not 
because its decline is necessary — because, in short, memory is 
literally starved for something to recollect ; there being little to 
excite it in school or at home. 

Children three years old are required to "sit on a bench," and 
sit still too, and to say A, B, and spell ab, eb, ib, ob, ub, or 
" baker," " brier," which they finally learn to do by eote, just as 
the parrot says "Pretty Polly," and with as little benefit. The 
confinement and vitiated atmosphere of school-rooms do children 
vastly more harm than saying A does them good. Swinging up 
their arms six hours daily for years, will render them also as feeble 
as the memories of adults usually become, and by precisely similar 
means — inaction. The plain fact is, children never should be sent 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF EVENTUALITY. 1059 

to school to learn to read or spell, because the school necessarily in- 
jures their health, and because mothers can teach them much faster 
and better at home. At school, they are called up to read only 
two or three times per day, and yet are compelled to sit six long 
hours just to do what can be done at home far more effectually 
and without injuring them. Moreover, they take no interest in 
their studies, or in the other recitations, any more than if in 
Greek, and therefore derive no benefit, whereas stories and ex- 
planations literally electrify them with delight, and of course 
proportionally strengthen intellect. 

Show children experiments, chemical, philosophical — all 
kinds. Teach them chemistry, natural history, philosophy, and 
science generally, before they can read. This doctrine is new, yet 
true to Nature — strange and true. They can see and remember 
long before they are old enough to read. Then why postpone edu- 
cation thus long? Our course recommends beginning to educate 
them even much earlier than now. Before they are three years 
old they can both remember stories and explanations, and be 
taught the whole process of vegetation, from the deposit of the 
seed in the earth all along up through its swelling, taking root, 
sprouting, growing, budding, blossoming, and producing seed like 
that from which it sprung. And what if, in learning these and 
other intensely interesting operations of Nature, they destroy now 
and then a valuable stalk or flower ; will not the instruction and 
pleasure gained repay a thousand fold? Show them how acorns 
produce oaks, peach and cherry pits peach and cherry trees, which 
reproduce other peaches and cherries, and thus of all the ever- 
changiug operations of Nature. Put vinegar into water, and 
stirring in ashes or pearlash, mark their delight at seeing the mix- 
ture foam, and explain the cause. Tell them how pearlash is 
made by draining water through ashes, which makes lye, and 
which, boiled down, becomes potash, by reducing which pearlash 
is obtained. Ask them what they have seen and learned to-day, 
and when they tell one thing, ask for another, and then another, 
thus teaching them to particularize. Or tell them a story to-day, 
and to-morrow, or next week, ask them to tell it to you. En- 
courage the elder children to instruct the younger ; and let the 
aged grandfather describe the habits and customs of men when he 
was young ; recount his history ; tell them stories from the Bible, 



1060 THE LITERARY FACULTIES. 

or about Washington, the Revolution, England, Greece, Rome, 
and other things, till their minds are well stored with a knowl- 
edge of both Nature and history. By these and kindred means 
their minds can be started early in the love and pursuit of knowl- 
edge long before they can begin to acquire this mental cultivation 
from books. It is now submitted to the tribunal of common sense 
and mental philosophy, as well as to universal experience, whether 
this course is not infinitely superior to the present educational 
method? — whether the present system does not, by rendering it 
inactive, even trammel mind, instead of developing it by exer- 
cise ? — whether this does not cause and account for the miserably 
defective memories of most adults ; that is, for the decline of 
memory, instead of its improvement, as we grow older? — whether 
this proposed method is not in perfect accordance with the laws of 
mind, especially juvenile? Then let them forthwith be adopted. 

To cultivate — Charge your mind with whatever transpires ; 
remember what you read, see, hear, and often recall and reim- 
press it, so that you could swear definitely in court ; impress on 
your mind what you intend to do and say at given times ; read 
history, mythology, &c, with a view to weave such knowledge 
into every-day life : tell anecdotes ; recount incidents in your own 
life, putting in all the little particulars; write down what you 
would remember, yet only to impress it, but trust to memory, 
not to manuscript. 

To restrain — Read less ; never allow yourself to recount 
the painful vicissitudes of life, or to renew past pain by remem- 
brance, for this only does damage ; but when you find your mind 
running on painful subjects, change it to something else, and try 
to forget whatever in the past is saddening. 



XXXVII. TIME. 

260. — Its Definition, Location, Discovery, and Adapta- 
tion. 

The Innate Timekeeper — Periodicity ; punctuality ; ability 
to tell what time it is, when things occurred, how long since, 
dates, &c. ; cognizance and recollection of duration, the lapse of 
time, order of succession, and length of time between occur- 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF TIME. 1061 

rences, &c. ; ability to keep time in music, awaken when desired ; 
carry time in the head, &c. 

Its location is half an inch above Order, in front of Time, and 
below Locality. 

"Time perceives the duration, simultaneousness, and succession of 
phenomena; is one of the essential attributes of music, some musicians 
having great facility, others great difficulty, in playing to time, and is 
situated between Eventuality, Locality, Order, Melody, and Causality, 
and often acts in their connection." — Spurzheim. 

"J. D. Chevalier, on a steamboat on the Lake of Geneva, told how 
many minutes and seconds had passed since they left Geneva; soon 
attracted attention by remarking how many minutes and seconds had 
passed since we left such and such places ; soon promised to tell the 
crowd the passing of the quarter of an hour, or as many minutes and 
seconds as any one chose to request ; even during a conversation the 
most diversified with those standing by; and farther to indicate the 
instant the hand passed over the quarter minutes, half minutes, or any 
other stipulated division of time; which he always did without mis- 
take, though his attention was often distracted, and clasped his hands at 
the end of the time specified. He said he had, by imitation, labor, 
and patience, acquired an internal movement, which neither labor, 
thought, nor anything else stopped, similar to that of a pendulum, wiiich, 
at each motion of going and returning, measured three seconds, twenty 
making a minute, and these he added to others continually. On trying 
him for a number of minutes, he shook his head at the times previously 
appointed, altered his voice at the quarter, half, and three quarter minutes, 
and arrived at the precise end of the time specified. He obviously as- 
sisted himself in a slight degree by mnemonics, and applied religious 
names to his minutes, up to the fifth, when he commenced again. He 
admitted that this internal movement was less sure and constant at 
night, yet daylight rectified it for the day, if necessary. He said he had 
acquired this gift by means of labors and calculations too long to be de- 
scribed. His 'internal movement' indicated minutes and seconds with 
the utmost accuracy." — Bibliotheque Universale. 

" Mrs. G., a nervous but highly intelligent patient, laboring under a 
moderate delirium puerperale, stated, without being particularly ques- 
tioned, that, though perfectly conscious, she yet had no conception of 
time, so that sometimes an exceeding long time, at others only a few 
minutes, seemed to her to have elapsed since she fell into her present 
state, and felt a strong sense of burning at this point, placing her fingers 
on the two organs of Time, but nowhere else." — Dr. Hopp>e. 

Dr. Caldwell mentions a citizen of Philadelphia, celebrated 
for his perception and recollection of the lapse of time, dates, &c, 
who won many suppers by betting with gentlemen that he could tell 
the day of the week, month, and } r ear, on which they were married, 
the day and hour of the birth of their children, &c. I cau usually 
tell what year, month, or day 1 began courses of lectures in this 
place and that. It seems to come to me. 



1062 THE LITERARY FACULTIES. 

Its adaptation is to periodicity. The past, present, and 
future appertain to all things. All events necessarily transpire 
before, after, or with each other. Even life itself is composed of 
one continuous chain of successive doings and events. From birth, 
through infancy, youth, maturity, and old age, to death itself, every 
year, day, hour, second, and item of existence precedes its succes- 
sor, and follows its predecessor in point of time. Instead of being 
placed in the midst of one monotonous now, man exists in the 
present, remembers the past, and looks forward to the future. 
But for this constitutional arrangement in Nature, all doings and 
mental exercises which relate to the past and future would have 
been annihilated, and all conception of any other period than the 
present unchanging monotony obliterated, and therewith the ex- 
istence of years, seasons, months, days, hours, seconds, and every- 
thing appertaining to infancy, childhood, adolescence, middle and 
old age, time and eternity, been extinct to man ; which would 
effectually break up the present order of things. Or with this 
arrangement in Nature, but without this Faculty in man, though 
this system of periodicity would have existed, and times and sea- 
sons have succeeded each other, yet all conception of the past and 
future would have been as utterly inconceivable to man as the 
beautifully blended colors of the rainbow are to the blind, or 
exquisite music to the deaf. But with this institution of time in 
the nature of things, and this Faculty in man adapted to it, we 
are put in relation with all time, and even eternity; can hold 
converse with what has been and will be for thousands of years 
each way ; enjoy the present, and divide and subdivide the past 
and future, to our liking ; appoint particular times for specified 
transactions, and tell when they arrive ; and have a time for 
everything, and all things in their season. 

Periodicity governs universal nature ; bids the sun, moon, and 
stars rise and set at their prescribed minutes ; ushers the seasons 
in and out periodically and in their order ; matures grains, fruits, 
and all the productions of the earth in their respective seasons ; 
renders all Nature one vast but perfect self-time-keeper ; and 
relates infancy and every other period of life to each other by one 
continuous succession, and all to its final termination in immortal- 
ity ! Its duration, both past and present, is indeed inelnite. To 
it, thousands of ages are but a clay. Multiply every atom of crea- 
tion by trillions of eras, and you only begin to recount its past 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF TIME. 1063 

duration or future continuance ! Eternity alone can measure it ! 
And the existence of this Faculty in man adapts and guarantees 
his existence throughout its illimitable range ! Yes, man is indeed 
immortal ! 216 

261. — Description, Cultivation, and Improvement of 

Time, &c. 

Large — Can wake up at any preappointed hour, tell the time 
of day by intuition almost as correctly as with a time-piece, and 
the time between events, and are a natural chronologist ; can gen- 
erally tell when things occurred, the order of events, and the 
length of time between one occurrence and another, &c. ; and 
keep an accurate mental chronology of dates, general and particu- 
lar : with large Eventuality, rarely forget appointments, meetings, 
&c, and are a good historian, and always punctual ; in narration 
give dates ; keep the beat in music, and are tormented when it is 
not kept ; preserve the step in walking, and walk in pain with 
those who break it ; recollect what events transpired before, and 
what after, each other ; have or desire a time for everything, and 
all things in their seasons ; wish to eat, retire, rise, &c, at appro- 
priate hours, and note and recollect whatever appertains to times 
and seasons, such as dates, appointments, chronology, and the like, 
easily and correctly, &c. 

Full — With cultivation can keep time in music, and also the 
time of day in the head quite correctly, yet not remarkably. 

Average — With practice, have a good memory of dates and 
successions, yet without it are rather deficient. 

Moderate — Have a somewhat imperfect idea of time and 
dates ; and with moderate Eventuality and Expression are a poor 
historian ; often forget or fail in chronology. 

Small — Fail to keep the correct time in the head, or awaken 
at appointed times; have a confused and indistinct idea of the 
time when things transpired ; forget dates, lack punctuality, and 
are almost destitute of this Faculty. 

Periodicity is an Jdmost infinitely useful natural institute. 
How important is it that sun, moon, and stars rise and set at their 
appointed times ! and what confusion if they did not ! Then 
should not man also have times for all things, and everything on 
time ? Was this arrangement created in vain ? and man adapted to 
it for naught ? Its absence in Nature would spoil her, and in man, 



1064 THE LITERARY FACULTIES. 

ruin him. Nature commands, and in fact compels time obser- 
vance, and the more perfectly we time ourselves by her great clock 
of the universe, the more perfectly we shall subserve our own in- 
terests ; yet we punish ourselves if we do not. How plainly she 
teaches and rigidly enforces our having a time for everything, and 
doing things on time! Then let us appoint specified times to rise, 
breakfast, dine, sup, study, transact this business and that, recre- 
ate, retire, &c. Few things equally prolong life or promote health 
and happiness. All aged persons are punctiliously regular in all 
their habits. Nothing prolongs life as much, or shortens it, as does 
irregularity. How it promotes business despatch, and how much 
more it enables us to accomplish as well as enjoy! 

Each Faculty then should have its specified time for diurnal 
action ; but the intellectual and moral should take precedence by 
giving a part of each day to reading, study, worship, meditation, 
cultivating memory, &c. 

Timing children's habits from the cradle, by feeding them, 
putting them to bed, &c, by the clock, is most promotive of their 
health and morality, but is discussed in " Sexual Science." 640 

Its cultivation by exercise thus becomes as important as the 
good it confers is great. To do this, carry time in the head ; peri- 
odize everything ; rise, retire, prosecute your business, everything, 
by the clock ; appropriate particular times to particular things, and 
deviate as seldom as possible ; in short, cultivate perfect regulari- 
ty in all your habits as respects time ; notice when appointed times 
come, and time everything, and establish regular habits, &c. Bear 
in mind the time of day, and the day of the week and month. 
Often pass judgment on the time of day, and keep in mind how 
long certain events transpired before or after others. In reading 
history, impress strongly on the mind the era and order of succes- 
sion of events recorded. Compare dates, and associate together 
those events which transpired about the same time. Keep the 
step in walking and dancing, and the beat in music. Give your- 
self a certain number of minutes or hours in which to do given 
things, and note how long you are in doing&them. Be punctual in 
fulfilling all appointments. Above all, set apart particular times 
for particular things, and mind and keep the appropriations. In 
short, time everything, yourself included. 

The extent to which Time is capable of being strengthened 
by these and kindred means is truly astonishing — far greater 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF TIME. 1065 

than is supposed. The experienced nurse, having first charged 
this Faculty to awaken her in half an hour, or in just one or two 
hours, as the doctor may have ordered, throws herself upon her 
couch and sleeps soundly ; this watching sentinel meanwhile 
counting off the minutes and hours till the specified time arrives, 
when it sounds the alarm, and wakes up the other Faculties. 
Many an elderly farmer, unblessed (?) while young with artificial 
time-keepers, can sleep soundly till the time previously appointed 
for rising arrives, and always waken within a few minutes of the 
time set. Many elderly people, habituated to rising at a particular 
hour, awaken regularly, even when they have been previously 
broken of their rest. All might and should habituate themselves 
to these and similar practices, which will soon become second 
nature, and incalculably serviceable through life. And it is really 
surprising how soon and easily the system habituates itself to reg- 
ularity in all things. Magnetized patients, when required to 
awaken at any specified time, do so almost to a second, and can 
tell and measure time with an accuracy incomparably greater than 
any in the natural state. 

Yet how little is time cultivated from the cradle to the grave ! 
Few take any pains to strengthen it by exercise, but live in per- 
petual violation of its requisitions ; and hence its almost universal 
deficiency in American heads. In probably no others is it equally 
so. Yet this need not and should not be, and would not, if duly 
cultivated in both early and mature life. One great cause is our 
almost universal, but 

Pernicious reliance on time-keepers, to the exclusion, and 
consequent enfeebling, of that mental chronometer thus bounti- 
fully furnished to man. It is perfectly obvious that this reliance 
on the former tends to diminish the action, and consequently the 
power, of the latter. If most artificial time-keepers were de- 
stroyed, and few others made, men would be compelled to exer- 
cise, and thus develop, this important Faculty till it could keep 
time correctly ; but by canwing the time in our pockets we give 
this Faculty nothing to do, and it of course does nothing. It thus 
becomes feeble from mere inaction, and this abridges the pleasure 
adapted to flow from its full development and vigorous exercise, 
besides seriously impairing the efficiency and the enjoyments of all 
the other Faculties. This mental chronometer could be so disci- 
plined as to keep the time in the head quite as correctly as clocks 



1066 THE LITERARY FACULTIES. 

and watches now do ; would always admonish us of the arrival of 
appointments and particular periods ; and improve the entire mind 
and body in ways innumerable, which artificial time-keepers can 
never effect ; whereas now, Nature's chronometers being laid 
aside to become rusty, we forget to look at those of art, or perhaps 
they are "not right," so that appointed times pass unheeded, and 
the advantages of regularity are not secured. Nature always 
excels art. Art may be advantageously employed to aid Nature, 
and to work with and under her, but should never supersede her. 
We may usefully employ clocks and watches to help our mental 
time-keeper, just as we do arithmetic to aid Calculation, or books 
to help language, or notes to assist music, or maps to facilitate 
geography, or logic to aid reason, but never to take its place. It 
should be the main reliance, they only casual assistants. Only 
when art can transcend Nature, and human invention exceed and 
advantageously supersede Divine, may clocks and watches be 
profitably employed in place of Nature's chronometer ! Preposter- 
ous ! This superseding by human mechanism that living time- 
keeper created by God and bestowed freely on man, must neces- 
sarily eventuate in evil — must cripple this important mental 
power, and thereby impair the entire mind. To avoid this deteri- 
oration, discipline this Faculty by keeping time in the head. Yet 
we sometimes require to and do become so thoroughly engrossed 
as to be unconscious of the lapse of time ; though we then rarely 
require time-pieces, till we are through with the matter in hand. 
Employing all our time still more effectually secures these 
advantages. " Time is money," is happiness, is life itself; is, 
indeed, the groundwork of everything : for what can we do, be- 
come, enjoy, except by its means ? Is it not, then, too precious 
to be squandered or misapplied ? Should we allow even a single 
hour or minute to pass unimproved ? If we do, we experience an 
irreparable loss ! Time once past never returns ! We have but 
one life to live, and can live its every year, day, and hour but 
ONCE. A given hour allowed to pass unimproved, an opportunity 
for enjoj-ment has flown forever ! We can improve time only 
while it is passing. 17 Indeed, the right improvement of time 
is only another name for every virtue, and for perfect happiness ; 
its misimprovement, for every sin and woe. " An idle head is 
Satan's workshop." Yes, idleness is the prolific parent of vice, 
the great clog to progression, and the canker-worm of enjoyment. 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF TIME. 1067 

Though the slothful may live and breathe, yet they can effect and 
enjoy little, and therefore live but little in a month, year, lifetime, 
compared with those who are always doing. Not that we should 
never recreate. Taking required relaxation only reloads with 
energy, preparatory to renewed effort, and thus becomes more 
profitable and pleasurable than continued labor, which weakens 
by fatigue. But recreation is not laziness. It both renders hap- 
py for the time being, and also prepares both mind and body for 
renewed action and enjoyment, and therefore, when required, 
doubly fulfils the great end of life. But to sit down and do noth- 
ing for half an hour at breakfast or supper, or an hour at dinner, 
or perhaps allow the morning and evening to pass unoccupied, 
soon squanders weeks and years irreparably, which, rightly im- 
proved, might have contributed largely to our present and future 
happiness, and that of our fellow-men. To waste time in bed not 
required for sleep is especially pernicious ; because it often begets 
impure thoughts and feelings, which lead to sinful conduct. To 
keep perpetually doing good to ourselves and others, precludes 
vice and secures virtue, and is our solemn duty, because the great 
instrumentality of all enjoyment — the "chief end" of our crea- 
tion. 15 We are placed on earth to be happy, and to do this we 
must improve our time. The happiness experienced in doing 
every duty is the great bond and origin of all moral obligation — 
the reason why duty is duty — as well as the reward of virtue. 
Now, since the right occupancy of our time is the great instru- 
mentality of all enjoyment, it is therefore our greatest moral duty 
— is the Alpha and Omega of all moral obligation. And behold 
the reward of fulfilling this requisition of our mental and physical 
constitution ! 

To accomplish we must keep perpetually doing, or else pre- 
paring to do. Who ever knew a great and good man not literally 
crowded with things urgent to be done ? — too much so to find any 
time to waste. Great men are occupied more and still more in- 
cessantly the greater they become. Indeed, their very greatness 
consists in their efficiency, and this mainly in their continuous 
and advantageous employment of their time. The forming minds 
of children can never be taught, theoretically or practically, any- 
thing more important than this greatest life-lesson, of improving 
every minute as it passes in doing something promotive of their 
happiness, or that of others. To indulge them in idleness, to let 



1068 THE LITERARY FACULTIES. 

them grow up with little or nothing to do, is ruinous, for time and 
eternity. 

Do first what is most important. We may be always 
doing, yet effect and enjoy little, because busied with trifles. 
Since life is too short in which to do everything, let us neglect all 
minor matters until after we have fulfilled the great requirements 
of our being. Out of those innumerable things the doing of which 
would promote individual or general happiness, to make the best 
selection is the first and greatest labor. Indeed, wisdom and 
judgment can be employed nowhere else more advantageously 
than in choosing tvhat we shall do, and what first. In fact, this 
choice embodies the very acme of all wisdom. Our governing 
rule should be to do that first which is most important ; that is, 
which, when done, will confer the greatest amount of personal and 
general happiness, the only correct standard of all valuation. 35 
O, what a vast, a lamentable waste of time, this most precious 
gift of God to man, do we all perpetrate ! We consume by far its 
greatest part in doing things of themselves utterly useless ; in 
making things innumerable of little or no comparative value ; in 
altering dresses, bonnets, and the like, to suit the newest styles ; 
in preparing for and attending trifling, glittering parties, which 
neither improve intellect nor feeling, but dissipate and deteriorate 
both ; in artificial display, nonsensical amusements, and brainless 
conversation ; in scrambling after money ; and in providing and 
consuming articles of dress, equipage, diet, and the like, utterly 
useless, and even positively injurious, such as tobacco, tea, coffee, 
wines, spirituous liquors, splendid houses and equipage, and a 
thousand things, of which these are samples merely, and all merely 
to be fashionable. A few animal propensities now engross most 
of our time and energies, besides enslaving our entire nature ; 
whereas our moral and intellectual should guide and govern both 
our time and pursuits. 196 ' 238 Deduct from the sum total of human 
life all the time spent in providing and consuming unnecessary and 
injurious extras, — such as in useless cookery; fluttering in the 
sunshine of fashionable life ; acquiring property not required 
for actual use, &c, — and the balance would be mighty small; 
nor is this despicable moiety properly employed. Is it wise or 
right thus to give our entire time and selves to these few animal 
gratifications ? Were we created merely, or even mainly, to eat, 
glitter, sensualize, and amass wealth? "No!" answer Phrenol- 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF TIME. 1069 

ogy and Human Happiness. We have other and higher Faculties 
to feed, the due exercise of which would render us unspeakably 
more happy than we now are. Journeymen and laborers thrown 
out of employ hardly know that they can spend their time in any- 
thing but labor, little realizing that they could promote their own 
highest good far more effectually by giving more time to their 
moral and intellectual natures, and less to their purely artificial 
and injurious wants. Indeed, men generally act as though to 
make money, or else to spend it in fashionable display or sensual 
indulgence, constitutes the highest good and only enjoyment of 
life ! They overlook the great law of things, that to be happy they 
must devote by far the greater portion of their time and effort 
to their moral and intellectual Faculties, the gratification of 
which should constitute the permanent business of life itself. 

Wasting other people's time is also wrong, yet common. 
Time is life, and as no one has any right to take another's life, so 
he has none to occupy his time, except by consent and to advan- 
tage. Hence we should either benefit our fellow-men, or let them 
alone, and be very careful how we trespass on their precious time. 
Nor should we allow our own time to be wasted because silly 
fashion requires us to drop all engagements, however pressing, to 
entertain company. Give no time to others from mere politeness, 
but consider your short stay on earth too precious to be squan- 
dered in dancing attendance at the shrine of fashion ! 

The rich, also, very generally, unnecessarily and wickedly con- 
sume the time of the poor ; first, in requiring them to do ten thou- 
sand things utterly useless, such as gratifying merely imaginary 
wants, and then in not a quarter paying them for their exhausting- 
toil or precious time. Riches, in fact, consist in possessing the 
products of other people's time ; for what is all wealth but the 
products of labor, that is, of an outlay of time? " Time is money," 
and therefore money is time ; and to hoard the former is only to 
possess the earnings of other people's time. Now, by what " di- 
vine right " do the rich thus squander the hard earnings of the 
poor ? By what right should one man require and use on himself 
the entire time and lives of two, ten, scores,«perhaps hundreds, of 
his fellow-men, and then pay them hardly enough to keep their 
soul and body together. But the great waste of time consists, 
after all, in 

The wanton destruction of life by violating the laws of 



1070 THE LITEEARY FACULTIES. 

health, impairing our powers while we live, and hastening death. 
Strict obedience to these laws would undoubtedly have protracted 
the life of every reader twice as long as he will now live, and the 
lives of many several times longer, besides rendering them all 
several fold more efficient, and thus have doubled and redou- 
bled our lives many times over. " O that men were wise ! that 
they understood " and practised their own highest good in this 
respect! Beholding their utter folly and consummate wicked- 
ness in thus prodigally wasting, ay, worse than squandering, this 
short life, besides cutting it still shorter by inducing premature 
doatlu should make our " eyes run down with tears" of sorrow for 
human ignorance and suffering. "Women squander most of their 
time on foolish, ruinous fashion, whereas their time is more pre- 
cious than that of man, because their maternal and educational 
relations capacitate them for doing more than man can do. In the 
name of all that is sacred and valuable in your natures, make the 
very pest possible use of time, and prolong it to the utmost pos- 
sible limit by preserving health. Parents and teachers, cultivate 
this Faculty in children by impressing them with the infinite 
value of time, and the best mode of employing it. And may God 
impress us all with the transcendent importance of this whole sub- 
ject, and guide us in the eight use of our probation ! 

Rightly to enipeove teme peep apes foe eteenity. 216 Every 
deed and feeling of this life becomes incorporated into our charac- 
ters, and goes to make up ourselves ; and thus affects us throughout 
our subsequent life. If the consequences of the right and wrong 
use of time ended with this life, its right improvement would be 
incalculably more important than our description, than any de- 
scription, can possibly represent. But they do not. Time is the 
door to eteenity. The use we make of our time here mainly 
constitutes our conduct and moulds our character in this life, and 
they govern that which is to come ! Time and eternity are sepa- 
rated from each other only by the mere act of dying ; 226 are, in 
fact, only a continuation of that endless duration into ivhich the 
first dawnings of consciousness usher us. Duration, existence, is 
illimitable. 233 Man's 'endowment with Time puts him into the 
midst of this endless duration. We shall therefore exist forever ! 
Why thus compel us to take cognizance of illimitable time, and 
tantalize us with immortal hopes only to blast them ? Does God 
thus sport with man ? He will protract that existence infinitely 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF TIME. 1071 

beyond the utmost conception of imagination and conception 
united, and not behead time and eternity. Will He, by giving 
us this Faculty, put us in relation with eternity only to blast this 
hope? We, our own identical selves, that is, our mentalities 
here, will 'continue there, and the consequences of our terrestrial 
conduct will be coeval with, and constitute our eternal destiny. 
This inference grows necessarily out of our possession of Time 
— a doctrine already proved from another stand-point, 216 both thus 
reconfirming both. How full of promise and motive this doctrine, 
that all the self-improvement, good deeds, and holy feelings cul- 
tivated in this life will shed their benign and progressive influence 
upon us throughout that illimitable duration in which we are 
placed ! O, who will fold their hands, and neglect to cultivate 
their godlike capabilities? Who will let the seed-time of this 
life pass without improving it all to sow such seed, to be in- 
creased, not a hundred fold, but infinitely, against the harvests of 
eternity ? Whatever we may sow in any given day or hour in 
this probationary state, we shall reap perpetually hereafter, both 
throughout the subsequent portion of this life and the entire 
range of that which is to come ! O merciful God, guide us all in 
the right use of that time which Thoa hast thus graciously be- 
stowed upon us ! Thus far we have misspent and abused this 
heaven-born and heaven-tending gift. At Thy feet Ave implore 
pardon for the past, and pray for strength and wisdom rightly to 
improve the future. O, guide and aid us through time, in our 
eventful preparation for immortality ! But 

Six here deteriorates forever. As a limb once amputated 
leaves us maimed for life, and as a sin once committed can never 
be erased from the tablet of memory, 259 or its moral stain wholly 
expunged from the garments of this life ; so all deterioration of 
our moral or intellectual characters in this life lasts while the soul 
itself exists. Are the legitimate consequences of our virtuous 
conduct to be continued to us through eternity, and not of our 
vicious? By what law is the one retained, and the other re- 
scinded? How fearful, then, are the consequences of probation 
both ways ! 



1072 



THE LITERAKY FACULTIES. 



XXXVIII. TUNE. 



Tune very Large. Tune very Small. 




No. 190. — Handel. 



No. 191. — Anne Ormerod. 



262. — Its Definition, Location, Discovery, and Philosophy. 

The Natural Musician — The musical inspiration, knack, 
and genius; love of music; ability to learn tunes by ear, and 
rehearse them by rote. 

Its location is in the lateral and lower part of the forehead, 
over Calculation, externally from Time, and three fourths of an 

inch above, and slightly ex- 
ternal to Order ; and when 
large fills out the lower 
frontal portions of the tem- 
ples. Still, being located 
in a kind of corner, where 
large Perceptives crowd it 
outwardly, large Construc- 
tiveness forward, large Ide- 
ality and Mirthfulness down- 
ward, and the temporal 
muscle passing over it, its 
position varies somewhat, which renders observation more diffi- 
cult, except in the heads of children, in whom it is generally 
larger than in adults, and easily and accurately observable. It is 
very large in that prince of music, Handel, but deficient in Anne 
Ormerod, who had no musical perception. 

"It assumes two forms. Either the external angle of the forehead 
immediately above the external angle of the eye enlarges itself consid- 
erably towards the temples, so that the lateral parts of the forehead 
overlap the external angle of the eye, in which case all the frontal re- 
gion above the external angle of the eye, as far as half the height of 
the forehead, is considerably prominent; or else there rises immediately 
above the external angle of the eye a pyramidal prominence, the base 
of which is above the external angle of the eye, and the point extends 
to the external anterior edge of the forehead, halfway up its height; so 
that musicians have the lower part of the forehead either very broad or 
square. Tischbeen had made the same remark of great musicians, say- 
ing, 'They have ox fronts.' Frequently, the foreheads of musicians ap- 
pear much swollen above the external angle of the eye. Mozart, Haydn, 
Pauer, Naderman, Dusscb, Mechessi, Viotti, and others illustrate the 
first, and Beethoven, J. Haydn, Gluck, and many others the second. 
In Mara and twenty-four other celebrated female singers this part is so 
full that all must see that this is the constant mark of musical genius. 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF TUNE. 1073 

The countenances of mere mechanical players, who play from habit, 
express none of that abandonment and sweet delight which penetrates 
the whole soul of the true musician. 

" A girl five years old was shown me that repeated all she had 
ever heard sung or played on the piano, and retained whole concerts 
she had heard but twice, yet learned nothing else. This turned my 
attention to memory, when I found many who had an excellent memory 
for certain objects, with a feeble one for others, and I admitted a mem- 
ory of tones. I found those who excelled in remembering tones were 
usually good singers, and I concluded that this talent extends much 
beyond this kind of memory, and comprehends whatever relates to 
tones. I observed the heads of celebrated musicians, several of whom 
had the superior lateral part of the forehead narrow, but the temporal 
part broad, their foreheads thus forming a segment of a truncated cone, 
which I thought the external sign of musical genius. But I soon found 
that Beethoven, Mozart, Kreibig, <fcc, had the superior part of the fore- 
head large, which made me renounce the truncated-cone form. I 
moulded the heads of several musicians of the highest merit, and finally 
discerned its location, along with the counter proofs of its deficiency. 
After this I taught it boldly. 

"Handel had hardly begun to speak when he began to compose 
music. Piccini, from his tenderest infancy, showed a decided taste for 
music. Mozart travelled through Europe when six years old, playing 
on the piano with great power, soul, and taste. Desabs, at twelve, 
played a concerto on the violin, beset with difficulties, with a vigor and 
address altogether extraordinary. His style was grand, and full of 
energy. Miss Bills gave concerts in Paris when only eight. Crotch: 
evinced an extraordinary talent for music at two. Crouchly played on; 
the harpsichord at three, and at six became a virtuoso. Baron de 
Praun, at ten, astonished all the savans of Rome as a virtuoso ; exe- 
cuted the most difficult concertos of Rhode with a taste and precision 
which astonished Paganini himself; answered over a hundred questions; 
was knighted by the Pope, and decreed a go\jJi medal. Such musical 
prodigies are often ordinary in other respects. An idiot girl, who ate 
charcoal, and gnawed bones like a dog, sang forty songs by heart with 
precision. Many are insane on music. All this proves that music is a 
fundamental Faculty." — Gall. 

" The heads of male singing birds have much larger Tune than fe- 
males of the same kinds. There is a striking analogy between colors 
and tones." — Spurzheim. 

" In studying the size of this organ, 1. Examine the- integuments 
over the organ. 2. Examine it by a front, and, 3. by a profile view of 
the head. 4. Then examine the angle of the forehead by looking from 
the corner of the eyebrows upwards; and finally looking downwards on 
it; meanwhile moving the head so as to see- it in various lights." 
— McCull. 

Its adaptation is to the musical octave. This scale of har- 
monious sounds exists, and is the same throughout all time. 
Even the sweet warbles of feathered songsters accord with it. 
135 



1074 THE LITERARY FACULTIES. 

Music is music the world over. Not only does this musical ele- 
ment exist, but man is also endowed with a Faculty which puts 
him in relation with it, which renders him 'a musical beiug. In- 
deed, this element constitutes an integral portion of every human 
being, as much as lungs, or Observation. All are endowed with 
more or less of it, as much as with bauds, or Appetite. It is as 
necessarily a portion of every mind as reason or memory. None 
can be born without some of all the Faculties, Tune of course 
included. This Faculty adapts man to this musical ordinance of 
Nature. It renders those gradations and successions of musical 
sounds which constitute music to the refined Anglo-Saxon, musi- 
cal to the red men of the forest, and to the sons and daughters 
of Siberia and China, and concord delightful and discord repul- 
sive among all civilized and savage nations, and throughout all 
past and coining time. It also capacitates man to experience a 
great amount of exalted pleasure in hearing and making music, 
and is even the instrumentality of some of the most exquisite 
and thrilling emotions of his being. This faculty blotted out, no 
one musical note could be distinguished from any other, no con- 
ception of music could exist, and thereforo that impassioned de- 
light now experienced in its exercise would be unknown. But 
with both this element in Nature and Faculty in the human soul, 
we can experience and express some of the most elevating, 
refining, and delightful emotions of which our natures are sus- 
ceptible. f 

263. — Description, Influence, and Cultivation of Music. 

Large — Possess extraordinary musical taste and talent, and 
are literally transported by good music ; and with large Imitation 
and Construction, fair Time, and a fine Temperament, are an 
exquisite performer ; learn tunes by hearing them sung once ; 
sing in spirit, and with melting pathos ; show intuitive taste 
and skill ; sing from the soul and to the soul ; disdain the 
trammels of notes, gamuts, fa-sol-la, &c, and burst forth in 
spontaneous expressions of this musical passion by harmonious 
sounds ; employ notes, instruments, and the science of music as 
secondary attendants only, wo\ as principals ; easily learn music 
by$ote ; catch tunes by hearing them sung a few times, or even 
once ; love music, and sing spontaneously, or with the true spirit 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF TUNE. 1075 

and soul of music ; loaru to play on musical instruments with 
case, and as if by a kind of instinct; easily detect discord, and 
are pained by it ; and love, as Well as easily learn, whatever ap- 
pertains to music; have a nice perception of concord, discord, 
melody, &c, : enjoy all kinds of music : can make most kinds, 
and play well on musical instruments : with large Beauty, impart 
a richness and exquisitoness to musical performances ; have a 
tine car for music, and are tormented by discord, hut delighted 
by concord, and take a great amount o( pleasure in the exercise 
of this Faculty; with large Force and Destruction, love martial 
music; with large Worship, sacred music; with large Friendship 
and Love, social and parlor music : with large Hope and Wor- 
ship, and disordered nerves, plaintive, solemn music, Ao. 

Its combinations are inimitably beautiful. Combined with 
Expression, and the social feelings, it expresses affection and 
love ; with Force and Destruction, it revels in the martial sounds 
of the rife, bugle, and drum; with Construction, it whiles away 
the tedious hours of labor by song; with Worship, sings songs 
of Zion. and elevates and purifies the soul by kindling and ex- 
pressing the sentiments of devotion, gratitude, and praise; with 
Parental Love, sings cradle ditties; with Mirth, sings comic 
songs; and with unbridled Amativeness added, joins in bois- 
terous revelry and mirth. To these combinations there is no end. 
They can be employed to express most sweetly and powerfully 
every feeling and sentiment of the human soul. 

Full — Have a good musical ear and talent; can learn tunes 
by rote quite well ; and with large Beauty and Imitation, can be- 
come a good musician, yet will require practice. 

Average — Have fair musical talents, yet, to be a good musi- 
cian, require considerable practice; can learn tunes by rote, yet 
only with some difficulty; with large Beauty and Imitation, may 
be a good singer or player, yet are indebted more to art than 
Nature ; show more taste than skill ; and love music better than 
can make it. 

Moderate — Have moderate taste and talent for music, yet, 
aided by notes and practice, may sing and play quite well, but 
will be mechanical, and lack that pathos which reaches the soul; 
find difficulty in distinguishing notes from each other, or learning 
tunes "by heart ; M are obliged, in singing and playing, to rely on 



1076 THE LITERARY FACULTIES. 

notes, and perform mechanically ; fail to impart the spiritual in 
music to performances ; and are indebted more to musical art and 
practice than to intuitive musical taste and capability. Still, a 
fine Temperament and large Beauty may love music, and be 
pained by discord, yet be unable to perform. 

Small — Learn to sing or play tunes with great difficulty, and 
that mechanically, without emotion or effect; have scarcely any 
musical idea or feeling — so little as hardly to tell Yankee Doodle 
from Old Hundred. 

Its power to awaken all the Faculties to the highest pitch of in- 
tensity and fervor is unattainable by any other means. How martial 
music inspirits the soldier with an ardor for deadly combat which 
nothing else can awaken ! How national songs inspire the soul 
with love of home and country ! By what other means can love 
be as readily excited, or as rapturously expressed? Mothers sing 
their most enthusiastic yearnings of maternal love. It lauds or 
derides in verse and song. "Let me make a nation's songs, I care 
not who makes their laws." Why? Because song so thoroughly 
imbues the soul with its sentiments. Who can resist the con- 
vulsive power of the comic in song? Can it possibly be ex- 
pressed more effectually? Or can the plaintive? What will 
equally draw tears from the sternest nerves ? Or what equally 
awaken gratitude, or contrition, or animation, or fear? Or what 
equally infuse new life and vigor into every physical and mental 
function? Or what as well disseminate a cheerful influence 
throughout the entire being, or exhilarate both soul and body? 
Or what inspire the divine sentiment of praise to God, awe of His 
majesty, thanksgiving for His goodness, penitence for sin, and 
entire consecration to His service as much? Neither preaching 
nor praying bears any comparison with singing, as a means of 
exciting a devout and holy frame of mind. Have a "revival" 
without sinsrinor ! As soon a summer without the sun. But 
above all, it can superinduce a holy, heavenly, exalted state of 
mind, a kind of spiritual trance, that most exalted emotion 
which man can experience on earth, in which his soul communes 
face to face with its God, and becomes imbued with His entity, 
more than by all other instrumentalities. Prayer is often one of 
its ushers, but music more frequently and effectually. This holy 
spell, this foretaste of heaven, mortals rarely enjoy. It is too 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF TUNE. 1077 

near heaven for our earth-enthralled souls often to reach, but a 
heaven indeed when thus attained ; is in fact a state of holy as- 
pirations and heavenly love ! Crumbs of heaven ! Literal fore- 
tastes of those ecstatic joys which constitute its bliss. This state 
of rapture, in which the whole soul becomes thoroughly melted 
with holy tenderness, and dissolved by the spirit of eternal Light 
and Love, music can do more to induce than all else combined ; 
and can be so practised as to become the very chantings of an- 
other and a better world, and more effectually to prepare man to 
join the chorus of heaven than all other means united. Yet 

When perverted, it can be employed to enkindle and express 
the worst and most gross and sensual passions of debased and 
depraved humanity ! The carnal revellings of Bacchus could 
proceed without music no more than without wine. The intox- 
icated sing. The debauchee must carouse to music. Nor is 
there a depraved or fiendish passion of human nature which mu- 
sic cannot reach and stir up to a higher pitch of infernal raving 
than all other means and motives united. 

The cultivation of an instrument of human happiness and 
moral purity thus all-powerful should be commensurate with the 
good it is capable of conferring. If 

" The man that hath no music in his soul 
Is fit for treason, stratagems, and spoils," 

all youth, all adults, should cultivate this refining sentiment as a 
means both of banishing carnality, and promoting moral eleva- 
tion and purity. All children have this purifying gift as neces- 
sarily as eyes. To cultivate music is to diminish gross tendencies 
aud sensual propensities, and develop the higher emotions and 
holier aspirations of our nature. As a source of innocent amuse- 
ment, of recreation, and refined pleasure, what equals music? 
How can we spend an hour daily more agreeably? Let eveiy 
family meet once a day or week for a real hearty sing, and their 
sing will give them more pleasure than they will take all the rest 
of the day. 

It is most healthful. Both singing and playing on wind 
instruments invigorate aud enlarge the lungs by inducing their 
full and frequent inflation. They also greatly increase the amount 
of air inhaled, promote digestion, and give action to all those 



1078 THE LITERARY FACULTIES. 

internal organs so liable, especially in the sedentary, to remain 
inactive. Hence, it of course actually prolongs life, as well as 
greatly enhances all its pleasures. Good singers have excellent 
health and ample busts, because singing develops both. Hence 
their vocal power and flexibility, as well as that intensity of feel- 
ing so indispensable to musical soul and pathos. Strength of 
constitution is also essential to strength of lungs, and this to 
power of voice ; so that a clear, strong voice indicates a good 
constitution, fit least by Nature, while a weak, husky, quackling 
voice betokens a feeble constitution. A good general organiza- 
tion is requisite to good singing ; and musical practice naturally 
improves both the entire physiology and mentality. Some me- 
dium singers, or rather squeakers, induce bronchitis, but never 
those who sing naturally, which is indispensable to musical ex- 
cellence. Those who sing the loudest by no means always sing 
the best. Singing induces bronchitis only when it is overstrained 
and artificial, and those very conditions which impair the voice 
also deteriorate the singing ; but than good singing, few things 
are more promotive of health, life, and happiness. Excellent 
musicians have highly-wrought physiological Temperaments or 
exquisite physical organizations. Singing promotes these by 
promoting fine feelings, and enhancing delicacy and refinement 
of sentiment. 

Its exercise, like that of all the other Faculties, is the grand 
panacea both for strengthening it when feeble, and still further 
increasing its capacity in all stages of development. The great 
cause of its deficiency is its neglect. Unexercised, it declines. 
The more we sing, the more we augment its power and reap its 
advantages. 64 Then let all learn to sing, and, if possible, play. 
If time is scarce, take time; for what is more important? 
For time thus taken will be made up many times over, by its 
redoubling mental and physical efficiency, and by prolonging 
life. 

Children and youth, above all things, should be encouraged 
to sing. The growing custom of relieving the tedium of the 
school-room by interspersing music is admirable. Let it be 
practised often through the day, and throughout all the schools in 
Christendom ! It greatly promotes study, and facilitates the 
government of the school, as well as cultivates this delightful 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF TUNE. 1079 

and moralizing Faculty, and also renders the school room at- 
tractive, instead of repulsive. It will keep alive this strong 
native passion, now allowed to slumber, and finally die by disuse. 
As all children have this Faculty by nature, all can or could 
have become good singers and players, if it had been early and 
duly cultivated. Let children be encouraged to tune their young 
voices when about the house and fields, both singly and in con- 
cert, as well as persuaded to sing, instead of contending. Let 
boys be encouraged to whistle and play on instruments, and la- 
borers make field and forest ring and echo with their lively, thrill- 
ing notes. Let mothers especially sing much to their children, 
as well as strike up cheerful lays when about the house and gar- 
den, so as to inspire this divine sentiment in all about them, 
besides thereby giving unrestrained expression to those lively, 
buoyant, elevated, happy feelings so abundant by nature in their 
souls. Song in woman is inexpressibly beautiful. She is pre- 
eminently adapted to pour forth her whole soul in strains of 
melting pathos ; a better natural musician than man ; and hence 
can diffuse in society those pure feelings and holy aspirations 
inspired by female singing. She can thereby charm her wayward 
children, and supplant the angry by the enchanting and subduing. 
When her children become ill-natured, she can sing them out of 
temper into sweetness much more easily and effectually than by 
scolding or chastisement. One sweet tune, when they are 
wrangling, will quell wrath and promote love a hundred fold 
more than whips. The former is irresistible, and tames down 
their rougher passions at once ; the latter only re-inflames. 
Sweet music will hush any crying child, and dispel anger as 
effectually as the sun fog. If mothers would sing their children 
out of badness into goodness, sing to them to make and keep 
them good, and because they are good, how sweet and heavenly 
dispositioned they might render them ! Tune should therefore be 
an almost indispensable qualification and pre-requisite for mar- 
riage, and then be cultivated after marriage, even more than be- 
fore ; whereas domestic cares too often drown its happy notes. 
Home is the very orchestra of music. All women should be 
good singers and players, and may often avert the ill temper and 
contentiousness of husbands by charming music. Angels live in 
song, and as woman approximates nearer to them than any other 



1080 THE LITERARY FACULTIES. 

earthly creature, let her cultivate in herself and all around this 
heaven-born and heaven-tending gift. 

Instrumental music is also cordially recommended, because it 
can be executed so as to be delightful and beneficial, and playing 
on wind instruments is calculated, unless carried to excess, to 
strengthen the lungs. Still, no instrument ever made by man 
can equal the human voice, either for melody, richness, expres- 
sion, or musical effect. 

The perversion of music begets evils commensurate with its 
blessings. Hence the Quaker doctrine and practice of discour- 
aging, almost interdicting it, has much force ; yet no abuse of 
anything should ever interdict its natural use. As well refuse to 
eat or drink because some eat and drink too much, or interdict 
reason because it is often abused. No human Faculty was ever 
created to lie dormant, nor can the action of any be suppressed 
without creating a great mental blank and blemish, and weaken- 
ing the entire mind, as much as the loss of a limb mars and im- 
pairs the body. Better lack a good than create an evil. But 
such perversion need never occur. It consists in exercising 
Tune in connection with animal propensity, whereas music should 
be exercised under the dominion, and employed mainly to excite 
the moral sentiments. This landmark is fundamental, and too 
obvious to require comment, and will constitute an infallible 
guide to all the blessings music is capable of conferring. Let 
us practise music, but cultivate elevating, purifying music, and 
beware how we indulge in that which is sensual and demor- 
alizing. 

Natural music vs. Artificial. As all is not gold that shines, 
so all is not music which makes believe. Music is a natural sen- 
timent, not a merely artificial requirement. The flute and piano 
may be thrummed mechanically with very little exercise or cul- 
ture of this Faculty. Artificial music neither comes from, nor 
reaches, the soul. It may awaken wonder at the skill of the 
performer, but neither stirs up the deep fountain of feeling, nor 
sanctifies and makes happy. Only when art can surpass nature, 
and man outdo his Maker, then, but never till then, can gamut 
music excel the outpourings of the human soul ! And yet many 
music teachers actually forbid singing by rote ! As well pull 
out the teeth to help eat ! Teach them to sing by ear, firstly and 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF TUNE. 1081 

mainly. After they have thus learned to sing well, they may 
advantageously learn the science of music, and to read music 
from notes, but never before, nor as a musical reliance. Learn- 
ing to sing by rote is also as much more easy and expeditious 
than by the gamut, as is learning to walk on the feet than on the 
hands ; because both of the former are natural, the latter artifi- 
cial. The application of color to music, in representing certain 
musical sounds by certain colors, is undoubtedly advantageous 
when, and as far as, notes facilitate music; because Tune and 
Color are near neighbors in the head, and may therefore properly 
be associated in action ; but no invention for teaching music me- 
chauically can ever either supply the place of Xature, nor be 
relied upon instead of the ear, unless it thereby proportionally 
extinguishes the soul and power of music ; and in general, the 
more skill, the less music. Burning every musical note, and 
making no more, would undoubtedly facilitate the acquisition, 
and enhance the power and pleasure of this Faculty, by com- 
pelling us to rely wholly on God's musical lessons, instead of 
human ingenuity. Still, notes should not be interdicted, only 
made secondary to the ear, as to both time and utility. If we 
could have but one, give us the ear; yet as with arithmetic, so 
with notes ; rather none, than notes to the exclusion of the ear. 
Colored people are natural musicians, and often, especially at the 
south, make hill and dale resound with peals of thrilling music, 
yet rarety ever learn to sing or play by rule, but intuitively, or 
by the natural exercise of this easily cultivated Faculty. 

The imperfections of modern music are too numerous, and 
its errors too glaring, to pass unexposed and unrebuked. The 
music of our oratorios, concerts, theatres, parties, and even 
churches and parlors, is almost entirely artificial. The remaining 
vestiges of natural music are indeed few and trifling. It is 
mostly strained, labored, and distorted; and therefore enkindles 
comparatively but little emotion. Sacred music, if natural and 
spontaneous, would alone fill all our churches with worshippers, 
and however dull or sectarian the sermons might be, keep up 
far more devotion than exists at present. Artificial music in 
churches is like paint daubed on thin, pale features. Hence 
religious singing should be executed by those who feel truly reli- 
gious emotions. How can the irreligious sing praises to God ! 




1082 THE LITERARY FACULTIES. 

As well have sensualists to do the preaching and praying ! De- 
votional feelings are as indispensable to sacred music as to 
prayer or exhortation, because they alone give life and spirit to 
either. Artificial choir-music produces far less religious effect 
than the uncultivated prayer or camp-meetiug melodies, and lulls 
to sleep spiritual worship as effectually as does formal preaching 
or praying. All three are on a par. To reach the soul, singing 
must come from the soul. As those should lead in exhortation 
or prayer who feel devout, because no others can speak or pray 
"in spirit and in truth," so, and for precisely the same reason, 
should no one lead in sin<nn2" but he who can sin£ with the reli- 
gious sentiment, as well as a musical voice.* Far better less 
execution, and more musical inspiration. Yet duly cultivate this 
Faculty, and unite both. All are capable of becoming as good 
singers as any now are. Nature has given every human being 
more or less of this primary element. Early and assiduous cul- 
ture will, therefore, endow all with good taste and execution. 
This organ ranges several degrees higher in children than adults, 
simply because God bestows more music on us by nature than we 
develop by culture. The artificial music we are rebuking in part 
causes this decline. Though all children have Tune sufficiently 
developed, if improved by culture, to render all good singers 
and players, yet artificial singing neither awakens nor strengthens 
this taste or power to execute, which therefore decline from mere 
inaction. Thus weakened, girls are set down to the piano as a 
task, and compelled to practise perhaps several tedious hours 
daily, from notes ; and hence, unaided by any relish for their 
irksome task, inevitably become tired and disgusted. Still, they 
must learn to play in order to be attractive, — that is, to catch 
husbands; and when this "chief end" of modern female educa- 
tion is attained, its practice is laid aside ; whereas, if they were 
encouraged from childhood to sing by rote while about the house 
or employed with the needle, music would be so delightful as to 
be continued through life, and thus pour a continual stream of 
pleasure into both their own and families' souls. 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF EXPRESSION. 



1083 



XXXIX. EXPRESSION, or "Language/ 



Language very Lakge. 



264. — Its Definition, Location, Discovery, and Adaptation. 

The Orator — Fluency; communicating talents; volubility; 
expression by language, signs, gestures, looks, actions, intona- 
tions, &c. ; ability to learn and speak different languages ; gram- 
matical correctness ; freedom, copiousness, versatility, and power 
of expression ; memory of words. In excess it creates verbosity, 
pleonasm, repetition, garrulity, circumlocution, and excessive 
talkativeness. 

Its location is above and partly behind the super-orbiter 
plates, and over the eyes, which form the roof of their sockets. 
In proportion as it is developed, it crowds those plates downward 
and outward, which presses the eyes down and forward, as in 
Colonel Gad Humphries, in his day our best Indian interpreter. 
His eyes appear as though something behind them was crowding 
them out of their sockets. See how they stand out beyond the 
cheek bone — the best standard points from which to estimate its 
size, because though it 
may be large, yet the 
Perceptives may be still 
larger, in which case the 
latter will project forward 
still farther, even beyond 
large Expression. Hence 
the fullness of the eyes 
should not be compared 
with the eyebrows as much 
as with this bone below 
them, which, not being 
subject to kindred muta- 
tions, forms a correct 
measuring point of obser- 
vation. When, however, 
the person is tall, and 
his phrenological organs 
therefore long, as in Henry 
Clay, this organ also becomes elongated, so as to run forward 




No. 193. — Colonel Gad Humphries. 



1081 



THE LITERARY FACULTIES. 



over the eyes, and thus crowd them more downwards than out- 
wards. In such cases the eyes are set far below the eyebrows, 
and their under portions press out the under eyelids, where a 
close eye, aided by this suggestion, will readily detect its develop- 
ment and deficiency. He was one of the very best of story 
tellers, and an inveterate talker. With inferior facilities, he had 
learned to speak several foreign languages just from occasionally 
hearing them spoken, and learned them so easily that he was 
chosen government interpreter to the Seminole Indians, whose 
language, though exceedingly difficult of acquisition, he learned 
in four weeks. So retentive was his verbal memory that he re- 
quired to hear no word or expression interpreted more than once, 
always to remember it. He could repeat a sermon verbatim, just 
from hearing it delivered. He had all the natural elements of a 
splendid orator, which he would have become but for his ease- 
loving disposition. Large Expression accompanies his Tempera- 
ment more than any other. 

Patrick Henry probably surpassed all modern orators in 



LANGUAGE AND SUBLIMITY LARGE. 



LARGE. 




No. 194. — Patrick Henry. 



No. 195.— Charles Dickens, 
when Young. 



native eloquence, and in all his likenesses this organ amounts 
almost to a deformity. This coincidence of this most extraordi- 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF EXPRESSION. 1085 

nary gift, with an equally extreme of eloquence, speaks for itself, 
and needs no comment. This organ is small in Brunell, but re- 
markably developed in Charles Dickens, whose descriptive powers 
and command of words have not been surpassed by any modern 
writer. And his intonations were most expressive. 

" The organ of verbal memory rests on the posterior half of the roof 
of the orbit. Ninety-nine in every hundred who make collections have 
large, flaring eyes. A great diameter of the head from one temple to the 
other indicates memory of words. Breadth at the root of the nose, and 
distance between the eyes, also indicate it. When the inferior part of 
the forehead projects greatly, prominent eyes seem sunken, even though 
their orbits are shallow. Such eyes are well cut, well opened, and the 
ball advances in a half sphere beyond the inferior part of their orbit. It 
is very large in Milton, who wearies with his names. Two sunken-eyed 
domestics, after eight years' trial, could not retain the names of my 
patients. All noted philologists in all ages have this form of eyes." 

" In my ninth year my parents sent me to my uncle's, a curate, who, 
to inspire me with emulation, associated me with another boy who com- 
mitted easily, while I was reproved for not learning lessons equally fast. 
Both were then sent to Baden, where, among thirty scholars, I always 
found it large in those who recited easily, though poor in composition. 
Two of these pupils surpassed even my former schoolmate in learning by 
heart, and both had such large, flaring eyes that they were nicknamed 
' Saucer-eyes.' Three years later, at Bruchsal, scholars with saucer eyes 
again mortified me by excelling me in learning by heart. Two years 
after, I went to Strasburg, where those who learned easiest by heart 
again had large, flaring eyes, yet in other respects were only indifferent 
scholars. I could not avoid the inference that eyes thus formed indi- 
cated an excellent verbal memory. I afterwards said to myself, if mem- 
ory has v its external mark, why should not each of the other Faculties 
also have theirs ? This gave the first impulse to my researches, and 
occasioned all my discoveries." — Gall. 

" Sometimes the eyes not only project, but are also depressed, and then 
the under eyelid presents a sort of cell, and appears swollen. This organ 
occupies a transverse situation in the midst of the perceptive Faculties. 
Cuvier says, Brousonnet, the famous botanist, after an epileptic fit, could 
never recollect proper names, or substantives, though he recovered his 
prodigious memory of other matters. He knew the forms, leaves, and 
colors of plants, and recollected their epithets, but could not recall their 
names." 

" It makes us acquainted with arbitrary signs ; remembers them ; 
judges of their relations ; and gives a disposition to indulge in all exer- 
cises connected with words. Language must have its laws as well as 
color or melody. The spirit of every language is the same, just as is the 
science of all kinds of music ; that is, the laws or principles of music and 
language are universal and constant." — Spurzheim. 

" Persons in whom this organ is large abound in words. In ordinary 



1086 THE LITERARY FACULTIES. 

conversation their expressions flow like a copious stream. In making a 
speech they pour out torrents, and when reflection is deficient, repeat 
the plainest sentences, because of the delight felt in mere articulation. 
4 Thomson's Seasons 1 are chargeable with redundancy, and in his busts 
this organ is very large. Poverty of style in speaking and writing results 
from its deficiency." — Combe. 

" Persons largely endowed with verbal memory recite long passages, 
a great number of verses, an entire piny, from having readmit once or 
twice, and on all occasions quote classical authors. A man thus gifted 
was presented to Frederic II., and, secreted behind a screen, heard Vol- 
taire read some of his new verses to the king, who said they were his 
own old verses copied, and, to prove it, called this man, who repeated 
them verbatim, to Voltaire's great provocation." — Gall. 

Like cases by thousands have come under the Author's obser- 
vation. In 1836, Theodore D. Weld, who brought Isaac T. 
Hopper, J. G. Whittier the poet, Arthur Tappan, and hosts of 
other notables to test Phrenology, brought Saxe, a Jew, to whom 
I ascribed extraordinary verbal memory, and who then attested 
that he could repeat correctly every verse of the Hebrew Bible ! 
All Phrenologists regard it as established ; yet Gall thought there 
were two organs, one for remembering names, the other com- 
mitting to memory, while Spurzheim and Combe admit but one. 
My own observations favor the existence of two ; as does also my 
favorite doctrine of adaptation. A little reflection will show the 
absolute necessity of designating every person and thing by some 
name, as John, Samuel, book, horse, &c. ; otherwise they could 
not be described. Men christen things as naturally as they look. 
None see anything without calling it something. This naming 
Faculty is both a universal fact and a philosophical necessity. 
Nicknaming persons and things is one of its phases of action. 
Its adaptation is to nouns. 

Expression is the adaptation of its other part. All things 
manifest themselves. Murder will out; so will everything else. 
All action in Nature and in man, like ignited powder, is explo- 
sive, and seeks vent. The sun expresses his light and warmth. 
All our Faculties are declarative. One cannot love, hate, ad- 
mire, &c, without manifesting whatever thoughts and feelings 
are felt. All animals, all vegetables, all things, proclaim their 
existence and doings, — that is, tell all about themselves. 

Natural language is one form of this expressive element. 
This mode of communication is common to all men, savage and 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF EXPRESSION. 1087 

civilized, throughout all ages, and both adopted and understood 
by all. That natural language of the Faculties already men- 
tioned 60 is but one of its multifarious aspects. Whoever expe- 
riences joy, grief, distress, cold, hunger, pain, panic, and every- 
thing else, tells all beholders ichat they are and feel, and about 
how much ; and without the possibility of deceiving ; for the 
very deceptive attempt uumasks itself. Those who feel ridicule 
are compelled to express it. Their facial muscles will twitch, in 
spite of themselves. Devotion, levity, glee, rapture, anger, 
kindness, taste, sense, nonsense, &c, &c, declare themselves, so 
that savages recognize them in the civilized, and they in savages, 
just as easily and fully as either in their own "kith and kin." 

All animals both express and understand this language among 
themselves, and in mankind. A hurt dog cries much as does a 
hurt child. A shot bird expresses pain, and implores pity; so 
does a wounded deer. Dogs know when their masters are 
pleased, angry, kiud, fond, <fec, and even what they say. A 
good old dog, getting decrepit, heard his owner talk about 
shooting him soon, and though before always in his woodshed 
corner, he hobbled off, stole back nights for food, to keep from 
starving, and kept out of sight till cold weather compelled him 
to die if he remained out, when he came back, saying, implor- 
ingly, in all his actions, "Please don't kill me." That monkey's 
talk, is perfectly apparent. Crows utter notes of warning ; hens 
cackle with delight over laid eggs ; fighting animals and fowls 
challenge each other, and brag, and when amorous, say so very 
plainly, and understand each other, as bulls in bellowing, horses 
in neighing, frogs in piping, locusts, crickets, &c, in croaking, 
and thus of other illustrations innumerable. Who can dispute 
that animals both talk and understand each other, and man? 
How else could we drive oxen by haw, gee, whoa, &c. ? 

Arbitrary words, or spoken and written languages, consti- 
tute another of the many phases of this great natural element of 
expression. All mankind, from time immemorial, have expressed 
their mental operations by words, only spoken by the lower, 
spoken and written by the higher. And as a general thing, utter- 
ing any word expresses its meaniug, thus : long has to be drawn 
out in its utterance, short cut off short ; hard so uttered as to 
express its hardness, and soft the converse ; while round, rough, 



1088 THE LITERARY' FACULTIES. 

bitter, &c, express their meaning in their formation. Man imi- 
tates young animals in ealling their mothers, and is much the 
same in all languages. I found the Japanese had many words 
formed quite like ours, endiugs excepted, for designating the 
same things ; that is, many of their nouns and verbs are like 
ours, and have the same meanings. 

All languages are constructed substantially alike. All have 
nouns, verbs, adjectives, tenses, moods, conjunctions, particles, 
&c, showing that "parts of speech " are inherent in the very 
constitution of all languages, and therefore natural, not arbitrary, 
and governed by fundamental laws of expression. Words are 
indeed handy articles. Man is constitutionally communicative. 
He has thoughts, knowledge, and feelings, to impart which is 
pleasurable to himself, and profitable to his fellow-men. But for 
some such arrangement, all interchange of ideas and sentiments 
must have been unknown and impossible ! Blot every word ever 
used forever from existence, and let no others be substituted, and 
totally abolish writing, reading, printing, and conversation, and 
what a complete business, social, intellectual, and moral stagna- 
tion would inevitably ensue ! Few wants could have been ex- 
pressed or supplied, and few commodities ordered, or feelings 
exchanged. No kind of news could have been circulated; no 
sermons or lectures delivered ; no books or papers printed ; or 
conversations of airy kind held among mankind ! Except by 
means of natural language, no intercommunion of man with man 
could ever have taken place. Thus most of our powers must 
have been smothered for want of stimulus to action, and man's 
condition rendered most lonesome, helpless, and wretched ! But 
thanks to infinite Wisdom and Goodness for this communicating 
capability ! He has endowed man both with organs of speech 
and this primary mental Faculty of Expression, and thus enabled 
him to devise various languages and forms of expression for the 
inter-communication of his wants, feelings, views, knowledge, 
sentiments, everything imaginable. On its wings he can fly from 
pole to pole, and talk across continents and oceans, transfuse his 
own thoughts and feelings, good and bad, into the minds of his 
fellow-men, and thereby rouse their passions, command their 
wills, and incalculably enhance his own and their advancement 
and happiness. The telegraph is but a mode of talking. 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF EXPKESSION. 1089 

The uses thus subserved at least equal those conferred by any 
other power. Words, written and spoken, not only promote all 
other human interests, but are really indispensable thereto. 
How would man live without Appetite, Self-defence, Mechanism, 
Time, &c. ? Yet could he live any better without some means 
of communication? 

Expression seems to me to cover its entire ground, and ex- 
press its true function and intent, far better than Language. 

The countenance, however, furnishes by far its most perfect 
means of communication. In both the amount of mental action 
expressed, and in conveying its minutest shadings and phases, it 
as far surpasses words as sunlight starlight. Fine-grained per- 
sons can be read through and through by this means, because 
they communicate their utmost shadings of thought and emotion 
more completely by facial expression than by any other. I think 
natural and facial language the chief language of angels. 216 

Authorship requires more intellect than Expression, because 
words can be inserted subsequently, whenever requisite to com- 
plete the sense ; but speakers are obliged to express themselves 
rapidly and spontaneously, and thus require a superabundance of 
words always at command, from which to make ready selections. 
Even verbosity, unless too excessive, is better than barrenness, 
because redundancy is rarely noticed, while hesitancy breaks the 
chain, and weakens the impression. 

Rapid speaking, however, by no means indicates large Ex- 
pression ; because an excitable Temperament thinks rapidly and 
feels intensely, and therefore speaks fast, even when Expression 
is only moderate, } 7 et uses every-day expressions, and, unexcited, 
hesitates, often recasts sentences, and is anything but fluent and 
easy of delivery ; whereas, this organ large speaks fluently 
without excitement, and never hesitates in saying just what it 
wishes. 

265. — Description, Utility, Cultivation, &c, of Ex- 
pression. 

Large — Are exceedingly expressive in all said and done: 
have a most expressive countenance, eye, and manner in every- 
thing; an emphatic way of saying and doing everything, and 
thoroughly impress the various mental operations on the minds 
137 



1000 THE LITERARY FACULTIES. 

of others ; use the very words required by the occasion ; are in- 
tuitively grammatical, even without study, and say oratorically 
whatever is said at all ; commit to memory by reading or hearing 
once or twice; learn languages with remarkable facility; are 
both fluent and copious, even redundant and verbose : with 
large or very large Imitation, add perfect action, natural lan- 
gunge, and gesticulation to perfect verbal selection ; with large 
Beauty, are elegant and eloquent; and with large Observation, 
Eventuality, Comparison, and organic quality added, possess 
natural speaking talents of the highest order; say things in the 
very best way ; choose words almost as by inspiration, and evince 
the highest order of communicative talent; have freedom, copi- 
ousness, and power of expression; with large Love, use tender, 
winning, persuasive words; with large Force and Destruction, 
severe and cutting expressions ; with large moral faculties, words 
expressive of moral sentiments; with large Acquisition, describe 
in glowing colors what is for sale ; with large Beauty, employ 
richness and beauty of expression, and love poetry and oratory 
exceedingly ; with large Imitation, express thoughts and emotions 
by gesticulation ; with activity great, and Secretion small, show 
in looks the thoughts and feelings passing in the mind ; with 
large reflective Faculties, evince thought and depth in the coun- 
tenance ; with large Comparison, use just the words which con- 
vey the meaning intended ; with large Beauty, Observation, 
Eventuality, Comparison, and the mental Temperament, can 
make an excellent editor or newspaper writer; and with large 
Causality added, a philosophical writer, <&c. 

Full — Say well what is said at all, yet are not garrulous; 
with small Secretion, speak without qualification, and also dis- 
tinctly and pointedly ; express the manifestations of the larger 
Faculties with much force, yet not of the smaller ones ; with 
large Secretion and Caution, do not always speak to the purpose, 
and make ideas fully understood, but use rather non-committal 
expressions ; with large Comparison, Intuition, Causality, Beauty, 
activity, organic quality, and power, have first-rate writing tal- 
ents, and can speak well, yet large Secretion impairs speaking 
and writing talents bv rendering them non-committal. 

Average — Have fair communicating talents, yet not extra; 
with activity great, and Secretion small, speak right out; are 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF EXPRESSION. 1091 

rapid, talk much, and to the purpose, yet are not eloquent, and 
use commonplace words and expressions ; with large Observation, 
Eventuality, and Comparison, and moderate Secretion, can make 
an excellent writer by practice ; use none too many words, but 
they are clear, and to the point; with large Causality, have more 
thought than language ; with moderate Observation and Even- 
tuality, find it difficult to say just what is desired, and are not 
fully and easily understood. 

Moderate — Are not particularly expressive in words, actions, 
or countenance, nor ready in communicating ideas and sentiments : 
with large Beauty, Eventuality, Comparison, activity, and power, 
may succeed well as a writer, yet not as a speaker ; talk fast and 
much, but use only common language ; with large Causality and 
moderate Eventuality, have abundance of thoughts, but find it 
quite difficult to cast them into sentences, or bring in the right 
adjectives and phrases at the right time ; are good in matter, yet 
poor in delivery ; commit to memory with difficulty, and fail to 
make ideas and feelings fully understood, and to excite like 
organs in others ; with large Eventuality, Locality, Form, and 
Comparison, may be fair as a linguist, and learn to read foreign 
languages, yet learn to speak them with difficulty, and are barren 
in expression, however rich in matter. 

Small — Have poor lingual and communicative talents; hesi- 
tate for words ; speak with extreme difficulty and very awkwardly ; 
can hardly remember or use words at all, and should cultivate 
this Faculty by talking and writing much. 

This Faculty learns to talk foreign languages, but learning to 
read or spell languages, our mother tongue included, requires 
Form, to remember the shapes of letters and words, and their 
various conjugations and terminations ; large Eventuality, to 
recollect their rules and conditions ; large Comparison, to distin- 
guish between the various meanings of words ; and thus of other 
Faculties, with sufficient Expression only to direct them on lan^ 
guages, and comprehend their spirit. Therefore a far lower order 
of it will suffice to render one a good linguist than a fluent 
speaker. Hence excellent linguists often have it small, and 
accordingly are poor speakers. Even Burritt himself has this 
organ good, yet nothing extra, and is not a great speaker, nor 
any way remarkable for fluency, but speaks measuredly and 



1092 THE LITERARY FACULTIES. 

almost slowly, and, taken out of his beaten track of committed 
lectures, is only fair. 

266. — Eloquence, Languages, &c. 

Conversational excellence, next to intellectual and moral, 
constitutes the highest order of human attainment and endow- 
ment. Mentality is by far the most exalted department of 
Nature, and this Faculty its main medium of manifestation ; 
therefore to improve communicating powers is to perfect the 
miud itself, crown our natures with their second highest orna- 
ment, and incalculably promote personal and general enjoyment. 
Chesterfield has well said that good conversational powers are an 
open and universal letter of recommendation. They charm all 
who listen ; embody the most perfect of all means of communi- 
cating instruction, ideas, feelings, and all the operations of mind ; 
persuade at his pleasure who wields them, and thus become the 
highest instrumentality of success ; and give their possessor com- 
mand over mind. To be able to mould plastic clay, or fashion 
the marble block into the external image of humanity, is indeed 
a great and glorious gift; but to model character, control 
opinion, and determine conduct, is the highest power bestowed 
on mortals, because instrumental of the most happiness. 15 What 
would our every reader give — what not give — for conversa- 
tional and fascinating accomplishments and powers? Another 
still higher order of attainment is the unbounded power wielded 

by 

Eloquence, man's second glorious gift. Behold Demosthenes 
rousing electrified throngs, till they seize their arms, and wildly 
exclaim, "Let us march against Philip. Let us conquer or die." 
Behold a Cicero wielding the most powerful sceptre on earth by 
his flowing and effective eloquence. Behold a Burke speaking 
not mainly to the few thousands crowded around him, but to a 
mighty empire, to the entire civilized world, for ages after his 
voice was hushed in death ! Behold a Patrick Henry, enchanting 
and rousing his fellow-citizens at home, and his compatriots in 
Congress, till he prefaces and ushers in that immortal declaration 
of human freedom which is now undermining every throne and 
dynasty on earth, and will soon enfranchise the race itself, and 
give to oppressed humanity forever the glorious birthright of 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF EXPRESSION. 1093 

liberty, civil, ecclesiastical, and intellectual. Behold O'Con- 
nell, thronged wherever he opened his mouth. A nation at his 
feet hung on his words ! He said, "Forbear," and they forbore, 
though lashed up to desperation and frenzy by oppression and 
starvation. If he had said, " Fight," nations would have rushed to 
mortal combat. Give me eloquence, in the forum or on paper, 
and I will mould mind, fashion motive, and develop soul; will 
wean erriug humanity from its fooleries aud its errors ; make 
sinful, miserable man virtuous and happy; reform and adorn my 
country till it becomes the model nation of the world ; and even 
make earth another Eden ! Only give me eloquence, I care not 
what you take ; take this boon, I care little for what is left. 

All mankind are natural orators. Hear that child relate 
some interesting incident, or that little girl tell some exciting 
event. She does not stammer for want of words, nor for just 
the ones required. Every sentence is well conceived ; every 
emphasis is exactly right ; every inflection is perfect, and most 
expressive and delightful; every word is well chosen, and the 
whole flows on so charmingly and expressively that you would 
think she had been taught by angels. God has taught her. All 
children are eloquent by nature, and eloquence itself. They 
speak spontaneously, and therefore effectively. Hark ! Hear 
you that deep, melodious voice in yonder woody glen? That son 
of the forest, one of Nature's noblemen, is pouring forth in the 
red man's council such strains of eloquence as are rarely heard in 
civilized life. Indian interpreters, accustomed to hear both 
speak, all concur in pronouncing the latter the more eloquent, 
more condensed, elegant, and effective. Read Logan's speech, 
and Blackhawk's narrative. Tell your story half as well. But 
why this Indian superiority ? Shall even untutored savages excel 
those who have been at school and college ever since they left 
the cradle? Shall childhood eclipse maturity? We were or- 
dained to grow better as we grow older, not to deteriorate. 116 
Shall that improvement of brain and mind consequent on physical 
maturity, aided by years of daily practice, only impair delivery? 
Yet such is the actual fact. Of this all children, compared with 
adults, or with themselves when grown, are living samples. This 
Faculty was given us to express what we think and feel, and all; 
not to deface and botch the inimitable beauties of mentality by 



1094 THE LITERAKY FACULTIES. 

its bungling expression of them. The rich ideas and exquisite 
feelings of ninety-nine hundredths of mankind lose nine tenths 
of their force by being thus choked, stifled, and marred in utter- 
ance. Where every word might charm, and every sentence 
move, the former often grate, and the latter disgust. How many 
readers are conscious of their utter inability to convey in words 
one tenth of what they feel and know ! How many are mortified 
daily at their clumsy, halting delivery, whom Nature capacitated 
for splendid speakers, or at least endowed with a high order of 
conversational gifts and graces ! How exceedingly defective men 
are in their manner of expressing themselves ! Yet this is not 
Nature's fault, but our own. After she has done thus much to 
render us so eloquent in childhood, does she wrest from us so 
important a gift just as we begin to taste its sweets, even though 
its value increases with age? Does she ever trifle thus with man? 
Never ; but our imperfect, paralyzing, perverted mis-" education " 
literally stifles natural eloquence in the bud of youth. This glo- 
rious sun goes down before it fully rises. Nearly everything 
connected with existing educational systems tends to cripple, 
instead of developing delivery. It is distorted, instead of being 
perfected ; and our miserably bungling, limping, club-footed style 
of conversation and speaking is the sad consequence. 

Delivery can be improved, and to an astonishing extent. 
Undoubtedly every reader, by duly cultivating his natural gifts 
and graces, might surpass our best speakers, in both conversa- 
tion and delivery. Certainly all can incalculably improve both. 
Would you, then, who hesitate in conversation, and stammer in 
speaking, perhaps cannot speak at all in public ; who have good 
ideas and glowing feelings which you would give fortunes to be 
able to convey, but either utterly fail, or else fall so far below 
your conceptions as to spoil even the attempt, learn the cause of 
this decline? Look for it in your having been compelled to sit 
on a bench and say A, and to smart under the lash or ferule every 
time you whispered. Or would you learn the remedy? Talk. 
Drive out your ideas ; well, if you can, and as well as possible, 
but well or ill, give them utterance. Join debating and speak- 
ing societies. Seek and make opportunities for engaging in con- 
versation and public speaking. Do not quake to appear before 
an audience ; they are only men. Let us have vastly more public 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF EXPRESSION. 1095 

» 
speaking on temperance, science, religion, and all moral and in- 
tellectual subjects. Keligious meetings afford excellent facilities, 
where the pastor tries to bring forward his lambs, for improving 
this gift, and at the same time doing good. Bear in mind that its 
exercise is its restoration, just as its inaction was its decline. 
Use words, oral and written, in public and private. This will 
discipline it, and augment its power. 

Conversation furnishes the very best possible opportunity for 
cultivating and improving style ; because, while others are talk- 
ing, we can both listen and arrange our own ideas and language. 
Those who cannot be really eloquent in conversation cannot be 
eloquent anywhere. It lacks neither interest nor excitement, be- 
cause both are brought to their highest pitch of healthy action. 
There is also something in the very nature of this conversational 
interchange of ideas and feelings ; in answering, replying, and 
answering again, every way calculated to elicit mental action and 
beauty of sentiment, and also to facilitate this eloquent, charm- 
ing, forcible expression. In public speaking, the sentences must 
be cast too rapidly to allow that strength of thought, that ar- 
rangement of ideas and sentences, or that beauty of diction, 
amply provided in conversation. But these facilities are too little 
improved. Neighbors spend far too little time in this interchange 
of ideas and sentiments. Man was made to talk much. One 
boon my soul desires — frequent and protracted talks with those 
choice spirits occasionally met in our journey through life. Few 
know how to converse, or attempt to improve. Most conversa- 
tion is tedious. Few talk ideas, and fewer still take pains to 
express them well. But when we do meet kindred souls, or 
those highly gifted rn conversation, hours become minutes, so 
much more do we enjoy and live in their society than in ordinary 
life. O for a lifetime, an eternity of such enchanting converse ! 
One conversational excellence should be generally adoptecL 
Each should speak longer; from one to five minutes at a time, or 
till he has fully presented his particular idea in its various bear- 
ings. To do this effectually, a score or two of sentences, or even 
a 3'oung speech, ma}^ sometimes be required ; but let the others 
wait, and listen without interrupting till their turn arrives, and 
then pursue a similar course. This will take time, but give 
time ; for how can it be spent more pleasantly or profitably? 



1096 THE LITERARY FACULTIES. 

• 
Let us then cultivate those conversational Faculties thus be- 
stowed upon us by our bountiful Creator. Their assiduous im- 
provement will enable us to diminish existing blemishes, aud add 
many strokes of beauty and impressiveness, perhaps enable us 
literally to charm mankind by the perfection of our diction and 
composition, aud contribute more to the happiness of ourselves 
and fellow-men than if we possessed fortunes. 

Correspondence also furnishes another excellent arena for the 
exercise and consequent improvement of this Faculty, and indeed 
of the whole mind. It is naturally and eminently calculated to 
perfect our style of expression, and should be universally prac- 
tised. If you lack time, take it. Authorship should not be con- 
fined, as now, to the few. All should put thoughts on paper, 
and apply to themselves this stimulus to communicative pro- 
gression. The time will come when that mass of intellect and 
exalted sentiment now pent up in "the million " will be devel- 
oped, and men traffic in the productions of mind as much more 
than in lands and goods, as they now do in the latter more than 
in the former. Ideas will yet become the great staple of human 
commerce. The press is to be augmented a hundred thousand 
fold. Communicating and receiving ideas are yet to engross 
most of human time. "Knowledge shall run to and fro, and be 
increased " inimitably. In short, the exhaustless beauties and 
powers of the human mind are to be developed beyond our 
utmost stretch of imagination, by this verbal and written inter- 
communication of ideas and sentiments. For this mainly was 
man created. All hail cheap books, cheap postage, phonography, 
every increased facility for the manifestation of mind, and let 
all take and make every suitable opportunity to express their 
ideas, and also 

Use good language. To communicate well is more important 
than quantity. Speaking ungrammatically and bunglingly is even 
injurious, because it confirms a bad practice. It is ever more essen- 
tial to express ourselves elegantly and forcibly than to rattle away 
without sense or beauty. Whenever a few appropriate words ex- 
press more than many inappropriate, they accomplish, more and are 
preferable. In general, the fewer words the better, provided they 
fully convey the precise meaning intended. More are useless, 
clogging lumber. 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF EXPRESSION. 1097 

Perspicuity is the first and highest communicating excellence. 
You speak and write solely to be understood ; and the more you 
enable the listener and reader fully to comprehend your precise 
ideas, the more perfect your communicating powers. Seek perspi- 
cuity first, so that your entire mental operation may be so fully and 
clearly conveyed to listeners and readers, that they can neither 
mistake nor doubt. Be distinct and specific. 

Impressiveness is next. You speak or write solely to impress 
your own mental operations on other minds. Then, so express them 
as to render the transfer entire and complete. In attaining both 
these ends, more depends on the general framework of sentences 
than their wording. Especially do we require to begin and end 
right, as well as to insert their various adjunctive clauses, each in 
its own place. There is a right and wrong arrangement for every 
division, idea, sentence, clause, and word, of every discourse and 
work, as much as for hand, eye, and every part of the body — one 
which helps deepen and perfect the general and specific impression. 
The difference in the effect produced by transposing clauses and 
words is indeed great, as all can see by placing them differently in 
the same sentence. In fact, when walking or at work, so that the 
mind can be employed in self-improvement, to frame ideas into 
sentences, and then alter and modify in order to perfect them, is a 
most excellent mental discipline, as well as promoter of correct and 
forcible conversation and delivery. 

Ornament should follow perspicuity. Nature adorns all her 
works, and is indeed one grand galaxy of beauty. 231 Beautiful, 
charming, the flower-spangled lawn, the human form and face, all 
creation ; yet what is as perfectly enchanting as elevated senti- 
ments and sublime ideas elegantly expressed ? You may gaze in 
ecstasy on a beautiful face, that highest order of beauty of form ; 
but let me behold beauty of SOUL as manifested by words. What 
else imbodies more of the truly Divine ? Has Nature provided so 
amply for adorning her physical works, and not for still farther 
ornamenting her highest work of all ? Has she stamped so high a 
grade of beauty on the human form and face, and one far higher on 
the mind, and yet neglected to adorn its principal avenue of mani- 
festation ? Such ornament has been created. We speak properly 
of "flowery language" and an "ornate style." Let others paint 
the external man, me the internal. Give me elegance of style, I 
care nought for gaudy attire or splendid equipage. And yet how 



1098 THE LITERARY FACULTIES. 

many a try-to-be beauty spends hours daily in preparing and putting 
on these outward adornings or rather deformities, perfectly ridicu- 
lous in themselves, and tolerated only because fashionable, without 
making any effort to beautify her mind, or polish its highest order 
of manifestation ! What is more supremely ridiculous than a lady, 
fashionably attired from head to foot, and assuming all the airs of 
would-be attractiveness, yet whose language is insipid and ungram- 
matical ? The eagle and turtle harnessed up together would make a 
better match. Crowns on simpletons would be less incongruous. 
Rather elegance of expression with rags, than showy attire with 
awkwardness of expression. Strange that standards thus utterly 
absurd should be allowed to govern rational beings ! For rational 
men to rate fashionable habiliments above this second highest mental 
accomplishment, shows how low in the scale of being man yet re- 
mains. Mere style of dress, not its comfort or utility, but its particu- 
lar fashion — really, to what does it amount ? But to esteem conver- 
sational excellence so much below what is so utterly insignificant, 
shows how lightly this exalted accomplishment is esteemed ! Let 
such glitter on ; but let all who value mind take unwearied pains 
to improve its verbal manifestation. Let us develop by culture 
that exhaustless beauty of style conferred on all by Nature, and on 
some so lavishly. If men would but take half the pains to orna- 
ment their conversation they expend on dress, every sentence 
would be charming, and every book enchanting, and all inter- 
change of ideas a perpetual feast. Let us all strive to beautify and 
perfect every sentence we utter and write. Still, more ornament 
than sense is disgusting. We require the sweet and useful, but 
the latter governing. 

Naturalness or simplicity is another important requisite in a 
good style. Whatever is natural is therefore beautiful, and also 
perfect. Of nothing is this more true than of the manner of ex- 
pressing ideas. A strained, labored, far-fetched, artificial, involved 
style is proportionally imperfect. Chalmers' style is over-wrought, 
swollen, difficult of comprehension, and to me far less interesting 
and impressive than one more natural and less artificial. Our 
words should be placed in nearly or quite the same order on paper 
as in speech. One great fault of modern style is its departure 
from this oral and natural standard. Let simplicity characterize 
all you say and write, as well as your style of expression. Who- 
ever is natural in this respect is therefore elegant. 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF EXPRESSION. 1099 

Studying the dead languages aids grammatical accuracy, 
but bears no comparison with talking and speaking as a means of 
improving Expression. As well send a child to the equator for ice, 
or a youth to the poles for flowers, as send the former to " sit on a 
bench and say A," or the latter to college to study dead languages, 
in order to become good speakers. Modern education prevents, 
instead of promotes, good delivery, because it restrains conversation. 
But the injury it inflicts on health is its greatest evil. Out of 
fourteen graduates who took the highest honors of their respective 
classes, in seven successive years, at one of our best colleges, twelve 
died within two years after having graduated ! And if this average 
destruction of health occurs in the best scholars, its proportional 
enfeebling occurs in the different grades of scholarship. That 
modern education, from the bench-sitting " A " to the collegiate 
" A. M," is constitutionally injurious to health, is both general fact 
and physiological truth. By thus enervating the brain, it impairs 
both brain and mind in general, 38 and the speaking capabilities in 
particular. Who but can converse, write, and speak vastly more 
elegantly, fluently, and forcibly when well than unwell ? The 
reason is, that most intimate relation sustained by the brain in 
general, and its base in particular, to the body. Hence, whatever 
impairs the health, as the study of languages generally does, thereby 
actually weakens Expression, instead of strengthening it. This im- 
pairing health by thumbing lexicons in order to graduate, and then 
speaking from manuscript — great speaking (?) this — will render 
a naturally good speaker as dull and prosy as most graduates now 
are, and as monotonous in tone and mechanical in gesticulation as 
though mind and body had been confined all this time in a strait- 
jacket. Compare Washingtonian eloquence and persuasive power 
with the college-best whittled down to a point. Contrast stump 
speakers with D. D.'s, and Methodist preachers with Presbyterian ; 
which are the most effective speakers ? Not the Greek and Latin 
student, but those who begin and practise speaking from first to 
last. Few sparks of eloquence escape collegiates except what con- 
geal in their pens. WpvITTEN discourses, however labored, seldom 
come from the soul, or reach feeling or conduct. True eloquence 
rarely grows among Latin rubbish or Grecian lore, but must he felt. 
It takes soul to speak to the purpose, and soul will speak, unless 
hampered by antiquity. Gough surpasses Everett. The Pough- 
keepsie blacksmith and rustic farmer often out-speak, out-argue a 



1100 THE LITERARY FACULTIES. 

score of the very best lawyers, doctors, and ministers put together ! 
Test this statement by fact, and learn the great practical lesson 
it teaches. 

Learning languages orally is eminently useful. Books 
should be used as auxiliaries only. Languages taught by talking 
them will be learned thoroughly in one tenth the time now wasted, 
and also be retained ; whereas most graduates, after having spent 
several of their best years in half acquiring them, so far forget them 
after leaving college, that many, probably most of them, cannot 
read an ordinary sentence in Greek, Latin, or Hebrew, off-hand, 
without a lexicon. Yet pupils of ordinary capacity, by living only 
a few months among the French, Spanish, Germans, or even In- 
dians, or wherever the conversation is in a foreign language, catch 
it by instinct, so as both to talk and remember it, even without 
teachers ; much more with them, and when they study as well as 
hear. To teach and learn all languages orally mainly, is the only 
method in harmony with the laws of mind. Yet the best time to 
acquire languages is in childhood ; the parent, nurse, or teacher 
talking and explaining them by word of mouth. They are thus 
learned easily, and never forgotten. 

The study of grammar is generally supposed to impart cor- 
rectness of expression, and render some service in conversation and 
style, just as mechanical arithmetic aids Computation, and notes 
music, yet like them should rank far below practice. We do not 
stop to parse as we talk. What writer or speaker squares his ex- 
pressions by the rules of syntax — only a summary of the genius 
of language ? Stud}~ing this spirit of language practically, is the 
great teacher of grammatical accuracy. There is an inherent right 
and wrong mode of expression to every sentence, and man has a 
correct ear for language as much as for music. To speak and write 
correctly is as natural as to calculate figures right, provided bad 
conversational habits have not been formed beforehand. Those 
who will notice what strikes them as right and wrong in modes of 
expression, will soon catch the spirit of language, just as we catch 
tunes by hearing them sung. After this, grammar, or the science 
of language, — for all languages are scientific as much as mathe- 
matics, — maybe advantageously studied. Still, there yet remains 
some great and radical defect in most or all existing systems and 
methods of teaching grammar. It should be taught orally, in con- 
versational explanations, mainly, and less from books. That no 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF EXPRESSION. 1101 

popular grammar imbodies the true genius and spirit of language, 
is rendered perfectly apparent in James Brown's "Appeal," a 
perusal of which will shed much light on this subject. Murray's 
Grammar is most bungling and imperfect. Kirkham's is a vast im- 
provement, yet by no means perfect. Natural grammar is based 
on the constitutional functions of all the intellectual Faculties, and 
of course involves position among other things, a principle incorpo- 
rated into no grammar extant. On this point H. J. N. very 
appropriately observes, — 

" The verb, if placed by itself, must command ; if combined with a 
nominative, without accompaniment, must declare ; if placed before the 
nominative, must question ; if it end in s or th, must declare or question 
in present time, and must have a nominative of the third person and 
singular number; if it form its personal variation in st, the nominative 
must be a pronoun of the second person singular. The noun in English 
has five cases, four of which must be determined by the position of the 
noun. All words placed between the article and noun must be adjec- 
tives ; also all words placed between the possessive case and the name 
possessed, must be adjectives, and no other part of speech can be placed 
there." 

Twenty yeabs will see a great and much-needed improvement 
in this branch of science. Our best grammatical instructor is ob- 
servation of both the accuracies and the inaccuracies of expression. 

Emphasis, abticulation, intonation, &c, are more expres- 
sive than words. The same words, placed in the same order, can 
be so uttered as to signify precisely opposite meanings. Thus, 
"gone to Boston," can be so spoken as to declare that the person 
before mentioned has gone, to ask if he has gone, and, uttered 
ironically, to deny his having gone. Or we can so utter given 
words and sentences as to enhance their meaning from a slight 
grade of emphasis along up to a most powerful condensation and 
augmentation of meaning, just by different intonations, inflections, 
and degrees of emphasis. The Author is not attempting to give a 
work on elocution, though one should be written phrenologically, 
by analyzing the mental Faculties, and showing what intonations 
express each one of them, but calls attention to those items worthy 
of special attention. 

1. Emphasis. Language is so formed that many of the words 
are unimportant, and require to be slid along over lightly, while 
others require to be uttered with the whole stress and stretch of the 
vocal apparatus, in order to convey their entire meaning. Thus of, 
the, is, are, and the like, are usually unemphatic, though sometimes 



1102 THE LITERARY FACULTIES. 

the emphatic words of sentences. When not emphatic, utter them 
distinctly, but lightly, so as to allow the words which are emphatic 
to stand out by contrast in more bold relief. Those who emphasize 
most of their words, emphasize none, because this perpetual tension 
of the vocal apparatus will not allow that limber play so indispensa- 
ble to correct emphasis. Such, too, generally induce bronchial 
difficulties, by this perpetual straining. I speak not of loudness, 
but of hitting every word a hard vocal rap as it is uttered. But 
relieving the voice by uttering the less important words lightly, 
allows you to come down with mighty emphasis where great power 
of stress is required, and also to talk with such perfect ease as not 
to strain or irritate the vocal apparatus. In order to give these 
emphatic words their full force, stop just before, and just after, 
uttering them, as if a comma, semicolon, or colon, according to the 
amount of stress required, were placed before and after. This will 
both relieve the vocal apparatus, so that it can come down with 
power upon whatever requires power, and also prepares the 
hearer's mind for its reception ; and in general, the longer this 
pause, the more emphatic ; though it can be prolonged so far as 
completely to break the connection, and therefore sense. To still 
further augment this power of emphasis, put your stress mainly on 
the emphatic syllables of the emphatic words. Thus, in order 
to utter tremendous with tremendous force, do not emphasize 
every syllable, as tre-men-dous, but only the MEN, as tre-MEN- 
dous — not overwhelming, but over-WHELM-ing ; and thus of all 
other words. Yet utter these unemphatic words dis-TiNCT-ly, 
that is, form them fully, though lightly. A clearness of enuncia- 
tion indicates clear thoughts and intense feelings ; whereas those 
who only half form or articulate their words, only half feel and 
think, or are poorly organized. But those whose articulation is 
distinct have point and meaning in what they utter, because their 
minds are pointed. 

Inflection imbodies and expresses even still more character 
and meaning than emphasis. Tones speak louder than words. 
The way we end our syllables and words, conveys vastly more 
meaning than even the words themselves. Indeed, they imbody 
the great secret of effective conversation and speaking. All that 
is thrilling, pathetic, and soul-stirring, is conveyed by these tones. 
They are to vocal expression what nerves are to the body — are 
its " thunder and lightning." Their power is incalculable. No 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF EXPRESSION. 1103 

means of writing them has yet been devised, yet ultimately will 
be ; and hence the superiority of the voice over the pen, of ex- 
tempore sermons over all written productions, however well com- 
posed. 

The fidelity and minuteness with which these tones and 
inflections correspond with the thoughts and feelings are perfectly 
astonishing. They neither fail nor omit to express perfectly every 
mental operation. Thus, listening through a wall to conversation 
in an adjoining room, without hearing one word spoken, tells 
whether it is ordinary or extraordinary ; and if the latter, what 
emotions each speaker expresses ; whether they have ever loved, 
or been disappointed, or are scolds, or amiable, even though they 
may be talking on nothing calculated to elicit these intonations ; 
whether they are refined or gross ; sensual or pure-minded ; dull 
of comprehension or quick of perception and mental action ; tame 
or energetic ; talented or half-witted ; religious or irreligious ; yet 
not whether they belong to church : and thus of all other impor- 
tant characteristics. Nor can any money value this power, and the 
information and pleasure it affords. This is done thus. 

Some faculties shorten, others lengthen, these tones. Force 
cuts them off short, while the affections lengthen them. Who- 
ever has been thoroughly in love, continues these intonations or 
endings of words, very properly called " vanishes " of the voice. 
Veneration also prolongs and solemnizes them. Mirth shortens, 
but in a very different manner from Force. Causality imparts 
weight or body to them. Beauty polishes and elevates. Every 
Faculty is faithfully reported in these vocal enunciations, 60 which 
the ear catches and interprets with wonderful precision and fidel- 
ity. Still, this is not the place to any more than name this sub- 
ject, and the importance of studying and perfecting intonation. 
To perfect your own tones and inflections, notice those of children 
when animated in conversation, for they are admirable, because 
not yet warped by art. Woman, also, especially when any way 
excited, will give you better practical lessons on elocution than 
you can obtain anywhere else. Especially will these intonations 
of superior women happily married be inimitably touching, sweet, 
tender, and charming. Above all, let your intonation be NATU- 
RAL. Never utter your words affectedly, as if trying to put on 
anything double-extra. 

Committing to memory is essentially improving. Attree, the 



1104 THE LITERARY FACULTIES. 

■unrivalled reporter of the Herald, does not write short hand, yet 
commits long speeches, aided only by running notes, almost verba- 
tim, nearly committing them to memory as they are delivered. He 
says the more he practises the better he reports, and that this Fac- 
ulty — truly extraordinary in his head and character — becomes 
rusty unless habitually exercised. Children commit to memory 
with extraordinary facility, and might improve as they grow older, 
if this power were increased by culture. They all love to commit 
verses and other things, and should be encouraged to commence 
long before they can read, and continue through life. Yet teach- 
ing children, parrot-like, to commit words merely, supposing that 
therefore they understand what they learn, is an egregious error. 
They should exercise their other Faculties in connection with 
memorizing. 

Allowing children to talk is the way to render them elo- 
quent when matured. All children are incessant talkers. They 
are created thus in order to fulfil man's communicative destiny. 
Their tongues are always running, whether or not they have any- 
thing to say. Not so with adults. Why this diminution of so 
essential a gift ? " Stop that whispering, or I'll cuff your ears," 
says a schoolmaster to yonder whispering scholars. If, prompted 
by the irresistible workings of this Faculty, spontaneously active, 
they repeat the offence, they are chastised. As well punish for 
breathing, or being hungry, because these are equally spontane- 
ous ; and to punish on account of either is equally unjust and cruel. 
In bestowing this Faculty, the Author of their being created a 
demand, and bestowed a right to use it, and even made talking 
a paramount duty, as well as a pleasure. Who, then, shall dare 
to suppress its exercise, or punish for what God requires ? Those 
who do are accountable to God for annulling his works, and to 
those restrained for curtailing so great a pleasure, enfeebling so 
important a Faculty, and thwarting so indispensable an end of 
their being. 

" How can we teach when the entire school is deafening us with 
their perpetual clatter? " Send them home to be taught by their 
mothers. But mothers exclaim, " How can we endure, their ever- 
lasting rattling and hallooing ? We send them to school to get 
rid of them ! ' ' Then send them to their graves, if so very trou- 
blesome. You are bound as parents to seek their good, not your 
own ease. Expressing ideas constitutionally kindles their flow, 



ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF EXPRESSION. 1105 

and greatly augments mental action ; both of which, preventing 
their talking, necessarily enfeeble. Hence to interdict their talk- 
ing prevents the exercise and consequent discipline of their minds. 
" But must we be forever harassed by their incessant clamor ? 
Have we not a perfect right to still their tongues ? " As good a 
right as to stop their breath, but no better. Who has given you 
any right to cramp and retard their intellectuality, which you 
necessarily do by making them hold their tongues ? There are of 
course times when, if duly disciplined, they will gladly listen 
instead of talking, because interested in what is said, or from filial 
love ; yet this differs materially from compelling them to hold 
their tongues perpetually in school and out. But keeping them 
much out of doors will obviate all difficulty, besides improving 
their health. 

Using good language before them teaches them to use 
it. They are imitative creatures, and learn to talk in exact ac- 
cordance with the examples set them. The same principle by 
which they learn to talk English, Spanish, Arabic, or Hindoo, &c, 
accordingly as those do of whom they learn to talk, extends to all 
the ramifications of talking, and makes them copy all the brogues, 
peculiarities, idioms, phrases, and forms of speech used by the for- 
mer. Hence an acute observer can tell from the idioms and enun- 
ciations of persons, not only whether they are Yankees or Southern- 
ers, but in what state "down east," or "south," or "out west," 
they were brought up. This same law will render children gross 
or elegant, forcible or feeble, correct or ungrammatical, in con- 
versation, according as those converse by hearing and patterning 
after whom they learn to talk. To teach them to talk correctly, 
talk correctly to and before them. Express yourself elegantly, and 
they will learn to couch their expressions in beautiful language ; 
or be bungling and ungrammatical, and they will closely copy the 
example set them. By as much, therefore, as it is of paramount 
importance that they learn to express themselves beautifully and 
forcibly, it is important to talk to them and before them in good 
English and in as elevated and refined a style as possible. This is 
equally true of style in writing ; especially books, for children. 
Indeed, we all copy more or less the style of favorite authors ; so 
that writers should use good language as a means of improving 
the general tone of conversation and speaking. Speakers, also, 
should clothe their thoughts in grammatical and elevated lan- 
139 



1106 THE LITERARY FACULTIES. 

guage, because every sentence goes to mould the elocution of the 
public. 

Baby talk consists in saying foolish things ungrammatically ; 
and the more outrageously it literally murders good English, the 
more babified. If infants require milk to feed their bodies, they 
surely do not require silliness to nourish their minds. All you say 
makes its impression on their forming minds. Even before they 
understand your words, they feel your intonations, which are flat 
and pointless when your conversation is foolish, and thus tend to 
render their minds insipid. But talking ideas even to infants will 
awaken their ideas, at least through the medium of accompanying 
intonations. Children of two years old understand, or are capable 
of understanding, most that is said to them. Hence talking sen- 
sibly to them quickens their intellects, and clothing good ideas in 
an elegant, elevated style, besides imperceptibly exciting the sen- 
timent of the beautiful and polished in them, will form in them a 
classic style from the first, which will go on to improve through 
life. The conversation of parents and adults to and before chil- 
dren might and should be a perpetual feast, intellectually and 
morally, to their unfolding minds ; and if so, children too would 
both speak correctly, and charm with a beautiful and expressive 
style, grow up with splendid and fascinating conversational powers, 
and perhaps become natural orators, charming and instructing all 
who hear them speak or talk through life ! Talk ideas to children 
or else say nothing, and clothe them in good language, and they 
will faithfully copy both. 

Woman's talkativeness is frequently cast in her teeth as a 
reproach. That, as often used, it becomes such, is too true ; yet 
her constitutional flippancy is one of the chief beauties and excel- 
lences of her character. Children and adults are constituted to be 
instructed by conversation more than from books. You can talk 
more into a child in one hour than he would learn from books in a 
week. "Woman's loquacious tongue" was given her in part to 
enable and dispose her to instruct children by conversation ; her 
large Language and Parental Love combined, making her love to 
talk to and with them. Nature thereby fits and almost compels 
her to become their instructress. Mothers are the only constitutional 
teachers of their children. Unless children are educated at home, 
they never can be educated. Schools rarely, if ever, form either 
their intellectual or moral characters. Mothers must form both. 



CHAPTER. III. 

THE REFLECTIVE FACULTIES. 

267. — Reason : its Definition, Location, Analysis, and 

Supeemacy. 

Philosophy ; sense ; originality ; judgment ; penetration ; 
generalization ; forethought ; PROFUNDITY ; ETC. 

These Faculties give a philosophizing, penetrating, investigating, 
originating cast of mind ; ascertain causes and abstract relations ; 
contrive ; invent ; originate ideas, etc. 

Large. — Possess extraordinary depth of reason and strength of 
understanding ; and with large perceptives, extraordinary talents, and 
manifest them to good advantage ; with perceptives small, have great 
strength of mind, yet a poor mode of expressing it ; are not appreciated,, 
lack intellectual balance, and are more plausible than reliable, and 
are too deep to be clear ; possess the higher capabilities of intellect ; 
reason clearly and strongly on whatever data is furnished by the other 
Faculties ; have soundness of understanding, depth of intellect, and 
that weight which carries conviction, and contributes largely to success 
in everything ; with perceptives small, possess more power of mind 
than can be manifested, and fail to be appreciated and understood, 
because more theoretical than practical. 

Full. — Possess fair reflective powers, and reason well from the 
data furnished by the other Faculties ; and with Activity great, have a 
fair flow of ideas and good general thoughts. 

Average.— Reason fairly on subjects fully understood, yet are not 
remarkable for depth or clearness of idea; with cultivation, will 
manifest considerable reasoning power; without it, only ordinary. 

Moderate. — Are rather deficient in power of mind; but with 
large perceptives, evince less deficiency of reason than is possessed. 

1107 



1108 



THE REFLECTIVE FACULTIES. 



Small. — Have inferior reasoning capabilities; and are almost 
destitute of thought, idea, and sense. 

To cultivate. — Muse, meditate, ponder, reflect on, think, study, 
and pry into the deep abstract principles and nature of things. 

To restrain. — Theorize less, and give more time to facts. 

The seat of honor is awarded by Nature to this element. It is 
located as high up as any, and as far forward. The moral group is 
equally high up, but farther back, and the perceptives are as far 
forward, yet lower down ; while this group is both high up and far 
forward. How emphatic, how impressive the lesson thus taught that 



REFLECTIVES LARGE. 



REFLECTIVES VERY LARGB 




No. 195. — Lucretia Mott. 



No. 196.— (Lesar. 



we should place them in our conduct where God has placed them in 
our heads — above and before all else ; the guide and engineer of all ; 
the chief justice, or rather supreme court, whose decisions overrule all 
below, and are final. 

What is truth, is the most momentous question man can ask, 
and answered by this reasoning element. It indeed needs the per- 
ceptives as its aids to bring facts and furnish data ; to serve as pages, 
and spies ; to prepare its cases and convey its decisions ; while it is king 
over all, and the imperious sovereign before whose august tribunal all 
else human bows in meek acquiescence. It descends deeper into 
Nature's hidden mysteries and arcana, and soars higher into the 



REASON : ITS DEFINITION, LOCATION, ETC. 1109 

eternal etherial blue of pure truth, than all the other Faculties. It is 
to man precisely what the conductor is to the train, the manager and 
director of all, who orders all what to do, and how to do it ; who 
whips up this laggard Faculty, and reigns in that rampant one ; who 
tells each when it is in the right, and when going astray; who adju- 
dicates and adjusts all, and takes the " short cut " and best road to 
desired ends. Man owes his chief superiority over brute, civilized 
man over savage, Caucasian over all the other races, the great men of 
all times and races over their inferiors, and philosophers over fools, 
mainly to this Faculty. The superiority of intellect over the feelings, 
we have already shown; 238 we now speak of the superiority of 
reasoning intellect over perceptive. Memory is good, 239 but judgment 
is better. Knowledge is valuable, but philosophy is to it what gold 
is to silver. Reason is the helm; reach that and you reach the centre 
of action, the motor-wheel, the main-spring, that grand central shaft 
from which all power is derived. Impressions made on perceptive 
intellect are lasting and efficacious, but those made on the hard sense 
of men are immeasurably more so. The former is like a fire made of 
pine wood, blazing, smoking, crackling, and brilliant; while those 
made on reason are like a fire of anthracite coal, slow to kindle, and 
giving off little smoke, or blaze, yet pouring out the penetrating heat, 
and lasting. The fires of passion burn fiercely, but soon consume their 
fuel, and often themselves ; while seeing is believing and convincing, 
but leaves only a transitory impression, whereas philosophy impreg- 
nates the fountain of life, and flavors all the waters which flow there- 
from. Give me reason in the morning, sense at noon, and philosophy 
at night, day by day, and in the morning, noon, and evening of life, 
and take what else you like. Let me work on the thought of man- 
kind — and I care nought who works on their feelings. Let me teach 
them truth by reason, while others teach it through facts. Give me 
their understandings, and I care not who has the remainder; for this 
will control that. Let me study philosophy, while others study 
experiments, history, and whatever else they like, and I will not envy 
them. Let me live ever in accordance with first principles, and I will 
let others live as they list. Let reason guide and govern all my 
family ties, all my business movements and projects, my tongue and 
pen, as well as all I do, and am ; and when I die, let my reasoning 
powers be last to lie down in death, and first to rise up in immortal 
spleudor, and sit in the chariot of state forever more, making the 
uttermost possible out of each individual function, and out of existence 
as one grand whole. 



1110 



THE REFLECTIVE FACULTIES. 



Transcendantly important, then, is that analysis and means 
of cultivating this crowning gift of God to man, we now approach. 

XL. Causality. 

268. — Its Definition, Location, History, Adaptation, etc. 

The thinker and planner — Understanding ; perception and 
application of causation; reason; sense; deduction; originality; 
thought ; forethought ; depth and comprehensiveness of mind ; in- 
vention ; creating resources; reasoning from causes to effects; pro- 
fundity ; judgment ; ability to discover first principles and trace out 
the relations existing between causes and effects; desire to know the 
why and wherefore of things, and investigate their laws ; ability to 
reason from causes down to effects, and effects up to causes ; the there- 



CAUSALITY LARGE. 





No. 197.— Dr. Gall. 



No. 198. — Hewlett. 



fore and wherefore Faculty ; ability to adapt ways and means to ends ; 
to plan, contrive, invent, create resources, apply power advantageously, 
make head save hands, kill two birds with one stone, predict the re- 
sults of given measures, and the like. 

Its location is in the upper and lateral portions of the forehead, 
to which it gives a high, bold, square form in proportion as it is de- 
veloped. It is especially apparent in old Franklin, Napoleon, Gall, 
Peters, Niell, Lucretia Mott, Brigham Young — though it is larger in 
his head than in our engraving of it, as is Love — Herschel, Melanchthon, 
Caesar, Rammahun Roy, Webster, Bacon, Swedenborg, Lee, Bismark, 
Galileo, etc. ; but deficient in Hewlett, all the idiots, all animals and 
monkeys, all Flatheads, Harriwaukee, and others. 



CAUSALITY : ITS LOCATION, ANALYSIS, ETC. 1111 

" I have long observed that great philosophers had the anterior su- 
perior part of the forehead singularly large and prominent, as in 
Socrates, Democritus, Cicero, Bacon, Montaigne, Galileo, Leibnitz, 
Condillac, Diderot, Mendelssohn, etc. 

" But they differ; the domain of one kind being the material, of the 
other, the spiritual. One would know facts, the other conditions ; 
one makes observation his basis, the other, disdaining the material 
world, rises into the spiritual, and contemplates mind, and investigates 
general principles. In these heads two cerebral parts are developed, 
one on each side, adjoining comparative sagacity ; forming two seg- 
ments of a sphere, placed on each side of the forehead, in a horizontal 
line. During our travels they gave us a cast moulded on the head of 
Kant, after death. It was with lively pleasure that we saw the extra- 
ordinary prominence of these identical parts. Fichte has it still more 
prominent. The ancients gave Jupiter these same prominences. 

"A third manifestation of this Faculty is in 'mother wit.' In 
proportion as this anterior superior part of the forehead is developed, 
the human mind is the more expanded, and the man raises himself 
above brutes and his fellows. This organization discovers the rela- 
tions of causes and effects ; pursues a long series of data; embraces a 
vast field of observation • discerns the unknown from the known, 
the constant from the accidental; determines the laws of phe- 
nomena; establishes principles; deduces conclusions; ascends from 
effects to causes, and descends from general laws to facts ; enriches 
nations with new truths, spreading like the beneficent rays of light ; 
breaking the 3 r oke of despotism, and destroying the machinations of 
imposture. It is reason which constitutes the true essence of man, 
and barrier of separation between man and brute." — Gall. 

ft It seems to me that the special Faculty of the cerebral parts on 
either side of Comparison examines causes, considers the relations of 
cause and effect, and prompts men to ask ' Why ? ' Its effects are im- 
mense ; the cultivation of fields, invention of instruments, and what- 
ever man produces by art, depend on this Faculty. It is the foun- 
tain of resources; and produces results by applying causes. The laws 
of causation cannot be too much considered. 

" Causality and Comparison combined constitute reason. Without 
Causalit}', there can be no argumentative reasoning : without Com- 
parison, no comprehensive views, and no nice distinctions. Observa- 
tion teaches objects, and Eventuality facts, while Comparison points 
out their identity, analogy, difference, or harmony, whereas Causality 
seeks their causes, and all together discern general principles and 
laws ; draw conclusions, inductions, and creations ; and constitute a 
truly philosophic understanding." — Spurzheim. 

11 One in whom it is deficient, in new circumstances, will be helpless 
and bewildered, where one in whom it is large will show his superi- 
ority Hy the extent of his inventions. A mechanic with Causality small, 
will be at a stand if his ordinary tools are wanting, or if employed 
out of his ordinary line ; while another having it large, will find a 
thousand substitutes. It is the fountain of abstract ideas. 

" It unhesitatingly infers that God must exist, and possess the attri- 
butes manifested in His works ; and therefore that He exists to us ; 



1112 



THE REFLECTIVE FACULTIES. 



that Ifc is our Creator and Preserver ; that all His qualities merit 
our profoundest admiration, and that therefore He is to man the 
highest and most legitimate object of veneration and worship. This 
organ is established." — Combe. 

Its adaptation is to that great system of eause-and-effect which 
governs this whole universe, in all its greatness, all its littleness, all 
intermediates. Causation reigns supreme throughout Nature. This 
entire order of things is made up of antecedents and consequents. 
Every cause must produce its own specific effects, and no other; and 
all effects must have only their own legitimate causes. Natural law, 
and therefore uniformity govern them ; so that like causes always pro- 
duce like effects. Without this causc-and-erfect ordinance of Nature, 
all would be hap-hazard chance. We could effect nothings rely on 
nothing, and therefore enjoy nothing; 19 yet this arrangement brings 
order out of chaos, enables us to make sure of results whenever we 
apply their causes, and throws immutable causation around all the 
works of the great First Cause of all things. Here is a specific de- 
partment, a fixed fact, an eternal institute of Nature, with which man 
must somehow be put in relation, else it would be- to him what color 
is to the blind, imperceptible, and inapplicable. He is adapted to all 
things, and all things are adapted to him. 3 He must, therefore, have 
a cause-and -effect element incorporated into that mentality, which con- 
stitutes himself. 18 This Faculty thus adapts him to this natural in- 
stitute. With this arrangement in Nature, and Faculty in man, he 
can enhance the productiveness of the earth ; harness winds and tides 
into his triumphal car; make steam his servant, and the forked light- 
ning his page ; traverse oceans and continents ; rush across continents ; 
soar triumphantly through the air; invent tools and machines, and 
with them multiply the comforts of life; and attain desirable ends 
innumerable. Behold what his inventive genius has achieved, and 
is now accomplishing ! Yet all this is but the merest beginnings of 
what it will yet bring to pass ! How infinite the good wrought out 
by the union of this attribute in Nature and Faculty in man ! Behold 
its place in the head, and learn therefrom the practical importance of 
its cultivation. 

The intellectual casts of Bacon, Franklin, Tyndall, Locke, 
Herschel, Kant, and kindred minds, furnish practical samples of the 
powers its ample development confers. Its distinctive office is to dis- 
cern and apply Causation. All application of ways and means to 
ends, and all perception of the instrumentalities by which ends are 



CAUSALITY: ITS LOCATION, ANALYSIS, ETC. 1113 

effected, depend upon it. Its fall development, therefore, readily sees by 
what means given ends can be best accomplished ; suggests expedients; 
creates resources; judges which of the plans proposed is the best ; 
loves to contrive and lay plans ; requires and is always ready to give 
its reason; accomplishes much with limited means; sees how to apply 
power most advantageously ; gives ability to reason, infer, invent, con- 
trive, take advantage of circumstances, and predict results: takes 
comprehensive views of subjects ; gives strength and power of intel- 
lect, and solidity and originality of mind ; comes to correct conclu- 
sions ; and says and does what makes an impression. 

269. — Description, Deficiency, Uses, and Culture of 

Causality. 

Large. — Possess this cause-seeking and applying power to an ex- 
traordinary degree; perceive by intuition those deeper relations of 
things which escape common minds ; are profound in argument and 
philosophy, and deep and powerful in reasoning, and have great origin- 
ality of mind and strength of understanding? desire to know the 
whys and wherefores of things, and to investigate their laws; reason 
clearly and correctly from causes to effects ; have uncommon capabili- 
ties of planning, contriving, inventing, creating resources, and mak- 
ing head save hands; kill two birds with one stone; predicate results, 
and arrange things so as to succeed ; put things together well ; with 
large Force love to argue ; with large perceptives, are quick to per- 
ceive facts and conditions, and reason powerfully and correctly from 
them ; with Comparison and Conscience large, reason forcibly on 
moral truths; with the selfish Faculties strong, will so adapt ways 
and means as to serve personal purposes; with moderate perceptives, 
are theoretical, and excel more in principles and philosophy than facts, 
and remember laws better than details ; with Comparison and Intui- 
tion large, are particularly fond of mental philosophy, and excel 
therein ; with Observation and Eventuality only moderate, are guided 
more by reason than experience, by laws than facts, and arrive at con- 
clusions more from reflection than observation ; with large perceptives, 
possess a high order of practical sense and sound judgment; with 
large Comparison and moderate Eventuality, remember thoughts, in- 
ferences, and subject-matter, but forget items ; with the mental Tem- 
perament and Expression moderate, make a much greater impression 
by action than expressions, by deeds than words, etc. 

Full. — Have good cause seeking and applying talents; reason, 



1114: THE REFLECTIVE FACULTIES. 

and adapt ways and means to ends well ; with large perceptives, Com- 
parison, activity, and organism, possess excellent reasoning powers, 
and show them to first-rate advantage ; with moderate preceptives and 
large Secretion, can plan better than reason ; with large Acquisition 
and moderate Construction, lay excellent money-making, but poor 
mechanical plans, etc. 

Average. — Have only fair sense and judgment; plan and reason 
well in conjunction with the larger Faculties, but poorly with the 
smaller; with moderate Acquisition, lay poor money-making plans; 
but with large Conscience, reason well on moral subjects, especially if 
Comparison is large, etc. 

Moderate. — Think little; rather lack discernment and causation; 
perceive causes when presented by other minds, yet do not originate 
them ; with activity and the perceptives large, may do well in 
ordinary business routine, yet will fail in difficult matters; devise 
merely temporary expedients, instead of laying long headed plans ; 
lack scope of intellect and range of mind ; have few thoughts, and 
those only common-place; take contracted views of subjects; lack 
judgment ; require to be shown how ; lack foresight, head-work, and 
sagacity ; neither appreciate nor perceive the beauties of causation • 
and are limited in understanding, more and more the smaller this 
organ. 

Small. — Are deficient in reasoning and planning power and sense; 
need perpetual telling and showing; seldom arrange things before- 
hand, and then poorly; should work under others; lack force of idea 
and strength of understanding; and are nearly idiotic in reasoning 
and planning. 

Deficiency of reason is well nigh as great as this Faculty is 
useful, and even indispensable, in all the affairs of life. How desti- 
tute of wisdom is the great mass of mankind! What mental blindness, 
almost imbecility, characterizes much that is said and done around us! 
What stulticity in the choice of objects of pursuit, as well as modes 
of their prosecution ! How few ideas men possess ! What paucity 
of thought ! Man may indeed boast of possessing reason ; yet, alas, 
how little he uses this noble, godlike element ! This which should 
stand at the head of his nature, and guide and govern his entire con- 
duct, is thrust, alas, into the back-ground. Its voice is stifled amid 
the din and roar of passion. Its warnings are unheeded, and its 
guidance is refused. Behold what dearth of reason, what utter folly 
characterize the opinions and conduct of most men, both as 



CAUSALITY: ITS LOCATION, ANALYSIS, ETC. 1115 

individuals and masses, and bemoan the low state of still degraded 
humanity ! Yet console yourself that it improves ; that foolish as 
men now are, they have been worse, and are becoming better. Indeed, 
till within fifty years, the grand idea, so perfectly apparent throughout 
all Nature, that causation reigns supreme, has begun to be generally 
perceived and admitted. Yet even this great truth of the supremacy 
of causation, palpable as it is, is still practically denied in the matter 
of health and sickness, which many ascribe to Providence, instead of 
regarding as consequences of violated law, and thus in many kindred 
matters. The great mass of mankind also get their thinking done by 

PROXY. 

Political leaders do up most of what little political thinking 
is done, and can ride into power on any hobby, however unreasonable, 
they please to mount. Tremble for republicanism, that glorious birth- 
right of humanity ! 181 See how voters follow their party. Leaders 
virtually do their voting. Behold the growing and fearful pre- 
valence of demagogueism ! Every vote should be a deposit of an 
idea. Now nine votes in every ten are a party ticket, which unprin- 
cipled leaders control at pleasure. How few think in politics ! 

Religious leaders also do most of the religious thinking of 
mankind. Why, the very summary of all the articles of faith of one 
of the most numerous religious bodies in Christendom is that they are 
incapable of forming their own opinions, and must take them already 
formed for them by antiquity and their "infallible church." The 
very act of pinning faith on "the church," "general assembly," "the 
general conference," "articles of faith," etc., is a virtual surrender of in- 
dependent thinking; and the fact that men follow their sectarian 
leaders thus blindly is proof positive of their own feebleness of reason, 
at least in religious matters. If men thought for themselves, would 
these religious differences exist? This very sectarian diversity pre- 
supposes error, 194 which, if men did their own religious thinking, they 
would perceive and abandon. 195 

The fashionable world too — does it think ? As well " look for 
a needle in a hay mow," as for a thought among our exquisites. 
Business men think on money matters, but this is not thought 
proper. They are shrewd indeed, in scraping up almighty dollars, 
but reason proper searches out the great principles of Nature, and in- 
vestigates those fundamental laws of things, on the observance of 
which human happiness depends. % 

Deduct the business world, the fashionable world, the religious 



1116 THE REFLECTIVE FACULTIES. 

world, and the political world from the whole world, and then sub- 
tract from this balance the ignorant and debased who do not even essay 
to think at all, and what a miserable moiety remains ? This barren- 
ness of reason allows designing men, by flattering the prejudices and 
pandering to the passions of the masses, to convert the latter into 
mere dupes and suppliant tools by which to accomplish selfish and 
wicked purposes; enables the few to control the many; starves those 
who live by their intellects, but showers honors and fortunes on those 
who live by feeding the propensities of mankind ; renders polite con- 
versation perfectly nonsensical ; rates riches higher than talents ; and 
renders man a creature of blind passion. Oh ! when will men learn 
to think? When govern their opinions and conduct by the principles 
of true philosophy ? When leave these petty trifles, and place manly 
thought at the helm of both public affairs and private opinion and 
conduct? When their 

Cultivation of Causality is commensurate with its immense 
importance. This poverty of reason is not Nature's fault. She has 
provided amply for its abundant and required ascendancy. Has the 
reader never observed the fine, high, expanded foreheads of children, 
and admired those noble developments so often seen at the sides of 
their upper portion ? Cast your eyes over a hundred children, and 
then over a hundred adults, and behold with pain the marked supe- 
riority of the former over the latter ! Yet the reasoning organs are 
the last by Nature to be developed, and, if her order were carried out, 
would grow larger relatively, instead of smaller; for progression, not 
decline, is her motto. 216 Finely developed as are the foreheads of 
most children, those of adults might and should be, relatively, still 
larger. Children generally have from one-fourth to one-third better 
intellectual lobes, relatively, than adults ; whereas this relative dif- 
ference should be in favor of adults. 

The intellectual capabilities of children are also, relatively, 
superior to those of adults. Observe their remarks. How pithy, and 
full of appropriateness and meaning ? And how often they detect and 
expose, by quaint remarks, the absurdity of the dogmas often taught 
them ? Do they not evince a quickness, sagacity, penetration, and in- 
tuitive perception of things, rarely observed in them when grown up ? 
And are not their contrivances of ways and means for accomplishing 
ends, often extraordinary? A girl of only eighteen months old, 
praised her aunt as a means of obtaining candies, and other favors. 
So common became this practice of working round upon the blind 



CAUSALITY : ITS LOCATION, ANALYSIS, ETC. 1117 

side of the aunt by adulation, that when she praised her aunt, the 
latter would ask her what she wanted ? When a little over two years 
old, waking up one evening, she found the company eating almonds 
and raisins. Knowing that to ask father, mother, or aunt for them 
was useless, she went to her uncle, whom she did not like any too 
well, and laying her head back affectionately upon his lap, began, in 
a very coaxing manner, to call him " pretty," " good," and the like. 
When asked, the next morning, what made her uncle pretty, she re- 
plied, "because almonds and raisins are pretty." To thus administer 
praise at this early age, as a means of obtaining favors, evinces a deep 
and well laid plan for effecting desired ends, and discovers an amount 
of Causality rarely supposed to exist in children, but which doubtless 
most readers have seen equalled. For the correctness of this declara- 
tion, that both the reflective Organs and Faculties of children exceed 
those of adults, appeal is had to universal observation and experience, 
even though Nature ordains their relative increase as age advances. 

Why this decline ? What is its cause ? Inaction. Because 
juvenile intellect is shut up in a school-house, pinned fast to a bench, 
and stifled by parental inability or refusal to feed their inquiring 
minds ! Their brains become withered, and then stagnate over the 
studies they are required to pursue; and their being whipped to 
school, and chastised at school, engenders a dislike of the teacher and 
a hatred of books, which results in mental vacuity, and consequent 
decline. Phrenology unequivocally condemns the present system of 
training the juvenile mind, as not adapted to it, and calculated to 
deaden instead of developing its energies. Of this our entire work 
gives ample proof. Our imperfect system of juvenile education 
mainly causes this poverty of intellect. The former does not cultivate 
the latter, and hence this lamentable decline of man's crowning capa- 
bility. Causality is literally starved, not only during childhood, but 
adolescence, and even through life. How, then, can this poverty of 
intellect be obviated, and its long array of direful ills be supplanted 
by all the blessings conferred by fully developed and well directed 
intellect ? One means is by 

Answering children's questions. They ask a perpetual 
string of them. Their what-what questions pour a perpetual stream 
of instruction into their opening minds. But they also ask in- 
numerable why and wherefore questions, which, properly answered, 
render any child well educated, though ignorant of even his letters. 
When some five or six years old, I asked my father, who was husking 



1118 THE REFLECTIVE FACULTIES. 

corn, why the rows on this ear were crooked, while those on the 
others were straight? "Because it is not rowed," was his answer. 
Over this reply I thought long and much, wondering what he could 
mean by its not being rowed, till I finally came to the conclusion, 
that as I had seen him go through the cornfields to hoe the corn, so 
also he went through to row it, but had skipped this ear. Behold 
how excellent an opportunity was thus afforded him for teaching me 
the great law of things that Nature always puts the greatest possible 
amount of function into the smallest possible space — that the cylin- 
drical form of the cob allows more corn to grow on a given size than 
if it were in any other shape, besides allowing every kernel to draw 
from it the required nourishment; that the kernels are placed in 
rows in order to completely fill up the entire space ; whereas unless in 
rows, some would be too much crowded, while on other parts would 
be none. He might then have proceeded to illustrate this law by 
other samples, and finally by the human body, so arranged as not to 
leave any unoccupied space, but to be completely filled up with organs, 
and concentrating the greatest possible amount of function in the 
smallest possible space. The continual string of questions asked by 
children, provided you will allow it, furnishes perpetual opportunities 
for explaining important truths, and teaching valuable lessons. And 
yet, strange to relate, many parents actually become angry at them 
for asking questions, and interdict this best of all means of imparting 
instruction. An unusually inquisitive, that is, uncommonly smart 
child, once asked her grandmother what bricks were made out of; and 
when answered, asked what made them red? The reply she received 
was, " Oh, do hold your tongue. You're troubled with a noise in your 
head. Don't ask so many questions, and no one will know you are a 
fool. Girls should be seen, not heard." The grandmother could not 
tell why, and therefore became angry at the child for having asked. 

Answering their questions is as essential to their intellectual growth 
as food is to that of their bodies, or roots are to that of the plant. 
And yet, our present educational system discourages instead of 
answering them. What questions do or can children ask at school ? 
Yet would not answering their questions convey instruction and de- 
velop mind far more effectually than learning to read ? Would it not 
excite ten times more intellectual action, and thus proportionally 
promote mental discipline ? Let them be even encouraged to ask all 
the questions they think of; and let not parents or teachers bluff them 
off with shuffling answers. Give them the true explanation, or else 



CAUSALITY: ITS LOCATION, ANALYSIS, ETC. 1119 

tell them you do not know. And if you can couple your answers by 
a familiar illustration, all the better. An inquisitive girl, seeing a 
fountain in operation, asked what made the water rush up so fast and 
then come down ? Her father, on returning home, took a long hollow 
tube which had an angle in it, and pouring water in at the top, showed 
how the water of the fountain was forced upwards by the pressure of 
water in a high reservoir, running in pipes under ground. Parents 
should also educate themselves in order to educate their children, and 
should rely on home instruction, not on hired teachers. 176 Still 
another method of developing juvenile intellect, is by 

Teaching children to think for themselves. They are 
too often taught to believe instead of to think; or else to think from 
erroneous data, by which their Causality is warped from the very first. 
Teach them to do their own thinking. Give them correct starting 
points, and then let them investigate and judge for themselves. Fear 
not that they will come to wrong conclusions; because Causality, in 
common with all the other intellectual Faculties, acts by intuition. 
" It whistles itself." Unbiassed, it will always draw correct conclu- 
sions. That same intuition which teaches them to see, keep their 
balance, and even to eat and breathe, governs all their Faculties, Cau- 
sality of course included. All it requires in order to come to correct 
conclusions is right data. Do their thinking for them while they are 
children, and they will get it done by others when older, and can be 
led blindfold in politics, literature, religion, every thing. Children 
should also be taught, to 

Answer their own questions. They were told something yes- 
terday, which virtually answers a question asked to-day. Recall these 
answers, and tell them to put different matters and thiugs together, 
and form their own judgments. Are not these educational directions 
in perfect keeping with common sense and the laws of mind ? Do 
they not account for the decline of intellect already deplored, and show 
how it can be remedied ? The human mind, if started on its intellec- 
tual career in harmony with those mental laws pointed out in this 
work, would not thus flag before its powers fairly began to expand, 
but starting on high ground, would rise higher in its intellectual ac- 
quisitions and capabilities every day of life. Between fifteen and 
twenty, this disposition to think and investigate receives a new 
quickening, coupled with a vast accession of power. All who look 
back to this period will bear experimental, witness, that now they began 
to think, investigate, inquire into the Nature of things, search out 



1120 THE REFLECTIVE FACULTIES. 

causes, and take expanded views of subjects. Yet their labor then 
began to be valuable; and intellectual culture must be subjected to 
worldly pursuits. They must work if poor, and if wealthy, play 
" blind bluff" with foolish fashion. Soon after love asserts its domin- 
ion, the cares of the family supervene, and all combine to rob intellect 
of that cultivation so indispensable to its growth. Of these evils all 
are experimentally conscious. How can they be obviated ? 

To cultivate Causality, think, study causes, and investigate those 
subjects in which you are specially interested ; muse, meditate, and 
cogitate ; yield to the influx of new ideas ; adapt ways and means to 
ends; contrive out the best modes of overcoming difficulties, and at- 
taining desired ends, thereby both disciplining this Faculty, and pro- 
moting success together. To promote its required spontaneous action, 
present its appropriate food or stimulus, namely, Causation. Investi- 
gate the means employed by nature to effect her ends. All creation 
is one grand theatre of universal causes, which often overlap each other, 
and are involved within, or adapted to each other. From the most 
elementary to the most complicated, behold the infinitude of their 
number and variety. No function of inert or organized matter, or of 
the immortal mind, but they affect. Nature's universal motto is a 
cause for every effect, an instrumentality for every operation. How 
vast her doings ! As countless her means ! Behold the number of 
causes or means she employs, apparent to our vision. Apparent? 
Rather thrust upon our cognizance. 68 Air, earth, water thronged 
throughout with unending causation. Can the sands of the sea-shore 
be numbered? Yet every one of these has its causes, and in turn be- 
comes a cause. Who can count the leaves of the forest? Every one 
is both caused and governed by a variety of laws. Nor sand, and 
leaf, and plant, merely, but earth herself, a mere atom in that in- 
finite range of causation which originates with the eternal Cause of 
all causes, and extends to the farthest and the smallest atom of the 
universe, is both an immense effect and cause. Behold it hurled 
through illimitable space, as if a mere feather. An arrow, shot from 
its Indian bow, with however much precision and force, so as to pass 
dear through the running, raging buffalo, how insignificant, compared 
to this mighty ball, flung through mid-heaven, as if the smallest and 
lightest thing in creation. Behold the unerring return of the silvery 
moon, itself a huge mass, but the lightest of the light in the hands of 
this almighty causation. Sun and stars, so vast, so far removed that 
mortal mind can form no adequate conception of either, yet hurled 



causality: its location, analysis, etc. 1121 

with unerring precision, like lightning along their annual and peri- 
odical cycles. And these all united only a little segment of that vast 
belt of suns and worlds, governed by Infinite Causation, as if an atom 
merely. And every one of this universe of worlds, doubtless thronged 
throughout with plant and animal, each an epitome of Infinite Causa- 
tion. Oh ! the myriads of causes and effects in perpetual progress 
from " everlasting to everlasting," throughout the infinitude of God's 
works ! Their stupendous power hurls a universe of worlds, from age 
to age, with that same perfection and ease with which it descends to 
the merest trifles of creation. All, all effected by causation ! Verily, 
the range of causes and effects opened to our investigation and admi- 
ration, is indeed infinite ! 

But we need not go out of ourselves for subject-matter with 
which to feed this delightful Faculty. Every motion of every limb 
is effected by some instrumentality, as is every animal, every mental 
function of our complicated nature. Behold the perfection of our 
motions, of all our functions, and in view of them w r ho can help ex- 
claiming, Oh, the wonders of Infinite Causation ! Not a muscle is 
wanted but is supplied, and exactly fitted to perform its required 
office. Not a bone, not a nerve omitted. The entire body crowded 
with organs which become the causes of required operations. Of 
this the eye is often chosen as a sample ; but, perfect as it is, every 
part of the body is an equally perfect example of the perfection of 
that causation which crowds every portion of the body, every depart- 
ment of Nature ! But all these causes and effects, infinite in greatness as 
well as minuteness, are nevertheless as a drop in the bucket of Divine 
Causation. What is tossing huge worlds throughout space as if the 
merest foot-balls, compared with that infinitely higher order of Caus- 
ality which unites mind to matter, and governs all its operations ? 
The human mind, however vasts its powers, can penetrate no farther 
into this boundless series of causes and effects than a fly can see into 
the philosophy of this mundane sphere. Verily, " what is man that 
thou art so mindful of him ? " 

Phrenology, however, proffers the very best discipline of Causality 
known to man. It more than all other studies, promotes thought, 
even more than Observation. 243 Reader, has not this work provoked 
more ratiocination, evolved more first principles, given you more ideas, 
expounded more philosophies, and promoted your mental expansion 
more than any if not all the other books you ever read, not because 
of the surpassing Causality of its authorship, but of its subject MAT- 
141 



1122 THE REFLECTIVE FACULTIES. 

ter ? Where else can you find logic as direct and pointed ; inferences 
as numerous, various, and important; teachings as profound, and 
basilar truths as comprehensive and valuable ? 

Partake, then, O mortal, of this " feast of reason" thus spread, 
literally thrust upon thy perpetual cognizance ! What, wilt thou shut 
thine eyes? Worlds of beauty strown around all within thee, and 
yet thine eyes hermetically sealed against them ! The " almighty 
dollar," perhaps only brass, held so closely to thy optics as to shut out 
this splendid galaxy of beauty and divinity ! Boast not of thy pos- 
session of wisdom, O human son of folly, till thou hast searched out 
some of these " ways" of a wonder-working God ! Is it wise thus to 
toil for mere vanities, to the almost total neglect of such a prize as the 
reward of cultivating Causality? Eternity itself will be too short in 
which to study out all this array of causation, though pursued with 
the mental optics of angels. 217 Then shall we not begin such study in 
this life? No one thing will probably contribute to the joys of 
heaven equally with this study of causation: then shall it not be com- 
menced in this life? Shall we not train ourselves here for this leading 
occupation and repast of eternity ? Shall we fool away our probation 
on mere worldly occupations, on getting something to eat, wear, and 
use of a temporary nature, in satisfying merely artificial wants, to the 
neglect of the delights and advantages of studying these inimitable 
causations of Nature ? We could have had no just cause of complaint 
in case God had shut our eyes upon them, because the poor use we 
make of them shows how little we deserve such a mental and moral 
repast. But as He has so graciously bestowed upon us this gift of 
angels, and thus given us mental optics by which to discover these re- 
lations of causes and effects, shall we not assiduously improve them ? 
Can we derive more pleasure in any other pursuit ? Better live on 
the simplest fare, and take no heed to the fripperies required by silly 
fashion, and thus save time to cultivate so glorious a gift. Is it pos- 
sible to do anything more important? 261 Anything, which, when 
done will contribute more to our happiness ? 15 Yet those who cannot 
spare time from the fashionable world, or the politico-squabble world, 
or the invincible-dollar world, or the idle world, or the tom-foolery 
world, to study this highest subject of human research, must go down 
to their graves in mental darkness. 



COMPARISON : ITS ANALYSIS, CULTIVATION, ETC. 1123 




No. 199. — President Jonathan Edwards. 



No. 200. — Father Oberlin. 



XL I. Comparison. 



270. — Its Definition, Location, History, Philosophy, etc. 

The Critique : — Sagacity ; perspicacity ; analysis ; induction ; 
desire and ability to classify, compose, compile, draw inferences, scan, 
discriminate, criticise, illustrate, explain, expound, use figures of 
speech, discern the unknown from the known, reason from analogy, ex- 
pose, put this and that together and draw inferences, detect error from 
its incongruity to truth, reason from analogy and by induction, that is, 
generalize facts and read their lessons, or spell out laws from facts. 
Sophistry is its perversion, as is hypercriticism. 

Its location is in the middle of the upper part of the forehead, 
just below the hair, above Eventuality, and between the two 
lobes of Causality. It commences at the centre of the forehead and 
runs upward nearly to the hair. When it projects beyond surround- 
ing organs it resembles a cone apex, forming a ridge which widens as 
it rises. Its ample development elevates the middle of the upper por- 
tion of the forehead, and gives it that ascending form so conspicuous 
in the accompanying engraving of Jonathan Edwards and Father 
Oberlin, each of whose entire intellectual lobe is very large, and Com- 



1124 



THE REFLECTIVE FACULTIES. 



parison pre-eminently developed. When it projeets beyond the sur- 
rounding organs, it rounds out its upper portion, causing it to project 
forward and upwards, but allows it to retire in proportion as Compari- 
son is less developed. It is less than Causality in Herschel, as is evinced 
by that darker shading seen to pass up and down the middle of his 
forehead. Its size is easily observed. It is immensely developed in 
Shakspeare, and the powers it imparts form the most conspicuous 
elements of his inimitable writings. His shrewdness, sagacity, and 
powers of illustration were unequalled. 



COMPARISON LARGE. 



MODERATE. 





No. 201.— LlNN.KIS. 



No. 202.— Barlow. 



" 1 <often conversed with a philosopher endowed with great vivacity, 
who, when unable to prove his point by logic, had recourse to a com- 
parison, by which he often threw his opponents off the track, which he 
could not do by arguments. As soon as I perceived that this was 
characteristic, I examined the form of his forehead, for 1 knew that an 
intellectual power would be located there rather than among the pro- 
pensities ; and observed in the external superior middle part of his 
frontal bone a great lengthened prominence, not before observed, 
commencing in the anterior superior middle part of his forehead, 
where it was about an inch broad, and contracting like a cone, reached 
its middle, where it touched Educability. I then observed both 
whether those who followed this method in their discourses and 
writings had this organ, and whether those who had this organ 
pursued this method ; and found all my observations to confirm my 
suppositions, and concluded that a connection exists between this 
development and discerning analogies and resemblances. Two Jesuits 
distinguished for their comparisons and parables, and father Barham- 
mer, who riveted his hearers by familiar comparisons, all had this 
middle anterior superior part of their foreheads developed into a 
conical eminence. All my observations only convinced me the more. 
Its possessors seize and judge well of the relations of things etc., and 
are well fitted for business. Children in whom it is large prefer 



COMPARISON: ITS ANALYSIS, CULTIVATION, ETC. 1125 

fables. We found it large in the famous preacher Hufnagel, and with 
lively joy saw it very large in Goethe ; and this talent abounds in all 
his writings. It is most useful to poets, for with it everything 
becomes an image. St. Thomas Aquinas, the most profound, judi- 
cious, and clearest scholar of babarous times, has this organ very 
visible in his bust." 

" Why should Nature put this organ in the median line, where all 
of the most essential organs are always found ? Because the educa- 
tion of the race commences with these comparisons, which form ideas, 
images, and pictures. Even language becomes as it were personified, 
paints as well as impresses, and creates hieroglyphics, signs of objects, 
emblems, mythology,'' etc. — Gall. 

" Its aim is to form abstract ideas, generalize, and establish 
harmony among the operations of the other Faculties. Color com- 
pares colors with each other, but Comparison adapts them to the 
objects represented, rejecting lively colors to represent a gloomy 
scene. Tune compares tones, but Comparison adapts the music to 
the existing occasion; censures dancing music in church; dislikes 
wearing fine clothes in the dirt, or seeing fine things beside common ; 
feels inferior and superior relations ; and prefers the superior," etc. 
— Spurzheim. 

"By common observers the metaphors, amplifications, allegories, 
and analogies supplied by Comparison are frequently mistaken for 
the products of Beaut}', though they are very different. Beauty 
being a sentiment, when excited, infuses passion and enthusiasm 
into the mind, and prompts it to soar after the magnificent, and 
beautiful ; while Comparison, being an intellectual element, produces 
no vivid passion, no intense feeling or enthusiasm ; but coolly and 
calmly plays off its corruscations derived from the other powers." — 
Combe. 

Its adaptation is to the natural classification of all objects. 
Every single natural production is self-classified. Thus, every pine 
or every chestnut and every other tree bears so close a resemblance to 
all others of its kind as to be easily recognized, and thus of all stones, 
trees, herbs, roots, grains, seeds, flowers, fruits, animals, and things in 
Nature. This classification or similitude established throughout all 
the vast ranges of her works, enables us to assort animals and things 
of the same and kindred, genera, and species ; tells us for certain that a 
giv#n eagle flies instead of swimming, merely from its resemblance to 
flying and not to swimming animals, and ranges all animals and 
things in classes, our own race included. It tells us that a strange 
horse will eat hay but refuse stones, just from his resemblance to other 
horses ; that all apples grow on apple trees instead of in the ground, 
or in animals or water. It tells us, in the absence of all knowledge 
and description of him, and with infallible certainty, that the emperor 
of China has a head, heart, mouth, and other organs, and that he eats, 



1126 THE REFLECTIVE FACULTIES. 

sleeps, breathes, and does many other things, just by his resemblance 
to other human beings who do them; infers correctly that a fire we 
never saw before will burn us if we touch it, from its resemblance to 
all other fires which Eventuality remembers burnt before ; informs us 
that a given stranger, of whom we know nothing, has bones, muscles, 
brain, and other organs, and tells us in what parts of his body they 
are located ; that he cannot eat arsenic or iron, yet that he requires 
food and breath, merely from his resemblance to others of whom these 
things are true, etc., etc., of things innumerable. Before trying it, how 
do we know that a given tree, cut up and put upon the fire, will burn, 
evolve heat, and produce ashes and smoke? or that a particular stone 
thrown into the air will fall ? or that water will descend, food nourish, 
a given fish inhabit water, and thus of other things innumerable? 
By their resemblance to other things of which we know these things 
are true. These illustrations* show how vast an amount of our most 
common-place as well as rare knowledge is correctly inferred by 
Comparison. In short — 

This great classifying law of things discloses the natural 
history and constitutional character of all animals and things. It is 
Nature's universal key, and unlocks her vast storehouses of truth. 
But for its existence in Nature, no animal, no vegetable of one kind 
would have borne any resemblance to any others of the same kind, 
nor would men bear any resemblance to each other in appearance or 
character any more than to trees or elephants. Indeed, no such thing 
as resemblance would have existed, and all Nature would have been 
one vast Bedlam. Or, but for this Faculty in man, though things 
would have been classified, yet he could never have discovered or 
applied this law, nor have distinguished men from brutes or vegetables, 
or anything from anything else. Yet this arrangement in Nature, com- 
bined with this Faculty in man, enables him to generalize; that is, 
when he has learned a general truth inductively, apply it to all new 
but analogous facts. Analogy is undoubtedly designed and adapted 
to convey a vastly greater amount of knowledge than is now learned 
from it. Inductive reasoning is yet in its merest infancy. Its revela- 
tions in comparative anatomy, organic chemistry, and many other 
sciences, fully assure us that it can be applied with equal success in 
all departments of science, Phrenology and Physiology included. 
Man has just learned from it, merely from inspecting a single stray 
bone of any unknown animal, to tell all about the habits and natural 
history of that animal. What, then, is to be the end of its teachings? 



comparison: its analysis, cultivation, etc. 1127 

Few duly credit it with the reasoning capability it really imparts. It 
reasons even more and better than Causality. 268 

271. — Description, Cultivation, etc., of Comparison. 

Large. — Possess this analyzing, criticising, and inductive power in 
a truly wonderful degree ; illustrate with great clearness and facility 
from the known to the unknown ; explain things plausibly and cor- 
rectly ; discover the deeper analogies which pervade Nature, and have 
an extraordinary power of discerning new truths ; reason clearly and 
correctly from conclusions and scientific facts up to the laws which 
govern them ; discern the known from the unknown ; detect error by 
its incongruity with facts; have an excellent talent for comparing, 
explaining, expounding, criticising, exposing, etc. ; employ similes and 
metaphors well ; put this and that together, and draw correct infer- 
ences from them ; with Observation and Eventuality large, and 
activity, have a great facility in making discoveries ; with large Ex- 
pression, use words in their exact meaning, and are a natural philolo- 
gist ; with large Continuity, use well-sustained figures of speech, but 
with small Continuity, drop the figure before it is finished ; with large 
Observation, Eventuality, activity, and power, have a scientific cast 
of mind ; with large Worship, reason about God and His works ; with 
large Mirth, strike the nail upon the head in all criticisms, and hit 
off the oddities of people to admiration ; with large Beauty, evince 
beauty, taste, and propriety of expression, etc. ; readily detect resem- 
blances, differences, and bearings; generalize correctly from a few 
facts ; see from littles what a good deal means ; spell out important 
results from slight data; infer readily and correctly; discern at a 
glance the point at issue, and speak to it ; are copious and appropriate 
in illustration, and frequently explain the meaning by supposing 
similar cases ; are easily and fully understood ; clear up difficulties ; 
explain and expound clearly and plausibly ; readily detect incongrui- 
ties and errors ; criticise and pick flaws ; and seek to trace facts out 
and up to those general principles which govern them, etc. 

Full. — Possess a full share of clearness and demonstrative power, 
yet with large Causality, and only moderate Expression, cannot ex- 
plain to advantage, etc. 

Average. — Show this talent in a good degree along with the 
larger organs, but poorly with the smaller ; with large Eventuality, 
reason mainly from facts ; with moderate Expression, fail in giving the 
precise meaning to words ; and make fair analytical discriminations. 



1128 THE REFLECTIVE FACULTIES. 

Moderate. — Rather fail in explaining, and clearing up points, 
putting things together, drawing inferences, and often use words 
incorrectly ; with Observation and Eventuality moderate, show much 
mental weakness; with large Causality, have fair ideas, but make 
wretched work in expressing them, and cannot be understood ; with 
Mirth full or large, try to make jokes, but they are always illtimed 
and inappropriate, etc ; do not bring ideas and remarks to a specific 
point; fail in clearness, and are bungling and inappropriate in 
illustration and remark, vague and pointless in both ideas and their 
communication, and imperfect both in the classification of ideas and 
perceiving the general drift and bearing of things, especially of 
Nature's operations. 

Small. — Have a poor talent for drawing inferences ; lack appro- 
priateness in everything, and should cultivate this Faculty; have 
little, and show less sense. 

Two organs of Comparison, doubtless, exist : the lower one more 
appropriately connected with the physico-perceptives, in comparing 
physical substances with each other, and reasoning thereon ; while 
the latter combining more naturally with the moral Faculties, reasons 
from the physical to the moral world ; compares ideas ; criticises and 
discriminates between them ; and imparts logical acumen. 

If this be so, morals and religion are distinctly brought within the 
scope of our investigating powers, so that we can know much more 
and more certainly, about ethics, a future state, the spiritual world, 
and kindred subjects, than is generally supposed, thus rendering the 
subject matter of Part IV. scientifically perceptible to mortals. 

Inductive reasoning consists in discerning, from a great number 
of converging facts, the law which governs them, and therefrom in- 
ferring that all similar facts are governed by the same law. This 
mode of reasoning, properly applied, is an infallible exponent of truth. 
It bases its conclusions in facts, by analyzing which, it ascends to 
those comprehensive laws which govern them. Trying to reason 
without facts, is like attempting to build without a foundation. The 
" major," "minor," "sequitur," " non-sequitur," and all the scholastic 
speculations of the ancients can never discern truth or detect error, 
but inductive investigation can do both. The former can be made to 
subserve error almost as plausibly and universally, as truth; while 
the latter clearly discerns and defines universal truth, and infallibly 
exposes error. It teaches us experimentally, and therefore with abso- 
lute certainty. Results thus obtained, the human mind constitution- 



comparison: its analysis, cultivation, etc. 1129 

ally regards as certain, and relies upon them as infallible truth. It 
is the " royal road " to positive knowledge, and leaves no room for 
doubt or evasion. Rightly applied, it never misleads. It constitutes 
the great key to Nature and her works ; unlocks her laws ; and shows 
us what will be from what has been ; is the great expounder of general 
laws, and teacher of the human mind, and especially of the juvenile; 
teaches children to avoid the fire ; that to fall will cause pain ; and 
thus of all kindred knowledge they acquire. As we grow up, it soars 
into still higher regions of truth, and, if duly prosecuted, would 
teach man a thousand fold more than he now knows. 

Without Comparison to complete the reasoning process by dis- 
covering the laws which govern things, and work up the materials 
furnished by the other Faculties into correct conclusions, we could 
never learn even that fire would burn ; and, therefore, though we 
might amass knowledge, yet we could never apply it. The other 
Faculties "put out" words, while Comparison spells them. Since 
it lies at the very basis of all practical application of experience and 
knowledge, and teaches so vast an amount of truth taught nowhere 
else, it should be assiduously cultivated from the cradle to the grave, 
and that extension or universality of views which it proffers, be gladly 
improved. How, then, can this improvement be effected? Run facts 
up and out to the great principles which govern them : infer from 
all you see, and spell out the lessons or results of all facts and data 
brought before you. As many gaze at things without actually seeing 
them, 243 so still more barely notice occurrences and conditions, but fail 
to apply them. Ferret out truth and laws from all you see. Examine 
every thing with a scanning, scrutinizing, searching mind. Compare 
one thing with another, one idea of a speaker or author with his other 
ideas, and detect errors if he commits them, and also discern his 
beauties, and what renders them beautiful. Especially criticise your 
own mental productions. Write, 265 and then thoroughly revise what 
you have written. Scan its doctrines, and especially the order of its 
paragraphs and sentences. Many writers unaccustomed to compo- 
sition form correct sentences, and say many good things, yet fail in 
consecutiveness. Every head, paragraph, and sentence has its appro- 
priate place relatively to all the others, where it advances the train of 
thought. This progression in the idea, few writers duly notice, but 
say in one connection what, though true and important, should have 
been said in some other. Comparison will find excellent discipline in 
thus arranging heads, paragraphs, sentences, and clauses in that con- 



1130 THE REFLECTIVE FACULTIES. 

secutive order required to render the impression complete. Criticise 
all you read with this view, the work in hand not excepted. 

To cultivate. — Put this and that together and draw inferences ; 
spell out truths and results from slighter data ; observe effects, with 
a view to deduce conclusions therefrom ; study logic and metaphysics, 
theology and ethics included, and draw nice discriminations ; explain 
and illustrate ideas clearly and copiously, and exercise it in whatever 
form circumstances may require. 

Philological criticism, or scanning words to see whether they 
are used in the best manner, or whether some others would not have 
conveyed the meaning more correctly, furnishes an excellent discipline 
of Comparison. Expression calls up words, but Comparison assorts 
them, and chooses the one which exactly expresses the idea intended ; 
and out of many words, nearly synonymous, chooses the one most 
appropriate. Than this verbal criticism, in connection with gramma- 
tical, which is another function of this Faculty, few things furnish a 
better exercise of critical acumen. Opportunities for its exercise are 
abundant ; for we cannot read a line without furnishing the required 
subjects for criticism. The study of the natural sciences experimen- 
tally, but most of all the study of human nature, as taught by 
Phrenology, Philology, and Physiognomy, furnishes still 
higher facilities for its culture. 

To cultivate it in children, use the parabolic, comparative, 
illustrative method of reasoning. They comprehend principles and 
laws which they do not understand, much more readily when com- 
pared to something which they already know, than by all other means 
united. Hence, take every pains to explain, expound, illustrate, and 
compare, both in conveying instruction and in answering their ques- 
tions. Christ taught mostly by parables, because the human mind 
constitutionally receives instruction through this channel more readily 
and effectually than through any other ; this is doubly true of chil- 
dren. Every one at all conversant with their cast of mind will bear 
witness how readily they comprehend comparisons, and how forcibly 
illustrations strike them. Through this natural channel, then, pour 
instruction into their opening minds. Especially teach them the in- 
ductive process of reasoning, or how to draw inferences from ranges 
of facts. Thus, in teaching them the great law that heat expands all 
bodies, .take a phial or tumbler filled so full of water that another 
drop would make it run over, and setting it on the stove to heat, show 
them that as it becomes hot it runs over, but settles down as it again 



COMPARISON : ITS ANALYSIS, CULTIVATION, ETC. 1131 

becomes cool, or that heat so expands the water as to increase its bulk, 
and the glass so as to render its cavity smaller, which forces a portion 
of the water over its top. Show them that this same principle causes 
water to boil by expanding most what is nearest the fire, which there- 
fore makes it rise ; while that which has become cooler by contact 
with the air, sinks, in its turn to become heated, expanded, and again 
thrown up. Take a bladder partly filled with air, and let them hold 
it to the fire and see it swell, and carry it back and see it shrink a 
few times, till they see that heat expands and cold contracts air as well 
as water. Then explain on this principle the motion of the wind. 
The sun, breaking through the clouds in one place, and not in another, 
heats the air in the former more than in the latter, and thus swells it, 
so that the same amount is puffed out, and therefore relatively lighter, 
and is carried up by the cooler and therefore heavier air — -just as a 
cork rises to the top of water — which rushes in to fill its place, be- 
comes heated, and is displaced by another ingress of cooler air ; and 
hence the perpetual motion of the wind and atmospheric changes. 
Let them see a blacksmith hoop a wheel. When hot, the tire is so 
loose as easily to slip over the wheel, upon which it contracts as it 
cools, thus pressing tight upon the wood every way, and making it 
solid, besides adhering firmly. A few such experiments and familiar 
explanations will teach them the great law of things, that heat always 
expands and cold contracts, which they will remember forever, and 
around which, as a nucleus, they will gather future observations; for 
never afterwards would they see any exemplification of this law with- 
out associating the two together. Explain still farther that steam is 
only water thus greatly rarefied by heat, the expansion of which 
drives the piston, and this turns the machinery; but that steam 
returns to water when it cools, and thus becomes greatly condensed. 
Take the formation of ice on the top of water, and other classes of 
facts, and apply them similarly so as to teach them still other laws, 
one after another, and thus keep their delighted minds on the stretch 
of pleasing inquiry and investigation, and ever afterwards, whenever 
they see any fact coming under any one of these principles, they will 
associate the two together, and thus progress rapidly in their exami- 
nation into Nature and her laws ; as well as form a mental habit of 
correct and ready generalization, and inductive investigation. Thus 
trained, they would not reject Phrenology or any other new thing till 
they had examined it inductively, and hence would never make such 
egregious blunders as men now sometimes commit, of believing and 
disbelieving without evidence. 



1132 THE REFLECTIVE FACULTIES. 

To health this method of teaching can be applied with special 
advantage. Show them that such and such articles of diet make them 
feel thus and so ; that, as they take cold by certain exposures, become 
sick, and must take bitter medicines, so similar exposures will pro- 
duce similar effects. The method of teaching thus illustrated, can be 
carried out to any extent, both as to the mode of teaching, and the 
subjects taught. But take special pains to observe simplicity. Most 
teachers take it for granted that the pupil understands and compre- 
hends more than he does. Goldsmith, whose mathematical powers 
were quite deficient, was once asked why he taught his class so well ? 
He replied, "Because I keep only one lesson in advance of them." 
We must come down to their capacities, and adapt our instruction to 
their limited knowledge of the subjects taught. 

To restrain. — Keep back redundant illustrations and amplifica- 
tions, and base important deductions on data amply sufficient. 

Comparison is located by the side of an organ which reads 
character, in combination with which it is therefore designed to be 
exercised. Indeed, this combination furnishes one of its highest sub- 
jects of investigation. 

XLII. Intuition, or "Human Nature." 

272. — Its Location, Adaptation, Description, Culture, Phy- 
siognomy, etc. 

The Physiognomist — Instinctive perception of truth; discern- 
ment of character and motives; intuitive knowledge of men from 
their looks, manners, conversation, walk, and kindred indices. 

Its location is between Comparison and Kindness, about where 
the hair usually begins to appear. It extends upwards, as if it were 
a part of Comparison. The immense height of Shakspeare's fore- 
head at this point shows that it was enormously developed in his 
head, and in character he had no superior, probably never an equal. 

Its adaptation is to expression. We have before shown that 
all truth "will out." Nature is a great discloser of universal truth. 
Her facts shine out ; so do her principles. She will neither falsify 
herself, nor let any of her children. To her all truth is infinitely 
sacred, and to be proclaimed. 

Nature labels all things, and obliges each to carry its own label 
in full view. She obliges vultures to proclaim their voracity and 
ferocity, so as thus to forewarn all other birds against them, and gives 



INTUITION: ITS ANALYSIS, CULTIVATION, ETC. 1133 

to amiable birds a lovely exterior. 60 Alligators, loathsome, selfish 
creatures, have a repulsive aspect ; while peacocks are both beautiful 
and amiable. Even luscious fruits look as inviting as they are deli- 
cious. This law runs throughout all creation. 
In Pinkerton, the world- 

. INTUITION'; VERY LARGE. 

renowned police and national 
detective, who spied out some 
war secrets most important to 
the government, and conducts 
the best detective establishment 
in our country, Intuition, Ob- 
servation, Form, Eventuality, 
Locality, and Comparison are 
altogether enormous, amount- 
ing almost to a deformity, and 
his well-known detective capa- 
city illustrates their combined 
activity. 

All persons ought, and are 
obliged, to report themselves. 
" Sexual Science " applies this 
law to the sexual states. 372 It 

v n , 11 ,i No. 203. — Pinkerton, the detkctive. 

applies equally to all other 

existing characteristics. All men have an inalienable right to know 
one another. If a man is honest or dishonest, smart or dull, or 
whatever else he may be, his Nature makes him tell all to all who 
can read her signs of character. At all events, all do proclaim them- 
selves, and to a much greater extent than any now imagine. Nature 
compels all to fly their mental flag at mast head, and show their indi- 
vidual colors, and labels all her children good, bad, and medium, ac- 
cording as they are ; nor can her labels be effaced or counterfeited. 372 " 373 
Its means or instrumentality is that 

The Mind and Face are interrelated. 59-60 All the mental 
operations shine out through " the human face divine." Highly 
emotional persons manifest themselves more emphatically and dis- 
tinctly by their countenances than words. Peculiar shadings of feel- 
ing and existing thoughts and desires are expressed and can be read 
in this " mirror of the mind" better than words can possibly portray 
them, and without the possibility of deception in the one read or 
reading; and without instruction by either. And since some can 




1134 THE REFLECTIVE FACULTIES. 

thus be read, all can of course be. Indeed, facial expression is by far 
the best medium of communication known to man. Men thus do 
read and adjudge each other intuitively, and in the great aggregate, 
correctly. 

All the general and permanent characteristics can also be 
read correctly. Nature will not lie, nor let her children. As screams 
of genuine fear, distress, etc., can easily be detected from spurious; 
so can all counterfeit and genuine looks. To be effective, actors must 
first fed what they represent. Their counterfeits must be genuine. 

All existing BODILY states are also told instantly and correctly 
in the face. Two persons, meeting after even a long separation, in- 
stinctively admeasure any changes in both each other's health and 
moral tone, and all their other states since they parted. If either 
has degenerated or improved in health, the other instantly catches 
and estimate* it correctly, and even wherein; or if either has grown 
better or worse morally, the other notes which, and its amount in- 
stantly, and admeasures it correctly. Nature compels everybody to 
tell everybody else who sees them whether they are growing better 
or worse, and just wherein ; in any and in all respects. This natural 
language is a great fact, and a great volume of truth all should learn 
to read. 

The first impressions all intuitively entertain of their fellow- 
men are generally correct. If at first sight you shrink from a person as 
bad, you will find him bad. If on further acquaintance you change 
your mind, a still further acquaintance will probably compel you to 
change it back to your first conclusions, by which all may safely abide. 
Involuntary attractions and repulsions are not for naught. A. and 
B. may be mutually attracted, and C. and D. repelled, yet A. and C. 
may be mutually attracted, and B. and D. repelled, and vice versa, 
showing that one may be drawn to, and another repelled from the 
same person. This is doubly true of sexual attractions and repul- 
sions. 508 

This intuitive character-declaration and reading is an ordinance 
of Nature, a divine contrivance, a law of things, a natural science. 
It extends even to animals, vegetables, and fruits. They look invit- 
ing or loathsome, and are as they seem to be. We know a good from 
a poor apple, pear, peach, even turnip and potato, and both from a 
medium. This proclamation runs throughout creation, and appertains 
to all things. Physiognomy is one of the natural sciences. 

Some mental Faculty must needs adapt man to this natural 



INTUITION: ITS ANALYSIS, CULTIVATION, ETC. 1135 

ordinance ; else it would be useless, because imperceptible to him, and 
this beautiful and useful arrangement unknown. This needed Fa- 
culty Intuition supplies ; and is adapted and adapts man to this fact 
in nature. But it goes much further. 

Thos. Kean, the talented Editor of the Buffalo Courier, has sug- 
gested, and all our observations go to confirm his view, that it also 
gives an intuitive perception of whatever is ; that it darts right 
through all false appearances and all clouds, and perceives the naked 
truth. It is the essential element in the detective. It both reads 
men by instinct with infallible accuracy, and spells out the teachings 
of the least signs of any thing. The merest hint or shadow of one 
reveals to it a whole volume of truth. It strips off all false appear- 
ances at one tear, and shows the object in all its native beauty, or 
deformity, or their admixture. It is the great sign-speller and reader, 
as Form is of letters and words. 

Discerning universal truth is another of its functions, and 
that still more important. Since it reads men, why not also other 
things. It spells out character from minor signs, but it spells out all 
other truths equally. Intuitive perception of universal truth from 
little data is its specialty. Men certainly do possess this gift; and 
some to a much greater extent than others. In some the merest ink- 
ling suffices to put them upon the track ; when they jump instantly 
and correctly- to results. Straws show them which way the wind 
blows. Discoverers have this gift, and with it this organ large. It 
scents truth as the hound does the fox, and apprehends it, not by la- 
bored ratiocination, nor induction, nor deduction, but by intellectual 
inspiration and intuitive discernment. We have seen man's need 
and possession of spiritual intuition; 214 he equally needs intellectual 
inspiration, some window to his mind opening out above towards all 
truth, through which it may enter his understanding to expand and 
feed his soul. We say without fear of contradiction that all who pos- 
sess this capacity or organ in whatever degree will be found to possess 
the other in a like degree. Let facts attest. Moreover 

It adapts things said to the occasion. To say and do this here 
is proper, that there improper, and this Faculty tells which is, and is 
not. This said this way has a magic effect ; this Faculty says it just 
right. 

Physiognomy is a science, though as yet Undeveloped. In com- 
mon with Phrenology, it rests on the same fundamental truth that 
shape, throughout all its details, indicates character ; yet Phrenology 



1136 THE REFLECTIVE FACULTIES. 

has been reduced to a science by observation, long continued and mul- 
tiplied in many persons ; while Physiognomy has not. Neither 
Lavater, nor any of his successors who have written on this subject, 
have shown either tohat specific facial signs signify what traits of 
character, and given proof from facts, or shown why this sign should 
or does signify this trait, and that that. The absence of all scientific 
evidence in even the last physiognomical work published with so much 
flourish, is significant of its utter want of all inductive evidence. It 
is chiefly a rehash of previous authors, without credit. This work con- 
tains some veritable physiognomical discoveries, original with myself, 
and gives their proofs, which that work copies without one hint as 
to their source ; and plagiarism is no virtue. T never yet knew my 
physiognomical sign of consumption, 80 or dyspepsia, 90 or a good or 
poor heart, 131 or Firmness, 101 Mirth, 838 or Thrift, 163 at fault ; still where 
one has the organ of Firmness in the head for his guide, why be 
guided by its secondary sign in the face, except when the face is and 
head is not observable? and thus of the other organs. Why scan a 
person's shadow instead of the person direct f Phrenology gives the 
fountain head of character j and yet physiognomy, if it were reduced 
by extensive observation to an inductive science, can indeed aid in de- 
ciphering the status and directions of particular Faculties, and be 
made a good auxiliary to Phrenology ; but, in its present state of ad- 
vancement, it is about useless practically. Nor have any of its practi- 
tioners any right now to be proud of their correctness. " Guess 
again." 

The incompleteness of all physiognomical predications is especi- 
ally noteworthy. An expert in it can generally tell correctly from it 
that this man is smart, and that dull; or this cunning, that candid; 
this brave and that cowardly ; this poetical and that common-place ; 
yet none can give any complete view of any character as a- whole, as 
can Phrenology, but only a " slap-dash" every now and then ; and 
even this is derived from that natural language, which originates in 
the Phrenology, or else from those organic conditions unfolded by the 
Temperaments. Let those go by Physiognomy who will, but let me 
be guided by Phrenology. Still, I wish some strong-minded thinker 
and looker, not mere compiler, would reduce Physiognomy from ex- 
isting chaos to something like scientific accuracy. 

273. — Description, Cultivation, etc., of Intuition. 
Large. — Say and do just the right things at just the right times, and 



INTUITION: ITS ANALYSIS, CULTIVATION, ETC. 1137 

in the very best possible manner, so that they take ; perceive and spell 
out indices of truths, characters, etc., correctly ; are truth-inspired, or 
have things come intuitively; read men instinctively from their 
looks, conversation, manners, walk, tones, and other kindred signs of 
character ; may always trust first impressions ; are a natural physiog- 
nomist ; and with Urbanity large, know just when and how to take 
and hoodwink men ; with Secretion added, but Conscience moderate, 
are oily and palavering, and flatter victims ; serpent-like, salivate 
before swallowing ; with Comparison and organic quality large, 
dearly love to study human nature, practically and theoretically, and 
therefore mental philosophy, Phrenology, etc. ; with Love large, scan the 
opposite sex at first sight by intuition, etc. ; with Observation and 
Comparison large, notice all the little things they do, form correct 
estimates from them, and should follow first impressions respecting 
persons; with full Secretion and large Kindness, know just how to 
take men, and possess much power over mind; with Mirth and 
Beauty large, see faults and make much fun over them ; with Com- 
parison large, have a talent for metaphysics, etc. 

Full. — Read character quite well from the face and external 
signs, yet are sometimes mistaken ; may generally follow first im- 
pressions safely ; love to study character ; with Beauty and Friendship 
large, appreciate the excellences of friends ; with Parental love large, 
of children ; with Force and Conscience large, all the faults of 
people; and with only average Friendship, form few friendships, 
because detecting so many blemishes in others. 

Average. — Have fair, yet not extra talents for reading men. 

Moderate. — Fail somewhat in discerning character ; occasionally 
form wrong conclusions concerning people; should be more suspicious, 
and watch people closely, especially those minor signs of character 
dropped when off their guard; make ill-timed remarks; address 
people poorly ; often say and do things which have a different effect 
from that intended, etc. 

Small. — Are easily imposed on ; think everybody tells the truth ; 
are too confiding ; fail in knowing where and how to take men, 
and know almost nothing about human nature. 

To cultivate. — Scan closely all the actions of men, in order to 
ascertain their motives and mainsprings of action ; look with a sharp 
eye at man, woman, child, all you meet, as if you would read them 
through ; note particularly the expressions of the eye, as if you would 
imbibe what it signifies ; say to yourself, What faculty prompted this 
143 



1138 THE REFLECTIVE FACULTIES. 

expression and that action? drink in the general looks, attitude, 
natural language and manifestation of men, and yield yourself to the 
impressions naturally nfade on you ; that is, study human nature both 
as a philosophy and a sentiment, or as if being impressed thereby ; 
especially study Phrenology, for no study of human nature at all com- 
pares with it, and be more suspicious. 

To restrain. — Be less suspicious, and more confidential. 

No element of nature should be more assiduously improved, 
because none confers a capability more useful or delightful. To effect 
this culture, note all that every one you meet says and does. Nor 
notice merely, but also scan. Trace every word, every manifestation 
of character, up to the fountain from which it gushed. Ask yourself 
what prompted this motion, that expressionj and yonder move on the 
checker-board of life? Look through conduct to motives. Ferret out 
disposition and character wherever you go. Form your judgment of 
men, and then inquire of yourself from what, in them, you deduced 
your conlusions ? Note and spell out all the little things said and 
acted. Here especially "straws show which way the wind blows." 
Little things will often put you on the track of the entire character, 
and tell the hidden story effectually, because done unconsciously, 
whereas more important acts are guarded. The perpetrator of that 
horrible murder of a bank clerk, committed in Rochester, about 1844, 
in order to effect a robbery, was arrested as follows : — A citizen, in 
whom Observation, Comparison, and Intuition were very large, in pas- 
sing the then yet unknown murderer, heard the latter order a carman 
to take his trunk to the railroad depot, with an oath in a harsh, pecu- 
liar manner, which arrested his attention. His Intuition and Comparison 
at once inquired what state of mind dictated the excited, imperative 
disposition manifested. The haste required could not have been 
caused by the near approach of the cars, and his whole manner indi- 
cated guilt, which suggested that this swearing youth might be the 
murderer. Thus reflecting, the citizen turned his steps to the depot, 
where he saw the luckless youth consulting stealthily and earnestly 
with his guilty participators in crime, which, with other confirmations 
of his suspicions, he communicated to by-standers, who of course nar- 
rowly scrutinized the murderous gang. The latter, seeing themselves 
thus closely eyed, took fright, and in attempting to flee and hide their 
booty, exposed and revealed the dreadful secret. Now it was the 
combined activity of these two neighboring Faculties which inferred, 
from the singular manner of the young villian, that he was guilty. 



urbanity: its analysis, cultivation, etc. 1139 

This detection was effected by tracing out a minor manifestation of 
mind to that state from which it sprung. All actions, all expressions, 
and even looks, have some prompter ; and the great secret of discern- 
ing character is first to observe all that men say and do, and then to 
trace every manifestation out and up to its fountain head. 

XLIII. Urbanity, or "Ageeeableness." 

274. — Its Definition, Description, Location, Adaptation, 

and Culture. 

The complementer — Address ; politeness ; courtesy ; blandness ; 
persuasiveness; pleasantness; complaisance; suaviter; palaver;. good 
manners ; etc. 

Its location is between Causality and Imitation, in front of the 
two lobes of Imitation. In proportion as it is large, it fills out the 
forehead at its upper and lateral parts, and gives a squareness, a right 
angle at the turn of the forehead, where it merges into- the- top of the 
head. Its location so near to Imitation and Kindness,, and ©a the 
borders of Intellect, indicates that its office is important aind both 
intellectualizes and moralizes mankind. 

Its adaptation is to society ; man was made to ihtercommingle 
with his fellows. This would cause all his coarser asperities and 
rougher traits to obtrude upon one another unless something smoothed 
them off. All need Urbanity whenever they come into contact with 
mankind, however slightly. It prevents our making enemies, and 
greatly aids in making and keeping friends* 

Converse with men polishes. All persons proclaim about how 
much they have mingled in society by their finished or uncouth 
address. Courtesy is due from all, to all. The French are prover- 
bial for it ; and need it to smooth off some of their national peculiari- 
ties. Without it human communication would not be worth 
having, because every man would be an Ishmael, his hand against all, 
and all hands against him. It is a great instrument of the civiliza- 
tion of which it is an outgrowth. • It is much larger relatively in 
women than in men, and is what chiefly constitutes the perfect lady,, 
and the finished gentleman. 

Large. — Are peculiarly winning and fascinating in manners and 
conversation, and delight even opponents ; have a pleasing, persuasive,, 
and conciliatory address; with Friendship and Kindness large, are 
generally liked ; with Comparison and Intuition large, say unaccept- 



1140 THE REFLECTIVE FACULTIES. 

able things in an acceptable manner, and sugar over expressions and 
actions. 

Full. — Are pleasing and persuasive in manner, and with Beauty 
large, polite and agreeable, except when the repelling Faculties are 
strongly excited ; with small Secretion, and strong Force, are generally 
pleasant, but when angry, sharp and blunt ; with large Kindness and 
Mirth, are good company, etc. 

Average. — Are fairly pleasant in conversation and appearance, 
except when the selfish Faculties are excited, but are then repulsive. 

Moderate. — Rather lack the pleasant and persuasive, and should 
by all means cultivate them by smoothing over all said and done. 

Small. — Say even pleasant things very unpleasantly, and fail sadly 
in winning the good graces of people. 

To cultivate. — Kiss the blarney stone ; take lessons from " Sam 
Slick ; " try to feel agreeably, and express those feelings in as pleasant 
and bland a manner as possible ; study and practise politeness as both 
an art and a science ; compliment what in others you can find worthy, 
and render yourself just as acceptable as you can. 



PART VI. 

PHEENOLOGY APPLIED. 

Section I. 

the true educational system. 

275. — Defects of existing Scholastic Methods. 

Many of the teachings of this all-glorious science of mind, 
intended, when the introduction of this work was penned, to be 
reserved for this part, have already been incorporated into its body, 
in connection with the presentation of those principles from which 
they are derived. This necessarily leaves this part short, and its 
points isolated from each other, though each depending from its 
parent phrenological tree. We begin with that application of Phre- 
nology which naturally follows the last subject treated, the analysis 
and culture of the Intellectual Faculties. Part V. shows the vast 
practical importance of intellectual culture in general, and the means 
of improving each individual Faculty ; but our subject demands that 
we state a few of the defects of the present educational modes, and 
then point out a system better calculated to develop this super-royal 
department of humanity. 

The present method — it is utterly unworthy the name of system 
— is fundamentally defective, first in not being adapted to call out 
and evolve either the human mind as a whole, or its several powers 
in detail. Not that existing educators, collegiate and scholastic, are 
blamable for its faults, except for not learning from Phrenology, for 
they but perpetuate the educational methods handed down to them 
from the dark ages ; but that, when this far better way is developed, 
they should inspect and adopt it. The palpable existing defects 

are — 

1141 



1142 PHRENOLOGY APPLIED. 

1. It rarely interests, but generally nauseates, its pitiable 
victims. Mental discipline, the chief end sought, consists in that 
state of the intellectual organs in which a free flow of blood through 
them fits them for vigorous action. Does scholastic education effect 
this ? Instead, does it not prevent it ? 

Only what interests benefits ; because that alone calls blood to, 
and thus disciplines the brain. What is there in A. B. C, in "baker, 
brewer, cider," which can possibly interest the juvenile mind? How 
exceedingly dull and stupefying this union of sitting still on a bench, 
and learning these dry meaningless forms of letters and spellings of 
words ! 

2. Its sitting is its first fundamental error. The brain cannot 
act vigorously when the body is sluggish. Physical action, perpetual 
and even violent, is wisely written into the juvenile constitution, and 
can be curtailed only to their life long damage. Yet sitting does 
thus curtail it, most effectually. School confinement is awful, to 
them, because so injurious. They must be dogged to school, except 
the few who are precocious, and whom study injures. Those who 
love to go, should not go, and all the rest hate to go, and are over- 
joyed at every intermission. Education should promote, certainly 
never prevent, their bodily activity. 

3. It violates most health prerequisites. The ancients 
christened their schools "gymnasia," because their great educational 
motto was " a sound mind in a strong body;" and until modern educa- 
tion returns to this natural educational platform, it will do them more 
harm than good; or at least comparatively little good. Thus good 
speaking requires a good strong voice, and this good muscles, by 
means of which we utter sounds. Poor muscles make poor voices, 
and these imperfect speakers ; while gymnastics strengthen the muscles, 
and thereby vocal clearness and power. Young ladies' seminaries are 
especially objectionable here. Yet, thanks to a phrenologist, Dr. 
Allen, of Lowell, Mass., a trustee of Amherst College, for first in- , 
troducing gymnastics into the American collegiate course. 

4. The foul air of most school rooms caused by so many young 
breathers, has already been exposed, 89 and breaks down constitutions 
by millions. Monotony is the great scholastic incubus. 

5. Cold feet constitute another, yet its evils have also been 
shown. But to paint a tithe of their errors would detain us from 



THE TRUE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM. 1143 



276. — The True Educational System. 

Adaptability to excite intellect is the cardinal platform of 
all right education. That action alone develops and strengthens all 
functions, has already been proved. 64 The knowledge imparted is in- 
deed something, but mental discipline is the main end of all educa- 
tion. What, and how much scholars learn is of small account in 
comparison with improving their future capacities to learn, which 
their action alone can effect. Action delights, and what delights gives 
action ; whereas most scholastic studies do neither, but are as hard and 
dry as a seasoned oak-log. They are obliged to force action, and 
forced action is almost worthless. Only that disciplines which in- 
terests, and what interests alone disciplines, because it alone provokes 
that action which constitutes discipline ; while enforced action is no 
action. 

The natural food of each Faculty provokes this required spon- 
taneous exercise. All Faculties leap into action the instant their 
natural stimulant is presented. Praise electrifies Ambition, right 
Conscience, distress Kindness, children Parental Love, antagonism 
Force, objects Observation, facts Eventuality, explanations Causality, 
etc. Education, then, to be effective, must address itself at once to 
these primary mental Faculties ; and whatever does stimulate them, 
disciplines them. Our analysis of each shows what will provoke it 
to that action which disciplines. 

Observation is the pedestal, and vestibule of all education. We 
have already demonstrated the principle which underlies this infe- 
rence. 242 Sight is the great instructor. Seeing is believing. What 
children see they know. Object teaching is the true educational basis. 
Teaching things interests and educates. How eager all youth are to 
see. Pestalozzi just hit the educational nail on the head. "Object 
teaching" embodies the true educational principle and modus operandi. 
Its general adoption would both revolutionize existing methods, and 
substitute the true educational base in place of present defective ones. 

Specimens are thus rendered the great teaching instrumentality 
and " sine qua nonP They interest and instruct both children and 
adults beyond measure. Who ever visits a cabinet of " natural curio- 
sities" without their awakening marked, even enthusiastic, interest? 
They provoke spontaneous action in nearly every single mental 
Faculty, and thereby discipline each. And the more they are exa- 
mined, the more they interest, instruct, and discipline. But their 



1144 PHRENOLOGY APPLIED. 

utility needs no praise, for their inherent interest is their own recom- 
mendation. 

Providing them is therefore the first educational step. And their 
variety admeasures their utility. What is all knowledge but a 
knowledge of them ? In what does all science consist but in their 
exposition ? 

Government must make this provision ; because it entails too 
great an outlay of means and effort for individual persons or new 
institutions to achieve by isolated action. They are required in every 
town and district in the land. To learn, we must first observe, and to 
do this, must have things to look at. Museums are very good as far 
as they go, but are scarce, and conducted more to gratify curiosity, 
than to foster science. Still, in the absence of any thing better, they 
are invaluable. Let all examine their specimens of Nature's works. 
But we require more, and something more complete. 

Every town should have its cabinet of beasts, birds, fish, reptiles, 
insects, and petrifactions, as common property, and to which all should 
delight to contribute. There are specimens enough. They only re- 
quire to be collected. Yet Government alone can do this effectually. 
Individuals can do something, yet Government could easily ransack 
air, earth, and water, the whole globe, and bring together the produc- 
tions of all climes, at a much less cost than is expended in electing 
one president, or supporting an inefficient army and navy for a single 
year. Twenty millions would furnish every town with a splendid 
cabinet of animate and inanimate Nature, a specimen of every animal 
and mineral of importance on the globe, amply representing the sea 
and the dry land ; open the bowels of the earth, and represent those 
animal races of former epochs now extinct, except as preserved in 
shape by the petrifying hand of time. Thus in the mines at Carbondale 
is any required quantity of that slate which overlays and underlays 
the coal, bearing the most delicate and perfect imprint of those vege- 
tables by which these immense coal deposits were formed ; piled up 
in masses throughout the mines ; samples of which a few hundred 
dollars would put in every town in the land. All required to be 
done is to pile them on the cars and distribute them. How great a 
pity that we have no organization for securing and disseminating these 
easily procured specimens ! Skeneateles lake is full of an extinct 
animal resembling an immense petrified grub, with which canal 
boats could be loaded at a trifling cost, and every school district sup- 
plied. They are most abundant in those parts of the lake where 



THE TRUE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM. 1145 

gullies emptied fresh water into its bosom. Abundance of petrifac- 
tions abound, and every mountaineer knows of some mineral deposit, 
where cartloads could easily be brought to light and scattered over the 
Union. The millions annually lavished on the army and navy, in 
times of peace, for doing almost nothing, could be made to institute a 
vast depot, to which all may send barrels of such specimens as are 
found in their vicinity, and from which receive in return an assort- 
ment of the mineralogy, geology, and animality of the globe, and 
with which towns and clubs could effect similar exchanges on the 
largest scale desired. Birds now shot by thousands, and thrown away, 
should be stuffed, and either sold, exchanged, or given to these public 
cabinets. School children could collect and label the mineralogical, 
botanical, and other specimens found in their vicinity, in order thereby 
to study these sciences, and to exchange the fruits of their labors for 
complete scientific cabinets and apparatus. The zeal and emulation in 
prosecuting the study of Nature thus excited, can hardly be imagi- 
ned ; and the strong fraternal bonds thus entwined all around and 
throughout society, would render all most happy. This system of 
mutual and governmental exchanges, would set the whole nation, all 
mankind, zealously at work to'collect those specimens of Nature's pro- 
ductions now going to waste in all portions of the earth, and make all 
enthusiastic students of Nature. Government, instead of paying 
blustering politicians for electioneering gammon by fat government 
offices, perquisites, and contracts, should employ men of true scientific 
attainments and moral Worth to search out, encourage, and bring for- 
ward deserving youth, now slumbering in obscurity because they lack 
the brazen face required to secure governmental patronage. Exploring 
expeditions could still farther facilitate such collections, and seamen 
be paid by Government for whatever specimens of shells, animals, 
minerals, skulls, and the like they might collect. Think you the face 
of the earth would not be gleaned, and even her bowels searched, in 
order to obtain scientific specimens and natural rarities ? Govern- 
ment should employ competent artists to draw and engrave on steel, 
in the best possible manner, views of every important mountain, 
landscape, and city, on the globe ; and then furnish cosmoramic views, 
if only through convex lens, in connection with each cabinet, so that 
children, by looking through them, could see a perfect representation 
of the geography and scenery of the whole earth. What if to get up 
a single engraving, say of London, Niagara Falls, or Chimborazo, 
should cost thousands of dollars ; once done, it could be furnished on 



1146 PHRENOLOGY APPLIED. 

this immense scale at a trifling expense. This course would also save 
the expense of maps for individual scholars, and leave the money now 
spent for them to be appropriated to infinitely better advantage. Let 
each nation draw its own landscapes, and then interchange with 
others, and supply all their schools, with fac similes of the aspect of 
every picturesque and important scenery and place on earth. Teach 
geography by these and kindred means, and all children would long 
for " school time " to come, so that they might partake of another in- 
tellectual feast, instead of playing truant, or having to be whipped to 
school. Government should also furnish a magnificent globe to every 
school district, having raised representations of mountains and cities, 
the mountainous framework of the earth included, and depressed imi- 
tations of valleys, lakes, and seas. Should get up geographical gar- 
dens at great central points, of many acres, representing the mountains, 
streams, lakes, cities, animals, and productions of all Nature, the tro- 
pical in green-houses, so that a few days' observation would indelibly 
rivet on their susceptible minds a hundred fold more geographical 
knowledge than any one man now knows ; and lay all Nature under 
contribution to furnish educational facilities to every child and citizen. 
The millions squandered yearly on warlike preparations, thus ex- 
pended, would educate the entire population better than any college 
graduate is now educated, " without cost to them ; " besides increasing 
ten-fold the defence of the country by making the people love it. 
Did a standing army achieve our independence? No, but volunteers. 
Pursue the course here pointed out, and every citizen would love his 
country as his life, because it loved him and his children, and would 
fight to desperation and death in its defence. You need not then wait 
for the impressing "draft," but soldiers would rush in from every 
valley, and mountain, and corner eager to assert her rights. An army 
could thus be gathered in a week sufficient to conquer all arrayed 
against us. 

The true ends of government are now entirely misapprehended 
and neglected. It should furnish these and kindred educational faci- 
lities, instead of enacting, only to " expunge," tariffs, sub-treasuries, 
bankrupt laws, charter banks, create monopolies, and the like. 
Private expresses could transport the mail ten times as well as Govern- 
ment, and at a quarter the expense. Leave tha currency to itself, 
and the people will take only what is good. The tariff is " insigni- 
ficant" compared with public education. Criminal jurisprudence is 
now begun at the wrong end, by being based in fear, whereas it 



THE TRUE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM. 1147 

should be founded in love. Its motto should be, "An ounce of pre- 
vention is worth pounds of cure." Pursuing the system of intellec- 
tual education urged in this volume, and of moral training pointed 
out in the succeeding, would banish ignorance and crime. Let Govern- 
ment both seek out and educate all poor children, and patronize 
talents and worth, instead of demagogues, and it will elevate all 
above that cheating, robbing, money-grabbing capacity which now 
constitutes the main-spring of crime. Would not the doctrines of 
these volumes, if applied in practice, reduce our criminal calendars, 
to almost nothing, empty our prisons, and almost obviate vice ? Gov- 
ernment should be parental, instead of inexorable. Let her care for 
the people, and the people will love their great benefactor as they 
love their children, and because it cares for them, and in addition, a 
love of the refining and soul-purifying study of nature would be 
inculcated, than which few things more effectually wean from vice and 
promote virtue. 

Female teachers and public lecturers should use these' 
cabinets, which should be placed in large lecture rooms. 277 Woman 
is the natural tutor of children. Her nature fits her for developing 
their minds quite as much as for nursing their bodies. Men may 
teach juveniles in their teens, but females should teach them up to 
their thirteenth year at least; and mothers make far better teachers 
than maidens, because maternal love inspires them with that interest 
in their advancement so essential to success. She should teach them 
mainly by talking to them instead of from books. Let her take a 
flock of these dear creatures into one of these cabinets, and give them 
practical lectures from these specimens ; take to-day the crane, and 
after telling them all about its habits, how and where it procures its 
food, builds its nest, and the like, show how admirably it is fitted, by 
its long limbs, to wade in water, and stand till fish, snakes, frogs, and 
the like, swim along carelessly near it, so that by means of its long 
neck, it can dart its bill into them and thus secure its prey and feed 
its young. To-morrow let her take up some other bird, and next year, 
the finny tribe, and the year after, butterflies and insects, and thus of 
the fox, deer, moose, panther, bear, elephant, tiger, rhinoceros, and 
lion ; thus teaching their pupils in turn, all about all Nature, animate 
and inanimate. 

This method of instruction would fully enlist those two most 
powerful teachers of the juvenile mind, the eye and ear ; rivet their 
eyes, and thus their intellects, in harmony with that great law of 



1148 PHRENOLOGY APPLIED. 

mind, that what they see they remember. 242 It would also employ 
that conversational method of conveying instruction so efficacious. 277 
Say, reader, does it not harmonize perfectly with the laws of mind ? 
And is it not infinitely superior to this " sitting-on-a-bench" system? 
Would it not excite and develop mind more in one week than the 
present does in years? I rest these views on the common sense 
of all, and plead for their general adoption. And as there is little 
prospect that Government will furnish these facilities, cannot some sys- 
tem of concerted and general action be devised for carrying out this 
evidently correct and only effectual means of educating mind? 

History, both local and general, should also be taught. Thus in 
teaching them the geography of any nation or place, tell them also all 
that is known concerning the history, habits, modes of living, customs, 
laws, governments, and peculiarities of their inhabitants. This will 
give them enlarged views of the true nature of man. Such knowledge of 
the practical workings of human nature would disclose many excellent 
customs and practices in savage and half-civilized life, and also expose 
many that are injurious, and thus lead our youth to reflect upon what 
habits and customs contribute most to human happiness, as well as gene- 
ral reform and progression. This would furnish a most excellent disci- 
pline of Eventuality. These cabinets should also contain drawings, 
casts and skulls of national heads, so that their Phrenology could be 
compared with their characters. This would also show what effects 
different climates have on character, as well as the effects of mountain- 
ous and level districts, and much more of a kindred nature. 

Every individual should devote a portion of each day to mental 
culture. Let laborers be paid more wages for less work, and allowed 
and induced to visit these cabinets and learn something new daily, as 
well as store their minds with materials for thought while at work. 
Especially should woman, married and single, resort to them and 
study, instead of wasting time at the toilet and over extra sewing. 
Young women should thus study Nature as a means of preparing 
themselves for those educational duties which await them when they 
obtain the " chief end " of woman's desire ; and mothers should fre- 
quent them both to learn for the mere advantages of knowledge, and 
that they may teach their children, as well as endow offspring before 
their birth, 612 which is explained in " Sexual Science," Part VIII., on 

" MATERNITY." 

A collegiate education, as now conducted, is not worth its cost. 
The lives and practice of all professional men attest that it ties 



THE TRUE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM. 1149 

graduates down with the shackles of antiquity, and thus chains society 
to the past, instead of "pressing forward" in the road of progression. 
Few college graduates become imbued with a truly scientific spirit, 
and an independent love of all truth, but almost all refuse to ex- 
amine any new subject not found in their musty books. They make 
few important discoveries. These emanate from working men mainly. 
As Bacon's " Principia" knocked forty years for admission into the 
" seats of learning," as Galileo was imprisoned by the pseudo learned, 
and as Harvey's Discoveries encountered their principal opposition 
from these same collegiate wiseacres, so Phrenology has been opposed 
mainly by the professions, and admitted much more readily by the 
common sense mass than by learned bigotry. The latter too often 
refuse even to examine its claims, and furnish by far its most invete- 
rate skeptics. Ministers who have not gone through college, are more 
open to conviction, less bigoted in opinion, and more ready to admit 
new truths, as well as more reformatory, than collegiates. Doctors, 
too, are behind the age, and lawyers tied down to ancient precedents, 
and too often blinded by prejudice. Do collegiates evince that love 
of scientific truth which should always characterize the student of 
Nature ? 

There are exceptions. Hitchcock was one. Amherst College 
will not thus trammel your minds or bind you in the strait-jacket of 
antiquity. Its cabinet, apparatus, and manikin are also valuable, and 
its President will inspire you with a love of Nature — the great basis 
of all education. Manual labor institutions have my unqualified ap- 
probation. They vastly facilitate mental action by physical exercise, 
and do not hamper with antiquated dogmas. 

Association furnishes a powerful auxiliary to memory. Thus, 
seeing a place in which certain events transpired, recalls what trans- 
pired there. We naturally associate the face of a friend or enemy 
with what they have done, so that recalling either brings up the other 
also. Hence, when Eventuality, or any other Faculty is weak, its 
practical efficiency can be greatly strengthened, by associating its func- 
tion with one more vigorous, so that their action shall call up the 
thing to be remembered. 

Mnemonics are partially based in this principle, yet are too far re- 
moved from that natural association or conjoint action of different 
Faculties just recommended. They attempt to obviate that exercise 
of natural memory which this entire work enjoins. When art can 
excel Nature, and human invention out-do divine, mnemonics may be 



1150 PHRENOLOGY APPLIED. 

of service, but the memory created by God exceeds any system founded 
on art. As far as it taxes natural memory, the more the better ; but 
the more it relieves it by obviating its requisition for action, the more 
it weakens. 

Agriculture should also be studied. Vegetation has its laws and 
conditions, by fulfilling which it can be vastly augmented. The ap- 
plication of chemistry and science to enhancing the productiveness of 
the earth, is full of interest, as well as laden with practical benefits. 

The weather may also be studied with profit, and predicted with 
accuracy for weeks, if not seasons beforehand. Animals do this. 
Then why not man ? The spider anticipates approaching changes, 
and shapes her web accordingly, before man discovers them. The 
beaver builds his hut one story higher the fall preceding a wet spring. 
The squirrel lays in an extra supply of nuts the fall before a severe 
and protracted winter. Many other animals prognosticate the weather 
in like manner, yet this knowledge is certainly more important to 
man, in order that he may put in crops adapted to wet, dry, cold, 
warm, and other prospective seasons, and sow early or late, and plant 
deep or shallow accordingly. Does a merciful God, after having done 
so much more for man than brute, furnish this important knowledge 
to animals, yet deny it to their natural lord ? True the former prog- 
nosticate by instinct, only the intuitive or natural action of their 
Faculties, yet man's, if duly cultivated, would be as much more keen 
and sure than theirs, as he is their superior ; besides all the aid he 
can derive from reason. The weather, like everything else, is 
governed by fixed laws, which are within human cognizance. The 
equinoctial storm is a correct type of all the storms of the next six 
months. As it clears off, will they also clear. Abundant rain then 
insures a wet season, and the reverse ; and so of wind. " Cold snaps" 
will continue about three days, the first cold, the second very severe, 
and the third least so; and thus of spring and fall frosts. A similar 
principle doubtless governs seasons, probably eras. These weather- 
signs are instanced, not for their own sake, as much as to show that 
such signs exist, and to encourage the study of this department of 
Nature. 

Astronomy should also be studied by both juveniles and adults. 
It is not so difficult or abstruse as to prevent its being generally un- 
derstood. The right kind of illustrations and instruction would 
enable all to understand and observe its rudiments and constellations, 
the motions of the planetary system, its distances, and its leading facts 



THE TRUE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM. 



1151 



and principles ; as well as to predicate the time of day or night from 
the positions of the heavenly bodies. This many elderly people do, 
without ever having studied this subject a single hour, but merely 
from desultory observation. What exalted attainments are then 
within our reach provided this study is begun early, prosecuted vi- 
gorously through life, and facilitated by astronomical globes, drawings, 
instruments, and competent teachers ? Would not the study of the 
starry heavens also awaken thrilling emotions of the sublime and in- 
finite ? The loud pealing thunder, the forked lightning, the gorgeous 
drapery of the twilight sky, the pouring rain and driving hail and 
snow, the northern lights shining, rushing, roaring over our heads, 
the star spangled canopy of heaven in a cloudless night, the immen- 
sity of space stretched out above, below, and all around, are directly 
calculated to inspire the soul with awe and adoration of that Infinite 
Being who created all things. 207 Who can contemplate these mani- 
festations of power and infinitude without bowing " before Jehovah's 
awful throne," in devout homage ? 

Anatomy and physiology should also be studied by adults and 
taught to children, yet never separated. The functions of all the 
organs, and the various ends in the animal economy they subserve, 
should be studied in connection with their shape, structure, and loca- 
tion ; because each will facilitate the other. Hence the value of that 
great modern invention, the " manikin." It obviates all the offen- 
siveness of the dissecting room, yet enables all to see a correct repre- 
sentation of all the parts and organs of the human body. It espe- 
cially enables mothers to learn the wonders of anatomy in order to 
teach them to their children, put their fingers on your pulse, and 
increase their delight and astonishment by explaining the whole pro- 
cess of the circulation, and showing them from the manikin the heart, 
arteries, and veins, by which it is effected. Still farther exemplify 
your subject by dissecting those domestic animals slaughtered for 
your own use, or that of others. Ask them what becomes of the 
great amount of food they consume ? Explain the office of the sto- 
mach, along with its shape and position, together with the whole 
process of digestion and nutrition. Show them how a sour stomach 
is produced, by eating more food than the stomach digests. What 
will delight or benefit them more than anatomical and physiological 
knowledge? Or what knowledge is more important than that of the 
laws of life and conditions of health ? It will teach them to preserve 
health and prolong life, than which the knowledge now acquired at 



1152 PHRENOLOGY APPLIED. 

school is as a mere drop in the bucket. Put their fingers on the spine, 
and show them the working of its joints as we bend backwards, for- 
wards, and sideways. Explain that these motions are effected by 
means of muscles, which constitute the red meat of animals. Show 
how the joints fit in and work on to each other. Clench your fist, 
and show the hardness occasioned by the contraction of the muscles 
and stretching of the tendons ; and exemplify the same by lifting, 
walking, chewing, and other muscular exertions. Exhibit the brain 
and nerves ; show their structure, and explain* their uses, and illustrate 
by showing them the brains of animals. Pursue this course with 
children, and when grown up, every man and woman would know 
ten times more about these subjects than physicians, and in consequence 
live twice as long and thrice as happily as now, besides enjoying un- 
interrupted health through life. 

The srrnv of phkfxofooy furnishes the very best of all means 
of disciplining the mind, as well as elevating the moral tone and 
standard. No study, no exercise of intellect, is equally delightful or 
instructive. Nothing equally calls out and rouses to their highest 
pitch of healthy tension, nearly every intellectual Faculty. It renders 
all its pupils inveterate lookers; stimulates Form to note and re- 
member both the various shapes of the several organs, and those 
forms of body and face which indicate and accompany given traits of 
character. It calls upon Size to measure the relative and absolute 
dimensions of the brain in general, and of each organ in particular. 
It also employs Weight in applying touch to the various organs, ex- 
amining the density of the physiological structure and texture, and 
the like. It keeps Order busily employed in marshalling the various 
points of character in the order of their respective influences on the 
conduct, and in systematizing all observations and investigations. It 
calls Locality into the most vigorous action, as already seen. It espe- 
cially requires and promotes the action and consequent discipline of 
Eventuality in remembering the respective functions of the various 
faculties and their influences on character. It also furnishes delight- 
ful and perpetual employment to Language in describing character, 
and in discoursing on its facts, beauties, and principles. Few things 
furnish more or better material for conversation, as all who have 
heard lectures on this science or studied it, will bear ample testimony. 
It requires the incessant and concentrated action of Comparison to 
compound the various Faculties in those perpetually changing combi- 
nations in which they occur in different individuals, no two of whom 



THE TRUE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM. 1153 

are alike. The Author has graduated with more than medium honor, 
but never knew what it was to begin to think till he commenced his 
profession. A thousand times, while studying out the products of 
different combinations, it has seemed as though his brain was drawn 
up to a pitch of tension ready to break down, under the required 
pressure. Testify, ye students of this vast science, has it not often so 
taxed your intellectual organs as to cause pain in your forehead ? And 
surely, if any science excites Causality by presenting the highest order 
of laws and subjects for investigation, Phrenology is that science. 
Take this very work as an example of the perpetual round of thought 
suggested by Phrenology. I speak not of the authorship, but of that 
subject matter furnished by this science. All phrenological works 
abound in thought. Take " Combe on the Constitution of Man/' as 
an example. In short, no other study equally delights or excites and 
therefore strengthens the intellect and quickens every element of 
mind. 

Its lessons of humanity constitute its crowning excellence. How 
it exalts and expands the mind ; unravels the whole web of the human 
constitution ; develops those laws in harmony with which God created 
this highest effort of Divine power ; unlocks and reveals its hitherto 
hidden mysteries, and opens the window of science into its profound 
depths and god-like capabilities ; discloses the laws of human men- 
tality, and thereby shows us how we must live in order to be happy,, 
and by the violations of what laws our evils and sufferings, collective 
and personal, are occasioned • teaches universal truth, virtue, and 
philanthropy; imbues with an all-pervading desire to reform and 
perfect man ; teaches us our faults and how to obviate them, our vir- 
tues and how to cultivate them ; shows us ourselves as others see us ; 
is our spy-glass for discerning the characters of our fellow-men, and 
reduces his study almost from guess-work to scientific certainty ; and en- 
ables us to look right through all we meet. Study this science, ye 
who would acquire the very highest order of mental discipline, and 
learn the most numerous, the most delightful, the most practically 
useful lessons man can learn. 

Study Nature as a whole. She is not divided and sub-divided 
into sections and patches. Astronomy is not one thing, mathematics 
another, mechanics, natural history, chemistry, anatomy, phrenology, 
and each so called science another ; but all are different parts of the 
same stupendous whole. Has Nature thus divided up her works ? 
All her operations blend into one another, like the colors of the prism. 
145 



1154 PHRENOLOGY APPLIED. 

Thus, chemistry and organic chemistry are one, and the latter blends 
with and goes to form every species of organization, so that chemistry 
and organization are virtually one. Chemistry and Physiology are 
substantially one, and magnetism combined with organic chemistry, 
sets in motion the vital laboratory of all that lives : nor ceases here, 
but keeps all worlds and all that moves in perpetual revolution, as 
well as furnishes them all with the elementary principle of all action, 
from insects to a universe of worlds. Magnetism forms the grand 
instrumentality of all human and animal motion, by means of its at- 
tracting and repelling powers. 248 Thus, hydrostatic, mechanical, elec- 
trical, galvanic, astronomical, chemical and philosophical sciences 
become merged into two elementary principles of matter, its magnetic 
and chemical affinities, both of which are doubtless one. And what 
is geography — the rivers, mountains, volcanoes, climates, and changes 
of the earth — but the ever-varying products of the same prolific 
principle? Then why not study them together, since they stand thus 
inter-related by nature? So, too, the study of human anatomy in- 
volves comparative. The same general features pervade both, yet 
vary according to the habits of various animals. Nature has classified 
all her works, but not separated them. We view them in ranges, but 
should not limit our visions to one or two departments. Would that 
men could comprehend this doctrine of universality or illimitable 
range, scope, and extension which pervades all Nature. How rapidly 
could we learn therefrom ? How vast, how infinite the field of uni- 
versal truth it unlocks ! Let every reader prosecute daily, energetically, 
and through life, the study of universal Nature. 

277. — Speech vs. Text Books as an Educator. 

Tongue and ears were made before books, and immeasurably 
excel them as media for imparting and receiving knowledge ; especially 
in the young. To prove this to be Nature's fundamental educational 
system is unnecessary, for it is self-evident, and proved by universal 
human experience. Mankind has four natural educators : business, 
reading, preaching, and lecturing, which resolve themselves into only 
two, speech and letters ; of which speech is primal because natural, 
letters artificial. Indians and the uncivilized perpetuate their histories 
by oral communications, and delight to "tell stories " around their 
camp fires. Speech is Nature's paramount juvenile educator, through- 
out all times, and in all things. 

Lecturing is one of its phases, and only conversation extended 



THE TRUE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM. 1155 

from a few to many hearers, and as now employed in lyceum lectures 
and public readings, is a great moulder of public opinion, and inspirer 
to action. We have already virtually expounded this principle under 
"eloquence." 266 The political canvass, and all speech-making on all 
subjects in legislation, public and private dinners, debating clubs, 
temperance lectures, preaching, exhortations, prayer meetings, and 
thousands of like things, are but its several applications of this great 
educational principle. Then why not make it the chief educational 
instrumentality? Is it thus efficacious in all else, but not in im- 
parting instruction to the young? Is it not far better adapted to 
youth than to adults ? 

Facts attest that nothing interests them equally with stories. 
Children who cannot be induced to give any attention to books often 
evince the utmost fervor and eagerness in listening to stories. That 
benefits which interests, because it calls blood to the organs exercised. 
Words with tones, looks, gestures, and ail their vocal concomitants of 
speech are immeasurably more impressive than written words alone. 
Then why not employ them almost exclusively in juvenile education ? 
The almost insane interest of even little tottlers in " mother goose's " 
stories enforces this point. 

Speech and sight united constitute by far the best of all known 
means of imparting knowledge. We have already shown how eager 
all children are to see, and how much more impressive is sight than 
books. 242 How most impressive is sight alone? is speech alone? 
Then what else bears any comparison in impressiveness with both 
together ! This fact is apparent, and its rationale perfectly obvious. 
Let youth be shown things, and then told all about them in a fasci- 
nating way, and they will learn more in an hour than from a whole 
week's book study. 

Text books are rendered secondary, and merely adjunctive, by 
this palpable principle. They should follow lecturing, and be used 
in recitations, chiefly to see whether pupils have caught and remem- 
ber the oral lecture, but be merely an appended aid. Teachers, 
parents, these fundamental educational principles cannot possibly be 
contravened. 

Lecturing places of course become requisite. School rooms 
generally furnish them, yet are now adapted chiefly to class recita- 
tions ; still are easily convertible into lecture rooms by removing seats 
and desks. 

Educate children standing, not sitting. They are constituted 



1156 PHRENOLOGY APPLIED. 

to be on foot most of their time ; while sitting violates nearly every 
physiological law of growth. Elders may sit much, but juniors next 
to none. Motion is life to children, and delightful ; sitting, death, 
and most irksome. A little four year old girl on my knee, when 
asked what she did, replied : 

11 1 go to school, sit still on a bench, and say A." 

Standing, practised only a little, becomes much easier than sitting, 
especially if the heels are set a few inches apart, feet spread, thus 
forming a double brace, and posture upright. A school lecture should 
not continue over thirty minutes, which all children could endure, 
especially if allowed to move a little; whereas obliging them to sit 
still is both barbarous and murderous. A small room will thus hold 
a great many standing. 

Advanced scholars could thus be made the talking teachers of 
their juniors. This would also allow that question asking and 
answering instinct already shown to be so beneficial. 269 

Town houses should be built in every town centre, capable of 
holding half its population, well fitted and lighted ; and either free to 
public lecturers or a bonus paid them ; and town " overseers " should 
provide good lectures on all sorts of subjects, so as to call our young 
men in from billiard saloons, grogeries, gambling "hells," and places 
even worse, to learn something useful, and they persuaded to invite 
young ladies to accompany them ; thereby both refining and instruct- 
ing them together. Young men should and will have female society 
of some sort ; and supplying them with good will keep them from 
bad. 439 " 442 Theatricals are too expensive. Young men must lay up 
something daily, but taking a lady friend to the theatre costs a week's 
savings. Nothing on earth refines and elevates humanity equally 
with the union of intellectual culture along with the social affections — 
a truth men will some day appreciate. 

Intelligence alone sustains republics ; bayonets, thrones. 
Where the majority rule, both the majority and minority must be 
educated, or anarchy worse than despotism must inevitably ensue. 
Republicanism without general education must needs become dema- 
goguism. Knavish politicians will hoodwink ignoramuses. Mon- 
archy, with ignorance, is preferable to Republicanism, without educa- 
tion, which becomes rowdyism. Neither persons nor peoples can govern 
themselves without knowledge generally disseminated. Our nation 
may yet become sufficiently educated to navigate this republican bark 



THE TRUE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM. 1157 

upon the broad ocean of humanity, but is not yet. Every administra- 
tion degenerates. . Our politics are so corrupt, that the most unscru- 
pulous politicians succeed the best. Worth, so far from being a 
passport to office, is its inseparable barrier. A strictly honest 
politician is a seven years' wonder. Washington, if alive, would be 
immolated on the altar of party. In most of our cities the rabble 
rule. A congressman heads a mob to destroy an outspoken press ! 
O my country ! on what art thou verging ? On that worst form of 
tyranny, ruffianly demagoguism. / 

This is true, call me what you like for saying it. General educa- 
tion alone can save us ; but this can. Let all lovers of republicanism 
and of man arise, and apply it before the sceptre passes from our hands. 
The ignorant should be denied the sacred ballot. Only knowledge 
and virtue should ever vote. Our republic should render general 
education compulsory, by refusing the ballot to all who cannot read, 
write, and govern their passions, treating the ignorant as minors. 

Government should instruct all gratis. All governments 
should pay their funds chiefly to what perpetuates them. Monarchies, 
kept alive by bayonets, should pay their money mainly to soldiers ; 
but since our republic stands only in the intelligence and virtue of the 
people, it should pay out its funds chiefly in promoting education. 
Out upon those cities which, like Detroit, charge a licence for scientific 
lectures, whereas all should pay them a bonus, not charge a hundred 
dollars per night for a cold hall ! Instead, let every city, village, 
and town have an attractive public room, large enough to hold " all 
the people in the region round about," pay public lecturers as well as 
teachers ; fitted out with apparatus for illustrating their respective 
sciences, one with anatomical manikin, models, and drawings ; another 
with a superb phrenological outfit of animal and human skulls and 
drawings ; others with apparatus needed for illustrating chemistry, 
natural history, conchology, chronology, astronomy, natural philosophy, 
mathematics, navigation, engineering, mechanics, the useful arts, etc. ; 
employ no ten dollar per month men, but the most gifted to be found, 
and let all youth understand that those most competent can obtain 
like positions, and what an all-potent means of both educating the 
entire people, and calling out that vast amount of literary talent now 
rusting with inertia. Catholicism wisely perpetuates itself by hunt- 
ing out all her smart boys and putting them into the priesthood. Let 
the republic follow this most admirable plan. 

Counties and states should employ this general lecturing plan 



1158 PHRENOLOGY APPLIED. 

for advanced scholars, either superseding colleges, or else making them 
their satellites. They should construct an immense lecture room, ca- 
pable of holding its tens of thousands, and employ the most gifted 
professors, who should prepare themselves by the most minute ac- 
quaintance with their subject, give a lecture as perfect in matter and 
delivery as is possible, adapted and free to all, males and females, 
and furnished with cheap dormitories and restaurants, so that as per- 
fect an education as possible could be furnished at a trifling cost to 
Government, none to scholars. A lecturer could be heard by ten 
thousand, and give two or more lectures per day. How much would 
that cost per hearer? A sum too small to be reckoned. A prime 
education could thus be made "dirt cheap," and all the youth of the 
land grow up better educated than any savans now are. 

Monster public gatherings and auditoriums would be neces- 
sary to this plan, and will become more and more public necessities as 
population increases, for " world's jubilees," conventions, etc., etc. 
Large auditoriums are usually inaudible. Very few lecture rooms 
are lit to speak in. The audition of St. Peter's, in Rome, is horrible; 
whereas that of a monster room, constructed on Nature's acoustic princi- 
ples, would be as perfect as that of small ones. All recesses, domes, and 
projections in all halls and churches cause vocal reverberations and 
echoes, because they catch and throw back the speaker's voice from a 
part) but not the whole, causing one sound to conflict with another. 

Smooth walls give perfect audition. The egg shape proba- 
bly gives the true acoustic form ; though the cylindrical is good. 
The addition of the Old Tabernacle at Salt Lake is almost perfect. 
Though it will seat four thousand comfortably, yet every lisp can be 
distinctly heard through every part, except a slight reverberation heard 
only at the desk, caused by the voice striking against a flat wall at its 
farther end, and rebounding, which a canvass on that end would pre- 
vent, as would also a tapering end. It is shaped inside like half an 
egg shell, except at its farther end, the desk standing near the top of 
the rounding end. I had long preached that shape before I had a 
chance, as there, to test it practically. 

A perfect auditorium, capable of allowing fifty, and probably 
a hundred thousand auditors to hear every lisp, can be constructed on 
the following acoustic principle. All know that sound is conveyed 
so that speaking can be heard through a straight tube with perfect 
distinctness any distance, without diminution of volume or audition 
by distance. Of course this identical principle appertains equally to 



THE TRUE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM. 1159 

all large tubes, and hence to a tubular. hall. Yet a half cylinder tube 
is just as good as a whole. It conveys sound perfectly, mainly because 
it is smooth. A smooth octagon, pentagon, duodecagon, etc., would do 
about equally well, corners alone intercepting sound. Now make a 
long, half cylinder ; put the speaker's desk in its focus, so that the 
whole of each sound shall start together ; make it a hundred feet wide 
and even more ; let it enlarge gradually for fifty or a hundred or 
more feet ; then gradually contract ; that is, be shaped like the inside 
of half an egg shell ; be cylindrical overhead ; its seats gradually 
rising as it goes back and towards each side ; all its windows and 
doors even with its walls ; well ventilated with ceiling registers, and 
allowing four square feet for each person, we have seventy-five thou- 
sand auditors for every thousand yards in length. 

This egg shape has two advantages. 1. It ' allows a gradual ex- 
pansion of the speaker's voice till the desired width of hall is obtained, 
which can be heard a long way. 2. From about its first third or 
middle it should contract gradually, so as to compress the now partially 
spent speaker's voice, to keep up its distinctness, and have no square 
surface in its rear to catch and send back the voice. The audition 
of its very apex must needs be perfect. And this arching form over- 
head would allow its dispensing with pillars. If I had the means 
— and its construction need not be expensive — I would " invest" in 
making one just to show mankind how perfectly every one of a hun- 
dred thousand audience could hear every word, tone, and lisp of the 
speaker. 

Government, state and general, however, is the one to get £ip such 
buildings. Then attach to each a magnificent cabinet of natural speci- 
mens as above described, 276 along with a perfect philosophical and 
astronomical apparatus, and its desk filled with the ablest and best 
speakers in this and every other land, and all the youth required to 
attend a prescribed course, joined by all the adults who chose to go, 
and we should have a country as exalted, intellectually and morally, 
as it now is extended in domain. I do not mean to die till I see some 
such educational " plank" put into the " platform" of some political 
party. And this " working men's party" is its true place. 

Fellow countrymen, we have the basis requisite for a country 
great and glorious, as far beyond the utmost stretch of human imagina- 
tion as we now surpass the wildest visions of our revolutionary de- 
liverers. Let all strike hands in generous emulation to improve our 
all-glorious institutions. 



1160 PHRENOLOGY APPLIED. 



Section II. 

cheap and good homes, and cisterns ; and the gravel 
wall material, and octagon form of houses. 

278. — Gravel and Lime vs. Wood and Brick. 

A good home is so great a life necessity and luxury, that all 
should treat themselves to as comfortable a one as possible. Yet about 
nothing do men show as little common sense as in domiciliary con- 
struction. We propose to show how homes can be made as good and 
cheap again as they now are. In " getting up " a home, its 

Location is first, because its utility and salubrity depend greatly 
on where it is. Look your ground all over for a good " site," and 
adapt it to both your ground, and your special requirements. 
-, High ground is much better than low ; because all miasmas settle 
into hollows. Hence remove them as far as possible from swamps 
and marshes; the more so since they breed that great home pest, 
musquitoes. 

The southern side of all rivers and low grounds, and of course 
their west and south-west sides, are inmeasurably better than their east 
and north-east sides ; because hot weather generates both malaria, and 
also south-west winds, which therefore sweep this malaria from your 
houses; yet to those built on the north-east side of rivers and 
swamps. 

Barns, drains, and out buildings for a like reason, should 
always be to the north-east of all houses ; but never to their south- 
west. North-west will do. 

Building material comes next ; but eschew wood, because it is, 1, 
always rotting all over ; 2, needs painting every few years ; 3, is hot by 
day but cold by night ; sweltering when you retire, but chilly towards 
morning, and liable to sudden extreme changes with the weather ; as 
well as roasting summers, yet freezing winters ; 4, liable to burn down 
with all its valuables, almost before you can get out of it — Chicago 
was a wooden city ; 5, requires the highest priced labor to build and 
repair ; 6, is the most expensive for its value ; 7, and must soon be- 
come too scarce and high because so far to bring timber, and land 
wanted to raise food. 

Brick is better, yet expensive, and damp unless furrowed, and 



AND CISTERNS. 1161 

requires high priced workmen. A nobleman, giving out that he was 
about to do some great thing by way of improving the old family 
mansion, after spending untold sums on plans and artisans, chose 
bricks, and the Elizabethan style, mostly roofs and corners, and when 
altered and finished to his liking, invited a friendly nobleman to give 
his opinion, who replied : "Well, very well done for a mud house/' 

Doby composite brick, etc., may yet be made good, but 

Gravel materials and lime are far better than either, because they 
are, 1, four times cheaper, and as good again as any other material, 
and eight times as valuable; 2, can generally be had for the drawing, 
except lime, which abounds ; 3, maintains an even temperature summer 
and winter, mornings, noons, and nights; 4, is fire-proof, vermin- 
proof, and frost-proof; 5, can be put up mostly by the commonest 
labor, and every one his own architect ; 6, is soundless — in many open 
Southern houses every body can hear through all ceilings what every 
body is saying and doing anywhere about the whole house above and 
below, and stud walls sound more or less ; 7, grows harder with age ; 
8, can be made to resemble a stone mansion, which it is ; and 9, has 
many other advantages, without one single disadvantage. I speak 
knowingly, from having myself built the finest looking mansion in N. 
Y. State, or any other, in the distance, and it has stood perfectly now 
twenty-five years, was harder than brick walls twenty years ago, and 
grows still harder yet; stands perfectly even above the balustrade, 
where wholly exposed to the weather, and its walls will last forever. 

When Sherman was sweeping through Alabama, his enemies 
turned a house built on this plan into a fort, because it stopped bullets; 
and when finally destroyed, its walls, instead of crumbling like brick 
walls in falling, remained in great broad-side masses, with only now 
and then one crack, but solid. A sledge hammer will scarcely break 
one. 

Its chief bulk can be composed of almost anything petreous 
or hard. I used the stones and chips made in digging off the top of 
the rocky ledge on which mine was built, thus saving carting them 
off, and hauling others. They were of all sizes, from small thin 
flakes and crumbles to stones as large as the wall would hold. The 
gravel stones and sand dug from a gravel ridge, or thrown out of a 
gravelly cellar ; the dross and clinkers or slag made in furnaces ; 
beach sand and stones ; those stones dug out of any ledges anywhere 
in the Mississippi Valley and Rocky Mountains ; the chippings of 
marble yards ; and waste stones from quarries now wasted ; anything 



1162 PHRENOLOGY APPLIED. 

hard, to which lime will adhere, will do for four-fifths to nine-tenths 
of this material, the balance being lime. Of course all limestone, 
slatestone, granite, puddingstone broken up, and even oyster shells, 
and blacksmith's dross will answer. Whatever is of this general des- 
cription answers. 

Oyster shells will do for the entire wall, by burning one-tenth 
to make lime, and pounding up the balance in place of stones. Brick- 
bats, a part pounded to give tact, and the rest used as they are thrown 
out of kilns, or partly crumbled by fires. 

Lime, slacked, constitutes the balance. I used air-slacked lime, 
made for farmers' use, and costing at first four, then five cents per 
heaped bushel ; in the proportion of one bushel of air-slacked lime, 
after the slacking, to about six or eight parts of the material above 
described, and found it abundant. I took four fifty-bushel loads, or ten 
dollars' worth for a wall 1 foot thick, 12 feet high, and 256 long, 
and it stands perfectly = 3,172 square feet, or enough to build any 
ordinary house; and put it up into wall for $74 woy*th of labor, and 
in 7-J working days ! — as cheap as the poorest could expect. Only 
experiment could convince one how cheaply it can be made, and how 
good it is, when made ; though much depends on how economically 
it is handled. 

I proceed thus: 1. I wet my lime, making it about the thickness 
of cream, by adding water, in a mortar bed. 2. Added coarse sand 
enough to make it about the consistency of bonneclapper, or ordinary 
mortar. 3. Shovelled it into one corner. 4. Wheeled a barrow full 
of this coarse material into the opposite diagonal corner, and threw 
on it two shovels full of this coarse mortar, spreading it from the end 
of the shovel as it went on. 5. Repeated a barrow and two shovels 
full till the bed was full ; with an occasional shovel full on the top. 
6. I now began at the empty corner, where the mortar first lay, 
shovelled out a tub or barrow full, wet just enough to secure cohesion, 
but not so that the lime would run out ; shovelled it over two or three 
times, and then into barrows for the wall, or tub for hoisting; wheeled 
it to the wall, and shovelled in, or hoisted with a horse; dumped it 
into a bed above; shovelled into a barrow, and out of barrow into wall ; 
each shovelling and dumping working it more effectually. I had one 
Irishman to provide water, wheel in the lime and material, and help 
the bed shoveller to temper it, and add lime or material to bring it to 
the right consistency ; the two filling barrow or tub; a boy to lead the 
hoisting horse; a dumper above to dump and fill barrow, and one to 



CHEAP AND GOOD HOMES, AND CISTERNS. 1163 

wheel to the wall and shovel in, leaving one empty barrow to be fil- 
led while he emptied the other; and one standing in the wall with a 
spade to receive and place the material ; thus working the material 
while getting it to and into the wall. 

A carpenter to place the box-boards, window, and door frames, 
rig horses and scaffolds, etc., and a mason to polish, level, etc., com- 
pleted my gang. 

Placing the box-boards is important. They must be kept 
straight and plumb, else the wall will be crooked. I made them of 1 J 
inch boards, about a foot wide, and governed in length by that of the 
walls. They should be cleated and unseasoned to prevent warping ; 
have a hole through their upper corner to hold a rope for lifting and 
holding them ; be two, one on each side of the wall ; though two 
sets are much the best, and three better yet ; and held up by resting 
on the wall, on an inch square stick, longer than the wall is thick, 
setting into a notch in the under edge of these wall-boards, and pre- 
vented from spreading below by a notch in these cross sticks, and 
above by a lath nailed across their top to each board ; and kept plumb 
thus: fasten a board 1J inch, or else a 2-inch scantling at all the 
ends and corners of proposed walls, and where inside or cross walls 
join. They may be run flush up into corners, or be anchored across 
them from one wall to the other. This last plan will leave a seeming 
pillar in corners which, if in each, would look well, and strengthen 
them, besides making excellent places for chimneys and ventilators ; 
which can be easily made by drawing up a round stick, six or more 
inches through, three feet long, and slightly tapering, so that it will 
pull up easily. Pack mortar closely around it, and draw it up as you 
rise, thus leaving a chimney hole behind. Chimney tops can be car- 
ried out without brick, by having a mould about three or four inches 
from this stick, shaped inside as you would have the outside of your 
chimney shaped, and then filling in between stick and mould with 
this grout, quite fine. This mould can be so made as to panel your 
chimneys, and give them any artificial touches you like. These wall- 
boards can also be arranged so as to panel your outside wall, make 
corners, columns, etc., fashioned any shape you prefer. 

Ventilators from the bottoms and tops of all rooms can be made 
by smaller round sticks, two inches or less in diameter, and three feet 
long, even broom or hoe handles will make one large enough, drawn 
up these sticks as you build the wall, through its middle and out 
at its top. A little hole will carry off much foul air, which it will 
perpetually renew. 



1164 PHRENOLOGY APPLIED. 

These upright joists we will call standards. They should be out- 
side of your wall, not left in it ; come away when it is done, and these 
horizontal box-boards nailed to, or resting on them, and held by cleats. 
If nailed, leave your nails half an inch out, so that they can be easily 
drawn, in hoisting your boards. Two sets are desirable, filling the 
upper, then hoisting the lower, making them the upper, one set thus 
steadying the wall. In this case a lath will do to fasten them at 
their tops to keep them from spreading, and a nail driven through it 
into the board, set so that the lower outer edge of this box-board shall 
be kept from spreading by striking this nail. This lath is of course 
in the wall, and can be broken off and left in, or driven through at 
one end and pulled out at the other, and its place pointed up with 
mortar. Level off your walls at the top of each story, imbed a board 
in fine mortar for its top, and place floor timbers on this board. Your 
wall will support them. I placed three stories and a roof on walls 
eight inches wide, sixteen feet high, and over thirty feet long, and cut 
into by two joists, running from bottom to top at that, to form a door. 
It will exceed brick for solidity ; because it can be put up much wet- 
ter than mortar can be handled, and the brick seizes and sucks out 
the water of mortar, thus leaving it too dry to yield a tithe of its tac- 
tile power. 

What holds it ? Lime. What holds a brick wall ? Lime ; but 
the same lime will hold ten times more, or one-tenth the lime will 
hold just as well as ten times more in brick walls, because this lime 
is worked much wetter, so that it sticks far faster ; has rough stone 
instead of smoother brick surfaces to fasten too ; is embodied into one 
solid mass, not isolated, like brick ; and becomes dry and sets firmly 
before its moisture is extracted, and gets too dry to stick, as in brick. 
Wont lime stick to stone better than to brick ? and wet mortar bet- 
ter than dry ? and irregular surfaces when filled by mortar better than 
regular ? What says common sense ? My house, all houses thus built, 
answer practically. Masons will shake their heads at this, for they 
want your job. Trust my words and your own sense as to its 
solidity. 

The outside wall will let some moisture through if you use 
solid packing material, just as it goes through brick, tut not if you use 
slate-stone material, or what does not pack. For example. Sand or 
gravel wet and packed close will let water through ; but dig out that 
half rotten vein, full of little rubble-stones of various sizes and all 
shapes, and add sand or other fine material enough to give it sufficient 



CHEAP AND GOOD HOMES, AND CISTERNS. 1165 

tact, let these rubble-stones lie up loosely enough to have air spaces 
between these stones, and your wall will be as dry as a bone. I 
furrowed and plastered the outside walls of four only of my sixty-two 
rooms, but never observed any difference as to moisture between those 
furrowed and lathed, and those plastered right on to the wall, outside 
and in ; neither of them ever being the least damp, even in the closest 
dog-days. Dead air spaces, of which this honeycomb wall was full, are 
confessedly the best nonconductors of heat, cold, and moisture in 
the world. I was never in rooms as cool in hot weather, or as 
warm in cold ; nor as long in cooling off and heating up from 
outside as mine. In sudden fall changes, where a week's heat had 
warmed them, going in to them out of the outside cold made one feel 
as if entering an oven, because this outside cold had not yet penetrated 
them ; while coming in to them, out of midday heat made one feel as 
if going into an ice house, minus its chilly dampness ; because this 
outside heat had not yet got through. Open windows did not heat 
up, because outside air is always cooler than our bodies. 131 This even 
temperature of these walls is especially recommended to those affected 
unfavorably by these atmospheric changes. To go to bed of a sultry 
night after the day has heated up a wood house as hot as an oven, 
throw off all bed clothes from this heat, wake up in the night shiver- 
ing with cold from a thunderstorm which has struck its cold right 
through your room, your bones aching for weeks from a consequent 
cold, and go to bed in one of these equable rooms, cool of a sultry 
night because this heat has not even yet struck through ; and if you 
waken find your room of the same temperature as when you retired, 
though it is chilly outside, makes some difference in the long run to 
persons easily affected by cold and heat. And it is somewhat better 
to find your room in right cold weather as warm when you get up as 
when you retired, instead of forty degrees colder ! Think out this 
difference, you who need to. Only this kind of wall is fit for a deli- 
cate person to live in. Those accustomed to this wall could not be 
hired to live in any other. 

Furrow these walls if they are compact, as you would brick, 
by putting 2x4 scantlings or boards of any width and length, about 
four to six feet apart, in your wall, while making it, to nail furrow- 
ing to. 

Width of wall may be anywhere from six inches to twelve or 
eighteen for factories. They will bear as much again as brick walls 
equally thick, for reasons just given, eight and ten inches being ample 



11C6 PHRENOLOGY APPLIED. 

for dwellings. Still the practical difference between the cost of eight 
ten, and twelve inch walls is utterly insignificant — only a little more 
material had for its hauling, five to ten dollars worth more of lime, 
and a mere moiety for additional labor. 

A small cord run through holes at the tops of these standards, 
and nailed on to the upper corners of these box-boards, with 3, 
person at each end to hoist them, and a third with a light ladder 
to adjust their rests and fastenings, will facilitate raising and placing 
them. 

Plaster your outside wall externally as soon as possible after 
it is up, so that this outside coating may set and amalgamate with the 
wall itself, instead of letting the wall get dry first; because a dry wall 
will seize and suck out the moisture of this plaster as soon as it is put 
on, thus leaving your plastering crumbly, and liable to peel off by 
frost; whereas if plastered within a week — the sooner the better — 
both plaster and wall set together and adhere as firmly as if both were 
one. This point is important, and obviates a great difficulty. 

Pencil it off into blocks to your taste ; and if you want to make 
your house look like genuine granite, put iron filings into vinegar, for 
a day, and both into your outside mortar coat, and the vinegar will 
rust the iron, and ooze out in drops of iron rust, which drying, will 
look for all the world just like the iron rust spots of genuine granite. 

Cloud it by adding lamp-black, but not mixing it much, so that 
the trowel in spreading it on will leave it in streaks and clouded, 
some streaks lighter than others. These details are only incidental 
to our grout wall material. 

The inside walls can be made of studs, lath and plastering, or by 
this concrete, as you like; the latter will retard the progress of fire, or 
confine it to the room where it originates ; keep out vermin by giving 
them no lodgment or " home ; " preserve the temperature ; attain 
other good ends, and save lathing. Plaster as soon as possible, for 
reasons given above. 

Window and door casings, that expensive part of houses, can be 
obviated thus. To make a door or window, take a plank one and a 
half or two inches thick, and six or eight wide, cut two uprights the 
required length, and also sill and cap ; plain inside and bevel on both 
their edges next the window ; drive in tacks or shingle nails for the 
plaster to fasten to ; nail a piece of hollowing or octagonal bevelling 
across your box-boards, thus forming a rounding or octagonal bevel 
between this window frame and the outer and inner sides of your 



CHEAP AND GOOD HOMES, AND CISTERNS. 1]67 

wall ; and you leave after you a bevel or a round on each side as you 
pass from this frame along to the wall, that is, where you now put 
casings. In plastering, round this out with trowel, or make it 
octagonal, thus having no w T ood about your window but this frame 
and the sash ; your, wall rounding or else bevelling in to your window 
both outside and in, all casing and wood-work being thus avoided. 

Fasten in your windows by an inch moulding on each side of sash, 
for them to slide in, this moulding continuing the round or bevel from 
window-frame to wall. Or thus : Beginning at the middle of this eight 
by two inch plank frame, two inches on each side are for sash to slide 
in, with a rabbet and slide between them ; one inch for bevelled 
moulding, which is made thin on its outer edge, to hold the sash nailed 
against it, this moulding made to merge off into this bevel on the 
edges of these frame planks, next to the window ; the plastering 
coming up flush to the edge of this bevel, and held to the frame 
by nails or tacks driven into the edges of this frame plank for plaster 
to fasten to ; and the whole a gradual slope or round from window 
frame to sides of walls, and at doors the frame as wide as the wall. If 
you want to economize, plane this frame on its inside, rabbet the 
corner where the door shuts in to it; and shut the door into the 
rabbet, or else case, drawing it back enough to hold the door, planing 
the edges and sides of frame before putting up. 

W eights can be fitted to these window frames as to any other, and 
a three-sided trough nailed behind these frames for the weights. Yet 
in this case make the frames wider. 

Dome shaped roofs look more appropriate than French. Their 
very idea is to shed rain, and their shape should correspond with their 
purpose. An old fashioned gable end roof is appropriate, yet primi- 
tive^ — not nice and aristocratic enough for moderns. Then pray, how 
can a thirty-two sided pitching roof be any more so ? for its error in- 
heres in its pitching form, which additions aggravate, not obviate. 
Varying it by making four gable ends instead of tw T o, only makes the 
matter worse, besides making four roof-joints to always leak. 

All shingle roofs are objectionable, because of their necessary 
pitch ; and this because it creates so much unnecessary expense in 
making and surface for radiating - heat and cold. Let an equilateral 
triangle set up on one of its sides, the other two coming to its apex on 
top, show you that it has twice as much covering roof as house space 
covered. This is about the pitch of all shingle roofs. Not only is it 
twice as large as the space covered, but it sits square across noon-day 



1168 PHRENOLOGY APPLIED. 

sun's rays which penetrate instead of glancing, as they would from a 
flat roof. Mark how much hotter and colder this renders them than 
if they were flat. And the steeper they are the hotter. Shingles are 
unfit for roofs. 

An umbrella-shaped roof is appropriate, and its rafters can be 
easily made by bending one board as you wish the rafter, and nail- 
ing another bent on to it, and then a third, the nails thus keeping the 
boards bent, and use flat-wise, not edgewise. The boards need not be 
the length of the rafters, but can be spliced ; that is, placed bent up 
against each other at their cuds. 

Long floor timbers, pillars etc., can be made by this splicing as 
in making the Boston Jubilee Coliseum. But 

Flat roofs are preferable to pitching. 

A middle story is the best for dormitory purposes. The upper is 
heated or chilled from the roof, and the lower chilled and dampened 
from the ground. Let me sleep in the third story, so as to get all the 
air stirring, though the second will do, yet have a story above. 

High houses and ceilings arc much cheaper for their room, and 
every way better than low. Foundation and roof, the two most costly 
parts of all houses, are the same in both for their size ; yet it takes 
double of both for a given amount of room in a one story as compared 
with a two and three — no trifling difference. 

279. — How to make good Rain Water Cisterns cheap. 

Cisterns for rain water, the best there is, 12L can be made " for 
a song," by any man of fair ingenuity, thus: — 

One large enough for ordinary family use should be at least ten 
feet in depth and diameter, though twelve would be far better, and 
every inch in either diameter or height adds several barrels to its con- 
taining capacity. Every foot deeper and wider would about double 
the amount of water it will hold ; and the deeper it is, the cooler and 
sweeter its water, and the less liable to ferment, and the easier the for- 
mation of its top. While about it, you may as well make it large 
enough ; while being larger than really necessary will neither hurt it 
nor add many cents to its cost. Our mode of structure has nothing to 
say respecting its size. Determine that by other circumstances. Let 
your hole be dug about four to twelve inches larger than you propose to 
have the inside of your cistern, and have a perpendicular trench sunk 
a few inches along up that side where you propose to draw up your 
water, in which your pipe can ascend from the bottom of the cistern 



CHEAP AND GOOD HOMES, AND CISTERNS. 1169 

to the pump. Level off your bottom so that the water will settle in a 
little basin somewhere in it, from which its rinsings and dirt can be 
easily dipped out. 

Begin its construction by procuring a spruce board, one inch thick, 
about six to eight inches wide, and three times longer than the pro- 
posed diameter of your cistern. If you cannot find one long enough, 
splice by putting their ends together, and nailing a short piece some 
three feet long across them, so that it will lap from each on to the 
other. 

Saw this board crosswise on its inner side every three or four 
inches, and the oftener the smaller the cistern, almost through, but not 
quite, so as to allow of its being bent round, in order to form a hoop. 
This lapping piece must also be sawed. Bend it, and fasten the ends 
by nailing a narrow piece or two, across it, which will also enable you 
to handle it by standing in its middle. You will also need to work from 
its inside. We will call this round-bent board the hoop, or mould by 
which to form the inside of your cistern. It should be in size any- 
where from three to six inches smaller all around, than the hole for 
your cistern. The larger it is the thinner the walls of your cistern. 
It may as well be six inches from this hoop to the outside of your 
cistern hole. The farther it is, the more material will be required to 
fill it in forming your cistern. Four inches will do, and there is no 
need of Jover eight, while five or six are enough to give all needed 
body to your cistern wall. It should have a few holes with ropes in> 
by which to lift it evenly by a pole above. 

The same material will do for cistern as for house, only finer. 

The bottom of your cistern is to be formed by taking about two 
or three bushels, — the more the larger your cistern, — or enough to 
cover its entire bottom about two inches thick, but with no stones 
larger than your bottom is to be thick, for you want a smooth bottom. 

Add water lime at ' the rate of about one-sixth or eighth of the 
whole bulk of this material, the less the coarser it is, and the less 
economical you are, and costly your lime. One-tenth water lime will 
probably do to nine-tenths of gravel, yet if you prefer to be extra 
safe, one-eighth or one-sixth will make you so. Masons will tell you 
one-third, but of this there is no need. 

Mix the two well together dry, by shovelling. Then add sufficient 

water to make the mass about as thick as ordinary mortar, so that it 

will run and pack into one solid mass. Spread this evenly over this 

bottom, leaving a place to stand in at the hollow, above suggested. 

147 



11 TO PHRENOLOGY APPLIED. 

Even it all down, and work down all projecting pebbles till it becomes 
smooth. This material should be used as soon as may be after it is 
wet, because its first set is the best; though a second wetting and set- 
ting will do by adding more lime. Your bottom is thus formed and 
about done. Let it stand untouched an hour or more, or over night, 
till well set; unless you are in haste; but if so, cover it over with 
sand, a few inches to a foot or two in the middle portion,. but not 
around the edges. This sand will enable you to keep on working 
without injuring your bottom, but around the outside, where the wall 
comes, there must be no sand. 

Place your hoop, so as to be about four to six or more inches 
from the outside of your hole, all around. Take half a bushel of the 
finer quality of your material, all sand will do better, and about six 
quarts water lime, mix well by shovelling, add water enough to 
make a mortar of it, and put it around the outside, at the bottom of 
your hoop, and work it well into this bottom to make a good junction 
between the bottom and the side of your cistern, run the point of 
your trowel around outside the bottom of the hoop to smooth down 
any projecting material, and consider your work fairly begun. 

Begin your pipe for pumping out your water right here, by in- 
serting a lead pipe, bent, and laid under your hoop, one end opening 
into the bottom of your cistern, and the other behind the hoop. Mix 
enough material and wet enough lime and material to fill up between 
this hoop and the earth, about one part lime to six or eight parts of 
material, and fill in behind the hoop, the better if not filled quite to 
its top, putting in any stones you can get in, and leave the mass solid. 

A cement pipe can be made like the chimneys by setting an inch 
stick at the end of this lead pipe, between the hoop and dirt ; have it 
perpendicular; put fine material all around it; let it be in the per- 
pendicular trench described in making your cistern hole ; and keep 
drawing this stick along up, thus leaving a* cemented hole behind it. 

.Lift this HOOP to within an inch or so of the top of the material 
already placed — about four inches, if your board is six inches wide, 
and fill again to within an inch or so of its top. This lifting must be 
even, or on all sides at onee, so as not to break the material already 
placed. Still, if it becomes broken, your trowel, rubbed along over 
cracks as soon as the board is hoisted, while the wall is green, will fix 
it all right again. Your best plan probably is to let these four ropes 
in these four holes extend to the surface of the ground ; put a pole 
through all four, with sufficient purchace to raise all at once ; and at 



CHEAP AND GOOD HOMES, AND CISTERNS. 1171 

each rise shorten the ropes. Repeat this last process of filling in be- 
hind the board, and lifting it till you have raised your cistern suffi- 
ciently to begin to form its top, or about four to six feet below the top 
of the ground. After making the upper course richer with water lime 
than usual, so as to have a good foundation for its dome, the construc- 
tion of which involves the only really difficult part of the whole pro- 
cess, proceed to make this dome as follows : — 

Take another spruce board, one third longer than the diameter 
of your cistern ; nail a short piece on each end to hold it up after it 
is placed ; saw it almost through crosswise every three or four inches, 
as before described for the hoop, to allow bending, and tie the two 
ends, to keep it bent ; set it on top of this round board hoop, the ends 
of the latter on the sides of the former, so that their outer edges shall 
be even. This short piece should be so nailed on as to lap from the 
horizontal hoop to the perpendicular one. Do the same with a second 
spruce board, thus forming four ribs for your dome, which must of 
course cross each other at their top, where the mouth of your cistern 
is to be. Now knock in pieces one of your water lime barrels, and 
set its staves, one end on the horizontal hoop and the other lapping 
over on the upright ones ; put thick brown paper over any holes still 
left, thus forming a dome-shaped mould for the top of your cistern, 
all resting on this horizontal hoop, and about even with its outer edges. 
Mix your material and lime, as already described, and build it up 
carefully around this dome, till the hole left becomes about two feet 
across on top. Make the material richer with lime than for the body 
of the cistern, say one-fourth to one-sixth, because this arch requires 
more strength, embedding brick-bats, blacksmiths' cinders, stones, the 
thinner and flatter the better, to help strengthen this arch. 

Drive the hoops on one end of one of your lime barrels ; nail 
them ; knock out both heads ; saw in two in the middle, these . short 
half staves will help in forming your dome, and place one of the 
halves, with its smaller end down, on top of this dome, where the 
upright spruce boards cross, and build the same material right along 
up around this half barrel, the top of which should be about even 
with the top of the ground, which should be calculated beforehand, 
or else the ground rounded up to its top. Fill dirt all around over 
this dome, and keep pouring water daily over and around your cistern, 
outside, and let it stand a week, though a month is better. Your 
cistern is built ! Finish off thus : 

Saw through these upright spruce dome boards, where the; 



1172 PHRENOLOGY APPLIED. 

cross ; knock them in to your cistern ; go down into it, and take out 
this dome and the spruce board; sell them, hoop, dome, and all, to a 
neighbor, with which to build another cistern for himself; for one 
cistern mould will answer for scores of cisterns, and can be so con- 
structed as to be easily taken apart, without this sawing or boring. 
Let the half barrel remain, and by nailing together the pieces which 
composed its head, you have a lower cover to the neck of your cistern, 
which will fit and set right down into this half barrel, and stop near 
its bottom, while another top cover, over all, will form an air-tight 
partition between these top and bottom covers, which will prevent 
the frost from penetrating into the cistern. Leave an outlet towards 
the top of this dome for the surplus water to pass off after the cistern 
is full. 

Finish off the inside of this cistern, and make it water-tight, as 
follows : As you keep drawing up this horizontal hoop to make the 
cistern, and while the material is yet soft, rub your trowel along over 
it, to pack the material and fill up all its cracks and holes. After 
taking out your dome, beginning up by the half barrel, fill up all 
holes with a mortar of water lime and sand, all around and all the 
way down to the bottom, which finish out, and make tight with this 
mortar. 

Make a thin wash about as thick as for whitewashing by putting 
water lime into water, and wash your cistern over and over from top 
to bottom with a whitewash brush, and your cistern proper is all 
done ; unless you choose to 

Make a filter thus : Take soft or porous brick ; set edgewise, 
and end to end. Four or five long will make it large enough. Set 
in lime mortar, and one tier above the other for about six tiers, draw- 
ing in each tier, thus making a brick box around the mouth of your 
cistern, leaving a place for drawing the water large enough to hold 
two to four pails of water. The water thus let into the cistern pro- 
per will filter through the brick into the brick compartment about as 
fast as you draw it out. Draw from this brick filter as you would 
from any other cistern. 

Your cistern is now in complete working order, just as good as if 
a mason had made it at a cost of nearly a hundred dollars, yet it has 
cost you for 



CHEAP AND GOOD HOMES, AND CISTERNS. 1173 

Thirty feet of spruce boards, about $0 60 

Two barrels water lime (varying with the locality) . . 6 to 8 00 

Pebble and sand material, about 2 00 

Digging cistern hole, same as for others, about .... 6 00 

Amount of work, from 8 to 10 00 

Total, $26 60 

But any intelligent man can do all the work, in which case it will 
cost only for the lime and boards, and less than ten dollars. 

Tell masons and carpenters you do not need their services, and can 
all alone make a cistern for less then ten dollars as good as they 
would make at a cost of seventy-fire dollars. Those who follow these 
directions will make no failures, and may justly be proud of the work 
of their own hands. Or, if you fail the first time, try again, avoid- 
ing the cause of the failure next time. 

An oblong or any other spherical cistern can be made by bending 
two boards the shape you want your cistern, fastened by screws to 
a standard, raised like the hoop till ready to make its dome-shaped 
roof, then not hoist their ends, but keep raising their middle just as 
you raise the handle- of a pail, or top of a carriage, till both stand at 
an angle of 40 to 50 degrees, or near enough for some kind of staves 
to reach across from one to the other. Sugar hogshead staves will 
be needed if your cistern is large ; place their ends across these 
hoop boards ; put on thick brown paper to keep the mortar from 
slipping through ; round up above with dirt or clay, formed arch-like 
on top, and run your material along up as before to the barrel in the 
centre of its top. Any one with any sense can vary and execute the 
details of this plan to his liking. It can be made to work like a 
charm. A centre hoop board can be arched over its middle, so as to 
have two rows of staves, thus greatly increasing its convexity, so that 
it will stand the better, because dome-shaped. 

280. — The Octagon Form of Houses, Babns, etc., preferable. 

The shape of buildings is next in importance. Of course rooms 
should be rectangular, because easier made, better adapted to carpets, 
furniture, beds, windows, etc. ; yet octagonal rooms look and wear 
well. This would seem to require a rectangular square-shaped 
house, but octagon-shaped can give square rooms, with triangular 
closets. 



1174 



PHRENOLOGY APPLIED. 



A square house gives much more room for its wall than an 
oblong, as the following figures will show. 

ADVANTAGES OP THE SQUARE FORM OVER THE OCTAGONAL. 



NO.— 206. 



No.— 207. 



No.— 208. 

The first represents a room or house 62 feet long and 2 wide, 
which gives you 128 feet of outsidewall, and 128 square feet of inside 
room, the two equal : the second is 44 x 16, has just as much surface 
wall, but encloses 704 square feet, or over 6 feet of inside space to one 
foot of external wall ; while the 32 feet square house, having the same 
length of outside wall, with the others, yields 1024 feet of space, or 
8 feet of space for every foot of outside wall ; that is, eight times more 
than the first, and four times more than the second. By virtue of this 
principle — 

A circle contains more inside space for its circumference than 
any other figure, and therefore the nearer your house approaches the 
circle, the greater its capacity for its surface. This recommends the 



CHEAP AND GOOD HOMES, AND CISTERNS. 



1175 



octagonal form as the best available, because a circular is difficult to 
make, the octagonal easy, and yet nearly as capacious. 

Wings and ells necessitate a great loss of room for their outside 
wall, on the principle just demonstrated. Both are combinations of 
folly and extravagance, and destructive alike of beauty and utility. 

A neighbor asked my opinion about building two additions, E 
and F, to his barn, A, No 209., and asked my advice. I replied : 

' " Suppose the wall a had been built at b, c at d, e at /, g at h, and 
i at /, you would have had all these spaces, B, C, and D, added to 
your inclosed room, without adding one inch to your foundations or 
walls, and with an actual saving .of the walls I and k. B3' your pro- 
posed plan you have only 1,350 feet of room, but by mine 2,700, or 
exactly twice as much room, yet 60 feet, or almost one-fourth less 




No. 209. — An Awkward Bakn. 



of wall and foundation, which will almost make up the extra cost of 
roof. Double the room and one-fourth less wall makes a difference of 
some sixty-two per cent, more of room in proportion to wall by my 
plan than yours." " I declare," he exclaimed, " I do wish I had seen 
you before." •' Besides, you can not get from one barn to another 
without going out of doors." 

All winged houses, and all having additions appended, are 
equally objectionable, and for precisely the same reason, besides their 
requiring three foundations, sets of rafters, roofs, etc., and less space 
by half inside for their outside wall ; and if three stories high, and the 
winged two in the centre, and the wings one, twice and a half; besides 
all the loss of labor and materials in constructing all these useless 
corners. 



1176 PHRENOLOGY APPLIED. 

In cottage and doric houses, every room joins foundation or 
roof, thus imbibing moisture, and radiating heat in hot, and cold in 
cool weather from twice the amount of roof needed to cover the 
house. 

The octagonal form has these advantages; 1. It gives one-fifth 
more room for its outside wall than the square, and more than double 
that usually obtained; 2. Its rooms are compact, and handy of access; 
3. It gives triangular closets to all the rooms; the uses of which 
let woman attest. They fill one of the essential wants of all houses. 
The octagonal form gives square rooms, and between them just such 
spaces as are wanted for closets, and just where they are wanted, and 
of the right shape. 

Wall room is what closets require. Now triangular closets give 
double the wal 7 room for their space. A closet 6x6, occupies 36 
square feet, yet gives only 24 lineal feet of wall room ; whereas run- 
ning a partition diagonally across it, gives almost double wall room, 
there being wall room on each side of this partition, without its 
occupying one foot more of house room ; having 42 feet of closet wall, 
in place of 24. And this room much handier to the door, from which 
you can reach to all its parts without going inside, which you could 
not do in the square. And these triangular corners of the shelves are 
just the cosy places needed in which to put away things. 

Ascents, descents, and entries are greatly facilitated by this 
octagonal plan, thus : The true place for stairways is up through the 
centre, or else at the front door, but not in a hall running through 
the house. As generally located, entries are almost nuisances. They 
let in a vast amount of cold, which is conducted into your rooms, and 
cannot be controlled, besides separating parlor and sitting room, 
which should adjoin, and open into each other. Ascent and descent 
can be effected better by the octagonal plan thus : 

A thirty-two feet square house is only moderate in size, gives 
1,024 feet of room, but no place for an entry without separating sit- 
ting-room and parlor, or else taking up one-fifth of their entire room, 
and throwing kitchen and wood-room into an addition, the disadvantages 
of which we have exposed, besides the expense of building an extra 
house ; while our octagon gives 1,218 feet, wastes only 60 feet in 
stairs, gives kitchen with the house, and right where it is wanted, not 
in an outbuilding, and good-sized rooms all round. Now just scan 
our plan. 

The entry e, 6X8 or 10, takes up only about 50 square feet of 



CHEAP AND GOOD HOMES, AND CISTERNS. 



1177 



OCTAGONAL DIVISION OF ROOMS. 




No. 210. — A 16-feet Octagon. 



house room, instead of the 200 or more usually consumed, yet sup- 
plies every required entry facility. The entry door should swing 
from the stairs ; you turn to the left for parlor, reception room, R, pr, 
right for living and dining room, up stairs, and down cellar, its stairs 
being under the upper, and near the living room. A dish closet out 
of this living room can be got behind and under these stairs. 

A back entrance and stairs at B, into and up from the kitchen, 
gives all required in that line, along with another living room closet, 
under the back stairway. Your kitchen 16X8 has its lighted pantry, 
and it a dish closet in the angle behind the reception room, which can 
open into the kitchen, if preferred. 

Parlor and living room connect by folding doors. This gives 
you \ larger parlor and living room together, viz., in a 16 feet octagon 
18x18 each, while the 32 feet square house gives 15x24, larger than 
your 32 feet square house, which is without kitchen or closets ; while 
our plan gives you both, and without kitchen appendix to your house in 
either looks or expense. Please note all these advantages of less cost, 
with more room, and kitchen close to dining room. 

Put entry and kitchen walls where you like. That is, give 
more room to kitchen and entry, and less to living room and parlor, 
as you prefer. Probably 18X18 for each would be about right. 
Your house is 36 feet clear in diameter. So setting your entry and 
kitchen walls about a foot from their two house corners, gives you 18 



1178 PHRENOLOGY APPLIED. 

feet wide for each, and kitchen and entry 7x16 each, yet you can 
throw the more, or the less room out of or into kitchen or closets. 
An 18 feet square room will just fit your yard wide carpets, while 
entry will take two breadths, and kitchen three. Is, could, or need 
there be a cozier, snugger, handier plan, all around ? and at less than 
half the expense of a 32x32 feet house, with kitchen added, but better 
every way. Use your own eyes. 

The upper story presents the same advantages. You land soon 
enough to enter to the right the large room over the living room, or, pro- 
ceeding a few feet, that over the parlor, and have another rectangular room 
over the front entry, with triangular closets to each, and a large closet 
or small bed-room out of the one over the living room, and can start 
your third story stairs right over your front door. 

Over your kitchen you have a good sized bed-room, 16x7, and 
a place for a stairway above, or a small bed-room, and can open the one 
over the front door into the one over the kitchen, or even both ; with a 
triangular closet to each. This plan is for a moderate sized house. To 
look right well, and be most serviceable, it should be two and a half or 
three stories, with a flat roof. A low house has a mean squatty look, 
a high one makes a noble, commanding appearance ; provided it is 
not top heavy, or steeple like. 

A man of means is able and disposed to build an ordinary 36X44 
feet house, with an entry through its middle, and two rooms on each 
side, double parlors on one side of entry, and kitchen and dining- 
room on the other; has 1,584 feet of room, to 160 lineal feet of wall ; 
gives 288 feet to entry and 324 to each of his four rooms 18 feet square, 
and the same above. This equals an octagon 20 feet square, equal in 
its walls to the house 36x44, just figured, would not probably cost 
$100 more than a 16 feet, for there are no more doors or windows 
and only longer walls, the cost of which is trifling, 278 and more floor- 
ing and roof, but double the available room. 

A central stairway has many advantages. Its bottom is easily 
reached from the lower or cellar stairway, or from either parlor, sit- 
ting or dining room, and kitchen, all grouped right around it thus: 

Its entries should be between the four points of the compass so as 
to bring its four main rooms due east and west, north and south, 
and placed so that parlor may front north or west, kitchen north or 
east, living and dining-room south. 

Sunshine is not needed in the parlor, but is in the living-room. 
A south parlor wastes this great necessity and luxury, because* 



CHEAP AND GOOD HOMES, AND CISTERNS. 



1179 



occupied little during sunshine, but mostly evenings, and on special 
occasions ; whereas living-room is used early and late, summer and 
winter. One often needs to lotch in sunshine, and sitting-room is its 
place. This a bay window, facilitated by the octagon form, 
promotes. 

A cool southern breeze always accompanies right hot weather. 
This renders your sitting-room the coolest in the house, except those 

20-FEET AND CENTRAL STAIRWAY PLAN. 




No. 211.— The Best Yet. 



right above it, whilst in fall, winter, and spring you want all 
the sun you can get in your sitting-room, even though it robs the 
others. 

An east or west entrance will enable you to put your parlor on 
the north and sitting-room on the south side, while a northern en- 
trance naturally gives the sun to the kitchen, and a southern to your 
parlor. These facts are worth considering in laying out the house you 
are to live in always, yet have heretofore remained unnoticed. 

Women should turn architects. They are naturally adapted 



1180 PHRENOLOGY APPLIED. 

to at least help plan houses ; and then to grace, furnish, and run 
them. 

Husbands, do your utmost to give yourselves and families the best 
domicil you can afford ; and wives see that you make every house, 
whether palace or hovel, a cosy, lovely home ; for better a hovel with 
a lovely, loving, motherly, womanly, amiable, female angel at its 
hearth-stone, than a palace with a proud, selfish, cross-grained, hating, 
hateful termigant, presiding at the family altar. 

Section III. 
success in life: its extent, conditions, etc. 

281. — In what ends to invest our Life Entity. 

Time is life, as well as money. Young men, all men, all women, 
you have earned or inherited a thousand dollars, and are casting about 
for the very best possible speculation for its " investment." You scan 
"government bonds," bank and other "stocks," mining "shares," 
corner lots, commercial "enterprises," and all other "prospects" for 
its most paying use. 

Your self-hood is this thousand. Some use of it you must make, 
nolens volens. How will you expend it ? Will you use it up in a day, 
a year, or spin it out just as long as possible ? You had better ex- 
tend it, especially since those identical conditions which extend also 
enrich it. And it is worth too much to be violently curtailed. 15226 
It is no " elephant " on your hands, but a God-conferred boon, to be 
enjoyed to the uttermost. Will you worse than squander, will you 
vitiate it besides, on your lower propensities, or " lay it out " on your 
affectional, pecuniary, ambitional, moral, professional, intellectual, or 
any other life pursuit. If you invest it in the loves, will you have 
their pure phase, or their carnal, sensuous form ? If in business, of 
what kind ? Commercial, or mechanical, etc., and what form of either ? 
Or will you seek some ambitional phase ; and if ay, will you have 
political and official, or fashionable and grandiloquent, or moral, or 
intellectual ? And if the latter, will you have its oratorical, or poet- 
ical, or literary, or professional, or scientific department ? Or on what 
other life object do you propose to expend your own dear precious 
physiology, mentality, existence ? Look all around over all your pos- 
sible " openings," and choose the best. Yet by what standard can 
you test all, to ascertain which is the best ? 



SUCCESS IN LIFE: ITS EXTENT, CONDITIONS, ETC. 1181 

Whichever promises the largest pleasure dividend to 
you should have your choice. 15 One will yield th^most enjoyment to 
one, and another to another, but you want the mie which will give 
yourself, the most pleasure. That point you must determine for your 
own self. Others may aid you, but you alone must have " the casting 
vote ; " nor shirk its responsibilities. 

Your Phrenology will aid your choice. To decide without ob- 
taining its aid, is fool-hardihood, and suicidal neglect. Consult it the 
more, the more your life is worth to you. You cannot afford to en- 
danger a failure by espousing a business for which you are constitu- 
tionally disqualified. 67 Your taste will help, but your inherent biases 
must predetermine. A sure thing is what you require. If you have 
these organs strong, and those weak, you should select this business, 
and vice versa. To know what organizations fit you best for what 
kinds of business, thus becomes of the last practical importance. 
Many are tied to a loathed dead carcass business, in which they can 
never attain mediocrity, who could gratify pride, love of money, Am- 
bition, and entire Nature in some other; — a principle equally applicable 
to children. 

282. — What Developments are necessary for special 

Vocations. 

The following samples will enable you to decipher others. 

Good teachers require an active Temperament to impart that 
vivacity of mind and quickness of preception so essential to awaken 
and develop the minds of pupils ; large Perceptives with large Eventu- 
ality, in order to give an abundant command of facts, and to pour a 
continual stream of information into their minds ; large Language, to 
speak freely and well ; large Comparison, fully to explain, expound, 
and enforce every thing by appropriate and copious illustrations ; 
large Intuition to study out the respective characters of each pupil, 
and adapt instruction and government to their ever-varying capacities 
and peculiarities, that is, to know " how to take them ; " full or large 
and active Causality, to give them material for thought, explain 
causes, and answer their questions, and stimulate this inquiring 
Faculty to action ; good lungs, to endure much talking ; only mode- 
rate Continuity so as to turn in quick succession without confusion, from 
one scholar or thing to another ; fairly developed Friendship, to get 
and keep on the right side of parents ; large Parental Love, to give 
that fondness for children which ingratiates the affections of pupils ; 



1182 PHRENOLOGY APPLIED. 

large Kindness, to impart genuine goodness as well as thoroughly to 
interest in promc^ig their welfare; large Firmness, to give fixed- 
ness of purpose ; rair Dignity, to secure respect ; yet not too much, 
especially if combined with active Force and Destruction, lest they 
become too arbitrary; large Conscience, to deal justly and cultivate in 
them the sentiment of right and truth ; a fully developed moral 
region, to continually stimulate their higher, better feelings; large 
Beauty, to render them polished and refined, so as to develop taste and 
propriety ; and an excellent general head, because this occupation 
stamps the pupils with the predominant traits of their teachers' intel- 
lect and character. They also require discipline to give full control 
over them, and much patience and self-government. Few if any 
avocations require more talents or moral worth. The idea that any- 
body can teach who can read, write, and cipher, is erroneous. The 
best or none. You who select this avocation, make your pupils love 
you. This will obviate all requisition for the whip, yet give you un- 
limited influence over them. To do this, do not be austere, but 
affable, kind, good-natured, even when provoked, and familiar. Es- 
pecially give them gt>od advice as well as good instruction. Next to 
this, secure the good-will of their mothers. 

A Clergyman requires the mental or motive mental Temperament, 
to give him a decided predominance of mind over his animal tenden- 
cies, and to impart the thorough and substantial to all he says and 
does ; a large frontal and coronal region, the former to give him intel- 
lectual capacity, and the latter to impart high moral worth, aims, feel- 
ings, elevation of character, and blamelessness of conduct ; very large 
Kindness and Conscience, to render him truly philanthropic and dis- 
interested, and willing to sacrifice personal interests upon the altar of 
human happiness, and to create a strong desire to make men happier 
by making them better; large Worship, to imbue him with the truly 
godly and prayerful spirit, so that he may excite these feelings in those 
around him ; small Secretion, so that he may declare the whole council 
of God, without " daubing with untempered mortar ; " or hide the truth 
in round-about expressions ; small Acquisition, so that he may care 
little for money as such, and be indisposed to barter and traffic; 
large Friendship, so that he may make all who know him love him, 
and thus win them over to the paths of truth and righteousness ; only 
average Force, so that he may be mild, yet enough to give energy of 
character and great moral courage to dare to utter the whole truth, 
cut where it may ; large Parental Love, to render him interested in 



SUCCESS IN LIFE : ITS EXTENT, CONDITIONS, ETC. 1183 

the moral improvement of children ; full or large Beauty, so that he 
may please with his elegance of style and ease qf manners and de- 
livery ; large Comparison, to render him clear and pointed, and to 
enable him to expound, explain, illustrate, and clear up knotty points, 
make himself fully understood, and carry conviction to the under- 
standings of all; full Hope, to render him cheerful; large Expression, 
to enable him to speak with ease and perspicuity; full Continuity, 
so that he may impart oneness to his discourses, yet not too large, lest 
he become prolix ; and a uniform, well-balanced head, so as to render 
him consistent in conduct and correct in judgment, and also excite the 
better feelings in those who come within his influence. The intellec- 
tual and moral should predominate in himself, so that these Faculties 
in him may perpetually excite similar ones in all around him. None 
but those who have superior moral and intellectual developments, 
along with an excellent physical organization, should enter this cal- 
ling. Their very office puts a mighty moral influence into their 
hands, which none but the good should be allowed to wield, lest they 
wield it for evil. Large Worship, however, is not indispensable, for 
reform preachers have it less than Kindness and Conscience. If reli- 
gious doctrines and practices were entirely right, the more Worship 
the better, but they require to be reformed and improved, which too 
large Worship prevents. 

Physicians require a strong, robust Temperament, so that they can 
endure hardship, fatigue, and want of sleep and food, and stand all 
weathers and immense labor ; large Perceptives, so that they may 
study and apply anatomy, physiology, chemistry, and botany, with skill 
and success ; large Kindness, so that they may really desire to alleviate 
suffering ; fair Destruction, lest they shrink from inflicting the pain 
requisite to cure, yet not too large lest they become harsh, and inflict 
unnecessary pain ; large Construction, to give them skill in the sur- 
gical part of their business ; large Love, to give them favor among 
women, yet not too much lest they abuse their required intimacy ; 
large Parental Love, so that they may get on the right side of chil- 
dren ; large Force, to render them resolute and prompt, and give them 
presence of mind; large Caution, to render them judicious and safe; 
and a large head to give them power of mind. Physicians, too, more 
than any other class, require that liberality of views, that openness 
to conviction which shall allow them to keep up with the times, and 
adopt all improvements in the healing art ; for no other is equally 
imperfect, or more imperiously demands reform and advancement. 



11S4 PHRENOLOGY APPLIED. 

Lawyers require the mental Temperament, to give them intensity 
of feeling and clearness of intellect ; large Eventuality, to enable them 
to recall law cases and decisions, and to recollect all the particulars 
and items of the case; large Comparison, to enable them to put 
together and compare different parts of the law and evidence, criticise, 
cross-question, illustrate, and adduce similar decisions and cases ; large 
Mirth, to enable them to argue by ridicule ; large or very large Force, 
to make them love litigation and encourage strife instead of reconciling 
the parties ; large Hope, to make them expect success and confidently 
promise it to their clients ; large Dignity, to enable them to brow- 
beat and deny ; large Force, Destruction, and Mirth, to render them 
sarcastic in their repartees ; large Secretion and less Conscience, so as 
to allow them to engage in unjust causes, without scruples, and wrong 
their opponents out of their just dues, by quirks of the law, whenever 
posssible, as well as to plead a bad cause, and violate truth with a hard 
facej large Expression, to give them a limber tongue, so that they can 
talk much yet say little, and substitute verbosity when they lack ar- 
gument ; large Beauty, to supply the place of facts by ingenious sup- 
positions and a fruitful fancy ; a practical, showy intellect, but not a 
high moral head, yet abundance of selfishness and gammon. I speak 
now of common lawyers, and of law as now practised, in which a pal- 
pable want of truth and justice is too apparent to require proof; and 
recommend none to study law who have high moral feelings and wish 
to retain them ; because the very nature of this calling tends to blunt 
them. They will also be required to do much which is revolting to 
all our better feelings, or else to lose clients. Those who would rise 
in this avocation, must make up their minds to pocket their con- 
sciences, and encourage hard-faced selfishness. Yet we require a total 
change in both law and the way it is practised ; require honest lawyers, 
now a scarce article. The sole end of all law should be to secure 
rights and prevent wrongs. Such ends require little selfishness, sound 
judgment, and predominant moral sentiments. Yet such lawyers try 
very few causes, but generally bring the parties to a mutual compro- 
mise and reconciliation beforehand — infinitely the preferable course, and 
one which lawyers should always recommend and try to effect, however 
it may diminish their fees. Of law, as now practised, all must enter- 
tain a very poor opinion, and discourage from entering this profession. 

Statesmen require a Temperament of much power to give strength 
of mind, and a large and well balanced intellectual lobe, to enable 
them to see through great public measures and choose the best course, 



SUCCESS IN LIFE : ITS EXTENT, CONDITIONS, ETC. 1185 

together with high, narrow heads, to render them disinterested, and 
seek the people's good, not selfish emolument. Few callings require 
better men, or more general philanthropy ; yet few have less. Many 
politicians have intellects, yet few have high moral feelings. They are 
usually selfish, and must be so to adapt themselves to politics as now 
conducted. Still, good men should engage in it so as to reform it, yet 
such will meet with poor encouragement. 

* Editors require a strong and active Temperament and brain, in 
order to enlist and interest their readers, carry them along with them- 
selves, and describe well ; large Observation and Eventuality, to col- 
lect and disseminate incidents, facts, news, and general information, 
and give a practical cast of mind ; large Comparison, to enable them 
to illustrate, explain, expound, criticise, pick flaws, show up opponents, 
and the like ; full pr large Force, to render them spirited and ready 
for conflict, as well as to put energy into their writings, and a good 
moral organization, so that they may promote morality and general 
excellence ; large Expression and Mirth, to render them spicy, racy, 
and facetious, and enable them to redicule what is absurd; large 
Beauty, to give taste and elevated sentiments, and add a flowing, ele- 
gant style, and a happy talent for description ; and if they also read 
proof, large Form, to spell correctly and detect typographical errors.. 
Yet different organizations are requisite in editors of different things.. 
Thus, a political editor requires a very different organization from a 
scientific. The former requires a much less powerful organization and 
brain, and more practical talent, yet less of the profound, deep, inves- 
tigating, and substantial. Editors of scientific works require a large 
intellectual lobe, large reflectives, especially Comparison, and high 
moral sentiments, so that strict truthfulness may characterize their 
version of all they write. 

Authors require the mental-motive Temperament, to impart great 
strength combined with great activity of mind, together with clear- 
ness, force, and impressiveness ; high and strongly marked heads, to 
enable them to pen what is worth perusal and reperusal ; well balan- 
ced heads, so that they shall take consistent and correct views of sub- 
jects ; especially large and evenly balanced intellectual lobes, so that 
their ideas may be sound, comprehensive and consistent ; large moral 
organs, to infuse elevated moral sentiment into all they write ; especially 
predominant Conscience, to give them the highest and the strictest 
regard for truth ; full Intuition, to give them an intuitive perception 
of universal truth ; smaller sensual propensities and little selfishness ; 
149 



1186 PHRENOLOGY APPLIED. 

more especially large or very large Comparison, to give point, clear- 
ness, appropriateness and keen discrimination in the use of words and 
arrangement of sentences and thoughts ; fair Expression, but less than 
Intellect, that they may condense ; great Beauty, that their sentiments 
may be pure and diction elevated ; large Worship, that they may in- 
culcate it ; and predominant Kindness, in order to Write so as to benefit 
mankind. In most kinds of authorship large Causality is indispen- 
sable, yet not in writing tales or compiling events. Indeed, the tasks^ 
of few are equally laborious, and none require stronger intellectual 
capabilities, or a higher tone and more elevated standard of moral 
character and conduct. 

Public speakers require a predominance of the vital-mental Tem- 
perament, to inspire them with the ardor and enthusiasm required to 
enlist the feelings of an audience ; a highly wrought organization, to 
give them pathos, clearness, and flow of idea and feeling ; large social 
organs, to give them access to the feelings and affections of listeners ; 
large Force, to infuse life, positiveness, and spirit into what they say ; 
not too much Secretion, lest they become ambiguous, and unwilling to 
-open their whole souls ; neither too much Caution, nor Worship, lest 
they become embarrassed, nor too little, lest they become reckless and 
impudent; large Ambition and Dignity, to render them aspiring, and 
dispose and enable them to " lead off; " large moral organs, to purify 
and elevate their ideas and conceptions ; large Beauty, to give them 
brilliancy and fertility of imagination, and refinement of sentiment, 
purity of feelings, and a elevated style ; large Imitation, to enable 
them to mimic, describe, and impart the life-like to their efforts ; large 
Mirth to render them amusing, and full of the ludicrous, with large 
Eveutuality, to intersperse a great variety of illustrative anecdote, 
give them a full command of their subject, and enable them readily 
to throw their ideas into shape, as well as to give them the required 
detail and amplification ; large Observation, to render them specific 
and distinct, and enable them to personify and set matters before their 
audiences as if speaking present realities ; large Expression, to give 
them a ready command of words, and a flowing, easy, happy 
delivery, and with Eventuality, Beauty, and an excitable Tempera- 
ment, to render them eloquent and impassioned ; together with large 
or very large Comparison, fully and appropriately to illustrate every 
idea, and render all they say apt and appropriate; large Urbanity, 
to render their "mode and manner" acceptable and taking; and 
large Intuition, to enable them to catch and control the minds of 



SUCCESS IN LIFE: ITS EXTENT, CONDITIONS, ETC. 1187 

audiences ; along with a superior Temperament and moral and intel- 
lectual lobes. None but good men should become public speakers. 

Poets require the highest order of both Temperament and develop- 
ments. Poetry depends more on physiology than phrenology. It 
consists in a spiritual ecstasy which can be better felt then described, 
Not one in many thousands of those who write verses have the first 
inspiration of true poetry, yet to detail the conditions requisite for 
this avocation would unduly protract. 

Lecturers require fine, active, and yet strong organizations ; full 
intellectual lobes ; especially fulness from the root of the nose up- 
wards, together with high foreheads, to give them facts and thoughts 
in abundance ; large Expression, to render them fluent and copious ; 
amply developed Beauty, to render them refined and eloquent ; suffi- 
cient Dignity, to prevent diffidence, yet not so much Ambition as to 
render them vain or egotistical ; a high coronal region, and large 
social organs so as to make friends ; large Force to impart spirit and 
efficiency to both manner and matter; not too much Caution nor yet 
too little, and in general, well balanced heads. Yet here, too, lecturers 
on different subjects require different organizations. 

The phrenologist requires a Temperament of the highest 
order, exceedingly quick yet strong, to impart both mental activity 
and power, and enable him to run rapidly yet correctly through the 
vast multiplicity of conditions which go to form character ; great 
strength of organization to apply his entire energies with great power 
to the work in hand ; an ample intellectual lobe, to give power of 
mind, and in connection with the required activity, to impart cogency, 
pointedness, efficiency, and distinctness ; an evenly balanced intellect, 
so that he may take into full account all those conditions which in- 
fluence character and conduct ; great Observation so that he may 
perceive those conditions at one glance, and see all that can influence 
his ultimate conclusions ; ample Eventuality, to remember all he ob- 
serves ; great Comparison, to combine and comprehend all the relative 
sizes of all the organs with each other, and with the existing Tem- 
perament — a truly Herculean labor, and one which requires the ut- 
most tension of this Faculty ; — a copious flow of Language, to facili- 
tate description, and convey the results arrived at ; good Mirth, to 
spice the whole with the lively and exciting ; good Causality, to in- 
vestigate and present the great principles and general bearings of its 
philosophy ; not too much Secretion, lest he become ambiguous and 
avoid direct declarations ; large Parental Love, to gain him the good 



1188 PHRENOLOGY APPLIED. 

will of those children he may be called upon to examine, so as to 
render his advice acceptable and dispose them to follow it ; large 
Kindness, thoroughly to interest him in the welfare of his patrons, 
and impart advice wherever required, as well as to apply this science 
to human improvement and happiness; and a high coronal region, so 
as to inspire him with high moral feelings and give all he says and 
does an elevated moral aspect ; together with the strictest sense of 
justice and a well balanced head, especially intellect ; because as he 
is, so will be his examinations and views. Predominant Causality 
and deficient Individuality render him too slow in arriving at conclu- 
sions ; yet this organization is not incompatible with his making ex- 
cellent examinations, provided the required time is taken. 

Merchants require much sprightliness and activity, to enable 
and dispose them to move easily and rapidly, and prevent indolence; 
large Acquisition, to impart a desire and tact for making money, driv- 
ing bargains, buying, selling, exchanging, and handling money ; large 
Hope, to promote enterprise, yet not too large unless checked by Cau- 
tion, lest they buy more than they pay for, and dip so deeply into 
speculations as to fail ; at least full Caution, to render them provident 
and safe ; large perceptives, to give quick and correct judgment of the 
qualities, texture, nature, and like properties of goods, and enable 
them to buy and sell well ; large Beauty and fair Color, to give them 
correct taste and good judgment of colors ; good Computation, to im- 
part rapidity and correctness in casting accounts ; large Ambition with 
less Dignity, to render them courteous, polite, affable, as well as emu- 
lous to please and excel ; smaller Continuity, so that they can go 
from one customer to another and back without confusion, and trans- 
act correctly a great multiplicity and variety of business in a short 
time, though interrupted ; full Friendship, to enable them to make 
friends of customers, and thus retain them ; full Construction, to 
impart manual dexterity in packing, unpacking, and wrapping up 
goods, and tinkering up things about the store; fair Secretion, to give 
a due degree of policy, and keep to themselves what they do not wish 
to divulge ; good Conscience, so that they may deal fairly and adopt 
the " one price " system, yet as this business is too often conducted, 
Conscience is only in the way, and a practical, active organization 
rather than one of power or depth. 

Mechanics require strong constitutions, with a predominance of 
bone and muscle, to give them the required muscular power and love 
of labor, and enable them to endure it, as well as to impart strength 



SUCCESS IN LIFE : ITS EXTENT, CONDITIONS, ETC. 1189 

I 
and durability to their work ; large Construction and Imitation, to 
enable them to sharpen and use tools with dexterity, make after a 
pattern, and easily learn to do what they see done ; large perceptives 
to give the required judgment of matter and its fitness and physical 
properties ; the larger Causality the better, so that they can take ad- 
vantage of their work, plan, adapt means to ends, contrive, " make 
their heads serve their hands," invent, begin at the right end, and 
know how to take their work; large Firmness and Force, to give 
them that resolution, and indomitable energy requisite in overcoming 
that perpetual array of obstacles in all kinds of work, and accomplish 
what they undertake; large Computation to enable them to make all 
kinds of calculations requisite in their several branches of the mecha- 
nic arts ; large Order, to keep their tools all in their places, and to 
impart method to both what they do and how they do it ; Beauty 
greater or less according as their work is fine or coarse ; full or large 
Acquisition, to interest them in what they do, render them saving of 
materials, and economical of both time and property, as well as good 
at bargains, and desirous of making property, and other organs ac- 
cording to the particular branches they may follow. 

The lighter kinds of mechanical avocations, such as goldsmiths, 
tailors, and the like, require less muscular strength and power than 
builders, whether of houses, ships, bridges, and other heavy works 
which require great durability and resistance. Indeed, such should 
not have a large vital apparatus, because it will render them unwil- 
ling to endure the required confinement. They also require more of 
that taste imparted by Beauty. Shoemakers, on the other hand, 
should possess strong constitutions, yet do not necessarily require 
much Beauty, or Imitation, or Causality, but require Inhabitiveness, 
to make them love their benches as their homes. But the reader can 
easily carry out these differences for himself. 

Artists require a highly organized Temperament, one exceedingly 
fine and active, as well as pure and elevated, the mental-vital being 
the best, together with very large Form, Size, Imitation, Construction, 
and Beauty, to enable them to draw and copy to life, and also impart 
taste and finish to their productious; large Order and Perceptives 
generally ; large moral sentiments, to impart moral tone and eleva- 
tion ; full or large Ambition, to make them ambitious and emulous to 
excel ; and large Comparison and Intuition. In other respects they 
require the developments requisite for mechanics, except that Com- 
putation and Destruction are not indispensable in most of the fine arts. 



1190 PHRENOLOGY APPLIED. 

Painters require, besides the organs requisite for artists, large 
Color, to enable them to judge of, mix, and apply colors with accu- 
racy and beauty ; large Mirth and Expression, to enable them to 
amuse their customers, and thus give them a pleasant expression of 
countenance for transfer to the canvass; predominant Imitation, to 
render their pictures life-like; and especially large Beauty, to give an 
exquisiteness and air of elegance to both the coloring and the entire 
picture. Love should also be large yet unperverted. They require a 
rare organization. Many can draw, engrave, and the like, yet few 
can paint. 

Farmers require the motive, or the motive-vital, or vital-motive 
Temperament, to make them fond of work, and enable them to endure 
•it ; large Construction, to enable them to use farming utensils ; large 
Inhabitiveness, to make them love their farms, and be contented at 
home, with Ambition, to make them take pride in improving and 
adorning it ; large Parental Love, to make them fond of children and 
of feeding and rearing animals, and improving their breed ; large 
Friendship, to render them neighborly and obliging; a good Intellect, 
to give them the intellect requisite to manage and arrange matters, 
and dispose them to improve rainy days and odd spells in study; 
large Acquisition, to render them frugal, industrious, and thrifty; 
large Order, to keep all their things in place; and a good development 
of the perceptive Faculties, so that they can judge accurately of land, 
crops, stock, and the value and uses of things. The developments 
requisite for good farmers do not differ essentially from those requisite 
for mechanics of the heavier kind of business. 

Gardeners require a similar organization, with larger Beauty, Form 
Size, and Color. 

Engineers require much the same organizations as farmers and 
the heavier mechanics, and especially, large Form, Size, Construc- 
tiveness, and Caution. In addition, civil engineers require in 
particular large Computation and Locality ; and mechanical engineers 
require fully developed Weight, and the vital motive of Temperament. 

Seamen require strong constitutions ; a predominance of the mus- 
cular and vital Temperaments ; great Force, Destruction, and Firm- 
ness to give force of character, intrepidity, courage, and presence of 
mind in times of danger; large Caution, to render them safe; large 
Appetite to enable them to relish plain food ; large Perceptives, 
especially Form, Size, Weight, and Order ; and commanders require 
efficient Causality. 



SUCCESS IN LIFE: ITS EXTENT, CONDITIONS, ETC. 1191 

Landlords and boarding-house keepers require the vital, 
good-natured, enjoying Temperament, so as to contribute to the hap- 
piness of all around them, and take vexations coolly ; large Friendship, 
to keep their customers by making them feel at home, together with 
large Kindness, to render them kindly disposed, attentive to the wants 
of guests, and willing to serve ; fair Acquisition, in order to make a 
living ; larger Ambition than Dignity, to render them more complai- 
sant and familiar than distant and haughty ; large Love, to render 
them polite and acceptable to the other sex ; and more especially large 
Appetite, to render them good caterers for the table, because those who 
love the good things themselves will both know when things are good, 
and insist on having them good, the great secret, after all, of getting 
and retaining this sort of custom, while cooks also require large 
Appetite to give them a relish for savory dishes, in order to induce 
them to make food palatable. Those who have it small have no 
success in culinary matters. They also require large Acquisition to 
" save the fragments/ 7 if it is only with which to feed the poor. A 
leading element of a good housekeeper is being a good cook, that is, 
having a hearty Appetite. 

Printers require full or large Continuity, to enable them to keep 
steadily at their work ; full or large Acquisition, to give them industry ; 
large Construction, to give them manual skill and dexterity ; large 
Form and Size, to render them correct in spelling and good proof- 
readers; large Order, to keep things in their places; good Computa- 
tion, and the more Intellect the better. 

Milliners, seamstresses, fancy workers, etc., require much 
activity to impart industry, nimbleness, and dexterity; large Con- 
tinuity, to facilitate their steady application to the matter in hand ; 
large Construction, to give them the required " sleight of hand," 
" know how," and skill in all kinds of sewing ; large Imitation, to 
enable them to make after patterns ; large Beauty, to give an air of 
neatness and taste to their work when it is done ; good Form and 
Size, to aid them in fitting, and making garments sit well ; good 
Acquisition, to render them frugal of materials, and enable them to 
cut in as saving a manner as possible ; and fair Intellectuals, to enable 
them to bring mind and judgment to their tasks. The finer the work 
the more Construction, Beauty, Imitation, Form, Size, Color, and 
Order are required. These, together with a quick and vigorous 
Intellect, are particularly requisite in milliners, mantuamakers, and 
the like who conduct business. 



1192 PHRENOLOGY APPLIED. 

Operatives require amply developed Construction, Weight, and 
Continuity, along with good general health. Females should neither 
sew nor work in the factory for a livelihood till past thirty ; or, till 
their constitutions are fully matured. 

These samples furnish data from which to decipher the organiza- 
tions required by other occupations. Yet Firmness, Kindness, and 
some others, should always be amply developed, be the occupation 
what it may. The more intellect the better, in all kinds of business, 
because mind facilitates the accomplishment of whatever we under- 
take. High moral sentiments, too, should be possessed by all, what- 
ever be the avocation ; nor should any business be prosecuted which 
is incompatible with their required ascendancy. Though some pursuits 
are impeded by a full development of some organs, as mercantile by 
large Continuity, and thus of some others ; yet such exceptions are 
rare, and the general rule is that the larger any and all the organs, 
the better for any and every occupation. Yet some organs are indis- 
pensable to success in some pursuits, while others may be deficient 
without essential injury. None can engage in any pursuit for which 
they are not naturally qualified, without both failure and disgust; for 
we like those pursuits for which we are naturally fitted, and dislike 
those for which we are not. And those who are qualified for particu- 
lar avocations, should not only engage in them, but also habitually 
cultivate those Faculties required by their respective callings, in 
order thereby still farther to perfect their capabilities and enhance 
their success and happiness. 

283. — What conditions guarantee success, and cause 

FAILURE. 

Cause and effect governs life's successes and failures as effectu- 
ally as crops, tides, and everything else. Those succeed and fail who 
deserve to. Some are forever unfortunate, because they are perpetu- 
ally doing what causes their failures ; whereas those who are always 
" in luck," are fortunate because always doing those precise things 
which effect their good fortune. As farmers get the better crops in 
proportion as they apply the conditions of vegetable growth ; so of 
all life's successes and failures. Then what are the causes and con- 
ditions of success and failure, that all may apply the former, and 
avoid the latter? 

Earnestness is its first paramount condition. Enthusiasm is its 
trump card. One must become "half cracked" on anything in order 



SUCCESS IN LIFE: ITS EXTENT, CONDITIONS, ETC. 1193 

to become thoroughly successful in it. In other words, work gives suc- 
cess, and enthusiasm begets work. Those work with might and main 
who desire what they work for with their whole souls. Heart begets 
effort, and interest heart. This is only that identical "action" which 
Demosthenes pronounced the first, second, and third condition of elo- 
quence. By action he obviously meant earnestness, and soul ; which is 
the paramount condition of piety, of money making, of scholarship, of 
farming, of whatever we would do, say, and become. A speaker to 
speak well must exaggerate, be highly figurative, overdraw his picture, 
and say twice more than he really means. To bring others up to his 
mark he himself must exceed it. Enthusiasm impresses by tongue, 
by pen, and in action. One had better say and do nothing than say 
and do tamely, easily, " shiftlessly." Intense desire sharpens up Cau- 
sality to lay the best plans possible, all kinds of memory to recollect 
and attend to everything ; all the muscles, all the nerves, in short, 
the entire man to put forth those cause and effect efforts which be- 
come the only means of success. No lover need ever expect to suc- 
ceed in winning the affections of his beloved any farther than he 
thoroughly loves her, and this love prompts and inspires those actions 
and sayings which, springing from his full heart, go right to hers, and 
awaken a return of this tender passion. To succeed in raising stock, 
one must love stock. To become a noted scholar in any department, 
one must be passionately fond of that specific study. To make a 
husband or a wife worth having, that is, to succeed in marriage, one 
must first be dotingly and heartily attached to a conjugal partner. 
In short, an enthusiastic interest, and that whole-souled effort thereby 
prompted, are to all life's successes precisely what foundation is to 
house, steam to the machinery it propels, and breath to life. Those 
who lack it need not expect, and do not deserve, to succeed ; nor any 
farther than they possess this sine qua non condition of all efforts and 
their fruits. 

A good Temperament, good health, activity of body and mind, 
and many like physical conditions underlie and create this enthu- 
siasm, and therefore become means of success. How important the 
part health plays in putting forth and sustaining effort, thus becomes 
apparent. How can one succeed without doing, or do without health, 
or even enjoy attained successes ? 

Every Power of body and of mind thus becomes a means of 
success in every thing, by contributing its quota to this grand result, 
and the absence of any leaves but that much defective, and success 



1194 PHRENOLOGY APPLIED. 

that less complete. We have already illustrated the principle which 
governs here in showing how much a concurring Conscience promotes, 
and an opposing one paralizes effort, 222 and here state and apply the 
great law tfiere involved to every other Faculty in man. Firmness 
is an indispensable prerequisite of success : so is Force • so is Pru- 
dence, and likewise Hope. None will ever attempt what they do not 
expect, nor reap till they have waited after sowing for their crops to 
grow and ripen, nor sow or reap without overcoming one perpetual 
round of obstacles, nor succeed if they carelessly upset their plans or 
spoil their efforts. We have already seen how essentially Kindness 
and Friendship contribute to success, 13 179 while " Sexual Science " 
shows how perfectly magical are the inspirations of a genuine love and 
happy marriage. 348-411 Those unloving and unloved scarcely care or try 
to succeed, nor is their success or failure half as important as where 
two or more share either. To succeed one must work, and to work 
hard and well, must have some powerful incentive of which the loves, 
parental as well as conjugal, are the most potential known to man or 
woman. Celibates both succeed less, and have none with whom to 
double their successes by their mutual enjoyments. Family ties 
inspire successful efforts. 

Omissions detract from successes, and sometimes prove fatal. Thus, 
how could one succeed well without laying good plans ? One may 
work ever so hard on poor plans only to work in vain. The upward 
and frontal position of Causality in the head only shows how impor- 
tant the part it plays in all life's pursuits, 268 and how fatal its defi- 
ciency. Let many of the reader's own mortifying failures consequent 
on poorly devised ways and means show how important it is, that all 
think before and after they begin, and think and plan well. Of the 
aid and the want of the various kinds of memory this is about 
equally true, in principle if not in degree, and we have already seen 
how much power of Expression aids in talking our views into others, 
and talking their money into our pockets. 

These illustrations show how important the contribution of 
each Faculty and power is to the great stream of life's successes, each 
resembling the various branches of a great river, by each adding to 
the volume of its waters, and the rapidity of its current; and the omis- 
sion of any even absorbing that of the others in backwater. That 
balanced or proportionate action already demonstrated 63 applies with 
redoubled force to life's successes, and the want of it to its failures: 
but its application to the point in hand is apparent without amplifi- 
cation. 



SUCCESS IN LIFE: ITS EXTENT, CONDITIONS, ETC. 1195 

Excessive organs spoil successes about as often and fatally as 
defective ones. Excessive Caution is especially paralytic, the more 
so when Hope is deficient ; but no worse than Hope in excess, with 
Causation deficient. Weak and excessive Acquisition about equally 
thwarts success, the former by forestalling the means or capital with 
which to begin enterprizes, and the latter by "withholding more than 
is meet," overreaching itself, and preventing investments. An excess 
of Appetite clogs and beclouds all, while its deficiency fails to feed 
and sustain all. But amatory excesses probably blight more life 
prospects than any other, by both exhausting and fevering all, besides 
consuming the dollars needed to promote success. Those who would 
run well must first " lay aside every weight, and the sins which so 
easily beset" and ensnare. 

Scrutinize your head and character thoroughly to see wherein 
you have any of these drawbacks and causes of failure, and obviate 
them first, and then train all your Faculties to draw and travel lustily 
together in the team and on the road chosen, and whip up all laggards. 
Want of Conscience is especially fatal, for reasons already given. 
And if you find yourself every little while striking some snag, or the 
victim of some disappointment or failure, depend upon it, the cause is 
of and within you. Or if they seem to come from others, see what 
there is in yourself which makes them treat you thus. " Luck " is 
always caused; so is lucklessness ; and the latter is avoidable. 

284. — The Phrenology of Mangas Colorado, or Ked 

Sleeve. 

The skull given on the next page was presented to the Author by 
Surgeon D. B. Sturgeon, who saw this Indian a few minutes after he 
was shot, and prepared this skull expressly for me, so that its identity 
is thus assured. It is one of the best contributions to phrenological 
science possible to be made, for which every reader will doubtless join 
the Author in thanking the donor. 

It is the shortest and broadest human skull I have ever 
seen, excepting one or two from the Isthmus of Darien, and actually 
wider than it is long ! It bulges out at its side in the region of 
Secretion, Caution, and Destruction, beyond anything I ever saw. 
Cunning is his largest organ, and far exceeds any other development 
of it I have ever seen, even in any and all Indian heads. It is 
simply monstrous. Yet Destruction also far exceeds any other deve- 
lopment of it I ever saw. In Black hawk, and Me-che-ke-le-a-tah it 



1196 PHRENOLOGY APPLIED. 

SECRECY, FIRMNESS, DIGNITY AND WORSHIP LARGE, AND KINDNESS SHALL. 





No. 212 and 213.— Skull op Mangus Colorado, or Red Sleeve. 

is very large, but is much larger in Red Sleeve. His head says that 
as a scout and spy he had no equal. 

Ambition and Dignity are both large, as seen by the rise of his 
head at its crown, while Firmness is still* larger. 

Conscience and Worship are unusually large, both absolutely 
and relatively, which coincides with the scrupulous fidelity with 
which he kept his promises. He doubtless thought he was but doing 
his duty in avenging the injuries white men had done to his tribe, by 
torturing and killing them. He must also have been a devout wor- 
shipper of the Great Spirit, and extremely.superstitious. Benevolence 
is very poorly developed indeed. 

His perceptives are also developed to a most extraordinary 
degree. See how really immense he is between his eyes, and from 
one cheek bone to the other. This coincides with his known power 
of telling from a height ten miles from 'the stage station, all going on 
there at any time. All his other perceptives are also simply immense. 
But 

His thin delicate skull and consequent fine-grained organiza- 
tion was his specialty, next to his Secrecy. Very few white men, not 
even many white women, have a skull equally thin, or organism as 
delicate as his. Indians generally have thick, coarse, heavy skulls ; 
while his is light, thin, and peculiarly fine-grained. 

His under jaw however is monstrous — probably because he used 
it in eating a great amount of dry hard meat, for meat dries, but 
never decays, in his locality. 



SUCCESS IN LIFE: ITS EXTENT, CONDITIONS, ETC. 1197 

As A whole, I have never seen anything even in any Indian head 
which bears any comparison with his as to Cunning, Destruction, or 
the perceptives. The family organs are only fair. Let us look next 
at his mental characteristics. 

" Richardson's tour across the Continent " mentions this iden- 
tical Indian to this effect. A stage driver once got the advantage of 
him, and drew and cocked his gun, and thus extorted Red Sleeve's 
solemn promise that he and his stage should run, molested by 
neither him nor any of his tribe. And they never were, though travel- 
ling among them perpetually. 

285. — "Human Science," and its Author. 

Have its introductory promises been fulfilled? Have they not? 
And more ? At least its opening expectations have been more than 
realized. Of course it is improvable, as is every page ever written. 
More labored descriptions and combinations of the Faculties may at 
first sight seem to be required, yet that complete analysis and rationale 
of each Faculty which precedes them, gives so full an idea of each as 
to require little else in order to render the office and outworkings of 
each easily and fully understood. 

Its detailed health prescriptions for the application of water 
and other restoratives to the cure of specific ailments obviously require 
amplifying, and, as neither water-cure nor remedial practice is in the 
Author's line, he has obtained from one of the oldest and very best 
water-cure practitioners in this country or any other just such detailed 
prescriptions as supply this need, which will be found in an Appendix. 
Every one of them may be trusted. The large experience, and the 
commanding natural talents of their compiler, warrants the Author 
in endorsing them fully ; especially since they accord perfectly with 
his own views and experience. 

Phrenologists are respectfully requested to compare this work with 
that of Gall, Spurzheim, and Combe, and say whether it is, or is not a 
genuine advancement on all previous phrenological authorship and 
writings. Please compare its breadth and scope, its presentations, and 
application of first principles and facts, its proofs and teachings, its 
veritable Science of Phrenology with all former presentations of 
this highest and noblest of all the sciences, and then say whether it 
does not well earn and richly merit your gratitude to God and its 
Author for that phrenological progress it embodies ; and then "give 
honor to whom honor is justly due" Add to this Science of sciences, 
you who can. » 



1198 PHRENOLOGY APPLIED. 

Anthropologists ! find you in it no new scientific meat not before 
served up ? Does it not push the first principles of human life and 
science a little farther upwards and forwards than anything ever be- 
fore published ? What say you to its gelatinous or pulpy theory of 
the modus operandi by which brain and nerves act, and mind and 
sensation manifest themselves? That theory will bear scrutiny. 

Savants, Thinkers, Philosophers, each and all, how much 
mental provender, food for reflection, and incentive thereto, find you 
in its pages, as compared with any other volume on man ? And don't, 
like your wiseacre predecessors, hug those old theories it explodes till 
your successors see how blind, bigoted, and foolish you were in ignor- 
ing truth ; and admit or else refute its positions. Defend your New- 
tonian theory, or else abandon it, and admit its doctrines of the circu- 
lation of the blood, unless you refute them. 

Theologians, crack its nuts of total depravity, and the reforma- 
tory, not vindictive/ aspect of all pain, all punishment, and that, 
sooner or later, it will reform and save all mankind, and thus abrogate 
eternal burnings or break your teeth on it. And you will find several 
other nuts to crack, and files to gnaw. 

Doctors, say whether its theory that all pain is a curative process, 
that all fevers are ipso facto remedial and restorative, and even consist 
in burning up corrupt matter in the system, is true or false, and doctor 
accordingly; and all patients, all your present sufferings enhance 
future enjoyments. Know each and all that pain is a blessing, and 
death itself a luxury to be craved, not curse to be dreaded. 

Doubters of God and Immortality, is not here plain, com- 
mon sense, absolute, scientific demonstration of the existence of both, 
and a solid rock on which to build a rational system of natural theo- 
logy and ethics ? 

Lovers of God, find you anywhere any stronger motives, prompt- 
ings, and inspirations to love and worship God than here? Does not 
every page of Part IV. deepen and widen your river of true genuine 
piety and goodness? If it upsets some dogmas, does it not far more 
than supply their place by something better, and more intellectual ? 
Does it not render your ideas of God and His government far more 
distinct and real than they were before, and redouble genuine piety? 

Lovers of immortality, does it not give you a scientific aspect 
of a future state in place of a mystical suppository one, and make it 
and its surroundings a tangible reality ? 

Lovers of human excellence, does it not both analyze life 



SUCCESS IN LIFE*. ITS EXTENT, CONDITIONS, ETC. 1199 

itself, that first problem of existence, and show how to improve each 
of its parts, and of course life itself? What are its guidings and in- 
centives to a higher, better life worth? How much more can you 
make out of yourself, your powers, your being, than if you had not 
read it? 

Readers all, what will you take and allow all its directions, phi- 
losophies and truths to be blotted forever from your minds, along 
with all power of their future acquisition ? and your answer shows how 
much more it is worth than it costs. 

Compositorial haste impairs some of its passages, yet others, 
for depth of philosophy, originality and profundity of thought, cogency 
of logic, and life-long practical utilities, will bear comparison with 
any composition, in any books, in all languages. They speak for 
themselves. What other book embodies as much wholesome truth as 
applicable to human improvement and happiness ? 




KUI. V. o. 



Foi 



A Likeness of its Author may please some readers, and enable 
all to see how far his " developments " correspond with his produc- 
tions. It at least shows that desire to do good is its largest organ, and 



1200 PHRENOLOGY APPLIED. 

readers can judge whether every page and paragraph breathes forth a 
wish to improve every reader. It certainly evinces that high, long, 
and narrow form of head which indicates a predominance of the 
moral, intellectual, and good over the animal and selfish ; while its 
Temperament is precisely such a one as the work itself gives as a 
model of the thought-writing organism. Let its moral, its affectional, 
its intellectual lobes speak for themselves, and the likeness as a whole 
sav what must needs be the character and the talents of one having 
this phrenological organism. 

Not much more will be seen or heard from O. S. Fowler, at least 
for the present. This and its twin volume, "Sexual Science," finish 
that great life labor I have for thirty years past proposed to do, and 
felt a woe upon me in case I did not. That woe is hereby discharged. 
If I can yet do the travelling requisite, I think to inspect the phreno- 
logies of all the nations and peoples of earth r s teeming millions, and 
put their phrenologies and customs side by side ; of course embracing 
likenesses of the representative men of orientals and occidentals, 
islanders and continentals, Tartars, Parsees, Japanese, Chinese, New 
Hollanders, New Zelanders, Kamtschatkans, Kalmucks, Hottentots, 
and Siamese, Cape Homers and Bushmen, Mexicans, Indians, and 
their subdivisions, and especially the noted men, past and present, of 
our own race; but this great labor is yet somewhat problematical, 
however desirable. Time must show whether it becomes a reality. 
Meanwhile, begging to be kindly and pleasantly remembered and 
spoken of in this world and the next, by all whom either of these 
volumes benefits, their Author bids every reader a personal, individual 

Good-bye. May we meet again hereafter, if not here. God 

BLESS YOU ALL INDIVIDUALLY ! 



APPENDIX. 



236. — Water Cure, and Other Prescriptions for Curing 

Diseases. 

§ 1. Cold Pack. 

Spread two or three blankets on a bed, then wring a sheet from 
cold water, so as not to drip, and spread upon the blankets, and upon 
this the patient is to lie quite straight and upon his back. Then 
raising his arms, one side of the sheet can be brought quickly around 
close to the body, and the arms laid upon it, and the other side of the 
sheet brought over the arms. Then cover, first with one blanket, then 
the other, being careful to have it fit well about the neck. Over all 
put other clothes till you are sure the person will be warm. If the 
feet are habitually cold, put bottles of hot water about them. Let 
them la}' twenty or thirty minutes for a tonic effect, and one hour for 
chronic bilious derangement. Rub over with a cold wet sheet, or wet 
towel, the instant they are released ; and then rub dry, and hurry out 
to exercise if the patient is able ; if not able, cover warm in bed, and 
lay till warm and glowing. 

In packing about the neck, take the corner of the first blanket on 
the patient's right side in your left hand, and draw it down straight 
toward the feet till it fits closely to the neck; then, while still holding 
the corner with your left hand nearly over the stomach, take hold of 
the loose fold of blanket with your right hand, and bring it over your 
left hand close to the patient's left ear, and tuck it in over the shoulder. 
This will then be close about the neck : proceed in same manner with 
each blanket. 

Caution. — Never let a person remain chilly after ten minutes. Warm 
them in some way, or take them out and warm them. 

§2. Hot Pack. 

Is one of the most important of all processes, and most powerful 
and efficient when rightly administered. 

Proceed exactly as in the Cold Pack, except to have a thin woolen 
blanket to wet. Let your patient be entirely undressed • so as to lie 
down the instant the wet blanket is put upon the bed. It will be too 
cool in thirty seconds. Have your blanket in straight folds, so as to 
go readily through a wringing machine and lay it in a tub so that it 
can run through the machine without tangling. Pour on boiling water, 
151 1201 



1202 APPENDIX. 

and as quick as possible, have it on the bed and your patient wrapped 
in it, proceeding with dry blankets as described in Section 1. 

This pack should give quite a hot sensation for an instant, and that 
will secure powerful reaction. 

After 30 minutes uncover one foot at a time, and rub with the hand 
wet in cold water, and rub till dry, when much of the dead cuticle will 
rub off; and the more the better. Rub as far up the leg as possible, 
without loosening the blanket much, then cover that foot carefully and 
rub the other. Then take the arms and next the breast and abdomen, 
uncovering as little as possible at a time, and covering as soon as the 
scarf-skin is rubbed oft'. When feet, arms, breast, etc., are rubbed, let 
some one swing the feet off the bed, while you raise the head so that 
the patient can sit on the side of the bed, still covered. Then open, 
and rub the back very thoroughly, rubbing oft' all the cuticle possible. 
Lastly, wash all off with towel wet in cold water, and rub till perfectly 
dry and red. 

Caution. — Let no feeble person give a hot pack ; it exhausts the 
operator, but is a very efficient aid to the patient, especially to relieve 
a hoarse cold or inflammation of the lungs. 

Sponge the patient next eve in hot soap suds or saleratus and water, 
and then wash off quickly with towel wet in cold water, and rub very dry. 

An india-rubber sheet between the dry blankets adds much to the 
efficacy of this pack, as it confines the steam about the person. 

This pack will be much more efficacious if one fasts from one to 
three days, not taking a particle of food. This is safe and salutary. 

§ 3. Wet Girdle. 

Five yards of light and narrow crash will make two girdles. Wet 
one }^ard of one and put round the body, bringing the dry end over 
the wet. Change on rising and retiring, and if possible at 11a. m. 
and 4 p. m. ; though it will do no harm to wear the same one twenty- 
four hours. Expose each girdle as much as possible, when off, to the 
sun and air. 

This can be worn night and day, and will promote the action of 
skin, liver, stomach and bowels, and is some mechanical support 
during the da}\ 

§ 4. A Cold Compress 

Is a cold wet cloth covered with dry, applied locally as for rheumatism 
in the knee or wrist. 

§ 5. Hot Compress 

Fold flannel so as to give you four to six thicknesses, four inches 
wide by ten long. Have two, and wet in water as hot as can be borne. 
Cover with dry, and change at first every minute, and be careful not 
to be too long changing. Let the last remain on, and, if upon the 
stomach, the rJatient should keep very quiet afterward, as this is very 
relaxing. 

§ 6. Head Bath. 

Lie down on the floor with a pillow under the shoulders, and lay the 
back of the head into a basin of cold water. Remain five minutes, 
and have some one rub the fingers through the hair. 



HYDROPATHIC PRESCRIPTIONS. 1203 



§ 1. Cold Foot-Bath. 

Sit ten or fifteen minutes with feet in cold water, not over one inch 
deep. Rub dry, and, if they are likely to remain cold, plunge into hot 
water, and again into cold, once or twice, always ending with cold. 

§ 8 Hot Foot-Bath. 

Sit twenty minutes with feet in water as hot as can be borne, and 
deep as convenient. On taking out, rub with cold, wet cloth, and 
then rub dry. 

§ 9. Salt Foot-Bath. 

Put a pint of salt in a pail full of water while boiling, and let it con- 
tinue to boil a few minutes. When cool enough, soak the feet twenty 
minutes. The deeper this is the better, and a simple mixture will 
not have equal efficacy. 

§ 10. Sitting Bath. 

Sit in water, deep enough to cover the hips when the feet are outside 
the tub, and sit five minutes for mere tonic effect, and thirty when it is 
desired to relieve the head or strengthen the uterus. A wash tub with 
one side a little elevated will do for this, but a regular Sitz bath 
would be better, and very convenient in any family. 

§11 Rubbing Sheet. 

A Rubbing sheet is given with a sheet more or less wrung, over 
which one briskly rubs, sometimes spatting with the open Jiand, when 
it is desired to stimulate the skin more fully. This is a convenient 
form of bath, and the most safe, as it can be so quickly given, and can 
be given at the bedside, and with but little water in the sheet. It may 
be repeated three times in a day, when you desire to stimulate the 
skin a little and often. 

A dry sheet is always better than towels to wipe dry with, except 
that it is well to rub a little sometimes with coarse wet towel, especially 
the back. 

§ 12. Douche Bath. 

A Douche bath is a large or small stream of water falling from a 
height ; a very valuable form of bath and pleasant to take, as it is veH 
stimulating, but usually only available in hydropathic institutions. 

\ 
S 13. Plunge Bath. 

\ 
Jump into cold water and out as soon as possible. Rub thoroughly 

dry and exercise at once. 

KB. — The shower-bath is the most objectionable form of bath, and 
should not be used by any invalid. Next to that the tepid bath has 
little merit. If too weak for cold bath, take quite hot, and follow witfc 
cold rubbing ; or rub with cold wet towel but little wet. 



1204 APPENDIX. 



THE HEAD. 

Whatever may be the difficulty involving the brain, the eyes, 
ears, teeth, or any of the memoranes of the head, begin with the treat- 
ment of the bowels, stomach, and feet, which I have named in the 
order of their importance. Many a headache or ear-ache has been 
unyielding to the course pursued, only because the bowels were 
inactive. In any affection of the head, a very full injection of tepi' 
or cold water will afford some relief. So will a hot foot bath, followed 
by friction with a cold wet cloth, and a wet girdle over the stomach and 
liver. Even when there is no apparent relief, these measures are im- 
portant, and will aid any other means used, and never injure. The above 
will be just as valuable in connection with other remedies as when 
nothing but water is used. 

Headache. 

If the pain is in the front part of the head, use the above means, 
and take a cold head bath (§ 6). Ginger, sage, or common tea, some- 
times affords present relief, or eight or ten drops of spirits of camphor 
in water. 

If the pain is in the back part of the head, sitting baths (§ 9) and in- 
jections are most valuable, with something warm in the stomach. 
Whatever ails the head, it is well to shampoo with a little ammonia 
and water, so as to cleanse the scalp thoroughly and stimulate a little. 

If the pain is through the whole head, and bad, shampoo, and then 
have very hot compresses (§ 5 ) applied over the stomach, changed as 
frequently as possible at first, and as many as 6 or 8 applied, the last 
to remain on, and the patient remaining very quiet, as this is quite re- 
laxing. Better lie in bed for this, and remain there. 

Weak Eyes. 

Avoid treating the eye directly as long as possible ; and, to strengthen, 
use the head bath (§ 6), and rubbing with ice on the top of front part 
of the head. Strengthen the whole system by general treatment ; full 
breathing. 

If there is inflammation, the pack, girdle, Sitz bath, and foot bath 
will each tend to draw it from the eye, and this should be done if 
possible. Secure regular evacuations of the bowels, and use only the 
mildest and most soothing applications to the eye — tepid water or milk 
and water. The whole face may be washed in cold water, but better 
not put cold compresses upon the eyes. 

Earache, or Sores in or on the Head. 

Do all you can by general treatment. Wear the girdle all the time 
(§3), changing four times a day. Unless the pores in the skin are 
well open, fast 24 hours or more, not taking a particle of food, and 
follow with hot pack (§ 2). 

This will open the pores, and lead the circulation away from the 
head more than any treatment under any system of practice. 

Then follow with cold packs once or twice a day with the girdle and 



HYDROPATHIC PRESCRIPTIONS. 1205 

foot baths, and you will draw morbid matter away from the head. 
Make no application to sores, but warm soap-suds to cleanse, till you 
have thoroughly tried the above. 

Inflammation of the Brain. 

Cleanse the scalp with ammonia and water, and then keep the 
head damp with tepid water, and let it evaporate and gently cool the 
head. Do all in your power by general treatment to draw blood from 
the head as directed above. 

Covering the head with a cold wet cloth is seldom best, and the use 
of ice, except when other means fail, is decidedly objectionable. It 
brings on too much reaction, drawing the blood to the head as snow- 
balling does to the hands. Better rub the spine with ice wrapped in 
a cloth, till the skin is very red. 

When the hair falls out, cleanse the scalp with ammonia and water, 
and then bathe the head three times a day in the coldest water. 

To induce sleep, wear the cold wet girdle at night. If wakeful and 
nervous, apply hot fomentations (§ 5) over the pit of the stomach, six 
or eight times in quick succession. If it continues, have a cup of cold 
and strong tea by the bedside, and drink as a last resort. This stimu- 
lation almost always proves salutaiy, but must not be relied on too 
long. Do not take the tea at supper time, nor before retiring, but only 
after being wakeful for some time. 

Hypochondria. 

It is very important that the bowels should be evacuated daily, and 
the patient sleep. For the latter, the hot compress over the stomach 
will sometimes work wonders, and sometimes the patient will sleep in 
a cold pack, and if so, let him remain as long as lie will. He should 
wear the girdle constantly, and take foot baths of all kinds, and a 
sitting bath daily, if he will. Animal magnetism is sometimes a valu- 
able auxiliary, and hence the treatment should be given by the person 
to whom the patient is the most attracted. 

The hot compress will sometimes be very salutary to give at 11 
a. m., and let the patient sleep a little then. This is also the best time 
to give the cold pack, which sometimes induces sleep. 

TOOTH-ACHE. 

Here even the hot fomentation and general treatment will alleviate 
some. So also rinsing the mouth with hot or cold water, sometimes 
with both. But as tooth-ache comes from carious teeth, no treatment 
will cure it. Keep on hand a bottle containing a little alum dissolved 
in ether, and soak a pellet of cotton in this, and press into the hollow 
tooth. 

Catarrh. 

This is a very obstinate and troublesome difficulty, and it is 
important that those persons afflicted with it realize that if the skin is 
kept in perfect action, a person will not have this trouble on the 
mucous membrane. But, when the pores of the true skin are closed, 



1206 APPENDIX. 

the mucous membrane must be more active. If a hot pack of three- 
quarters of an hour were given as directed (§2), a large part of the 
cuticle or scarf skin could be rubbed off, and the person would see 
what caused the disease, and would experience some relief. No treat- 
ment will be efficacious, unless the pores of the skin are opened in 
some waj r . Do not expect any relief from snuffing up tobacco or other 
powder, or even water, until the skin is made healthy. 

Treatment. — If possible give a hot pack after at least thirty-six 
hours' fasting, without taking a particle of food, but drinking watei 
freely. Then have the most thorough rubbing (§ 2), being careful to 
uncover but little surface at a time, and re-covering as soon as rubbed. 

Wash off thoroughly with cold water, and, on retiring, with hot 
soap-suds. Then wear the girdle, and take cold packs (§ 1). In other 
words, keep the skin active b}^ any and all means. Then bathe the 
face and neck with the coldest water, and if it does not improve after 
one week, snuff up water (cool but not too cold) through the nose, 
three or four times a day. 

The most powerful of all remedies known to the writer for immediate 
relief in colds, lung disease, and in beginning to treat rheumatism, is the 
hot blanket pack. It must be given as hot as can possibly be borne, 
wrung out of boiling water, the patient being undressed and ready to 
lie upon it at once, and be covered ; as it will be too cold in thirty 
seconds. Remain twent} r or thirty minutes, and let some strong per- 
son wet the hand in cold water, and uncover a little at a time, begin- 
ning with one foot, and rub till dry ; and, as soon as you have rubbed 
off all the scarf skin possible, re-cover and proceed to another part, till 
most of the skin has been rubbed. Then let the patient sit up still 
covered, and take a cold wet cloth, and gradually rub the upper part 
of the body till clean and dry. Then put on the flannel and rub the 
legs in the same way. Rewet the cold cloth often. Let no weak or 
stupid person give a hot pack. 

Fevers. 

Whenever a person begins to be feverish, mix a teaspoonful of 
aqua ammonia with a tablespoonful of sweet or lard oil, and rub over 
the whole bod}', and then wash off with quite hot saleratus water or 
strong soap suds. This will prevent that dryness of the skin which is 
so troublesome in fevers. If, then, you follow up with frequent tepid 
baths, or rubbing with wet towel, say as often as once in one or two 
hours, any fever will be moderated no matter what system of Medi- 
cine is pursued. If cold packs can be taken it will be still better. 

Small Pox and other Eruptive Fevers. 

Treat as above, and then wrap in a sheet, wrung out of cold water 
every six hours, for small pox, and change the clothing and sheets, 
putting them under water in the sick room, and just rinse out and 
hang on the line. This is of great advantage to the patient, and will 
often wholly prevent contagion. 

The eruption can always be brought out in measles and scarlet fever, 
by the alternation of hot and cold applications to the skin, and usually 
by packing the patient in sheets well wrung from cold water, and 



HYDROPATHIC PRESCRIPTIONS. 1207 

repeated in fifteen or twenty minutes, rubbing the patient gently, with 
a cloth wrung from cold water between the packs. Any one who 
remembers the effect of snowballing on the hands will see the philo- 
sophy of this. It will also allay the fever, and prevent delirium. 

Burns. 

Every family should keep a little linseed oil and powdered chalk ; 
and, if a member of the family is burned or scalded, mix them together, 
and add vinegar enough to cause effervescence, and immediately apply 
with a feather before the skin is broken. Continue till perfectly 
covered. 

Broken Bones. 

Wherever there is a fracture or dislocation, immediately cover the 
parts with a cloth wet in cold water, and cover or change the cloths 
as is necessary to keep the. parts naturally warm till you can get 
medical aid. There is no danger of taking cold, and most of the 
pain and difficulty of setting come from inflammation, which can be 
kept down entirely by wet cloths. 

Corns. 

The writer was much troubled with corns for many years, and they 
all disappeared while taking water treatment for rheumatism, and 
nothing of the kind was seen for years. 

Draw on cotton stockings, wet them a little and cover with woolen 
stockings, and have cold water ready to plunge them into as soon as 
uncovered in the morning. Continue till cured. 

Cold in the Head. 

Wet the hair on the top of the head and then cover it with a wet 
towel folded cornerwise, and cover the whole head with flannel and 
keep covered till uncomfortable. Then chafe the temples and back of 
the ears and neck with a cloth wet in ice water. Have the cloth very 
cold, but not very wet. Then do all you can to increase the circula- 
tion in the lower part of the body. 

Inflammatory Rheumatism. 

Cover all inflamed joints with cloth wrung from cold water, and 
change often. Move the joint all you possible can, and rub with the 
hand as much as can be borne, every time it is uncovered. 

Erysipelas. 

This should class with the fevers, but in reality it is a symptom 
accompanying any fever or inflammation. It may be known by great 



1208 APPENDIX. 

redness, rapid extension, and excessive heat ; the last two making it 
dangerous. It is often communicated from one member of a family to 
another by using the same towel, soap, etc. 

Its rapid extension and burning heat may as surely be arrested by a 
frequent use of water, as a fire can be checked, if you use enough. 
Nor is the form in which you use it so important, if you only keep the 
whole system at its natural temperature. Keep the bowels open with 
some cathartic, or far better, by frequent injections, and bathe in tepid 
water, or take a cold pack once an hour if necessary, and apply local 
compresses to the parts most affected. Do not allow any feverish heat. 
No danger if you keep cool. 

Hives. 

All diseases of the skin are indications that disease is being thrown 
from the vitals, and we should help Nature rather than "Drive it in." 
The best thing by far to be done, when there is any eruption, is to 
use the cold pack at least twice a day, and, if there is fever, ten times 
a da} r , if so much is required to reduce the fever. Keep the patient 
in the pack twenty or thirty minutes, usual l} r , though, it will not harm 
them to be in an hour. On taking them out, rub quickly with cold 
wet cloth, and then rub well with dry. In these cases the wet girdle 
is very good, and no matter how much eruption comes out under the 
girdle, the more the better. Wash occasionally with hot saleratus or 
soda water. It will open the. pores and cleanse off the perspiration. 

Croup. 

In this fearful disease, do not begin at once to heat up the head and 
throat with poultices and fomentations, under the impression that the 
child has taken cold, and therefore, the more you can oppress it with 
heat the more you neutralize the cold. A good rubbing all over with 
a cloth wrung from ice water or snow water, with most rubbing about 
the legs will be far better. Do not have much water in your cloth, but 
have it cold, and get the legs and feet red with hot foot baths, followed 
with cold rubbing, and rub but little about the throat till you get the 
best circulation possible in the extremities ; then put a very cold cloth, 
well wrung, around the throat and cover well, so as to secure good 
reaction. Repeat as soon as it is thoroughly warm, till you secure 
relief. 

Tic Doloreux, or Neuralgia. 

This troublesome malady is becoming more frequent each year, and 
cannot be treated with the best success unless the patient understands 
the conditions and causes of the pain which so distresses. It 
occurs most frequency in persons of fine nervous organization, and is 
always caused by a deficiency of nerve fluid, or animal magnetism, 
and nothing will relieve so soon, or be so liable to secure permanent 
relief as the magnetism of a friend whom the patients like to have rub 
them and minister to them ; and the best effects are where the mag- 
netizer and patient are of different sexes, as then each receives more 
from the other. Sometimes relief only, (not cure) may be secured by 
ether, or some preparation of opium. But this supplies no magnetism, 



HYDROPATHIC PRESCRIPTIONS. 1209 

and leaves the nerves more sensitive, and thus liable to another and 
worse attack. 

To secure permanent relief we should first seek the cause of the defi- 
cient magnetism. This may be exhaustive labor, or worry of mind, long- 
continued indigestion, sedentary employment, loss of sleep, leucor- 
rhoea, or too great menstruation, and in the female, unwelcome inter- 
course, and we regret to be obliged to add masturbation. This last 
exhausts the vitality (magnetism) peculiarly in females, and we speak 
from knowledge when we warn mothers to remember that it is too often 
the cause, and in most cultivated families, and is one of the great troubles 
in boarding schools for girls, especially where pupils are compelled to 
study hard. There is always some one to introduce it. 

No matter which of the above causes may have reduced the mag- 
netic fluid, attention must be given to the cause or you cannot rely 
on a cure. 

Indeed, this may be regarded as one symptom or consequence of an 
underlying and often long-existing cause. Seek out and treat that 
cause which is the real disease. But for the pain, the treatment is of 
two classes, viz: that for present relief, and permanent cure. 

We will speak of these in the order of their efficacy. 

1st. — And altogether most potent is the magnetism of some agree- 
able person, not of the patient's family, whose efforts are agreeable 
to the sufferer. This may be given by passes, and gentle rubbing over 
the whole person outside the clothing ; or with far greater efficiency 
directly on the skin. But the magnetizer or rubber must not confine 
himself to the region of the pain, but endeavor to promote the circu- 
lation over the whole body. The sufferer must be quite negative and 
resigned, else the operator can do no good. 

2d. — The sedative and tonic effects of cold. Use a cold wet girdle, and 
next a cold half pack; or, rubbing with cold wet cloth, or better, with 
the hand, and especially down the spine. We have done good work with 
snow wrapped in a dry towel, and as you rub the snow gradually 
melts, and thus by and by the patient is receiving an ice cold rubbing, 
and without any shock. 

3d. — A valuable and very powerful agent is the hot fomentation (§ 8) 
over the stomach. 

Its efficacy consists in being oft repeated (once a minute, at first) 
and in being applied as hot as possible. In connection with tljis a cold 
compress may be applied to the part affected. 

4th. — Rub the patient all over with a mixture of ammonia and water, 
or alcohol and water ; and if applied with the hand the patient gets 
the advantage of magnetism at the same time. ♦ 

To secure permanent relief, remove the cause, and then tone up the 
system by gentle exercise in the open air, the frequent use of the rub- 
bing sheet (§11), and wet girdle ; or if the patient be too sensitive for 
the rubbing sheet, rub with a wet or even damp towel. But avoid 
the two errors of leaving the skin long wet, and thinking to give a 
milder bath by wetting the sheet in tepid water. Have the cloth as cold 
as possible but wrung dry, if the patient is very sensitive. Frequent 
exposure of the naked person to a current of air for one minute, will 
tone the nerves ; and if this is done in some retired spot where the 
person can stand or lie exposed to a bright sun, is very valuable. 



1210 APPENDIX. 



INFANTILE TREATMENT. 

Readers will appreciate the purpose of these volumes, to promote 
health, and in every way to advance the best interest of the human 
race. It is of prime importance that human life has a start in the 
right direction. If a train of cars start with a switch turned to a side 
track, there will be much backing, and whistling, and stopping, and 
starting before the train is on its true course ; and it will be doubtful 
if, with all the skill and energy of the engineer, the loss can be repaired, 
and the train get in on time. 

So, many a life is turned in the wrong direction by an ignorant 
nurse, within one hour of its birth ; and fully half of all that are born 
are more or less injured during their first few months. If all that we 
have written were absolute truth, and could be faithfully applied in 
practice, it would not correct half the injury done in the first four 
months, through the ignorance of those having charge of infants. 

We will classify results. 

1st. — To the lungs. The instant the external air strikes the skin, 
and sometimes before the bod}^ is delivered, the child, if healthy and 
strong, utters a peculiar gasping cry, which is exactty calculated to 
fill the lungs with air. It is of the utmost importance that the lungs 
be filled as much as possible at this moment, that all the minute air 
passages be at once opened ; for it can never be done as well, and 
often is not done at all if not then, and the lungs remain weak. The 
child ma}' be moved a little and sprinkled with cold water before tying 
the umbilical cord, and if it does not cry it may be dipped in warm 
water and then sprinkled lightl}' with cold soon after tying the cord, 
or rolled gently between the hands, and if laid down be sure and keep 
warm, but do not cover the nose and mouth unless you want a child 
with feeble lungs. 

Remember ever after that we need to develop tue iangs, which are 
uow susceptible, and that there is great sympathy between the lungs 
and skin. Do not be afraid to let the air strike the skin, or to have 
the child cry when you are bathing it ; but be sure and not let it be 
uncovered long enough to chill the skin. Crying is one means of 
enlarging, exercising, and developing the lungs, and if you notice the 
effect of cold water on the skin, and of the first gasp of a new born 
infant you will realize the sympathy between skin and lungs, and the 
importance and means of filling and developing the lungs. This will be 
promoted, also, by bathing the infant in warm water and then gently 
rubbing the skin with your hand wet with cold water, or with a soft 
cloth wrung quite dry from cold water. The little water in the cloth 
will not chill, but will stimulate and tone the skin. 

2d. — The stomach is almost always injured, and well prepared for 
future dyspepsia. Our heavenly Father provides food the third day, 
and rarely before, and this shows that He did not design the child to 
have food before that time. Then the first milk from the mother's 
breast is unlike that secreted afterward, and exactly calculated to 
excite a healthy reaction in the- stomach and bowels, and no human 
preparation can have the same effect ; nor can the stomach act as well 



HYDROPATHIC PRESCRIPTIONS. 1211 

without this influence, and if any food is introduced before the third 
day, even this first secretion of the mother will not have its legitimate 
effect. Molasses and sugar are especially injurious, and will ferment 
in the stomach and bowels, as if in any other warm place. There is 
no single reason for sweetening food for the infant, and if given before 
the third day, great harm is done. 

This is the cause of most of the colic and other bad effects that fol- 
low the dosing of infants. If the child cries, give a little water not 
too cold, or else undress and bathe it and gently rub its skin, and 
knead its bowels. 

3d. — Put the child to the breast with great regularity from the very 
first, once in three hours, both for the few drops it may draw, and 
because this will promote healthy secretion of milk, and at any rate, 
it will get a magnetic influence from the mother, and acquire regular 
habits. 

Never put it to the breast while crying. First pacify, and then 
nurse. 

If on the third day the mother has not milk enough, give a mixture 
one-third milk and two-thirds water. It will be no better for being 
sweetened and much sweet often injures. 

4th. — Take constant care that the eyes are not exposed to too great 
light, or the child left often in bed or cradle where a strong light 
strikes on one side of the face. We have known a child's eyes to be 
made sore, even to suppuration, from an ignorant nurse turning its face 
toward the sun, to conform to somebody's whim. Be very slow in 
accustoming your child to a bright light, and never amuse it by 
turning toward a lighted lamp, except for a single moment. 

5th. — Never be afraid to give an infant injections of cool water or 
mild soap suds, nor think there is any bad effect from repetition. 
Doses of medicine often injure, injections never. 

6th. Accustom your child to lie down and go to sleep without 
jolting or rocking, which are absolutely injurious. If it cries and 
does not seem ready to sleep when you feel it needs it, undress it, 
and put a girdle wrung from cold water around its waist, and lay 
it down again 



THE END. 



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Of Black Mailers; of sharpers, male and female, and their victims ; of swindlers, gift enterprises, 
mock auctions, " Cheap Johns," impostors, quack doctors, clairvoyants, and fortune tellers. 

Of Gambling Houses; of gamblers and their victims; of lotteries and policy dealing. 

Of the Custom House, its inside workings, and many interesting details. 

Of James Fisk, Jr , with a full account of his remarkable career and tragic death. 

Of all that is great, noble, mysterious, brilliant, startling, genteel, or shabby, and 
all that is interesting in the Great City. 
No volume ever written concerning New York contains so much information of use and 

interest to the reader. It is in all respects the most brilliant, reliable and fascinating work 

now offered to the public. Though it discusses the darker sides of city life, it does so with 

delicacy and candor, and the book is an emphatic warning against the vices of the city. 
In one large Royal Octavo volume of 850 pages, embellished and illustrated with nearly 

200 fine Engravings of noted places, life and scenes in New York ; and furnished to Sub- 
scribers, elegantly bound, 

In Fine Morocco Cloth, in English or German at $3.50 per copy. 

In Fine Leather, (Library Style,) in English or German- ..at 4.00 " " 

agents wanted. Aaare SS , NATIONAL PUBLISHING CO., 

Philadelphia, Pa. ; Chicago, 111. ; St. Louis, Mo. ; or, Cincinnati, O. 



This very interesting and valuable Work will be sent to 
any address, postage paid, on receipt of Price, 

SEXUAL SCIENCE; 

INCLUDING ' 

MANHOOD, WOMANHOOD, 

AND 

THEIR MUTUAL INTER-RELATIONS; 

LOVE, ITS LAWS, POWER, ETC. 

By Prof. O. S. Fowler. 

" Sexual Science " is simply that great code of natural laws by which the Almighty re- 
quires the sexes to be governed in their mutual relations. A knowledge of these laws is of 
the highest importance, and it is the general ignorance of them which swells the list of disease 
and misery in the world, and wrecks so many lives which would otherwise be happy. 

THE WORK TREATS OP LOVE-MAKING AND SELECTION, showing how love 
affairs should be conducted, and revealing the laws which govern male and female attraction 
and repulsion; what qualities make a good, and a poor, husband or wife, and what given 
persons should select and reject; what forms, sizes, etc., may, and must not, intermarry. 

OF MARRIAGE, its sacredness and necessity, its laws and rights ; of perfect and miserable 
unions; and of all that it is necessary to know concerning this most important relation in life. 

OF BEARING AND NURSING.— This portion being a complete encyclopedia for pro- 
spective mothers, showing how to render confinement easy, and manage infants; every young 
wife requires its instructions as affecting her embryo. 

OF SEXUAL RESTORATION.— This is a very important part of the work j because 
almost all men and women, if not diseased, are run down. The laws of sexual recuperation 
are here, for the first time, unfolded, and the whole subject thoroughly and scientifically 
treated; giving the cause and cure of female ailments, seminal losses, sexual impotence, etc. 

And Tells how to promote sexual vigor, the prime duty of every man and 

woman. 
How to make a right choice of husband or wife ; what persons are suited to 

eaeh other. 
How to judge a man or woman's sexual condition by visible signs. 
How young husbands should treat their brides ; how to increase their love 

and avoid shocking them. 
How to avoid an improper marriage, and how to avoid female ailments. 
How to increase the joys of wedded life, and how to increase female passion. 
How to regulate intercourse between man and wife, and how to make it 

healthful to both ; ignorance of this law is the cause of nearly all the woes of marriage. 
How to have fine and healthy children, and how to transmit mental and 

physical qualities to offspring. 
How to avoid the evils attending pregnancy, and how to make child-bearing 

healthful and desirable. 
How to prevent self-abuse among the young, and how to recognize the signs 

of self-abuse and cure it. 
How intercourse out of wedlock is injurious ; a warning to young men. 
How to restore and perpetuate female beauty, and how to promote the growth 

of the female bust. * 

How to be virtuous, happy, healthful and useful, by a rigid compliance with 
the laWs of sexual science. 
There is scarcely a question concerning the most serious duties of life which is not fully 
and satisfactorily answered in this book. Such a work has long been needed, and will be 
found invaluable to every man and woman who has arrived at years of discretion. It should 
be read especially by the married, and by those who have the care of children, and it will 
carry happiness with it wherever it goes, by diffusing knowledge on those subjects concern- 
ing which it has, until now, been almost impossible to obtain reliable information. ^ The 
book is pure and elevated in tone; eloquent in its denunciations of vice ; and forcible in its 
warnings against the secret sins which are practiced with impunity even in the family circle. 
In one large royal octavo volume of 930 pages, embellished and illustrated with numerous 
Engravings, and furnished to Subscribers, 

Bound in Extra Fine Cloth » at $3.75 per Copy. 

Bound in Fine Leather, (Library Style,) at $4.50 " " 

AOEHTS WANTED. Address, NATIONAL PUBLISHING CO., 

PMladelphia % Pa. ; Chicago, 111, ; St. Louis, Mo. ; or Atlanta, Ga. 

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